THE

SPANISH TRANSLATOR;

7 -'

PRACTICAL SYSTEM FOR BECOMING ACQUAINTED

WITH THE

SPANISH WRITTEN LANGUAGE,

THROUGH THE MEDIUM OF THE ENGLISH.

BY

MARIANO CUBI I SOLER,

PROFESSOR OF MODERN LANGUAGES IN THE COLLEGE OF LOUISIANA.

"He —Colton.
that shortens the road to knowledge, lengthens life."

THIRD EDITION,
WITH CORRECTIONS AND IMPROVEMENTS.

BALTIMORE:
FIELDING LUCAS, JR.
170 MARKET STREET.
 r4>

Entered, according to the Act of Congress, in the year one thousand

eight hundred and forty-one, by Fielding Lucas, Jr. in the Clerk's
office of the District Court of Maryland.
 To WILLIAM GWYNN, Esq.

If gratitude may be expressed by the dedication of

book, allow me, sir, to prefix your name to this work
The warm interest you manifested for my success, when
success was doubtful; the sincere friendship with which
you honoured me, when friends were necessary, —have left

upon my mind an impression not to be obliterated.

For a long time have I laboured to facilitate the acqui-

sition of my native language to this great nation. Your

friendly counsels have often re-animated my ardour, when
almost exhausted by continued efforts; and, in this last

production, your kind suggestions have frequently guided

me in the arduous task. Receive it then as a tribute of

my friendship. Could its success correspond with my in-

tentions, it might prove a worthy testimonial of the regard,

with which I remain,

Sir,

Your obedient,

Humble servant,

MARIANO CUBI I SOLER.

The author of this work has recently published a fourth edition of his
*

SPANISH GRAMMAR. Of this Grammar the North American

Review, the Baltimore Gazette, and the United States Literary
Gazette, have spoken in the following terms.

From No. XL VII. of the North American Review.

" The author has shown much ability, both in regard to the methodi-
cal arrangement of his materials, and the clear expositions he has given
of the principles and difficulties in the grammatical construction of the
language. His views are well explained in the Preface, from which it

is evident that he has studied the subject with care, and gained much
practical knowledge from experience. In the full conjugations and
copious list of irregular verbs, and in the illustration of all the rules of
syntax by explanations, remarks, and well chosen examples, this
Grammar is decidedly superior to any we have seen. This we deem
particularly worthy of notice, because the success of the learner in
studying Spanish, as perhaps almost every other language, depends
very much on the readiness with which he may become acquainted
with the verbs and syntax. That terrible crux to all beginners the
different uses of the verbs ser and edar, the author has laboured with
earnestness and ingenuity to remove. He has explained the difficulty
with as much clearness, probably, as the nature of the subject will
admit.
" Mr. Cubi has published in this country a small Spanish Dictionary,
compiled from the best authorities, designed as a manual for learners
and also Selections from classical Spanish writers. Within the last

year he has published a Grammar in Spanish, intended for the South

American market. To a gentleman of his talents, zeal, and industry,
we cannot but wish a success proportioned to his ardour and exertions."

*The sixth edition with corrections and improvements has been recently issued
by the publisher of the Translator.
 Vlll

From the Baltimore Gazette.

" The second edition of this elementary work has just issued from
the press, and were it not for the title page, might pass for an entire
new work. Mr. Cubi has had the advantage of much experience as an
instructor in the language, since the first puplication of his Grammar.
He appears to have minutely noted the difficulties experienced by his

numerous scholars, and has explained them in the most satisfactory

manner. Those great obstacles to the rapid progress of the student,
the irregular verbs, the difference between ser and estar, and the per-
sonal pronouns, are removed by the ample elucidations of the author.
The alphabetical list of the former, the full explanation and copious
notes on the latter, make them plain to the dullest comprehension.
"Some questions of pronunciation have likewise been investigated,
on which much dispute formerly existed. The disposition of the ex-
ercises has been altered materially for the better. The declensions
of the nouns and verbs are all of them translated, which is essentially

necessary for the English learner ; and what is invaluable to a person

who wishes assistance in translating, and who is prosecuting the study
of the language by himself, a copious Index of each point treated of in
the work is added. This last is of itself an improvement entitling the
second edition to great praise. In every point of view, this work may
be looked upon as by far the best now before the public for the useful
purposes for which it is intended."

