Journal of King Saud University – Engineering Sciences xxx (2018) xxx–xxx

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Journal of King Saud University – Engineering Sciences

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Original article

Design and development of a novel waste container from

HDPE-layered bins
Juanito D. Burguillos a,b, Eugene B. Caldona b,c,⇑
a
Department of Mechanical Engineering, School of Engineering and Architecture, Saint Louis University, Baguio City 2600, Philippines
b
Graduate Program, School of Engineering and Architecture, Saint Louis University, Baguio City 2600, Philippines
c
Department of Chemical Engineering, School of Engineering and Architecture, Saint Louis University, Baguio City 2600, Philippines

a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t

Article history: It is known that there are many ways to manage food waste, however, no specific work has ever been
Received 25 February 2018 reported on the easiness and economics of treatment mainly at the source. This study hopes to fulfill
Accepted 3 June 2018 the gap by constructing a novel waste bin layered with plastic that can continuously accommodate
Available online xxxx
and decompose food waste produced at the source. After several months of use, the bin has been found
to be effective and no foul odor has been detected at least 1 ft away. In addition, produced leachate has
Keywords: been found to be nontoxic and can be used to water plants as evidenced by the pH measurements.
Waste bin
Furthermore, introduction of additional features such as covering the bin with a painted cloth and putting
Food waste
Waste management
a chimney on its top has been observed to enhance the performance.
Waste decomposition Ó 2018 The Authors. Production and hosting by Elsevier B.V. on behalf of King Saud University. This is an
Waste sustainability open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).

1. Introduction One of the major difficulties encountered in SWM, which is sig-

Solid waste management (SWM), in its simplest form, refers to
the supervision of solid waste from the source, via collection,
transfer and transport, recovery to treatment and disposal
(Sasikumar and Krishna, 2009). It is considered as one of the most
indispensable services provided by any municipality for keeping
most urban areas clean. However, it is also among the most weakly
processes as the techniques applied are old-fashioned, quite unsci-
entific, and most of the time ineffective. Though the involvement of
public and private municipal sectors can increase the management
efficiency (Goel, 2008; Asnani, 2006), such an activity can be very
costly and further beyond effort is needed to achieve nearly perfec-
tion implementation. In addition, the level of people’s education
has significant influence on the success of implementing SWM
for a more sustainable society (Jyothi, Mamatha and Surendra,
2015).
⇑ Corresponding author at: Graduate Program, School of Engineering and
Architecture, Saint Louis University, Baguio City 2600, Philippines.
E-mail address: ebcaldona@slu.edu.ph (E.B. Caldona).
Peer review under responsibility of King Saud University.
Production and hosting by Elsevier
nificantly felt by most households in urban areas, is the disposal of
biodegradable waste, specifically food waste. It is one of the largest
fractions of household solid waste that causes environmental prob-
lem when not properly managed. The problem can be aggravated if
the waste fails to be collected at the drop points and left to rot.
Likewise, in the absence of proper household management prac-
tices, the waste could simply lie on the streets, empty lots, and
along roadsides that may clog rainwater drainage and eventually
lead to flooding. As a consequence, foul odor is emitted in the
vicinity, which subsequently can be a breeding place for flies, cock-
roaches, and other disease-causing organisms that could threaten
public health and lower the quality of life. In addition, due to its
high moisture content, food waste tends to stick to non-
biodegradable waste, which reduces their potential to be recycled
(Boateng et al., 2016; Coker et al., 2008).
To alleviate the issue, a number of techniques have been prac-
ticed to sustain effective food waste management (Seth et al.,
2014). For instance, in the United States, waste disposal units are
widely used as hygienic means to grind food waste at the source,
which is subsequently followed by disposal to the sewer for treat-
ment together with wastewater. Many countries also have been
practicing this but its potential as a waste management option
has not been fully considered (Iacovidou et al., 2012). Dung Thi
et al. (2015), reported five popular treatment methods that have
been widely used globally: animal feeding, anaerobic digestion,
incineration, landfills or open dumpsite and composting. In

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jksues.2018.06.002
1018-3639/Ó 2018 The Authors. Production and hosting by Elsevier B.V. on behalf of King Saud University.
This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).

