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ICT Express 4 (2018) 203–208
www.elsevier.com/locate/icte

An overview of device-to-device communication in cellular networks

Udit Narayana Kar, Debarshi Kumar Sanyal ∗
School of Computer Engineering, KIIT University, Bhubaneswar-751024, India

Received 10 May 2017; accepted 18 August 2017

Available online 9 October 2017

Abstract

Device-to-device (D2D) communication is expected to play a significant role in upcoming cellular networks as it promises ultra-low latency
for communication among users. This new mode may operate in licensed or unlicensed spectrum. It is a novel addition to the traditional cellular
communication paradigm. Its benefits are, however, accompanied by many technical and business issues that must be resolved before integrating
it into the cellular ecosystem. This paper discusses the main characteristics of D2D communication including its usage scenarios, architecture,
technical features, and areas of active research.
⃝c 2017 The Korean Institute of Communications and Information Sciences (KICS). Publishing Services by Elsevier B.V. This is an open access
article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).

Keywords: Device-to-device communication (D2D); Cellular network; 5G; Resource management; LTE direct

Contents

1. Introduction ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 204

2. Use cases ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 204
2.1. Local data services ..................................................................................................................................................................................................... 204
2.1.1. Information sharing .................................................................................................................................................................................... 204
2.1.2. Data and computation offloading .................................................................................................................................................................. 204
2.2. Coverage extension .................................................................................................................................................................................................... 204
2.3. Machine-to-machine (M2M) communication................................................................................................................................................................. 205
3. Architecture ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 205
3.1. Spectrum allocation.................................................................................................................................................................................................... 205
3.1.1. Inband D2D communication ........................................................................................................................................................................ 205
3.1.2. Outband D2D communication...................................................................................................................................................................... 205
3.2. D2D communication in LTE-Advanced ........................................................................................................................................................................ 205
3.3. Single-hop and multi-hop networks .............................................................................................................................................................................. 206
4. Challenges and ongoing research .............................................................................................................................................................................................. 206
4.1. Synchronization ......................................................................................................................................................................................................... 206
4.2. Peer discovery ........................................................................................................................................................................................................... 206
4.3. Mode selection .......................................................................................................................................................................................................... 206
4.4. Resource allocation .................................................................................................................................................................................................... 206
4.5. Interference management ............................................................................................................................................................................................ 207
4.6. D2D with mobility ..................................................................................................................................................................................................... 207
4.7. Pricing ...................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 207
4.8. Security .................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 207

∗ Corresponding author.
E-mail addresses: uditnarayankar@gmail.com (U.N. Kar), debarshisanyal@gmail.com, debarshi.sanyalfcs@kiit.ac.in (D.K. Sanyal).
Peer review under responsibility of The Korean Institute of Communications and Information Sciences (KICS).

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.icte.2017.08.002
2405-9595/⃝ c 2017 The Korean Institute of Communications and Information Sciences (KICS). Publishing Services by Elsevier B.V. This is an open access article
under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).
204 U.N. Kar, D.K. Sanyal / ICT Express 4 (2018) 203–208

5. D2D communication and 5G networks ...................................................................................................................................................................................... 207

6. Conclusion............................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 208
References ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 208

