Chapter 17 Question Jayden Gaines

Answer EACH of the questions below in a well-developed paragraph (no outlines or bullet
points accepted).

1. Discuss the intellectual developments leading to the emergence of the

Enlightenment, the leading figures of the Enlightenment, and their major
contributions.
- The enlightenment grew out of the shadows of the Renaissance, Reformation, and the
Scientific Revolution. Much like these other movements the Enlightenments purpose
was to challenge the accepted beliefs known in the world. The philosophers of the
enlightenment era used the ideas and reason of the Scientific revolution for problems in
the government and society. Some of the leading figures in society at this time included,
Immanuel Kant, Bernard de Fontanelle, Pierre Bayle, James Cook, John Locke, and Isaac
Newton. They all had separate major contributions that they made towards the period of
Enlightenment. Some of these contributions included science, travel literature,
skepticism, Essay Concerning Human Understanding, and rules of reasoning.

2. Discuss the type of social environment in which the philosophes thrived, and the role
women played in that environment.
- The Philosophes were upper class, and rich. They only interacted socially with other rich
people. Upper class women were important in this day and age. They established salons,
gatherings. These gatherings were where Philosophers and like-minded people would
meet to discuss the issues of the day. The issues for example were things such as art,
philosophy, and science.

3. What were the major innovations in art, music and literature that occurred in the
1700s, and differentiate between popular culture and high culture in this century.
- Innovations in art included the new Rococo art which had an emphasis on grace and
gentle action. This was like the Baroque art, but more subdued. The literacy rate also
increased dramatically because of the printing press. Along with this came people
willing to learn. High culture, which increased readership and publishing was for the
nobles and pop culture, which included carnivals, taverns, and alcohol was for the middle
class.

4. Contrast popular religion with institutional religion in the 1700s.

- During the period of the Enlightenment, popular religion and institutional religion
differed greatly. Popular religion refers to Brittan and unwritten literature in the social
activities and pursuits that are fundamental to the lives of most people. Popular religion
persuaded group activities such as carnivals and emphasized literacy and primary
religion. On the other hand, institutional religion established Catholic and protestant
churches. These churches were basically conservative institutions that upheld societies
hierarchical structure privilege, classes, and traditions.
5. What was the relationship between the Scientific Revolution and the
Enlightenment?
- The enlightenment rose from the Scientific Revolution. Just as the scientific revolution
challenged peoples accepted beliefs, so did the Enlightenment. They just challenged
different beliefs, the scientific revolution focused a lot on the universe and how they
could explain the movement within the universe. The enlightenment however was about
philosophers and how they used ideas and reasons from the scientific revolution for
problems in government and society.