Please cite this article in press as: Burguillos, J.D., Caldona, E.B. Design and development of a novel waste container from HDPE-layered bins. Journal of King
Saud University – Engineering Sciences (2018), https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jksues.2018.06.002
2 J.D. Burguillos, E.B. Caldona / Journal of King Saud University – Engineering Sciences xxx (2018) xxx–xxx
Taiwan, animal feeding is practiced and uses 72% of their total food
waste (Taiwan EPA, 2017). In well developed countries such as the
United States and the European Union, generated food waste is
generally mixed with municipal solid waste for processing. Anaer-
obic digestion of food waste, on the other hand, has been applied in
many European countries, which was lately followed by other
Asian developed countries. The prime advantage of this method
is that it leads to low cost production of biogas, which could be
vital for meeting future energy-needs (Khalid et al., 2011). How-
ever, this method requires large initial investment for large-scale
application.
Incineration is another process that is widely used in many
developed countries like the United States and Singapore (Khoo
et al., 2010). Though it is said to be efficient in reducing the waste
volume and demand for landfill space, it is a costly method and
requires highly technical operations and costly instruments for
controlling gas emission residues. Moreover, the gas emissions
from an incinerator stack which have carcinogenic effects that lead
to fatal deaths (Roberts and Chen, 2006). The widely used option of
waste management in developed countries is the construction and
utilization of sanitary landfills and open dumpsite for developing
countries. Though effective as well, it is not considered to be a fea-
sible method for food waste disposal because of its biodegradabil-
ity; for open dumpsite the waste becomes a favorable breeding
place for disease carrier insects as well as for sanitary landfill if it
is not covered immediately (Louis, 2004). In addition, greenhouse
gas emission from landfill may increase from 8–10% due to the ris-
ing population in urban areas, which is accompanied by the
increased in food waste (Adhikari et al., 2006; Mihai and Ingrao,
2016).
On the traditional side, the process of composting has been uti-
lized by many households (Warunasinghe and Yapa, 2016) and is
considered as the best practice to be encouraged nationwide in
developing countries like the Philippines. Termed as the highest
form of recycling, composting involves the conversion of heteroge-
neous organic matter into a biologically stable and homogeneous
humus-like product (Epstein, 1996; Dominguez, et al., 1997;
Sikora, 1998). The process is normally controlled and optimized
to achieve the desired objectives. Although cheap and composting
yields products that can be very useful for land applications, it can
be also disadvantageous for two main reasons. Firstly, the process
can be expensive as the site and equipment preparations have to
be taken into consideration seriously and properly to avoid envi-
ronmental concerns such as odors and dust emission. Secondly,
the treatment period can be lengthy, which, depending upon the
composting technique used, could take several weeks to attain a
stable product. Moreover, the treatment process usually demands
time and requires experience, knowledge and a lot of effort.
Several studies have revealed that when properly executed,
home composting can play a key role towards sustainable waste
management in rural and urban areas. For instance, the innovation
of a compost bin by Jayaprakash et al. (2018) for household kitchen
use was able to compost vegetable waste in a week. The binwas
equipped with motorized mixer and air filter containing pellets
from neem (Azadirachta indica) and cow dung that reduces the
emission of foul odor. Another small scale composter was designed
(Vich et al., 2017) to co-compost household food waste with wood
chips such that the resultant compost meets the standard criteria
in terms of leachate pH and C/N ratio values. However, durability
wise, it does not meet the standards for the presence of pathogenic
microorganisms because of improper maintenance of organic com-
position and the inability of the composter to attain the ther-