1. Introduction

Cellular network is now four generations old. Need for

fast multimedia-rich data exchange along with high quality
voice calls has been the primary motivation in this forward
journey. As newer and more demanding applications arise
and subscriber base increases exponentially, there is an urgent
requirement for more novel techniques to boost data rates
and reduce latency. D2D communication is a new paradigm
in cellular networks [1]. It allows user equipments (UEs) in
close proximity to communicate using a direct link rather than
having their radio signal travel all the way through the base
station (BS) or the core network. One of its main benefits
is the ultra-low latency in communication due to a shorter
signal traversal path. Various short-range wireless technologies
like Bluetooth, WiFi Direct and LTE Direct (defined by the
Third Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) [2]) can be used
to enable D2D communication. They differ mostly in the
data rates, distance between 1-hop devices, device discovery
mechanisms and typical applications. For example, Bluetooth
5 supports a maximum data rate of 50 Mbps and a range close Fig. 1. Cellular communication and D2D communication. Both single-hop and
to 240 m, WiFi Direct allows up to 250 Mbps rate and 200 m multi-hop (including D2D relay) networks formed by D2D links are shown.
range while LTE Direct provides rates up to 13.5 Mbps and a
range of 500 m [3]. D2D connectivity will make operators more
flexible in terms of offloading traffic from the core network, 2.1.1. Information sharing
increase spectral efficiency and reduce the energy and the cost UEs can leverage D2D links to transfer files, audios and
videos with higher data rates and lower energy than those in
per bit. Fig. 1 illustrates how cellular communication and D2D
conventional cellular channels. They facilitate streaming ser-
communication function. Till recently D2D communication did
vices like Google Chromecast, IPTV, etc. by forming clusters
not appear financially viable to cellular network providers.
and groupcasting data within a cluster. They also aid in other
But the current boom in context-aware and location discovery proximity services like public safety. D2D links can operate
services is bringing a rapid change to this situation [4]. Readers unimpeded in a disaster-hit area where all BSs are paralyzed.
will find a list of authoritative surveys and original research on
D2D communication in [5]. We do not attempt another survey 2.1.2. Data and computation offloading
here but only provide a high-level tutorial-style overview of the A device with a good Internet connectivity can act as a
field. hotspot to which data is offloaded/cached from the BS and from
which other devices may download data using D2D links. UEs
having poor processing power or low energy budgets may also
2. Use cases offload computation-heavy tasks to nearby more capable UEs
using D2D links. Considerable research has gone into design of
Using D2D communication, a large amount of data can be
offloading techniques [6].
transferred quickly between mobile devices in short range. We
mention below some of the more common scenarios where 2.2. Coverage extension
D2D communication is an effective technique.
A UE X (e.g., at the cell edge or in a disaster-hit area) may
encounter poor signal quality while connecting to the BS. A
2.1. Local data services
UE Y close to it that has, however, a better link to the BS may
act as a relay for it. Thus a D2D link X − Y followed by a
D2D communication can support local data services very cellular link Y − B S connects X to the BS. In Fig. 1, U E6
efficiently through unicast, groupcast and broadcast transmis- acts as a relay between the BS and U E9. Relays are used to
sions. Example applications include the following. extend the coverage of cellular service and enable multi-hop
 U.N. Kar, D.K. Sanyal / ICT Express 4 (2018) 203–208
communication. Another way to boost signal strength at a re-
ceiver is to relay it via multiple parallel paths, each composed of
collaborative devices. These techniques are often referred to as
cooperative diversity techniques. Researchers have suggested
a two-tier cellular architecture to support these applications: a
macrocell tier comprising BS-to-device communication and a
device tier comprising D2D communication [4].
2.3. Machine-to-machine (M2M) communication
M2M communication is an enabling technology for Internet-
of-Things (IoT). It involves autonomous connectivity and com-
munication among devices ranging from embedded low-power
devices to powerful compute-rich devices. D2D connections
can be used to establish M2M communication in IoT since
they afford ultra low latency and hence, real-time responses [7].
A particular application is vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) communi-
cation where D2D links can be utilized to share information
between neighboring vehicles quickly and offload traffic effi-
ciently. They can also be harnessed for vehicle-to-infrastructure
and vehicle-to-pedestrian communication.
3. Architecture
3.1. Spectrum allocation
In terms of spectrum usage, D2D communication is primar-