From the United Stales Literary Gazette.

« Mr. Cubi has made many important additions and improvements

which give evidence of much care and exertion ;
in his second edition,
and we cheerfully recommend it to all, who are desirous of obtaining a
thorough knowledge of the Spanish language."
 PREFACE.*

In proportion as mankind advance towards refinement and

elegance, the study of languages appears to become more
useful and necessary. Many of the sciences owe their origin

to the ancients, and a great part of the most sublime existing

literature has been handed down to us from the remotest
periods. We see, on the other hand, that as political revo-

lutions give rise to new interest and idioms, and the spirit of
improvement is continually extending the range of discovery,
the mutual relation between the different parts of the globe
occupies a wider space, and becomes more important.
The means of intellectual improvement are also very much
increased by a knowledge of languages. A great man has
not yet been found, whose energies were not roused, or
whose talents were not improved, by some model of literary

or scientific excellence. Models of this kind have multiplied,

as languages have increased. He who, five hundred years
since, to become an orator, could only resort to a Demos-
thenes or a Cicero, has now, in addition, a Burke and a
Pitt — a Bossuet and a Massillon —
a Granada and a Leon.
In the same manner, the merchant, whose speculations were
confined within the narrow limits of his city, or of his coun-
try, may now carry them to the extremities of a world, at
that time, unknown.

* This Preface, with some very slight variations, was prefixed to the
first and second editions of this work.
2
X PREFACE.

Impressed with these reflections, it soon occurred to the

author, that immense benefits would result, if, by some sim-
ple method, the acquisition of languages could be facilitated.
Translation, being considered that branch in the study of
a language, on which all others depend, became the first

object of his attention. His thoughts were consequently

engrossed by a plan, which, while it would be suited to the
tender and growing capacity of youth, would also afford
every possible facility to any one, who should wish to prose-

cute the study of a language. With views like these, the

author did not venture on his undertaking, until he had
availed himself of every suggestion which he could obtain
from experienced professors, or eminent individuals — until he
had made a study of every system of translation, distin-

guished by any useful invention — until he had followed the

student, step by step, through the crowd of difficulties and
perplexities, which frequently beset his path and impede his
progress.
This plan has been first applied to the Spanish, this being
the language of more immediate importance to this extensive

community. That this new system will perfectly correspond

to the purposes for which it is intended, the author will not
pretend to determine. He will, notwithstanding, explain the
nature and arrangement of his labours, that some conclusions
may be formed concerning their practical utility.

As progress, however rapid, is gradual, and the mind of

man, however stupendous, improves by degrees, the author
has commenced his work by some easy moral lessons.
These are followed by a few instructive anecdotes, accounts

of heroic actions, and sprightly witticisms, all noted for purity

and simplicity of style. Now the student is supposed to have
acquired some knowledge of the mechanism of translation,
and he enters into narrations. come descrip-
After narrations,

tions, portraits, and characters, which, being more brilliant in

language, are also more difficult to translate. Speeches, com-

 PREFACE. XI

parisons, invocations, are compositions of a higher order

than the former, and have therefore been placed next in suc-
cession. The work then concludes by some allegories,

fictions, and a few select pieces of poetry, which increase the

collection to nearly one hundred and fifty pages.
It being one part of the design of this work to form the
taste of the student, few extracts have been admitted into it

