NEED ANALYSIS OF ESP MATERIALS FOR THE

MEDICAL LABORATORY TECHNOLOGY

STUDENTS IN THE HEALTH POLYTECHNICS
SEMARANG

Submitted to the Department of Language Studies, Graduate School of

Muhammadiyah University of Surakarta in partial fulfillment of the requirements
for the degree of Master of Education

By:
ANIK ANIQOH
S200160042

DEPARTMENT OF LANGUAGE STUDIES

GRADUATE SCHOOL
MUHAMMADIYAH UNIVERSITY OF SURAKARTA
2018
ii
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NEED ANALYSIS OF ESP MATERIALS FOR THE MEDICAL
LABORATORY TECHNOLOGY STUDENTS IN THE
HEALTH POLYTECHNICS SEMARANG

ABSTRACT
The process of preparing teaching materials included the series of steps starting
from identifying, selecting, adapting, and evaluating specific necessities of the students.
In doing these process above especially for teaching English for Specific Purposes must
consider the Need Analysis. In this research it would draw that the need analysis is very
important to reach the objectives like:1) to identify the students’ needs of ESP Material
for the Medical Laboratory Technology department in the Health Polytechnics Semarang,
and 2) to explore the lectures’ needs of ESP Material for the Medical Laboratory
Technology department in the Health Polytechnics Semarang. The study involved 80
students and 3 lectures as the experts of the study. This research was qualitative type
research using interview and questionnaire to collect the data. The data later were
analyzed based on need of analysis from the theory of Duddley-Evans and St. John
(2009). The findings of the need analysis from students and teacher then were figured out
to show that teaching English included the four all language skills components like
listening, reading, speaking, and writing and the two language contents like structure
(grammar) and the knowledge of vocabularies. Both language skills and contents should
be necessary for the students’ academic studies and target career. Choosing the certain
topics related to English for medical laboratory technology such as health issues, medical
laboratory technology staff duties, responsibilities working in the hospital laboratories,
medical administration report, and so on also plays important attention to the stake
holders’, lecturers’, and the students’ needs. Based on the reasons, the need analysis, a
small part of the whole project was done as the compliment to support the proposal of
new English Specific Purposes material for students of Medical Laboratory Department.
It is also suggested that textbook provided by designers and lecturers should involve the
progressive needs of the students.

Keywords: English Specific Purposes, Need Analysis, Medical Laboratory Technology

ABSTRAK
Proses mempersiapkan bahan ajar melibatkan serangkaian tahapan mulai dari
mengidentifikasi, menyeleksi, mengadaptasi, dan mengevaluasi kebutuhan-kebutuhan
tertentu dari mahasiswa.Dalam melakukan proses tersebut khususnya untuk pengajaran
Bahasa Inggris untuk tujuan khusus haruslah mempertimbangkan suatu analisis
kebutuhan. Dalam penelitian ini akan dijabarkan pentingnya analisis kebutuhan untuk
mendapatkan tujuan penelitian yaitu : 1). untuk mengidentifikasi kebutuhan siswa
terhadap materi ajar Bahasa Inggris untuk tujuan khusus dilingkup jurusan Teknologi

iv
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Laboratorium Medik di Poliketnik Kesehatan Semarang, dan 2) menggali kebutuhan
dosen atau pengajar akan materi ajar yang tepat untuk mahasiswa jurusan Teknologi
Laboratorium Medik di Politeknik Kesehatan Semarang. Penelitian ini melibatkan 80
siswa dan 3 kuliah sebagai ahli penelitian. Penelitian ini merupakan jenis penelitian
kualitatif yang menggunakan wawancara dan kuesioner dalam pengumpulan data. Data
kemudian dianalisis berdasarkan teori kebutuhan analisis Duddley-Evans dan St. John
(2009). Temuan analisis kebutuhan dari siswa dan guru, diketahui bahwa pengajaran
bahasa Inggris mencakup empat komponen keterampilan bahasa seperti mendengarkan,
membaca, berbicara, dan menulis, serta dua isi bahasa seperti struktur dan pengetahuan
kosakata. Baik keterampilan dan konten bahasa harus diperlukan untuk studi akademis
siswa dan karir target. Memilih topik-topik tertentu yang berkaitan dengan bahasa
Inggris untuk teknologi laboratorium medis seperti masalah kesehatan, tugas staf
teknologi laboratorium medis, tanggung jawab yang bekerja di laboratorium rumah
sakit, laporan administrasi medis, dan sebagainya juga memainkan peranan penting
terhadap kebutuhan pemangku kepentingan, para dosesn, dan para mahasiswa.
Berdasarkan alasan-alasan tersebut, analisis kebutuhan yang mana merupakan porsi
kecil dari keseluruhan proses harus dilakukan untuk mendukung ketercapaian pembuatan
materi ajar Bahasa Inggris untuk tujuan khusus bagi mahasiswa jurusan teknologi
laboratorium medic. Adapun saran lainnya adalah bahwa teksbook yang dibuat
seharusnya memasukkan isi yang berkaitan dengan kebutuhan siswa saat ini.

