Circuits at high Frequencies

I. HF Systems - 2

Tutorials
• Aleksander Sešek, Drago Strle
• aleksander.sesek@fe.uni-lj.si
LMFE A. Sešek, D. Strle

HF Systems : equations
From lectures
Avaliable noise power (Na)

2
𝜈𝑛 4𝑘𝑇𝑅∆𝑓
𝑃𝑎𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑖𝑙 ≅ = = 4𝑇∆𝑓
4𝑅 4𝑅

Noise factor
𝑃𝑖 𝑃𝑖
𝑆𝑛𝑅𝑖 𝑁𝑖 𝑁𝑖 𝑃𝑖 𝑁𝑎 +𝐺𝑁𝑖 𝑁𝑎
𝐹= = 𝑃𝑜 = 𝐺𝑃𝑖 = =1+
𝑆𝑛𝑅𝑜 𝑁𝑖 𝐺𝑃𝑖 𝐺𝑁𝑖
𝑁𝑜 𝑁𝑎 +𝐺𝑁𝑖

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LMFE A. Sešek, D. Strle

HF Systems : equations
From lectures
 Noise figure

NF  10  log10 ( F )

 Noise temperature

Na
Te 
kGf

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LMFE A. Sešek, D. Strle

HF Systems : equations
From lectures
Relation between F and Te
𝑘𝑇𝑒 𝐺∆𝑓 𝑃𝑖 𝑇𝑔+𝑡𝑒𝑞 𝑘𝐺𝐴 ∆𝑓 𝑇𝑒𝑞
𝐹 =1+ = =1+
𝐺𝑁𝑖 𝑃𝑖 𝐺𝐴 𝑇𝑔 𝑘∆𝑓 𝑇𝑔

𝑇𝑒 = 𝐹 − 1 𝑇
Examples:
 T = 290K for antena on the earth
 T = 30K … 50K for antena on the satellite
 T > 290K for PIN diode

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LMFE A. Sešek, D. Strle

HF Systems : equations
From lectures

F1 Ga1 Fn Ga2 Fn Gan

Quadrupoles cascade
 Total noise for cascade is
𝐹2 − 1 𝐹𝑛 − 1
𝐹 = 𝐹1 + + ⋯+
𝐺𝑎1 𝐺𝑎1 × 𝐺𝑎2 × ⋯ 𝐺𝑎𝑛−1

 Noise temperature
𝑇𝑒2 𝑇𝑒𝑛
𝑇𝑒 = 𝑇𝑒1 + +⋯+
𝐺𝑎1 𝐺𝑎1 × 𝐺𝑎2 × ⋯ 𝐺𝑎𝑛−1

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LMFE A. Sešek, D. Strle

HF Systems : exercises from lectures

Zg

1. Determine the equvivalent noise temperature of the generator.

Ug
using single 2 port network (lectures pg.34)

Ng = kTeq

Zg

Ug Ng GA, Teq,Nlizh Ngizh + Nlizh

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LMFE A. Sešek, D. Strle

HF Systems : exercises
2. Cascade of two 2-ports (lecures pg. 36)

Zg

Ug Tg GA1, T1 N1 GA2, T2 Nizh

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LMFE A. Sešek, D. Strle

HF Systems : exercises from lectures

3. Determine the noise figure of matched resistive attenuator which is at room
temperature (lectures pg.39)

Rg

Ug G, Teq Nizh

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LMFE A. Sešek, D. Strle

HF Systems : exercises
4. Receiver operates on earth
It has next parameters:
- it consists from three amplification stages, each with 6dB gain and 10nV/Hz of noise
- at antenna output (input of first amplifier) it is 1mV signal and 10µV of noise
- Frequency bandwidth of receiver is 10MHz.

Calculate A. Total noise figure

B. Total noise temperature
C. Noise rate

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LMFE A. Sešek, D. Strle

HF Systems : exercises
5. Why it is necessary to put the antenna amplifier as close to the antenna as possible?
The TV receiver works:
• Correctly if it is connected to the antenna directly.
• Incorrectly when we connect it with coaxial cable (the picture is not good any longer).
What is the reason?