which are not master-pieces in their kind, and did not come
from the pen of Granada or Cervantes — Solis or Quevedo
Gracian or Garcilaso —Mariana or Feijoo —Saavedra or Me-
lendez —Olavides or Cadalso. These are proud ornaments
of the Spanish literature, and it is in the immortal works of
these authors chiefly, that the language is found in its native
splendour and idiomatic purity.
The author will now proceed to state the method he has
used, to place, through the medium of these models, the
translating of the Spanish idiom, within the reach of the
American or English student.
The difficulty in distinguishing the verb in all its various

ramifications of moods, tenses, and persons, from other parts

of speech, has often been found to impede the progress of
young students. Hence, perhaps, arise the reluctance with
which they sometimes attempt, and the facility with which
they frequently relinquish, the study of a foreign language.
To obviate this inconvenience, all the verbs which occur in
this work have been printed in Italic characters.
Every language, if compared with another, will present

many uncommon modes of expression, known under the

appellation of idioms. Of these, no useful selection can be
made. They are subject to constant modification, and, ac-
cording to their position in a sentence, to a variety of mean-
ings. Every nicety of idiom has its peculiar place, and the
most elegant expression, if not appropriately applied, may
become an inaccuracy of language. Detached modes of
expression, are, therefore, like detached words, which, if we
 XII PREFACE.

cannot connect and use, the greater number we acquire, the

•
more they encumber the mind. To obviate the difficulties
which this part of the language presents to the beginner,
every nicety of expression, or intricacy of grammar, has
been fully explained as it occurs. Thus theory is joined to
and those obstacles, which, so long as they are not
practice,

removed by oral explanation, throw even the most zealous

student into languor and despondency, will, in this work,
form new incentives for the prosecution of his labours.

In noting the difficulties which the learner encounters, as

he advances in a language, none has more forcibly struck
the author, than the unavoidable deficiency of dictionaries.
Participles and tenses of verbs constitute a considerable por-
tion of a language ;
yet they are not, nor can they be, in-
cluded in any lexicon, unless it be swollen to an unwieldy
size. If the student happens, therefore, to have forgotten
the root of any branch of a verb, which the most tenacious
memory will not always retain, he is immediately bewil-
dered. Proper names present also no inconsiderable bar to
his improvement. The meaning of a whole sentence fre-
quently depends on an accurate knowledge of a fictitious

personage, or an unknown writer — of a remote river, or an

obscure place. These words are generally spelled differ-
ently in various languages, and even when they happen to

agree, they sometimes cannot be found in immense encyclo-

paedias. Parsing is allowed, by all professors, to be the
only means, by which, in translation, any solid advancement
can be made. Yet every experienced instructor knows, that,
in the only manner in which grammars and dictionaries are
or perhaps can be made, the meaning of a page must be
known before it can be parsed. We are, therefore, deprived

of the means, which, in the acquisition of a language, are

considered the most effectual ; and the beginner is led into a

labyrinth, the moment he is obliged to understand through

the medium of analysis.
 PREFACE. Xlll

To be thus entangled in any one of these intricacies,

creates in young learners, unless endued with superior
powers, that disgust at application, that feeling of distress,
which is so apparent when they are called on to study. If,

under these circumstances, the instructor is one of those

who think that youth must learn by intuition, and instead of
clear explanations, employs rude usage, the young student is

left to linger for years, afraid of his preceptor and appalled

by his task.

It has long been the wish of the author, and it is now the
chief design of this work, to remove all these obstacles. He
has, therefore, used means, which, it is fondly hoped, will be
found equal to the object. Every word contained in the
extracts, whether proper or common, primitive or derivative,
has been carefully selected, and alphabetically arranged.
The author has been particularly careful to give a full

analysis of every part of speech. Thus, in the pronouns,

the case in which they are used, and the source from which
they are derived, have been explained. As to the participles,

not only the verb from which they have been formed, will be
found, but whether they are absolute or used as adjectives,
as substantives, or in any other way. Respecting the verbs,
every particular concerning them has been fully given.
On a certain vowel of every Spanish word, consisting of
more than one syllable, an emphatic stress is laid. This
vowel is sometimes distinguished by an acute accent but, in ;

general, no sign whatever is given. That the student may

never be at a loss to know on what vowel to lay this stress,
so important in the acquisition of the Spanish language,
every word contained in the Vocabulary has been regularly
accented.
Fully convinced that it is through the medium of our
understanding alone, that we can attain any knowledge, the
author has always explained, never performed, the task of
the student. Hence, it will invariably be found, in this work,
2*
XIV PREFACE.