Kata Kunci: Bahasa Inggris Tujuan Khusus, Analisis Kebutuhan, Teknologi

Laboratorium Medik

1. Introduction
The number of students who wants to be the medical laboratory assistants
after graduated from the Medical Laboratory department in Indonesia has
increased over the years. In relation to globalization era, the graduated students
enforced to be able to use English whether in passively or actively in
communication, because it is very important to support their careers.
Teaching English for specific purposes is one of the subjects study taught in
the Medical Laboratory department to support their knowledge in the study. It is
because the specific English language competence may also carry out
responsibilities of being medical laboratory assistants. Another reason is since
there are developing numbers of International standardized hospitals, lecturers
must also be challenged to develop the quality of students in that field. One of the
steps to improve the students’ quality is to design ESP teaching materials based
on need analysis.

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 Preparing students to become able to use English in academic, professional
or working place setting is dealed with ESP (English for Specific Purposes). As it
is about specific students, therefore it must be tailored to the needs of these
students (Akbari,2014). It can be inferred that it is a way of teaching or learning
English for specialied subjects with some specific vocational and educational
purposes in mind. As the drawn up of previous research, Setiawati (2016) had
done a study in APIKES (Health Medical School) which resulted that ESP reflects
learners’ specific purpose in learning the target language, being a response to
learners’ needs and the acquisition of language relevant to communication outside
the classroom, especially in their studies and future careers. That was why the
study of the need analysis of ESP material in Indonesia was categorized as
seriously considered.
One of the ESP materials was English material designed for the Medical
students in other region of Indonesia, especially in Semarang. The Medical
Laboratory Technology, one of new department in the Health Polytechnics
Semarang is one of institution which holds medical laboratory technology. Its goal
is to prepare human resources especially in medical laboratory technology staff. It
accomplishes this goal through some programs. One of them is by giving English
material at the first and sixth semester. At the first semester, the English material
tends to focus in English for Specific Purposes (ESP). Through this program,
MLT department expects English language teaching meets the specific academic
and professional communication needs of learners who seek to improve their
language skills.
According to Duddley-Evans and St. John(2009) there are eight components
in today’s concept of needs analysis which have been grouped into five broad
areas including: 1. target situation analysis and objective needs analysis(e.g. tasks
and activities learners will use English for); 2. linguistic analysis, discourse
analysis, genre analysis, i.e. knowledge of how language and skills are used in the
target situations; 3.subjective needs analysis, i.e. learners’wants, means,
subjective needs-factors that affect the way they learn(e.g. previous learning
experiences, reasons for attending the course, expectations) 4.present situation

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analysis for the purpose of identifying learners’ current skills and language use;
and 5. means analysis, i.e. information about the environment where the course
will run.
In EFL learning, especially in teaching ESP, teaching content is geared to
the special language ‘repertoire’pertaining to the specialized aims that are
required of the learners. Therefore, designing materials should be adapted with
learners’ need of studying English for certain need. As Bracaj (2014) explained
that students learn English for a specific purpose, represented by studying subject
matter, to gain and develop appropriate knowledge and skills through English.
Related to the explanation above, as a matter of fact, this research dealt with
the relationship between ESP and need analysis which cannot be separated each
other, it is in accordance with Beshaj (2015) that the necessity of ESP method
related to international exchanges and interactions that the recent conditions need
to have people know not just general English but to have extensive English
vocabulary on various specific scientific such as judicial, social, medical fields,
and so on. Therefore it is obvious that knowing English and using English for
specific purposes is a challenge. People would be much appreciated if they have
good command not only the general foreign language but also have a specific
field.
Talking about the need analysis, there is another theory telling that “need
analysis (NA) is a vital stage in designing ESP materials” (Belcher, 2006,p.135).
It represents a basis inidentifying the course objective, and learners’
communicative and linguistic needs. Many researchers agree that NA reflects
necessities, wants, and needs of learners in their subject area. Here, need analysis
has a crucial function in designing ESP material for stuents of Medical Laboratory
Technology. Need analysis is used to know the fact and the real situation based on
learners and teachers’ information. Need analysis will evaluate the relevant and
the compatible handbook for learners and lecturers.
A basic course begins with the learners’ needs. It is understood preparing
learners to use English within academic, professional, or workplace environment
(Basturkmen, 2010: 17). Songhori (2008: 2) states that needs analysis has a