mophilic stage (i.e., 80 °C) which can destroy almost all forms of
pathogenic organisms. Combined with significant amount of
organic waste and proper aeration, the application of inoculant
induces the digestion process making it easy to attain the
Please cite this article in press as: Burguillos, J.D., Caldona, E.B. Design and development of a novel waste container from HDPE-layered bins. Journal of King
Saud University – Engineering Sciences (2018), https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jksues.2018.06.002
thermophilic condition at the early stage of composting. Storino
et al. (2016) recommended the practice of sharing compost bins
among several households to accumulate tons of waste, thereby
helping the temperature of the compost to increase rapidly. Aside
from increasing the quantity of waste, high composting tempera-
ture can also be attained using Yash Activator Plus (Hafeez et al.,
2018) and microbial inoculant from aerobic municipal sewage
sludge (Li et al., 2017).
Although there are many other ways of managing food waste
(Helfgott and Corn, 1989), no specific technique has ever been
taken into account the simplicity and economics of treatment
mainly at the source. Herein, a novel plastic-layered waste bin is
conceptualized and fabricated using affordable and locally avail-
able materials. It is designed to accumulate and decompose natu-
rally all kinds of household biodegradable waste including food
waste at the source. To further attest for its performance, the bin
was evaluated in terms of a number of parameters exposing its
ability to do the following: contain food waste; increase the tem-
perature of the waste above ambient; maintain an acceptable pH
of the leachate produced; prevent emission of malodorous smell;
and, capacitate and sustain waste accumulation for an appreciable
amount of time. The study, however, will not cover discussion on
the economical aspect (i.e. the incurred costs) of the design, since
the costs would not always apply to other places. There would
be deviations and differences may partake into discussion which
would make the study more complicated. Nevertheless, a rough
estimate of the total costs will be mentioned and a snapshot will
be presented on how the design could contribute to the economics
of waste management as a whole.
2. Materials and methods
2.1. Materials
High-density polyethylene (HDPE) was obtained from Eastern
Wire Manufacturing, Inc. and used mainly as the lining layers of
the bin. Commercially available charcoal was also used as an addi-
tional layer to aid in the foul odor reduction. Galvanized iron (GI)
materials were purchased from M. G. Tanlimco Company, while
polyvinyl chloride (PVC) was sold from Alatone Pastics, Inc. The
elastomeric paint, which was applied to a cloth, was obtained from
Davies Paints, whereas the pH paper used to determine the acidity
or basicity of the leachate was purchased from Johnson Test
Papers. All of the aforementioned material suppliers are mainly
located within the Philippines.
2.2. Design and construction of the waste bin
Several designs of compost bins were tested to address the
problem of waste diversion of organic waste from household.
Although the bins served their purpose, there are still drawbacks
to be addressed in their performance. Coker et al. (2008) fabricated
an on-site composting bin made of recycled metal drum equipped
with stirrer made from metal paddles which are welded to a metal
central rod. The presence of these metal paddles help produce
quality compost, however, the drudgery of the stirring process is
a distressful work as it has to be executed manually. Also, the
inconvenience of unloading the compost product from the drum
can be problematic. A more convenient means of containing food
waste was also fabricated by Vich et al. (2017) with holes being
provided for constant aeration. Though the bin looks appealing,
unpleasant odor, which can attract flies and cockroaches, can find
way through the holes. The bin, equipped with a mixer by
Jayaprakash et al. (2018) showed a better design, however, it is
not deemed cost effective as it uses conventional energy to power
the mixer.
 J.D. Burguillos, E.B. Caldona / Journal of King Saud University – Engineering Sciences xxx (2018) xxx–xxx 3