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LMFE A. Sešek, D. Strle

HF Systems : equations
From lectures
 Receiver sensitivity Si
 System on earth

Si (dBm)  174dBm  NF (dB)  10 log f  SNR(dB)

 System on satellite

Si (dBm)  184dBm  NF (dB)  10 log f  SNR(dB)

 SNR for different modulations at BER=10-6
 BPSK SNR = 12,5dB

 QPSK SNR = 14dB

 16QAM SNR = 21dB

 64QAM SNR = 27dB

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LMFE A. Sešek, D. Strle

HF Systems : exercises
6. 5GHz wireless LAN
The receiver has next parameters:
- Noise figure 6dB,
- QPSK modulation,
- Bit Error Rate 10-6,
- Bandwidth 20MHz.

What is sensitivity of the receiver?

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LMFE A. Sešek, D. Strle

HF Systems : exercises
7. 12GHz satellite receiver
Satellite receiver has next properties:
- Temperature of antenna is 30K
- Noise figure measured at 293K is 1dB
- 64QAM modulation,
- Bit Error Rate 10-6,
- Bandwidth 6MHz.

What is sensitivity of receiver?

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LMFE A. Sešek, D. Strle

HF Systems : exercises
8. 50Ω GaAs MESFET LNA operates with central frequency of 12GHz at 29,3K
The LNA parameters are:
- noise figure measured at 293K is 2,3dB
- bandwidth is 8MHz
- requested signal to noise ratio is 6dB

What is sensitivity of receiver?

How the sensitivity changes if current LNA is changed with GaAs

p-HEMT LNA with noise figure 1dB or 0,6dB?

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LMFE A. Sešek, D. Strle

HF Systems : equations
From lectures

 Ratio between basic signal and interference component

 Basic equation

Po
IIPn  ; Po  10 log( G)  Pi ; IM n  Si  C
IM n
 Po – power of basic component, IMn – power of interference component

 Derived equations

nPi  IM n nI  ( Si  C )
IIPn  or IIPn  i
n 1 n 1
Where C presents lowest power which can be received, Ii - power of i-th component

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LMFE A. Sešek, D. Strle

HF Systems : equations
From lectures

 Noise rate for cascade

𝐹𝑖 − 1
𝑀=
1
1−
𝐺𝑎𝑖
 Linearity of cascade

1 1 𝐺𝑎1 𝐺𝑎1 × 𝐺𝑎2 𝐺𝑎1 × 𝐺𝑎2 × ⋯ 𝐺𝑎𝑛−1

= + + +⋯+
𝐼𝐼𝑃3 𝐼𝐼𝑃31 𝐼𝐼𝑃32 𝐼𝐼𝑃33 𝐼𝐼𝑃3𝑛

1 1 1 1 1
= + + + ⋯+
𝑂𝐼𝑃3 𝑂𝐼𝑃3𝑛 𝐺𝑎𝑛 × 𝑂𝐼𝑃3𝑛−1 𝐺𝑎𝑛 × 𝐺𝑎𝑛−1 × 𝑂𝐼𝑃𝑛−2 𝐺𝑎2 × ⋯ 𝐺𝑎𝑛 × 𝑂𝐼𝑃31

 Optimization of cascade dynamic range

𝐹𝑖+1 − 1 𝐼𝐼𝑃𝑖+1
𝐺𝑎𝑖 =
𝐹𝑖 𝐼𝐼𝑃𝑖

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LMFE A. Sešek, D. Strle

HF Systems : exercises
9. 60GHz receiver
The receiver has next parameters:
- important signal is at 60GHz
- interference components are at 64GHz and 62GHz,
- power of the interference components is -38dBm,
- sensitivity of receiver is -60dBm
- lowest power which can be received 14dB.

Calculate IIP3.

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