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India Neighborhood:

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Relations-Part 1

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Topics Covered:

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•Bangladesh, Bhutan, Nepal, BBIN
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India-Bangladesh Relations

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Map Source: http://geocurrents.info/wp-content/uploads/2011/05/India-Bangladesh-border-map.jpg

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The History

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• India played a significant role in the creation of

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Bangladesh in 1971 by providing moral, material, military

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and diplomatic support.

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• India was the first country to recognize Bangladesh as a

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separate and independent state

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• The 1972 India Bangaldesh freindship treaty laid the

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foundations of good relations between the two Countries
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• India and Bangladesh‟s geographical locations
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complement each other and present an opportunity for

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both to further develop their connectivity links and

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economies.
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Evolution

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• Despite the bonhomie of initial years the relations soured

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especially since the military coup and assassination of

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Sheikh Mujibur Rahman in the Year and the ascendance

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of the Military ruler Zia ul Haq in the year 1975.

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Bangladesh remained under Military or Quasi Military

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rule for 1975 to 1990.
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• This period, for most part, the relations were marked by
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brief periods of raised expectations and longer period

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coldness.
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• Bangladesh held democratic elections in 1991.

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Evolution

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• One of the worst periods in India-Bangladesh relations

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was between 2001 and 2006. Only minor protocols or

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agreements were signed during that time and there was

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a surge in insurgency activities in the Northeast with the

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United Liberation Front of Asom and the Nationalist

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Socialist Council of Nagaland, among other outfits,

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crossing the border for training.
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• From 2009 onwards, as cross-border issues were
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addressed, bilateral relationship improved and progress

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was made in some key areas.

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• Recent years have seen remarkable shift in these

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relations, under different governments in New Delhi.

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Key Issues

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Land and water,

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• Illegal migration, and border

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• Favourable trade conditions

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• Connectivity
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River Waters

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• India and Bangladesh share 54 common rivers: Ganga

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and Brahmaputra are chief among them.

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• Bangladesh is a lower riparian state.

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• Joint Rivers Water Commission was formed in 1972 for

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carrying out survey of the shared river systems.

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• Farrakka Barrage constructed in 1975 by India to use

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water from Ganges to flush the Hooghly river and keep
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the Kolkata Port operational, became a bone of al
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contention.
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• Bangladesh under general Zia confronted India and tried

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to internationalise the issue.

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River Waters

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• A settlement was finally reached in 1977, with a new

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government in India led by the Janta party, known as the

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Farakka accord.

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• The Ganges Waters Treaty was signed in 1996 for the sharing of

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waters of the River Ganges during the lean season (January 1-

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May 31).

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• On the Teesta River, an interim agreement was reached by

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both sides for water sharing in 1984. However a final

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agreement has been elusive after India initially agreed to 50-
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50% sharing formula in 2012 but has failed to sign an final
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agreement following West Bengal‟s government‟s firm

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opposition to any such agreement whish perceives the

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agreement as being unjust & insensitive to West Bengal water

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needs & demands.

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The Border issue:

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India and Bangladesh share 4096.7 km. of border, which is the longest land

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boundary that India shares with any of its neighbours.

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• Before the Land Boundary Agreement (LBA) came in to effect in 2015, the border

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was contentious due to numerous exclaves and enclaves.

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• For allowing Bangladesh access to its enclaves in west Bengal, the Government of

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India had agreed to lease out a small corridor of land in 1974, however, it faced

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strong domestic opposition within India & the matter was finally resolved only in

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1982. This generated needless friction over the delay in implementation of the

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agreement

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• A Coordinated Border Management Plan (CBMP) was signed in 2011 to synergize
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the efforts of both Border Guarding Forces for more effective control over cross
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border illegal activities and crimes as well as for the maintenance of peace and
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tranquility along the India-Bangladesh border.