The design of our bin is an innovative one as it addresses the
drawbacks of the aforementioned studies. Our waste bin is a 2-ft
high cylinder of multilayer linings with diameters of 1.30, 1.65,
2.00, and 2.50 ft for the first inner, second inner, intermediate,
and outer lining, respectively. The two-dimensional cross sectional
view is shown in Fig. 1a while the actual look of the bin is dis-
played in Fig. 1b and c. Each layer is made up of 4 pieces of 1/8-
in. flat bars and fine HDPE mesh. The bin is layered with HDPE as
the plastic is lightweight, strong, and anti-corrosive. The first inner,
second inner, and outer layer are provided with an HDPE base sup-
ported by 3/8-in. square bars to hold the contained waste. Essen-
tially, the whole waste container has two concentric waste bins
(i.e., the first inner and the second inner), which are removable
and can be used interchangeably when one is already full. The
intermediate layer, on the other hand, has no base since it is only
designed to provide space for the crushed charcoal that adsorbs
unnecessary odor. The outer lining supports all the other layers
of the bin and is shown in Fig. 2a and b. A drainage trough
(Fig. 2c and d), made of GI sheet and formed into a frustum, is
designed just below the bin’s base to guide the liquid drips (i.e.
the leachate) down through the strainer and eventually to the
catch basin, which is made of a PVC pail. Other essential features
of the bin include its universal cover on top and a four 1/2-in.
diameter GI pipes that elevate the waste bin providing enough
space for the drainage trough and the catch basin. Overall, the
incurred estimated costs of the bin including all the materials used
and labor roughly range from USD 40-60.
2.3. Performance measurement
The waste bin was positioned in a place easily accessible to 3
households and used every day for 4 straight months (January to
April 2017), that is, all food wastes generated daily were disposed
into the first inner bin first. Accumulation of waste in terms of the
weight was monitored weekly using a 50-kg capacity portable
pocket electronic hanging weighing scale while the pH of the lea-
chate, which was collected from the drainage trough, was mea-
sured by placing a droplet into a litmus paper. On the other
hand, the ambient temperature as well as the odor emanating from
the bin was observed daily. After the 80th day of use, certain mod-
ifications were introduced to the bin in order to improve its perfor-
mance. A solar chimney was constructed on top and the whole
body of the bin was covered with a painted cloth. The performance
was then observed qualitatively.
3. Results and discussion
3.1. Waste characteristics
Photos of the waste inside the first inner bin during the 10th,
30th, 50th, and 80th day are shown in Fig. 3. The waste was char-
acterized as trimmings (i.e. vegetable, meat, and fish), meal left-
overs, spoiled foods, and other kitchen wastes generated after
food preparation. Visually, it can be seen that the accumulated
waste displayed constant change in color towards becoming dark
which clearly indicates the occurrence of the decomposition
process.
3.2. Weight accumulation and temperature
The variations in weight, the waste temperature (inside the
bin), and the ambient temperature are plotted in Fig. 4a against
the number of days. It can be noticed that the bin and the ambient
air temperatures range from 21 to 23 °C, with the former a bit
higher than the latter for the first 25 days. The bin’s slowly increas-
ing temperature is an indication that mesophilic microorganisms