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crucial role in the process of designing and carrying out any language course.
Barantess (2009) argues that need analysis consist of a procedure to gain the
information about performance and target performance. Need analysis detected
before the course might change during the course and the teacher take note of
those change. Generally, in designing needs analysis requires the following
procedures, those are; decide what information to gather and why, when, from
whom and how to gather it, gather the information, interpret it, act on in, and
evaluate the effect (Graves, 2000: 73).
Needs Analysis is then an essential stage as it tells syllabus developers
about the specific language used by the learners in their own contexts. The
research objectives are: 1) to identify the students’ needs of ESP Material for the
Medical Laboratory Technology department in the Health Polytechnics Semarang,
2) to explore the lectures’ needs of ESP Material for the Medical Laboratory
Technology department in the Health Polytechnics Semarang.

2. Research Method
In doing research procedure, it is used a qualitative method. Then in
collecting the data, the writer has done two steps like interview and
questionnaires. The data then are analyzed to know the students’ need in studying
English. The technique of triangulation is used to make the result valid.
Triangulation is the most frequently used and easy to implement strategies.
Participants of this study were 80 medical laboratory technology students at
the first semester in the Health Polytechnics Semarang (they were randomly
chosen from 2 classes), 2 English lecturers, and 1 person who worked as a staff.
The data were collected from several sources such as medical laboratory
technology students, English lecturers, the staff, and ESP experts. It was intended
to provide different perspectives, which supports researchers to analyze about
something from a lot of points of view.
The instruments used were questionnaires focusing on personal information
and English proficiency, students’ interest on English language skills, the
conditions that need English for medical laboratory technology students, medical

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laboratory topic for sharing with colleagues and patients, students’ favorites
activities in learning English, and topics the medical laboratory students want to
learn. The writer completed the information of ESP materials for medical record
students by interviewing 2 English lecturers in MLT and 1 staff working at the
campus. The questionnaire data and the interview data were analyzed
qualitatively.

3. Research Findings
This section describes the results of need analysis about the importance of
designing ESP materials based on students’ needs and lecturers’ needs used in the
Medical Laboratory Technology. The findings were collected based on the
questionnaires and interviews.
1.1 Students’ Need Analysis about ESP Materials
According to Duddley-Evans and St. John (2009) there are five components
in today’s concept of needs analysis which have been grouped into:
3.1.1 Target Situation Analysis and Objective Needs Analysis
Target analysis and objective analysis are connected each other. They
involve tasks and activities that the learners will use English for. Since this
research is about designing ESP materials for the Medical Laboratory Technology
Department, so its target analysis should concern about such English Specific
Purposes used in the hospital and in the laboratory areas. While its objective
analysis should concern to the specific expressions used for communicating in
those places. Therefore teachers hopefully would be able to facilitate the materials
about English expressions used to communicate with patients, doctors, and also
the laboratory assistants.
Based on the interview about the usage of the existing material in EFL
learning in the MLT Department, unfortunately, the learner did not get enough
those kinds of materials mentioned above, therefore it is necessary to set a plan to
provide the ESP materials for working in the hospitals and the laboratories.
“Well, I think this book is for TOEFL ya mom. No lesson about the
medical Laboratory information. Well, I think we must include the

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 material about health knowledge. In this book is all about grammar”
(Answer, Student A)