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• The settlement of the maritime boundary arbitration between India and

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Bangladesh, as per UNCLOS award on July 7, 2014, paved the way for the
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economic development of this part of the Bay of Bengal and is seen as beneficial
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to both countries.
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Economic Cooperation and Trade:

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In recent Year India has extended three lines of credit worth US$ 8 billion

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to Bangladesh for a range of projects, including railway infrastructure,

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supply of Broad Gauge microprocessor-based locomotives and

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passenger coaches, procurement of buses, and dredging projects. This is

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the largest quantum of credit India has extended to any other country by

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far and comes at a highly concessional rate of interest

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• Despite duty-free access, Bangladeshi exporters face high non-tariff

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barriers in the form of bureaucratic and customs bottlenecks, delays due

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to manual clearance, visa problems, lack of banking services and

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warehouse facilities at the border. The cost of cross-border trade is quite
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high. al
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• „Border Haats‟, or markets across the India-Bangladesh border, were a

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successful solution to increase legal business on the borders. Recently,

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Bangladesh and India have agreed to set up six more haats along their
borders.
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Issues to resolved and future challenges

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• The Agreement on Ganges Water Expires in 2026.

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• The Teesta River Water issue remains to be resolved

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• Tipaimukh project on the Barak river.

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• The issue of illegal immigration is a sensitive issue for

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India and especially in states such as Assam on
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• Favourable Trade conditions are especilly important

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for Bangladesh
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• Rohingya issue- Bangladesh and Myanmar

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Recent Achievement and status

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Government-to-government power trade is 1,300 MW from India to

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Bangladesh. India‟s state-run Bharat Heavy Electricals Limited (BHEL) is

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building the Rampal coal-fired power plant in Bangladesh.

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• In the private sector, Reliance Power has won approval to set up a 750

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MW LNG-based power plant and an LNG terminal in Bangladesh, paving

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the way for $1.3 billion investment, and Adani Group is set to sell 3,000

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MW power to Bangladesh.

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• On connectivity, the focus has been road, rail, rivers, sea, transmission
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lines, petroleum pipelines, and digital links that would give India access
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to the Northeast and to Southeast Asia through Bangladesh. Bangladesh-
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India coastal shipping began in March 2016, and trains are set to run from
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Kolkata to Agartala, a project to be completed by 2017. Trucks carrying

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Indian goods reached Tripura from Ashuganj port on June 19 2016,

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making the long-cherished idea of transhipment into reality.

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Recent Top Level Exchanges

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• Banladesh‟s Prime Minister Shiekh Hasina Visitied

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India in April 2017

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• Prime Minister Narendra Modi visited Bangladesh in

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June 2015

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• Prime Minister Manmohan Singh Visited Bangladesh
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in 2011
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India-Bhutan

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Source:
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https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fa/Bhutan_CIA_WFB_2010_map.png

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INDIA_BHUTAN_CHINA

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Source:
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http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/article12665125.ece/alternates/FREE_660/India%20
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Bhutan%20China

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Evolution

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• The Indian-Bhutan Friendship Treaty, which was signed in New Delhi on 8th February 2007,

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has come into force following the exchange of Instruments of Ratification between the

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two governments in Thimphu on 2nd March 2007.

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• Diplomatic relations between India and Bhutan were established in 1968 with the

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appointment of a resident representative of India in Thimphu.

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• The Kingdom of Bhutan was admitted as a member of the United Nations on 21st

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September 1971.

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• From 1949 onwards the relations were governed by a Treaty of Perpetual Peace and

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Friendship of 1949. Article 2 of the treaty was significant wherein “the Government of

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Bhutan agrees to be guided by the advice of the Government of India in regard to its

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external relations.”

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• In the revised treaty of 2007, Article 2 was replaced with: “In keeping with the abiding ties

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of close friendship between Bhutan and India, the Government of the Kingdom of Bhutan
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and the Government of Republic of India shall cooperate closely with each other on
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issues relating to their national interests. Neither Government shall allow the use of its
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territory for activities harmful to the national security and interest of the other.” The 2007
Treaty has begun a new era in bilateral cooperation.
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• On June 21, 2017, during a meeting on the sidelines of the United Nations Rio+ 20
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conference, Chinese Premier Wen Jiabao met Bhutanese Prime Minister Jigmi Y. Thinley
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for the first time.

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Key Issues

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• Economic Development

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• Hydropower

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• Security

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Hydropower

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• extensive cooperation in the field of economic development, especially

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in the mutually beneficial sector of hydropower.

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• Three Hydropower projects developed with Indian assistance are 1020

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MW Tala Hydroelectric Project, 336 MW Chukha Hydroelectric Project, 60

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MW Kurichhu Hydroelectric Project.