Fig. 1. (a) Two dimensional-view of the bin; actual look (b) side view; (c) top view.

Fig. 2. Outer lining of the bin (a) top view and (b) side view; base of the bin showing the (c) bottom view (d) with drainage trough.

Please cite this article in press as: Burguillos, J.D., Caldona, E.B. Design and development of a novel waste container from HDPE-layered bins. Journal of King
Saud University – Engineering Sciences (2018), https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jksues.2018.06.002
4 J.D. Burguillos, E.B. Caldona / Journal of King Saud University – Engineering Sciences xxx (2018) xxx–xxx

Fig. 3. Visual image of the contained waste taken on the 10th, 30th, 50th, and 80th day.

recommended since it transforms the resulting leachate into a

toxic one, as evidenced by a low pH 5, which could also potentially
emit very objectionable odor (Zoysa and Wickramarathne, 2004;
Čičková et al., 2012; Zhu et al., 2012; Sundberg et al., 2013).

3.3. pH of leachate

The pH value variation of the leachate and the corresponding

colors are shown in Fig. 4b and c, respectively. Though there were
pH of 5 in three different days which may have been attributed to
some intermittent rapid waste decomposition, the pH, ranging
mostly from 6 to 9, suggests that the produced liquid is nontoxic
and can have beneficial effects on plant growth (Perry, 2003). It
also can be observed that the color varies strongly with the pH
as it is the darkest when the pH is alkaline and it is milky or the
lightest when acidic. The alkaline condition can be attributed to
some moisture in the waste, which may have been due to the
atmosphere’s inevitably varying condition. The acidity, on the
other hand, is an indication of the rapid decomposition, as evi-
denced by a constant plateau of pH 6 (Sundberg et al., 2013). Over-
all, the result implies that the color (without any pH measurement)
could be used as an indication of the usability of the leachate, par-
ticularly, in watering plants. It has to be noted, however, that tox-
icity is not only gauged by pH measurement. Analyses of the
presence of volatile organic acids, heavy metals, and nitrogen can
also be done to attest the toxicity of the leachate. However, such
analyses are considered irrelevant and may not be applicable to
the current study as the focus is on the capability of the bin to
Fig. 4. (a) Weight of accumulated waste, waste temperature, and ambient
accumulate and decompose waste continuously and not too much
temperature plotted against the number of days; (b) leachate pH vs number of
days; (c) leachate color at different pH values.
on the characterization of the compost. In this manner, the results
of the study are maintained at their simplest so as to avoid
and invertebrates had taken over and initiated the decomposition confusion.
process (Young et al., 2005; Trautmann and Krasny, 1997). Also,
this temperature range evidences that the microorganisms contin-
uously facilitate the liberation of heat (El Zein et al., 2015) and due
to the crushed charcoal and the cloth covering, negligible amount
of it is lost to the surroundings. This, therefore, implies that there is
no statistical correlation between the ambient and the waste tem-
perature. However, after day 25, the bin temperature jumped to 30
°C and remained constant for five continuous days. This might be
due to probable accumulation of nitrogen-rich waste (e.g.. fish
entrails) good enough to trigger some decomposition process to a
certain extent.
In terms of weight, the waste accumulation increased with
time, as evidenced in Fig. 4a. However, the trend was intentionally
interrupted when a number of houseflies were let inside the bin to
account for their effect. The trapped houseflies then immediately
produced thousands of maggots converting majority of the solid
waste into leachate that drips down into the drainage trough. As
a result, the weight of the waste rapidly declined from the 48th
to the 54th day and the temperature peaked at around 37 °C and
remained constant for five days. Although it had a positive Fig. 5. (a) The bin with a solar chimney and dressed with green-painted cloth; (b)
implication as it hastens the decomposition process, it is not Solar chimney mechanism.

