Soran University

Faculty of Engineering
Department of Petroleum Engineering

Petroleum Properties LAB

Title: effect of temperature on the viscosity of fluids

Experiment No.: 02
Name: Aso Shaxawan
Group: A4
Date: 24 Feb 2020
Supervisor (s): Mr. Foad Yousefi
Ms. Mariam
Contents
Aim ................................................................................................................................................. 1
Theory ............................................................................................................................................. 1
Apparatus ........................................................................................................................................ 2
Procedure ........................................................................................................................................ 3
Calculation ...................................................................................................................................... 4
Results and Discussion ................................................................................................................... 5
Conclusion ...................................................................................................................................... 7
References ....................................................................................................................................... 8

List of figures
Figure 1 viscometer......................................................................................................................... 2
Figure 2 beaker ............................................................................................................................... 2
Figure 3 thermometer ...................................................................................................................... 2
Figure 5 graduated cylinder ............................................................................................................ 3
Figure 4 heater ................................................................................................................................ 3
Figure 6 hydrometer ........................................................................................................................ 3

List of charts
chart1 dynamic viscosity with temperature .................................................................................... 5
chart 2 kinematic viscosity with temperature ................................................................................. 6

List of tables
Table 1 results ................................................................................................................................. 5
Aim
To determine the viscosity of the fluid at various temperature by using a viscometer.

Theory
Viscosity is a fundamental characteristic property of all liquids. When a liquid flow, it has
an internal resistance to flow. Viscosity is a measure of this resistance to flow or shear. Viscosity
can also be termed as a drag force and is a measure of the frictional properties of the fluid. Viscosity
is a function of temperature and pressure. Although the viscosities of both liquids and gases change
with temperature and pressure, they affect the viscosity in a different manner (Viswanath, et al.,
2007).

The kinematic viscosity is the ratio of the dynamic viscosity and the density of a fluid. The
SI unit of the kinematic viscosity is m2/s. Other units are: 1 St (Stoke) = 1 cm2/s = 10−4 m2/s. 1
cSt (centistoke) = 1 mm2/s = 10−6m2/s. Water at 20 °C has a kinematic viscosity of about 1 cSt
(Toolbox, 2003).
𝑣=μ/ρ
Where: μ= dynamitic viscosity (N s/m²)
ρ =density (kg/m³)
v =kinematic viscosity (m²/s)

Dynamic viscosity is the force needed by a fluid to overcome its own internal molecular
friction so that the fluid will flow. In other words, dynamic viscosity is defined as the tangential
force per unit area needed to move the fluid in one horizontal plane with respect to other plane
with a unit velocity while the fluid's molecules maintain a unit distance apart (Viswanath, et al.,
2007).

The factors effect on the viscosity:

1. Effect of Temperature: the temperature of the liquid fluid increases its viscosity decreases.
In gases its opposite, the viscosity of the gases fluids increases as the temperature of the gas
increases.

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 2. Pressure: when increase the pressure on liquids, the viscosity increases because increase
the attraction force between the molecules of liquid.

Ostwald viscometer is a commonly used viscometer, which consists of a U-shaped glass tube
held vertically. For more accurate measurements it is held in a controlled temperature bath. It is
also known as a glass capillary viscometer. A liquid is allowed to flow through its capillary tube
between two etched marks and the time of flow of the liquid is measured using a stopwatch
(McKenna, 2003).

Apparatus
Martials:
• Kerosene
Equipment:
• Beaker

• Viscometer

• Thermometer

• Heater

• Graduated cylinder

• Hydrometer

Figure 1 viscometer
Figure 2 beaker Figure 3 thermometer

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 Figure 4 graduated cylinder
Figure 5 heater
Figure 6 hydrometer

Procedure
1. Fill the cylinder with kerosene.
2. Measure density by hydrometer and temperature by thermometer.
3. Pour the kerosene into the viscometer to a marked line just below the second reservoir.
4. Pull the water to the marked line just above the second reservoir by suction.
5. Allow the water to return to a marked line just below the second reservoir by the force
of gravity.
6. Measure the time that the kerosene had taken passing between two marked lines (the
lines above and below the second reservoir) by using a stopwatch.
7. Fill the beaker with kerosene.
8. Repeat steps above for temperatures 20, 25, 35 and 45 C.