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• Ten more projects have been agreed to. Of these three are already

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under construction – Punatsangchhu-I Hydro Electric Project,

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Punatsangchhu–II and Mangedechhu HEPs. Out of the remaining 7

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projects, DPR for 6 projects (Kholongchu, Bunakha, Amochhu,

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Chamkharchhu-I, Wangchhu, and Sankosh) have been cleared / are

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awaiting clearance by relevant agencies. The work for preparing DPR for
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the 7th Project (Kuri-Gongri) has been entrusted to WAPCOS.
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• The Union Cabinet has approved the signing of an InterGovernment

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Agreement (IGA) on four JV-mode HEPs (Kholongchu, Wangchhu,

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Bunakha and Chamkharchhu) with Bhutan, and 15% GOI funding

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(DGPC‟s equity) for the 600 MW Kholongchhu HEP.

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• Goal of 10,000MW in hydropower by 2020

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Economic development

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• India continues to be the largest trade and development partner of

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Bhutan.

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• Planned development efforts in Bhutan began in the early 1960s. The First

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Five Year Plan (FYP) of Bhutan was launched in 1961. Since then, India

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has been extending financial assistance to Bhutan‟s FYPs.

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• Standby Credit Facility: GoI extended a standby credit facility of Rs 1000

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crores to RGoB to help Bhutan overcome the rupee liquidity crunch. This

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Credit Facility was provided at a concessional interest rate of 5% per

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annum. It is valid for 5 years.

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The existing free trade regime between India and Bhutan was last
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renewed in 2006 for a period of 10 years. al
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The new agreement in force since 29 July 2017, provides for a free trade
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regime between the territories of India and Bhutan. The agreement also
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provides for duty-free transit of Bhutanese merchandise for trade with

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third countries.
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Security

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• The Eastern Army Command and the Eastern Air

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Command both have integrated protection of Bhutan

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into their role.

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• The Indian Military Training Team (IMTRAT), headed by a

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Major General, plays a critical role in training Bhutanese

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security personnel.

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• Recent incidents in the Doklam area underlined the

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significance of security cooperation between the two
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countries.
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• The security of India and Bhutan is “indivisible and

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mutual”- President Ram Nath Kovind

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Concerns

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• As of July 2017, Bhutan’s debt to India for the three major ongoing

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projects: Mangdechhu, Punatsangchhu 1 and 2 is approximately

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₹12,300 crores which accounts for 77% of the country’s total debt, and

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is 87% of its GDP.

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• While the cost of the 720 MW Mangdechhu project has nearly doubled

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in the past two years of construction, both Punatsangchhu 1 and 2,

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each of 1200 MW have trebled in cost and been delayed more than five

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years over the original completion schedule.

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• Meanwhile, the interest repayment on projects that are being financed
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by India as 30% grant and 70% loan at 10% annual interest is piling
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• The demarcation of boundaries of Bhutan with China under the1988

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and 1998 agreements remain process in waiting. This has security

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implications for India and requires a new formulation

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India-Nepal

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Source: http://geology.com/world/nepal-map.gif
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Evolution:

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• As close neighbours, India and Nepal share a unique relationship

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of friendship and cooperation characterized by open borders and

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deep-rooted people-to-people contacts of kinship and culture.

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• Nepal has an area of 147,181 sq. kms. and a population of 29

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million. It shares a border of over 1850 kms in the east, south and

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west with five Indian States – Sikkim, West Bengal, Bihar, Uttar

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Pradesh and Uttarakhand – and in the north with the Tibet

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Autonomous Region of the People's Republic of China

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• The India-Nepal Treaty of Peace and Friendship of 1950 forms the

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bedrock of the special relations that exist between India and
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Nepal. on
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• Under the provisions of this Treaty, the Nepalese citizens have
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enjoyed unparalleled advantages in India, availing facilities and

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opportunities at par with Indian citizens. Nearly 6 million Nepali

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citizens live and work in India. Around 6,00,000 Indians are

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living/domiciled in Nepal.
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Recent Visits

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• In 2014, Prime Minister Shri Narendra Modi visited Nepal

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twice – in August for a bilateral visit and in November for

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the SAARC Summit – during which several bilateral

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agreements were signed.

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• TheNepalese Prime Minister, Mr. K.P. Sharma Oli, was on

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a State visit to India from 19 to 24 February 2016. During

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his visit several bilateral agreements were signed.