that facilities cease, when application becomes necessary. A

student may, for example, find the full meaning of every
word, and the explanation of every difficulty ; still these are
but auxiliaries to his conception of the meaning of a sen-
tence, — the meaning of a sentence has not been conceived
for him.
Perfection, however desired, has not probably been at-
tained in the execution of a work, in which, from a confused
mass of words, an alphabetical list was to be formed, and,
from a maze of idiomatic perplexity, clearness and perspi-
cuity were to be produced. Some words contained in the
extracts, may have been omitted in the vocabulary —some
—
may have been misplaced and some may have been printed
in Roman or Italic characters, when the contrary should
have been done. A few difficulties of idiom might perhaps
have been better elucidated^ and a few intricacies of grammar,
more clearly explained. These, however, are defects of very
little importance ; they are seleom noticed ; and when they
are, they can readily be supplied.
To conclude these few remarks, the author will observe,
that, in this undertaking, it has been his ardent desire to be
useful. Whether amidst the great number of his professional

avocations, this wish has merely been a pleasing delusion to

beguile his literary toil, or a hope which experience will
realize, the event must decide.
 TABLE OF CONTENTS.

MORAL LESSONS.

Prud£ncia, ....... Felics Verela. 25

Justicia, •••• idem. 26

Fortaleza, idem. 27

Templanza, * idem. 27

Benevolencia, 28

..•••..
. idem.

Conmiseracion, idem. 28

Beneficencia, idem. 29

Ira, • 4 idem. 29

Desesperacion, . idem. 29

Venganza, idem. 30

Tristeza, idem. SO

Alegria, . idem. 3

Modestia, idem. 31

Inquietud, idem. 31

Injenuidad, idem. 32

Esperanza, . C*** # 82

Urbanidad, C***. 33
XVI CONTENTS.

ANECDOTES.
P4-GB
Henrique Octavo, Cedlio de C&rpas. 34

El Anrigo Fiel, idem. 35

El Nino Gachon, idem. 36

El Hombre Benefico, idem. 37

El Viejo Relijioso, idem. 40

Juanot i Colin, . idem. 42

Valor de la Amistad, idem. 45

La Constancia del Amor, . . . Jose Antonio Conde. 49

WITTICISMS AND TALES.

El Valiente Ufano, Jeronimo Feijoo. 53

El Medico Tunante, idem. 5a

Respuesta de Uno al Provisor, ...... 55

La Larga Peticion, Jeronimo Feijoo. 55

El Estudiante i las Truchas, idem. 56

Estratajema de un Cura, idem. 57

SELECT SENTENCES.
Various Authors, 59 to 62

HEROIC ACTIONS.
Humanidad del Czar, Jeronimo Feijoo. 63

Integridad del Mariscal de Eb;e, idem. 63

Heroicidad de Guzman el Bueno, . Manuel Jose Quintana. 64

Serenidad de Carlos Doce, .... Jeronimo Feijoo. 67

Desinteres de Alibeg, idem. 68

Lealtad i Constancia de Los Saguntinos, . . Jlscargorta. 70

 CONTENTS. XV11,

NARRATIONS.

Mansedumbre de Jesucristo, .... Pablo Olavides.