ily classified into two types. They are inband and outband [1].
3.1.1. Inband D2D communication
Here, cellular communication and D2D communication use
the same spectrum licensed to the cellular operator. The li-
censed spectrum may be either divided into non-overlapping
portions for D2D and cellular communication respectively
(overlay) or may not be divided at all (underlay). Overlay
scheme is easier to implement but underlay scheme leads to
opportunistic and hence, more efficient spectrum use and more
profit to operators.
3.1.2. Outband D2D communication
Here, D2D communication uses unlicensed spectrum
(e.g., the free 2.4 GHz ISM band or 38 GHz mm Wave
band) where cellular communication does not occur. It helps
in eliminating the interference between D2D and cellular users
although interference is still present from other electronic
devices (like Bluetooth and WiFi) operating in this band. In
fact, operators can control interference when using licensed
spectrum but that is infeasible for outband scheme. Outband
technology is further divided into controlled and autonomous
types. In the former, the radio interface for D2D communica-
tion is controlled by the cellular network while in the latter,
the cellular network controls only the cellular communication
leaving the control of D2D communication to the users.
205
Fig. 2. Simplified model for D2D communication based on ProSe architecture
in 3GPP Rel. 12.
3.2. D2D communication in LTE-Advanced
3GPP Rel. 12 of the LTE-Advanced standard specifies a
general concept of proximity-based services (ProSe) that allows
physically close devices to discover themselves and commu-
nicate via direct links [8]. ProSe is meant for public safety
communication as well as commercial applications although
the emphasis in Rel. 12 is on the public safety only. D2D
discovery and D2D communication are defined as a support
for ProSe. It is also known as LTE Direct since it supports
direct communication between UEs using licensed spectrum
and the global LTE ecosystem. Three scenarios for D2D
communication are considered: (1) all UEs involved in D2D
communication are within network coverage, (2) only some of
the UEs in D2D communication are within network coverage,
and (3) none of the UEs in D2D communication are within
network coverage.
A highly simplified model for D2D communication based
on ProSe reference architecture (non-roaming case) is shown
in Fig. 2. The BS or eNB, as it is called in 3GPP, connected
to the Evolved Packet Core (EPC), can communicate with a
UE directly using cellular communication. Additionally, UEs
can communicate via direct D2D links. In terms of channel
structure, the direct link between two UEs is called a sidelink
which can operate by frequency division duplex or time division
duplex. The UEs on being powered up first synchronize with the
eNB or other UEs. For this purpose, several synchronization
signals are defined in 3GPP Rel. 12. Coming back to the
architecture in Fig. 2, various ProSe applications (APPs) can be
installed in a UE and they may exchange data with the ProSe
APPs in a remote ProSe APP server. When a UE wants to
206 U.N. Kar, D.K. Sanyal / ICT Express 4 (2018) 203–208
communicate with its peer UE, the ProSe APP in it requests
for expression codes of itself and its target peer from the
server. Alternatively, a UE can obtain the expression codes
from the Proximity Function in the eNB. After the expression
codes are retrieved, the UE initiates the discovery procedure by
announcing its own expression code or inquiring if the target
UE (identified by the retrieved expression code) is present.
After device discovery, the UEs can communicate directly. In
terms of air interface for D2D signal and data transmission, re-
sources are allocated either by the eNB or by the UEs randomly
from a preconfigured pool of resources. D2D communication
occurs using open-loop communication in layer 1, i.e., a D2D
receiver does not send any feedback (including channel state
information and acknowledgments) to a D2D transmitter [8].
3.3. Single-hop and multi-hop networks
Generally a D2D link connects a transmitter UE with its
intended receiver UE resulting in a single-hop communication.
One can also have a multi-hop network composed of D2D links,
reminiscent of a mobile ad hoc network (MANET). In a multi-
hop D2D network, the intermediate UEs act as relays either
between a BS and a UE or between two UEs (refer to Fig. 1).
A variant of the first scenario could be a cooperative cluster of
UEs in which the BS transmits a data item to the cluster head
which then groupcasts it to other UEs in the cluster (perhaps
with network coding to improve throughput). 3GPP Rel. 13
enables UE-to-network relay while 3GPP Rel. 14 adds support
for vehicular communication (i.e., high speed and high density
of nodes) based on D2D technology.
4. Challenges and ongoing research
We will now discuss the various technical aspects and the
corresponding challenges of D2D communication in wireless
networks.
4.1. Synchronization
In a typical cellular network, UEs achieve time and fre-
quency synchronization using periodic broadcasts from the BS.
