Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Number System Simplification Study Material PDF
Number System Simplification Study Material PDF
Study Material
1
Number System & Simplification
Study Material
between the given two rational numbers x and Fraction: A fraction is a quantity which expresses a
y. part of the whole.
An infinite number of rational number can be
Numerator
determined between any two rational numbers. Fraction =
Denominator
Example 1:
Find three rational numbers between 3 and 5. Example 2:
Write a fraction whose numerator is 22 + 1 and
Solution: denominator is 32 – 1.
3 +5 8
1st rational number = = =4 Solution:
2 2
Numerator = 22 + 1 = 4 + 1 = 5
2nd rational number (i.e., between 3 and 4)
3+4 7 Denominator = 32 – 1= 9 -1 = 8
= = Numerator 5
2 2 ∴ Fraction = =
rd
3 rational number (i.e., between 4 and 5) Denominator 8
4+5 9
= =
2 2 TYPES OF FRACTIONS:
b) Irrational numbers: The numbers which are a) Proper fraction : If numerator is less than its
not rational or which cannot be put in the form denominator, then it is a proper fraction:
𝑝
of , where p and q are integers and q ≠ 0, is 2 6
𝑞 For example: ,
5 18
called irrational number.
b) Improper fraction: If numerator is greater
It is denoted by Q’ or Qc.
than or equal to its denominator, then it is a
2, 3, 5, 2 + 3, 3 − 5, 3 3 are irrational improper fraction.
numbers. 5 18 13
For example: , ,
2 7 13
NOTE:
NOTE:
(i) Every positive irrational number has a
negative irrational number corresponding to it. If in a fraction, its numerator and denominator are of
equal value then fraction is equal to unity i.e.1.
(ii) 2+ 3 ≠5
5− 3≠ 2
c) Mixed fraction: it consists of an integer and a
3× 2= 3×2= 6 proper fraction.
1 2 5
6 For example: 1 2 , 3 3 , 7
6÷ 2= = 3 9
2
(iii) Some times, product of two irrational numbers NOTE:
is a rational number.
For example: 2 × 2 = 2 × 2 = 2
2 2
2+ 3 × 2− 3 = 2 − 3 =4-3=1 Mixed fraction can always be changed into
improper fraction and vice versa.
Both rational and irrational numbers can be 5 7×9+5 63+5 68
represented on number line. Thus real numbers For example: 7 = = =
9 9 9 9
is the set of the union of rational and irrational
19 9×2+1 1 1
numbers. and = =9+ =9
2 2 2 2
R = Q ∪ Qʹ
Every real numbers is either rational or d) Equivalent fraction/Equal fractions:
irrational. Fractions with same value.
2
Number System & Simplification
Study Material
2 4 6 8 2 Remaining homework to complete the biology
For example: , , ,
3 6 9 12 3 assignment
e) Like fractions: Fractions with same 2 2 6−2 4
= 5 − 15 = 15 = 15
denominators.
2 3 9 11
For example: , , ,
5 7 8 16 Rounding off (Approximation) of Decimals: There
f) Unlike fractions: Fractions with different are some decimals in which numbers are found upto
denominators. large number of decimal places.
2 4 9 9
For example: , , , For example: 3.4578, 21.358940789.
5 7 8 2
But many times we require decimal numbers upto a
certain number of decimal places. Therefore,
NOTE: If the digit of the decimal place is five or more than
five, then the digit in the preceding decimal place is
Unlike fractions can be converted into like increased by one and if the digit in the last place is less
fractions. than five, then the digit in the precedence place
3 4 remains unchanged.
For example: 𝑎𝑛𝑑
5 7 Example 4:
3 7 21 4 5 20
× = and × = (a) Write 21.3751 upto two places of
5 7 35 7 5 35
decimal.
(b) Write 3.27645 upto three places of
g) Simple fractions: Numerator and
decimal.
denominator are integers.
3 2 Solution:
For example: 𝑎𝑛𝑑 (a) 21.3751 = 21.38
7 5
h) Complex fraction: Numerator or denominator (b) 3.27645 = 3.276
or both are fractional numbers. Operations: The following operations of addition,
2 subtraction, multiplication and division are valid for
1 1+
7
2 23 2+ 3 real numbers.
For example: 5 , 2,
5 2 (a) Commutative property of addition:
7 3
i) Decimal fraction: Denominator with the a+b=b+a
powers of 10. (b) Associative property of addition:
2 9 (a + b) + c = a + (b + c)
For example: 10 = 0.2 , 100 = (0.09)
(c) Commutative property of multiplication:
j) Vulgar fraction: Denominators are not the
a*b=b*a
power of 10.
3 9 5 (d) Associative property of multiplication:
For example: , , . (a * b) * c = a * (b * c)
7 2 193
Example 3: (e) Distributive property of multiplication with
After doing 3/5 of the Biology homework on respect to addition:
Monday night, Sanjay did 1/3 of the remaining (a + b) * c = a * c + b * c
homework on Tuesday night. What fraction of Complex numbers: A number of the form a + bi,
the original homework would Sanjay have to where a and b are real number and i = −1 (imaginary
do on Wednesday night to complete the number) is called a complex number.
Biology assignment? It is denoted by C.