PAGE
72

Penitencias de los Bracmanes, .... Jeronimo Feijoo. 73

Penitencias de los Auiidas, idem. 74

Las Artes Divinatorias son Ridiculas, . . . idem. 75

Comodidades del Rico i del Pobre, .... idem. 76

El No Se Que, idem. 77

Debemos Recorrer Nuestras Acciones, . . Lms de Granada. 78

Amemos la Virtud, . . . . * « i idem. 79

Calamidades de la Alemania, Borgona, i Lorena, 5 °

^^Falardo 80

Como se descubre el Injenio de los Ninos, . . . idem. 81

Invasion de los Moros en Espana, . . . Juan de Mariana. 82

Reino de Navarra, . . . . . . idem. 83

Espanoles Antiguos i Modernos, idem. 84

Bartol rd" d °
Sitio i Produccion de la Isla de Ceilan,
[ %fi£%™ 86

Tres Acciones forman la Historia de America, Antonio de Solis. 87

Muerte de Majiscatzin, . . . . . . . idem. 88

Encuentro de Jil Bias con Chinchilla, Jil Bias. 89

La Casada i la Relijiosa, Luis de Leon. 90

En que consiste la verdadera dicha humana, . Garcia Malo. 92

Destierro del Conde-Duque, Jil Bias. 94

Historia de Espana, Jose Cadalso. 95

DESCRIPTIONS.

Juicio Final, Luis de Granada. 99

Moradores Celestiales, . idem. 101

La Inmensidad del Senor, idem, 102

XV111 .
CONTENTS.

Monte de la Virtud, ..... Jeronimo Feijoo.

PAGB
103

Caracter de Chaves, i sus Tertulianos, . . . Jil Bias. 104

Primer Salida de Don Quijote, . . Miguel de Cervantes. 107

Retrato de Crisostomo, idem. 108

Ei Famoso Ladron Moinpodio, idem. 108

Edad de Oro, . . . idem. 109

La Jitanilla Preciosa, ....*.. idem. Ill

Don Quijote a Sancho Dormicio, idem. 112

Situation Pasada de Galatea, idem. 113

La Pobreza, . . idem. 114

Fernando Rei de Aragon, .... Juan de Mariana. 115

Don Alvaro de Luna, idem. 116

Pedro el Cruel, idem. 117

Paralelo entre la Paz i la Guerra, . Diego Saavedra Fajardo. 118

SPEECHES AND ADDRESSES. '

Razonamiento de Baucio Capeto, . . Juan de Mariana. 120

Venecia Libre, i Venecia Esclava, . . Jose Joaquin de Mora. 121

Razonamiento de Don Pelayo, . . . Juan de Mariana. 122

Pintura de la Inquisition, . . . Ruiz Padron. 123

Eshortacion de Opas a Don Pelayo, . . Juan de Mariana. 125

Razonamiento de Montezuma a Cortes, . . Antonio de Solis. 125

Razonamiento de Carlomagno, . . . Juan de Mariana. 127

Invocacion al Todopoderoso, .... Pablo Olavides. 128

La Muerte, idem. 130

Poder de) D^seo de Gloria, . . . Miguel de Cervantes, 130

 CONTENTS. XIX

ALLEGORIES AND FICTIONS.

PAGE
Historiadores Clasicos Antiguos, . . Diego Saavedra Fajardo. 132

Encuentro de un Argos Moral, . . . BaUasar Gracian. 133

Heino de la Inmortalidad, . . . idem. 135

POETRY.

Quejas de Nemoroso, .... Garcilaso de la Vega. 138

La Soledad, . . . . . Juan Melendez Valdes. 139

Las Flores, . . . idem 141

VOCABULARY, * 149
 TRADUCTOR ESPANOL.

MORAL LESSONS.

PRUPENCIA.
2 3 4
La prudencia indica al h ombre lo que debe elejir^ prac-
5
licar, i omitir en cada circunstancia. Esta virtud no se
6
dquiere sino por la reflecsion continua que llega a ha-
8
ernos 7 habituar a juzgar bien. Procuremos conocer las

1
For rules on reading, orthography and accent of the Spanish Lan-
guage, see the Author's Grammar, from p. 14 to p. 23. Whenever the
student is referred to Grammar in this book, it must always be under-
stood that of the Author, (5th or 6th Edition) entitled, A New Spanish
6

Grammar, adapted to every Class of Learners. By Mariano Cubi i

Soler.
2
M, contraction of a el 'to the.' Nouns used in a general sense re
quire the article in Spanish. — See Grammar, R. II. p. 121.
3 Lo que, 'that which,' 'what.'
4
El, 'he,' understood before debe. — See Grammar, R. XXII. note 1.

p. 157.
5
No se adquiere, literally, 'acquires not itself,' but it means really 'is

not acquired.' See Grammar, Observations on Se, sec. 2, p. 165.