Please cite this article in press as: Burguillos, J.D., Caldona, E.B. Design and development of a novel waste container from HDPE-layered bins. Journal of King
Saud University – Engineering Sciences (2018), https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jksues.2018.06.002
 J.D. Burguillos, E.B. Caldona / Journal of King Saud University – Engineering Sciences xxx (2018) xxx–xxx
Fig. 6. First inner bin (a) covered with trash bag; (b) upon removal from the waste container; (c) three weeks after it was removed; (d) with the magnified optical image of its
compost.
3.4. Odor characteristic
During the entire duration of use, no undesirable odor was
detected at least at a distance of 1 ft from the bin. This means that
the charcoal layer was effective in its adsorption action. Only by
sniffing very closely to the bin’s outside wall can the odor be
detected, which, as a consequence, could potentially attract flies.
To prevent this from happening, additional features were intro-
duced to the bin. A cotton cloth was sewn to fit the shape of the
bin and painted with a green elastomeric paint to reduce the water
affinity and purposely make it look eco-friendly as seen in Fig. 5a. A
5 ft tall solar chimney made of a 2-in. diameter PVC was also pro-
vided for exhaust in which air is being drawn naturally from the
bin’s bottom subsequently aerating the waste. This natural circula-
tion of air, which aids in the decomposition process, is depicted in
Fig. 5b. In addition, the chimney’s lateral surface is tightly wrapped
with a black cloth that acts as a blackbody further heating up the
air inside and causing it to rise and exit from the top. When these
features were introduced, negligible number of flies was seen and
the resulting leachate had lesser undesirable odor. Moreover, dur-
ing the 80-day experimental test, no complaints and comments
were heard from other neighboring households regarding any
undesirable odor being emitted by the bin.
3.5. Capacity for continuous waste accumulation
Weight loss, due to decomposition, was evident after the bin
reached 50% of its capacity. On the 80th day, the bin had accumu-
lated 41 kg of total waste, which was equivalent to 62% of its max-
imum capacity. It took another 40 days for the remaining capacity
to be filled up. When the amount of waste in the first inner bin was
full and too heavy to be handled by the container, it was removed
and the second inner bin was used next. The first inner bin with its
contained waste was set aside and covered with loose polyethy-
lene trash bag (Fig. 6a) to conceal the odor but allowing partial aer-
ation. The contained waste was allowed to further decompose.
Three weeks after the first inner bin was set aside, it was
observed that the waste has turned into a compost-like appearance
and the height of the waste has gone down to almost half of the
original level (Fig. 6b and c). Decomposition was still in progress
at this stage as evidenced by the presence of earthworms
(Fig. 6d). Also at this stage, the second inner bin contained 28 kg
of food waste, which is equivalent to around 25% of its capacity.
It is estimated that it will peak its maximum capacity by the time
the compost in the first inner bin reaches its maturity. By then, the
first inner bin can be emptied (i.e. the compost can be removed and
used for land applications) and ready for reuse. This attests the
ability of the designed waste container to capacitate continuous
waste input and sustain the management of household food waste
without any interruption.
4. Conclusion
In summary, we were able to come up with an innovative
design and construction of a waste bin that can perform the
Please cite this article in press as: Burguillos, J.D., Caldona, E.B. Design and development of a novel waste container from HDPE-layered bins. Journal of King
Saud University – Engineering Sciences (2018), https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jksues.2018.06.002
5
following: (a) continuously capacitate and decompose household
food waste at the source with very negligible emission of foul odor;
(b) digest organic waste slowly under mesophilic condition; and,
(c) induce natural aeration using solar chimney. The consequences
of these performances are thought to result to the following: (a)
the elimination of the inconvenience of containing the food waste
into a garbage bag and bringing it to a designated drop point for
collection; (b) helping the government in lessening the waste
collection and disposal expenditures; (c) contribution to a large
portion of the SWM program of the local government. It can
constitute, not only an environmental option, but also
economically such that it could reduce the load on the solid waste
stream and minimize the amount of end waste disposed to a
landfill. The waste bin can be considered as having developed
sustainably as it meets the needs of the present dilemma on
household waste diversion without producing any toxic by-
products that might harm the health of the public as well as the
environment as a whole. In addition, no energy in any form is
needed to operate the bin, thus, it is environmentally-friendly
and cost-effective.
The time it takes for the food waste in a just-removed bin to
fully turn into a compost-like appearance is way shorter than the
time for the bin to be fully filled up with food waste. This proves
that the concentric bins can be interchangeably used to accommo-
date food waste without any interruption. The produced leachate,
on the other hand, has a pH value suitable for watering plants. Fur-
thermore, the introduction of a solar chimney and a green-painted
cotton cloth could further assist on the odor elimination and trans-
form the bin into an eco-friendly look. We are currently gearing
towards the improvement of our bin’s design by finding the opti-
mum capacity via numerical simulation so that not only can it be
operational under mesophilic condition but also thermophilic. This
can help improve the rate of biodegradation and increase the per-
formance efficiency. We are also interested in assessing the toxic-
ity of the produced leachate by other parameters and performing
an intensive odor analysis to further emphasize on the principles
of safety and green chemistry. Moreover, we are thinking of a
holistic economic feasibility of our proposed design as part of our
future investigations.
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