Devices in D2D communication can also synchronize with the
same broadcasts so long as they belong to the same BS. The
situation gets complicated in the following cases: (1) UEs be-
long to different BSs that may not be themselves synchronized,
or (2) some of the UEs are in the coverage of the network and
some outside the coverage, and (3) all UEs lie outside network
coverage [9]. Synchronization among UEs is beneficial for D2D
communication because it helps a UE to use the right time
slot and frequency for discovering and communicating with its
peer and thus engage in more energy-efficient communication.
Note that global synchronization among all UEs in a network
may not be required for D2D communication; rather local syn-
chronization among neighboring devices is sufficient. Although
one may adopt the synchronization protocols proposed for
MANETs and wireless sensor networks, D2D communication
usually requires more accurate synchronization and also allows
more complex algorithms (in terms of computational and power
budgets) in UEs unlike the case in resource-constrained sensors.
Researchers have proposed some physical layer [9] and MAC
layer schemes [10] for synchronization in D2D communication.
4.2. Peer discovery
Looking at the demand of D2D network, there should be
an efficient method for discovering peers. This means a UE
should be able to discover other nearby UEs quickly and with
low power consumption. From user perspective, there are two
types of peer discovery techniques, restricted and open [11].
In the first case, devices cannot be discovered by the end users
without their permissions. In the second case, devices can be
discovered whenever they lie in the proximity of other users.
From network perspective, peer discovery can be controlled
lightly or tightly by the BS [11]. In a multicell network, it is
very difficult to get cooperation from adjacent BSs, making
peer discovery a challenging job [12]. Incentive-based schemes
(i.e., game-theoretic frameworks) may be investigated as a
probable solution.
4.3. Mode selection
A pair of UEs that have discovered themselves are potential
candidates for a D2D communication. But performance-wise,
cellular communication may be more preferable if, for example,
the direct channel is more noisy. Mode selection is concerned
with choosing the right mode – cellular or D2D – for communi-
cation between two UEs to achieve some performance objective
like high spectral efficiency, low latency, or low transmit power.
Mode selection can be done by the network or by the UEs.
To formulate the mode selection problem, one may associate
a decision variable with each UE, that captures the selected
mode and then add a variety of objectives and constraints. A
simple objective could be that the channel gain of the selected
mode should be higher than that of other possible modes. More
sophisticated objectives like optimal spectrum reuse, weighted-
sum-rate maximization, etc. could also be used. Constraints
could be minimum QoS at receiver, maximum transmit power,
etc. Thus mode selection is generally coupled with power
control. The analysis could be done using instantaneous system
information (which may be difficult to acquire in practice)
or statistical system information leading to decisions that are
respectively optimal at a given instant or optimal in an average
sense over a longer duration [13].
4.4. Resource allocation
Radio resource (e.g., subcarriers) allocation is an important
step (especially, in inband mode) in creating and maintaining
direct links between D2D pairs in a cellular network. A simple
but general resource allocation framework is proposed in [14]
for inband multicell architecture: in overlay, uplink spectrum is
divided into two orthogonal portions with fraction η assigned
to D2D communication and 1 − η to cellular communication;
in underlay, the spectrum is divided into B bands and D2D
 U.N. Kar, D.K. Sanyal / ICT Express 4 (2018) 203–208
UEs can randomly and independently access β B (β ∈ [0, 1])
of them. The optimal values of η and β are computed by
assuming that the UEs are distributed according to a random
spatial Poisson point process and mode selection is based on
a UE’s distance from its intended receiver, and then optimiz-
ing some performance objective like a joint function of the
rates achieved by cellular and potential D2D users. Different
resource allocation schemes can be designed by changing the
optimization objectives and adding various constraints.
4.5. Interference management
In inband communication, cellular and D2D links may inter-
fere with each other based on how they share the frequencies.
In outband communication, D2D links suffer interference from
each other as well as from other devices operating in the
same band [15]. Interference can be reduced if UEs transmit
at lower power levels which might, however, affect the QoS
at the receiver. Thus interference-aware resource management
is an involved optimization problem. Often it is cast as a
weighted-sum-rate maximization problem subject to maximum
transmit power and minimum QoS constraints or as a trans-
mit power minimization problem subject to a minimum QoS