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• Nepalese Prime Minister, Mr. Pushpa Kamal Dahal
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„Prachanda‟ paid a state visit to India from 15-18
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September 2016.
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• Shri Pranab Mukherjee, Hon‟ble President of India paid a

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state visit from 2-4 November, 2016

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Key Issues

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• Security

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• Water resource

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• Power

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• Trade

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Security

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• India has played a leading role in helping the Nepalese Army

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(NA) in its modernization through provision of equipment and

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training. About 250+ training slots are provided every year for

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training of NA personnel in various Indian Army Training

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institutions.

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• The 10th Indo-Nepal Army Battalion level Joint Exercise was

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conducted at Saljhandi (Nepal) from 31 October to 13

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November 2016. The 11th Indo-Nepal Army Battalion level
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Joint Exercise is proposed to be conducted at Pithoragarh
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(India) in March 2017.

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• The Gorkha Regiments of the Indian Army are raised partly by

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recruitment from hill districts of Nepal. Currently, about 32,000

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Gorkha Soldiers from Nepal are serving in the Indian Army.

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Water Resources

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• Cooperation in Water Resources primarily concerning the

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common rivers is one of the most important areas of our

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bilateral relations and has immense potential.

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• It is estimated that around 250 small and large rivers flow from

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Nepal to India and constitute an important part of the Ganges

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river basins.

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• These rivers have the potential to become major sources of

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irrigation and power for Nepal and India, but without planning,

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are a source of devastating floods in Nepal‟s Terai region, and
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the Indian States of Bihar and Uttar Pradesh. al
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• A three–tier bilateral mechanism established in 2008, to

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discuss issues relating to cooperation in water resources and

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hydropower between the two countries, has been working

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well.
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Power

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India and Nepal have a Power Exchange Agreement since 1971 for meeting the power

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requirements in the border areas of the two countries, taking advantage of each other's

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transmission infrastructure.

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• There are more than twenty 132 KV, 33 KV and 11 KV transmission interconnections which

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are used both for power exchange in the bordering areas and for power trade. For enhanced

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transmission of electricity, short term augmentation of the existing grid has been completed.

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• Under mid–term augmentation, with grant assistance from GoI, 132 KV Kataiya–Kushaha

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and 132 KV Raxaul–Parwanipur transmission lines are being operationalized.

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• For long–term augmentation of the cross–border grid infrastructure, with a funding of US$

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13.2 million (from GoI’s US$ 100 Million LoC), the construction of a 400 KV Muzzafarpur–
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Dhalkebar transmission line is in progress.
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On completion, the Muzzafarpur–Dhalkebar transmission line would allow import of up to

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1000 MW of power by Nepal from India and also export from Nepal to India.
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• At present, the total supply of electricity to Nepal from India is about 400 MW.
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• An Agreement on ‘Electric Power Trade, Cross-border Transmission Interconnection and Grid

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Connectivity’ between India and Nepal was signed on 21 October 2014.

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Trade:

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Since 1996, Nepal‟s exports to India have grown more than eleven times

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•

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and bilateral trade more than seven times; the bilateral trade that was

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29.8% of total external trade of Nepal in year 1995-96 has reached 61.2%

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in 2015-16.

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• The bilateral trade grew from IRs. 1,755 crores in 1995-96 to

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IRs.32294Crores (US$ 4.8 billion) in 2015-16

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Indian firms are the biggest investors in Nepal, accounting for about 40%

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of the total approved foreign direct investments. There are about 150

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Indian ventures operating in Nepal. They are engaged in manufacturing,

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services (banking, insurance, dry port, education and telecom), power
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sector and tourism industries. Some large Indian investors include ITC,
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Dabur India, Hindustan Unilever, VSNL, TCIL, MTNL, State Bank of India,
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Punjab National Bank, Life Insurance Corporation of India, Asian Paints,

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CONCOR, GMR India, IL&FS, Manipal Group, MIT Group Holdings, Nupur
International, Transworld Group, Patel Engineering, Bhilwara Energy,
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Bhushan Group, Feedback Ventures, RJ Corp, KSK Energy, Berger Paints,

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Essel Infra Project Ltd. and Tata Power, India etc.

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 Challenges:

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• Political transition in Nepal: Constitutional process and ethnic linkages. Madhesis, Tharus,

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•

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Cooperation in developing water resources: Nepal has 43,000 MWs hydropower potential that is

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known to be technically feasible and economically viable. However, major projects have not

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taken-off due to considerations outside the realm of economics. Ironically, India is a net exporter

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of power to Nepal. Over the years differences over over the 1954 Kosi Agreement and the 1959

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Gandak Agreement, have become cause of resentment in. Three large projects namely —

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Saptakosi with 5,000MW, Karnali-Chisapani with 11,000MW, and Pancheshwar with 6,500MW

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— have been stuck for 30 years. 27 survey licenses were granted to India comapnies, but none of

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them is in the construction phase.