6 Llega 'which
a, idiomatic, at last.'
7
Hacernos, makes us. Nos, os, le, la, lo, les, las, me, te, se, objective
personal pronouns, are placed after infinitives, imperatives and present
participles, forming with them one single word. — See Grammar, Synt.
R. XXIII. p. 159.
8 Las Nouns used
cosas, 'things.' in a general sense take the article
in Spanish. — See note 2.

3
36 MORAL LESSONS.
cosas como son en si, i no como las pintan los h ombres,9 i

10
entonces podremos hacer buen uso de ellas. Sin embargo
11
es preciso estar al tanto de las atenciones de los otros para
dirijir nuestras operaciones respecto a ellos.
Felics Varela.

JUSTlCIA.
La justicia nos prescribe dar a cada uno lo que le corres-

ponde; i es la virtud que sostiene la sociedad. Debemos pues

no privar & otro de los bienes, honor, i credito que posee, i

tampoco se han de negar 12 los premios i alabanzas que cada

uno merece. Asi mismo 13 es preciso correjir los
14
defectos, i

14 15 16
castigar los delitos; pero de un modo arreglado a la

prudencia, en terminos 17 que siempre se produzca 18 un

9 Las 2 pintan2 los hombres, 1 * 'men represent them.' The subject may,
generally, go either before or after the verb in Spanish. — See Grammar,
p. 140 ; and R. XXII. p. 157.
10 '
Sin embargo, 'notwithstanding
11
Estar al tanto de, idiomatic, 'to understand.'
12
Se han de negar, idiomatic, 'are to be refused.' Haber de, means,
•to be to,' 'must.' — See Grammar, p. 206. Se, is frequently used, as it

is in this case, to form the passive voice. — See Grammar, Observations

on Se, sec. 2, p. 165.
13 same manner.'
Asx mismo, 'also,' 'in the
14
It must be remembered that the article is expressed in Spanish, but
not in English, before nouns used in a general sense.
15
De un modo, 'in a manner.'
16 Arreglado a, 'comformable to,' 'agreeable to.'
17 En terminos, is synonimous of de un modo, 'in a manner.'
18
Se produzca, instead of sea producido, 'be produced,' because, as it

has already been observed in note 5 and 12, se, in Spanish, is fre-

quently used to form the passive voice. — See Grammar, Observation 2,

p. 165.

* The numbers put to Spanish words in the notes, show the position they occupy

in the sentence, when translated into English.

 MORAL LESSONS. 27

bien; que el castigo no esceda 19 al delito, ni el premio, al

merito.
Felics Varela.

FORTALEZA.
La fortaleza sostiene al hombre 30 en los peligros ; le ensefla

a sufrir los males; a no vacilar en la abundancia de los

bienes i a emprender graudes obras. Pero es preciso que
;

21
no dejenere en temeridad, 6 mejor dicho, en barbarie pues ;

hai muchos que creen que son fuertes porque se esponen a

29
todos los peligros sin necesidad, i buscan, por decirlo asi,

los males, para ostent.ar que puedon sufrirlos. Otros desti-

erran de su alma la compasion ; otros aspiran al barbaro
ejercicio de sus fuerzas contra sus semejantes, como lo
23
harian entre si los animales mas feroces, i esto creen que es

la virtud de la fortaleza. jQue engaiiados viven! Toda

4
virtud es racional i no puede inspirarnos* operaciones tan

brutales.
Felics Varela.