3.1.2 Linguistic Analysis, Discourse Analysis, and Genre Analysis

Linguistic analysis, Discourse analysis, and Genre analysis are three
important parts which support each other to identify the students’ need. They
describe about knowledge of how language and skills are used in the target
situations.
From the linguistic analysis, it was found that from the four language
skills like listening, reading, speaking, and writing taught in the MLT department,
the speaking activity seemed to become the highest priority in EFL learning. It
can be proven from the questionnaires results found that almost half of students
(46.25%) agree to use English after study and 100% of students agree that it is
very important to study about expressions which will be useful supporting their
careers like handling telephone, opinions, compliments, etc.
Then from the discourse analysis, students’ need can be elaborated with
providing the ESP materials about giving tasks and activities based on the specific
topic like dialogues among patients, laboratory assistants, and doctors. Since the
discourse is about learning situation and interaction, so the students should be
taught about such kinds of useful expressions how to do the dialogues with the
doctors, patients, and the laboratory assistants.
The last is about genre analysis, so the students should be facilitated with
the text materials about knowledge of how language and skills are used in the
target situations; for example procedure and report texts. It is proven based on the
questionnaire result that 58.3% students agree that selecting text materials for ESP
are about the job description of the laboratory assistants, work safety,
understanding SOP working in the laboratory, writing report, etc.

3.1.3 Subjective Needs Analysis

This is the third part belonged to the need analysis discussing about
learners’ wants, means, subjective needs-factors that affect the way they learn
(e.g. previous learning experiences, reasons for attending the course,

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expectations). The conditions happened in the MLT departments proven that
students did not get enough knowledge about the materials related to their work
field and study. In other words, students eventually had studied the materials
about TOEFL provided in the existing book. However, the lecturers had still
taught about the medical laboratory in the limited portions. Therefore, this
condition has proved the students have not got the learning experience as much as
they need from the course materials. For that reason, it is necessary to propose the
ESP materials for the Medical Laboratory Technology students. This following
interview supported the reasons above.
“…well, the layout is poor, its cover is not attractive. I think this book is
not English for Medical Laboratory. It is an ordinary English book. From
the layout…I think it is also bad, yeah, very very bad. All is provided in
text and less illustrations.” (Interview1, answer3)

3.1.4 Present Situation Analysis

Present situation analysis is about the purpose of identifying learners’
current skills and language use. In this findings the writer found that the 77.5% of
students met difficulties in speaking English because of the lack of
vocabularies,61.25% felt difficult in understanding English text, 70% were
unfamiliar with the studying listening, and 75.5% found difficulties in making
composition.
3.1.5 Means Analysis
The last is about means analysis. In this section it talks about information
about the environment where the course will run. From the findings most of
students agree that hospital and classroom are the good places to learn for MLT
students.

1.2 Teachers’ Need Analysis about ESP Materials

1.2.1 Target Situation Analysis and Objective Needs Analysis
Target situation and Objective needs analysis referred as the tasks and
activities learners will use English for. Based on the target situations and
objective analysis the teachers stated that the learning process of English
according to Curriculum for Diploma 3 is 3 SKS. Then they recommended that 3

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SKS should be in the form of 1 English SKS for theory and 2 SKS for practice
because it supports the career demands. Other statements from the teacher about
the need analysis stated that 1). Learning English will be useful if it is provided
the materials containing about understanding in using the materials and tools in
the laboratory, 2). English is used to make a report for MLT students, so it is also
necessary to be provided ESP for Medical Laboratory department (98.75%), and
3). Selecting collection of the topics for sharing with students should be matched
with the academics and career demands in Medical Laboratory Technology. The
following table supports about the above opinion of the teachers based on the
interviews.
Topics Sub Topics Frequen Percen
cy tage

Family Introduction, hobbies, dealing with patients 1 8.3%

Job  Job description in the laboratory 7 58.3%

 Work safety
 Responsibility in the laboratory
 Reading,Understanding, and making an
SOP
 Reading Manual Kit
 Reading,Understanding Medical report
 Knowledge of Tools in the laboratory
and understanding how to use them
Administration  Reading and Understanding journals 2 16.6%
 Writing a practicum report
 Medical Administration
 Doing presentations
Others  Knowledge of Phlebotomy 2 16.6%
 Making reagents

Total meetings 12 100%

1.2.2 Linguistic Analysis, Discourse Analysis, Genre Analysis

Linguistic analysis, discourse analysis, genre analysis are categorized about
knowledge of how language and skills are used in the target situations. From the
findings, the teachers suggest that English materials about useful expressions
should be studied by the students were handling telephone, opinions,
compliments, writing practicum report, etc. Those expressions are important

