What is a coronavirus?

Coronaviruses are a large family of viruses that are known to cause illness ranging from the common
cold to more severe diseases such as Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS) and Severe Acute
Respiratory Syndrome (SARS)

1. What is SARS-CoV-2? What is COVID-19?

Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) is the name given to the 2019 novel
coronavirus. COVID-19 is the name given to the disease associated with the virus. SARS-CoV-2 is a new
strain of coronavirus that has not been previously identified in humans.

2. Where do coronaviruses come from?

Coronaviruses are viruses that circulate among animals with some of them also known to infect humans.

Bats are considered as natural hosts of these viruses yet several other species of animals are also known
to be a source. For instance, the Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (MERS-CoV) is
transmitted to humans from camels, and the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-1 (SARS-
CoV-1) is transmitted to humans from civet cats. More information on coronaviruses can be found on
the ECDC factsheet.

3. Is this virus comparable to SARS or to the seasonal flu?

The novel coronavirus detected in China is genetically closely related to the SARS-CoV-1 virus. SARS
emerged at the end of 2002 in China, and it caused more than 8 000 cases in 33 countries over a period
of eight months. Around one in ten of the people who developed SARS died.

The current COVID-19 outbreak caused around 7 000 reported cases in China during the first month

after initial reports (January 2020), with a further 80 000 cases reported globally during the second
month (February 2020). Of these first 87 000 cases, about 3 000 died. Cases are now being detected
in Europe and across the globe. See the situation updates for the latest available information. 

While the viruses that cause both COVID-19 and seasonal influenza are transmitted from person-to-
person and may cause similar symptoms, the two viruses are very different and do not behave in the
same way. ECDC estimates that between 15 000 and 75 000 people die prematurely due to causes
associated with seasonal influenza each year in the EU, the UK, Norway, Iceland and Liechtenstein. This
is approximately 1 in every 1 000 people who are infected. By comparison, the current estimated
mortality rate for COVID-19 is 20-30 per 1 000 people.

Despite the relatively low mortality rate for seasonal influenza, many people die from the disease due to
the large number of people who contract it each year. The concern about COVID-19 is that, unlike
influenza, there is no vaccine and no specific treatment for the disease. It also appears to be as
transmissible as influenza if not more so. As it is a new virus, nobody has prior immunity which in theory
means that the entire human population is potentially susceptible to COVID-19 infection.

Can humans become infected with a novel coronavirus of animal source?

Detailed investigations found that SARS-CoV was transmitted from civet cats to humans in China in 2002
and MERS-CoV from dromedary camels to humans in Saudi Arabia in 2012. Several known coronaviruses
are circulating in animals that have not yet infected humans. As surveillance improves around the world,
more coronaviruses are likely to be identified.

What are the symptoms of someone infected with a coronavirus?

It depends on the virus, but common signs include respiratory symptoms, fever, cough, shortness of
breath, and breathing difficulties. In more severe cases, infection can cause pneumonia, severe acute
respiratory syndrome, kidney failure and even death.

1. What are the symptoms of COVID-19 infection

The virus can cause mild, flu-like symptoms such as:

 fever

 cough

 difficulty breathing

 muscle pain

 tiredness

More serious cases develop severe pneumonia, acute respiratory distress syndrome, sepsis and septic
shock that can lead to death. 

2. Are some people more at risk than others?

Generally elderly people and those with underlying health conditions (e.g. hypertension, diabetes,

cardiovascular disease, chronic respiratory disease and cancer) are considered to be more at risk of
developing severe symptoms.

What can I do to protect myself?

Standard recommendations to reduce exposure to and transmission of a range of illnesses include

maintaining basic hand and respiratory hygiene, and safe food practices and avoiding close contact,
when possible, with anyone showing symptoms of respiratory illness such as coughing and sneezing.

1. How can I avoid getting infected?

The virus enters your body via your eyes, nose and/or mouth, so it is important to avoid touching your
face with unwashed hands.

Washing of hands with soap and water for at least 20 seconds, or cleaning hands with alcohol-based
solutions, gels or tissues is recommended in all settings.

It is also recommended to stay 1 metre or more away from people infected with COVID-19 who are
showing symptoms, to reduce the risk of infection through respiratory droplets.
Are face masks effective in protecting against COVID-19?

If you are infected, the use of surgical face masks may reduce the risk of you infecting other people, but
there is no evidence that face masks will effectively prevent you from being infected with the virus. In
fact, it is possible that the use of face masks may even increase the risk of infection due to a false sense
of security and increased contact between hands, mouth and eyes.

Can coronaviruses be transmitted from person to person?

Yes, some coronaviruses can be transmitted from person to person, usually after close contact with an
infected patient, for example, in a household workplace, or health care centre.

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