constraint [16]. Power control, in addition to interference mit-
igation, leads to energy-efficient operation which is one of the
goals of next generation wireless networks. Careful scheduling
of transmissions also helps to minimize interference. Suitable
modulation and coding schemes (adaptively chosen based on
channel quality) and hybrid automatic repeat request (which
is the combination of automatic repeat request and forward
error correction) increase the robustness of the transmitted
signal against noise. Mode selection, resource allocation and
interference minimization are closely related and often jointly
optimized. For these three kinds of problems, several central-
ized, distributed and hybrid algorithms have been proposed but
research is still active [16].
4.6. D2D with mobility
Most D2D-related research has focussed on static users
while cellular networks essentially cater to mobile users.
More analysis is needed to understand how the performance
gains auger in dynamic scenarios (from pedestrian to vehic-
ular speeds) and what interference handling and handover
mechanisms are needed as UEs move within and across
cells [17]. Multi-hop D2D communication also poses many
challenges [18].
4.7. Pricing
This is one of the most pressing issues to cellular operators.
The difficult question is how to control the direct link between
the devices and how to charge the users. Various pricing models
are explained in [4]. For example, operators may use UEs as
relays for other users and may give financial incentives to the
relay UEs [4]. Operators can also provide chargeable services
like security during D2D communication [4]. Other economic
207
models in the context of D2D communication include how
D2D UEs in a cluster may buy or sell data items [19], how
cellular users can sell their bandwidth to D2D UEs [20] and
how D2D-capable UE pairs can auction their cellular resources
to other waiting cellular users and themselves opt for D2D
communication [21].
4.8. Security
D2D communication affords stronger anonymity and data
privacy compared to conventional cellular communication since
the data are not stored at a central location. However, various
common attacks like eavesdropping, denial of service, man-
in-the-middle, node impersonification, IP spoofing, malware
attack, etc. can paralyze D2D links. Users would also like to
protect their privacy, e.g., by restricting the availability of their
sensitive personal data. The same lack of a central authority
makes it difficult to implement security and privacy measures.
Authors in [3] model threats in a three-dimensional space:
(1) whether the attacker is internal or external, (2) whether the
attacker is active (e.g., it modifies in-transit data) or passive
(e.g., it only snoops on data), and (3) whether the attack is local
or extended across the network. Several proposals to safeguard
D2D networks are reviewed in [3,22].
5. D2D communication and 5G networks
The upcoming 5G network is expected to support aggregate
data rates (i.e., total amount of data the network can serve,
measured in bits/sec/area) 1000 times that of the current 4G
network [23]. The spectral efficiency (number of bits transmit-
ted per Hz) and energy efficiency (number of bits per Joule)
should be 10 times higher than those of 4G network, data
rates for mobile users should be multi-Gbps and end-to-end
latencies around 1 ms. 5G network will essentially contain
an umbrella of technologies including heterogeneous network
(HetNet) (i.e., use of various radio access technologies, multiple
backhaul techniques and a hierarchy of cells—macro, pico,
femto), massive MIMO (i.e., large antenna arrays at BS to
serve many users concurrently), cognitive radio network (CRN)
(where secondary users opportunistically use the primary users’
spectrum), millimeter wave (mmWave) spectrum (works over
30–300 GHz frequency) and D2D communication [23]. The last
one is fundamentally important in 5G despite the challenges of
implementation [4]. The mmWave spectrum in 5G can be used
to form short-range D2D links between UEs. Since mmWave
suffers low multi-user interference, many mmWave D2D links
can operate concurrently, thus improving network capacity.
Secondary users in a CRN can also use D2D communication
to avoid interference to primary users. D2D communication
complements HetNets and massive-MIMO-enabled BSs in im-
proving spectral efficiency and data rates. Additionally, MIMO
antennas embedded in UEs will increase noise resilience and
system capacity by exploiting diversity and multiplexing gains.
D2D-based relays with MIMO-enabled devices can also en-
hance system capacity significantly [1].
208 U.N. Kar, D.K. Sanyal / ICT Express 4 (2018) 203–208
6. Conclusion
We have presented a brief overview of D2D communication
in terms of its use cases, architecture and the main techni-
cal challenges to its implementation. We have also seen that
D2D communication can play a pivotal role in realizing the
ambitious goals of 5G wireless networks. Preliminary systems
employing D2D communication have already started to arrive.
More developments and industry standards are in the pipeline.
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