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because they are used in the work field and can be applied in the speaking activity
class (68.75%). Evidence from the interview with the teachers saying that it is
important to link English to the other seven subjects’ studies are Work Safety in
the laboratory, Medical Report, Bacteriology, Phlebotomy, Clinical Chemistry,
Microbiology, and Immunoserology.
“With 7 critical subjects study in MLT, they are clinical chemistry, hematology,
paracitology, microbiology, toxicology, immunology serology, and
cytohistology. Then, the activities must be added with the reality in the field, like
observation, presentation, and reporting. So, students can be given with the task
through independence study, because the 7 critical studies are belonged to the
competence tests for the students. (Interview6, with the lecturer)

3.2.3 Subjective Needs Analysis

Subjective needs analysis here are teachers’ wants, means, subjective
needs-factors that affect the way they learn (e.g. previous learning experiences,
reasons for attending the course, expectations). The result of the research provides
the capture career demands are important according the teachers’ view. Since the
students were expected to have knowledge and proper attitude in the Medical
Laboratory environment.

3.2.4 Present Situation Analysis

Present situation analysis is having the purpose of identifying learners’
current skills and language use. Based on the teachers’ point of views in the
interview, most of them stated that Medical Laboratory Department has a vision
that students have the critical thinking and good attitude. To make a critical
thinking of the students achieved, the teachers must give the learning needs for the
students. It means that the teachers are able to apply such an interactive classroom
based on students’ centered.
3.2.5 Means Analysis
Means analysis defines as information about the environment where the
course will run. The findings found that hospital, laboratory, and classroom are
appropriate places to study English since those places give real experiences in
teaching learning process.

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4. Discussions
According to the findings from the students’ and the lecturers’ needs, it is
shown that the process of EFL learning in the classroom does not run quite well
since the teachers and students used inappropriate material, in here, English for
general. This condition influences the time schedule in EFL learning, because
with the time given, the lecturers only spent for teaching general English and did
not give maximally the materials about ESP for MLT.
Secondly, the quality of course materials is poor because it has not met
with the requirements of the quality of material development like Cunningsworth
(1995) theory which is the principle the writer used , therefore, designing and
selecting the materials related to the purpose of the students’ work field are
influencing them to study EFL better. Then, the most eagerness activities of
students in English class are sorted from reading, listening, speaking, and writing.
Thirdly, since the course material is not supported the students’ and the
teachers’ needs in teaching learning process, so it is important that the selected
materials given to the students must answer the real necessities of students in
learning English to prepare their future at the field of medical laboratory and
health information. In this study the result was in line with Setiawati’s study
(2016) since these findings resulted that the need analysis demonstrated all four of
the language skills were necessary for their academic studies and their target
career. It can be proven from the findings of results from questionnaires and
interviews that the students of Medical Laboratory Technology must be able to
use English both in written and spoken. Then, in order to guide them to study
English thoroughly, it is very important to provide them such selected materials
namely English Specific Purposes which is linked with seven subject studies
including in Medical Laboratory Technology knowledge.
Finally, it can be summed up based on those findings the contents of the
course book must be evaluated and re designed because of some reasons; they are
(1) need to be adjusted with visions and missions in the Curriculum of Diploma 3
Medical Laboratory Technology, (2) must be supported with the academic studies
and the future career, and (3) should be included the health information which

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compatible with many activities that concerned to the students centered learners,
and (4) should consider that the English materials prototype later must be linked
with the giving more portions to the seven subjects studies in the Medical
Laboratory Technology. The seven subjects studies supported in English materials
are Work Safety in the laboratory, Medical Report, Bacteriology, Phlebotomy,
Clinical Chemistry, Microbiology, and Immunoserology.

5. Conclusions
Findings of the need analysis demonstrated that all four of the language
skills were necessary for their academic studies and their target career.This study
proposed new ESP materials based on the stakeholders’ needs. From the
explanations above, it can be concluded that (1) the ESP materials for MLT
department is very needed, (2) to design ESP materials, it is suggested to choose
the topics related to the MLT field study, like the health information, working in
the laboratory, medical report, etc. (3) activities that provided in the ESP materials
should show students’ centered learning.

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