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Calculation
First test

T=15C time= 171s density= 0.834 g/cc

𝑚𝑚2
v =c.t → v= 0.02714x171= 4.641 or cst
𝑠

cm2
4.641x 0.01= 0.04641 or st
s

𝜇= v. 𝜌 𝜇= 0.04641X 0.834= 0.0387 poise

Test 2/
T = 20 C time= 169s density =0.83g/cc
𝑚𝑚2
v = 0.02714x 169 = 4.5866 , cst or 0.04586 stoke
𝑠

𝜇= 0.04586 x 0.83 = 0.038 poise

Test 3/
T=25C time=167s density = 0.826 g/cc
𝑚𝑚2
v=0.02714 x 167 =4.5323 , cst or 0.04532 stoke
𝑠

𝜇=0.04532 x 0.826= 0.03743 poise

Test 4/
T=35C time=164s density= 0.821 g/cc
𝑚𝑚2
v= 0.02714 x 164= 4.4509 , cst or 0.0445 stoke
𝑠

𝜇=0.0445 x 0.821= 0.03653 poise

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Test 5/

T=45C time= 159s density= 0.815 g/cc

𝑚𝑚2
v=0.02714 x 159= 4.3152 , cst or 0.04315 stoke
𝑠

𝜇= 0.04315 x 0.815=0.03516 poise

Results and Discussion

Table 1 results

Test T (C) Time (s) Density v (stoke) 𝜇 (poise)

(g/cc)
1 15 171 0.834 0.04641 0.0387
2 20 169 0.83 0.04586 0.038
3 25 167 0.826 0.04532 0.03743
4 35 164 0.821 0.0445 0.03653
5 45 159 0.815 0.04315 0.03516

0.047 0.04641
0.04586
dynamic viscosity (stoke)

0.046 0.04532

0.045 0.0445

0.044
0.04315
0.043

0.042
temperature (C)
0.041
15 20 25 35 45
Column1 0.04641 0.04586 0.04532 0.0445 0.04315
chart1 dynamic viscosity with temperature

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 0.039 0.0387

0.038
0.038
0.03743
kinematic viscosity (poise)

0.037 0.03653

0.036
0.03516
0.035

0.034

0.033
15 20 25 35 45
Series 1 0.0387 0.038 0.03743 0.03653 0.03516
tempreture (C)

chart 2 kinematic viscosity with temperature

In this lab experiment, viscosities of kerosene were measured at several different

temperatures. The results were not acceptable. However, there will always be some errors. One of
the problems that are worth to be mentioned was that the kirosene was cooled down due to the
repetition of the test several times. Another reason that was arisen during performing the
experiment was that the air in the Oswalt viscometer could not be emptied. This led to errors in
the results. During recording the time from the stopwatch, errors occurred because more than one
person has done the job. As explained in the theory section temperature and viscosity are inversely
proportional , and by looking results and charts both dynamic and kinematic viscsity decrease by
increasing temperature.

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Conclusion
The experiment was run to measure the viscosity of the kirosene at various temperatures.
The viscosity inversly propotional with temperature,so results were found acceptable.

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References
• McKenna, B. a. K. D., 2003. Texture in Food: Semi-Solid Foods. s.l.:Woodhead
Publishing.

• ToolBox, E., 2003. Absolute, Dynamic and Kinematic Viscosity. [Online] Available at:
https://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/dynamic-absolute-kinematic-viscosity-d_412.html
[Accessed 1 Mar 2020].

• Viswanath, D. S. et al., 2007. Viscosity of Liquids. s.l.:Springer.