Solution: For Example: 5i (a = 0 and b = 5), 5 + 3i (a = 5 and
Remaining homework on Monday night b = 3)
3 2
=1− =
5 5
1 2 2 NOTE:
Work done on Tuesday night = of =
3 5 15
3
Number System & Simplification
Study Material
4
Number System & Simplification
Study Material
Again, a number is divisible by 11 if the Two different numbers x and y when divided
difference between the sum of digits at even by a certain divisor D leave remainder r1 and r2
places and sum of digits at the odd places is respectively. When the sum of them is divided
either 0 or is divisible by 11. by the same divisor, the remainder is r3. Then,
= M – N + 9 must be zero or it must be Method to find the number of different divisors (or
divisible by 11 factors) (including 1 and itself) of any composite
number N:
i.e. M – N = 2
STEP I: Express N as a product of prime numbers as.
⇒M=2+4=6 N = xa × yb × zc
Hence, M = 6; N = 4 STEP II: Number of different divisors (including l
and itself)
Example 7:
= (a + 1) (b + 1) (c +1) .....
The highest power of 9 dividing 99!
completely is: Example 8:
Solution: Find the number of different divisors of 50,
besides unity and the number itself.
(c) 9 = 3 × 3 = 32
Highest power of 3 in 99! Solution:
99 99 99 99
= + + +
3 32 33 34 If you solve this problem without knowing the
= 33 + 11 + 3 +1 = 48 rule, you will take the numbers in succession
But we have 32 and check the divisibility. In doing so, you
48
highest power of 9 in 99! = = 24 may miss some numbers. It will also take more
2
time.
DIVISION ALGORITHM: Different divisors of 50are: 1,2,5,10,25,50
Dividend = (Divisor × Quotient) + Remainder
If we exclude 1 and 50, the number of divisors
where, Dividend = The number which is being divided
will be 4.
Divisor = The number which performs the division
process Quotient = Greatest possible integer as a result By rule: 50 -2 × 5 × 5 = 21× 52
of division Remainder = Rest part of dividend which
cannot be further divided by the divisor. ∴the number of total divisors = (l + 1) × (2+1)
= 2 × 3 = 6 or, the number of divisors excluding 1
Complete remainder: A complete remainder is the and 50 = 6 – 2 = 4
remainder obtained by a number by the method of
successive division. Example 9:
Complete reminder = [I divisor × II remainder] + I A certain number when divided by 899 leaves
remainder the remainder 63. Find the remainder when the
same number is divided by 29.
C.R. = d1 r2 + r1
Solution:
C.R. = d1 d2 r3 + d1 r2 + r1
5
Number System & Simplification
Study Material
Solution:
Example 11:
Here given number 15 is not a prime number
Number of zeros at the end of 100!
so first convert 15 as product of Primes 15= 3×
100 100 100 5 therefore we will find the highest power of 3
Solution: + + +....... and 5 in 1001 Highest power of 3 in 100!
5 52 53
100 100 100 100
integral value will be =[ ]+[ ]+[ ]+ ]
3 32 33 34
6
Number System & Simplification
Study Material
(.....1)n = (......1)
(.....5)n = (......5)
(.....6)n = (......6)
(ii) If the last digit or digit at the units place of a is 2,3,5,7 or 8, then the last digit of an depends upon the value of
n and follows a repeating pattern in terms of 4 as given below:
n last digit of (....2)n last digit of (....3)n last digit of (....7)n last digit of (....8)n
4x + 1 2 3 7 8
4x + 2 4 9 9 4
4x + 3 8 7 3 2
4x 6 1 1 6
(iii) If the last digit or digit at the unit’s place of a is 4 or 9, then the last digit of an depends upon the value of n
and follows repeating pattern in terms of2 as given below.
n Last digit of (...4)n Last digit of (...9)n
2x 6 1
2x+1 4 9
Example 16:
Find unit digit of2323. Example 18:
Solution: Here, 2,4,8,6 will repeat after every four Find unitdigitof96363× 7373.
interval till 320 next digit will be 2,4, 8 , so Solution: Unit digit of96363 = 7
unit digit of 2323 will be 8. Unit digit of 7373=3
So unit digit of96363× 7373= 7 × 3 = 21.
Example 17: i.e. 1.
Find unit digit of 133133.
Solution: Example 19:
Cycle of 3 is 3,9,7,1 which repeats after every Find Unit digit of 1717× 2727× 3737
fourth interval will 133132, so next unit digit Solution: Unit digit of 1717 = 7
will be 3. Unit digit of2727 = 3
7
Number System & Simplification
Study Material
𝑎×b×c
remainder of expression (ii) will be equal to
Remainder of expression [i/e. a × b × c when 𝑎𝑛
𝑛 remainder of because rest of the term
divided by n] is equal to the remainder of 𝑥
a r ×b r ×c r
contains x are completely divisible by x.
expression [i.e. ar × br × cr when divided by
n
n], where Example 25:
ar is remainder when a is divided by n. 999
Find the remainder of .
8
8
Number System & Simplification
Study Material
Solution: 25 100
Find remainder of .
999 (8 + 1)99 7
= Solution:
8 8 25 100 (3×7+4)50 4 50
According to polynomial theorem remainder = =
7 7 7
will be equal to remainder of the expression 2100 (23 )33 ×2 (7+1)33 1×2
199 1 = ⇒ ×2⇒
= ,1 7 7 7 7
8 8 ⇒Reminder is 2.
9
Number System & Simplification
Study Material
1
a−m =
am
n
am/n = am
a0 = 1
10