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• The China Factor: China has showed renewed interest in Nepal following the constitutional

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logjam, the earthquake in 2015 and the blockade on the Indo-Nepal borders in the same year.
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Changing political leadership inn Nepal has shown inclination to use the China factor vis-a-vis
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India.
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• In 2012, Nepal approved a $1.8 billion contract to China for the West Seti Hydropower Project.
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• In November 2017 in a decision which could have far reaching consequences in the region and for
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China, Nepal cancelled the Budhi Gandaki hydropower project which had been contracted to a
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chinese company Chinese company.

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 Border dispute

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The Border dispute: Susta, a disputed village on which both India and Nepal stake

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a claim. the changing course of the Gandak river, known as Narayani in Nepal, has

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caused controversy around Susta. ―Gandak forms the international boundary

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between Nepal and India. Known as the Treaty of Sugauli, it led to the demarcation

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of the international boundary between India and Nepal. Another Supplementary

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Boundary Treaty was signed in December 1816 to settle the border dispute.

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In 1981, a Joint Technical Level Nepal-India Boundary Committee was set

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•

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up, which after years of surveying and deliberations delineated 98% of

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the India-Nepal border on 182 strip maps. But, Susta was not part of this
delineation.

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• In 2007, these strip maps were presented to both countries for ratification.
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Nepal refused to sign the documents without resolving the Susta

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and Kalapani disputes (the Kalapani row is over a 35 square km disputed

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area where the border is marked by another river, the Mahakali). India,
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too, did not endorse the maps.

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Copyright © 2016 by Vision IAS. [www.visionias.in] India Neighborhood/ Nepal

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The BBIN Framework

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The BBIN framework

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• The four South Asian nations signed the BBIN Agreement in

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Thimphu and the accord was seen as a significant symbol of

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sub-regional unity. An eastern sub-region comprising

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Bangladesh, Bhutan, India and Nepal (BBIN).

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• The BBIN initiative, for the time being, operates through inter-

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governmental Joint Working Groups (JWG) comprising senior

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officials of respective governments, under the aegis of their

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respective Foreign Affairs ministries but drawing in
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representatives of other concerned ministries/agencies of the
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government.
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• Two such JWGs were set up, one on Trade, Connectivity and
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Transit, the other on Water Resources Management, and

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Power/hydropower trade and Grid Connectivity.

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Copyright © 2016 by Vision IAS. [www.visionias.in] The BBIN Framework

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Vision of BBIN

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• BBIN vision for the sub-region rests on Four pillars

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o 1. Trade, connectivity and transit.

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o 2. Investment in power generation and water management sectors.

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o 3. Cooperation in energy area, in power trade and converting national

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grids into a sub-regional grid.

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o 4. Contact between the peoples of the region.

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Once implemented thoroughly, they have the potential to increase India‟s-
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regional trade within South Asia by almost 60% and with the rest of the
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world by over 30%. This would be a visible advantage for South Asia with
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transport corridors transformed into economic corridors. The BBIN

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Agreement signals that relations which were earlier characterized by

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trust-deficit among countries are now decisively moving towards a

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national political consensus for cooperation among the neighbours.

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Copyright © 2016 by Vision IAS. [www.visionias.in] The BBIN Framework

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Recent developments

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• India proposed a SAARC Motor Vehicle Agreement during the

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SAARC Summit in Kathmandu in November 2014. Due to

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objections from Pakistan, an agreement could not be

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reached. India instead pursued a similar motor vehicle

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agreement with the BBIN. The Bangladesh-Bhutan-India-Nepal

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Motor Vehicles Agreement was signed on 15 June 2015.

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• However in 2017 Bhutan backed out form joining this

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agreement asking the other countries to continue with

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operationalisation.
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• India approved $1.08 Billion for construction and upgradation
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of 558 km long roads that join Bangladesh, Bhutan and Nepal.

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The project will receive 50% funding from Asian Development

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Bank. The project is scheduled to be completed by 2018.

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Copyright © 2016 by Vision IAS. [www.visionias.in] The BBIN Framework