TEMPLAJN'ZA.
La templanza pone unos justos limites a todos nuestros
apetitos para que
25
no se opo?igan26 a lo que dicta la razon, i

19
No esceda, 'do not exceed.' Do, is not used in Spanish to express
the negative action of verbs. — See Grammar, p. SO and 190, note at
bottom.
20 Al hombre, 'man.' An objective case, governed by a verb, if it be
a being, or an object personified, is invariably preceded by the preposi-
tion a, 'to.' — See Grammar, R. LIY. p. 214.
21
O mejor dicho, 'or rather.'
22
Por decirlo asi, idiomatic, 'as it were.'
23 Como lo 6 harian 5 entre 7 si 8 los animates* mas-1
feroces 3 , as the most
ferocious animals would do it among themselves.
24 The subject in Spanish goes either before or after the verb. — See
Grammar, p. 140, R. XXII. p. 157 and note 9.
25 Para
que, synonymous with a fin de que, 'to the end that,' or simply
'that.'
26 No se opongan, 'they may not oppose themselves,' 'they may not be
contrary to.'
 28 MORAL LESSOXS.
mcuida la lei, smkndo asi mismo 27 para conservar la safud.
No solo en los manjares, como se crcc 2S por lo comun, 29 sino
tambien en ios deleites de los demas sentidos, tierce cabida 30
la templanza. Nos cnse/la
31
a usar los placeres como medios
para aliviar nuestro espiritu ; i no como objetos en que debe
32
Jijarse nutstra alma.
Felics Varela.

BENEVOLENCIA.
La benevolencia produce en nosotros una sensacion apaci-
ble, i en los demas, aprecio; pues todos avian al que 33 desea
los bienes para sus semejantes. Sin embargo, es preciso que
no dejenere en una absoluto condescendencia, i un deseo de
que todos consigan lo que apeteccn, ora sea justo, ora sea
injusto.
Felics Varela.

CONMISERACION.
La conmiseracion es como el distintivo de la humanidad,
pues solo las fleras no se resienten de los estragos de sus
semejantes, ni ponen termino a su furor. Pero es preciso no
74
confundir la conmiseracion con la debilidad que pretende
35
dejar impunes los delitos i protejer al malevolo.
Felics Varela.

27 5
Asi inismo, idiomatic, 'at the same time,' 'likewise.
28 Se cree, believes itself, i. e. 'it is believed,' se being used in Spanish
to form the passive voice.
29
Por lo comun, idiomatic, 'commonly,' 'generally.'
30 Tiene cahirta, may be contained, i. e. 'may be used.'
31
Nos ensena, 'it teaches us.' The subject ella, 'it,' is understood in
Spanish. Personal pronouns, as subjects of verbs, are only used in a
few cases. — See Grammar, R. XXII. note 1, p. 157.
32
Debe fijarse nuestra alma, 'our soul should be absorbed.' The sub-
ject in Spanish goes either before or after the verb. —See Grammar*, p.
140 ; and R. XXII. p. 197.
33
Jll que, 'him who-' —See Grammar, note 2, p. 181.
34
La, that.— See Grammar, R. XXXVI. note 1, p. 182.
35
See why it is al, and not el.— See Grammar, R. LIV. p. 214, and
note 20.
 MORAL LESSONS 29

BENEFIC£NCIA.

La beneficencia nos hace amables, pero sera indiscreta, si

9
distribuimos los benef icios sin consideracion a las personas f
37
pues muchas veces se conceden dones a sujetos que no han
de 38 hacer uso de ellos, i son inu tiles ; 6 a personas que les
29
dan mala applicacion i vienen a ser perjuiciales.
Felics Varela

IRA.

La ira convierte al hombre en una fiera, privandole de todo,

el uso de su razon. Basta decir esto para entenderse que
debe ser reprimida. Sin embargo, hai una ira santa que es la
que escita™ en un espiritu arreglado, la vista del crimen, i la

obstinacion del criminal. En tal caso debe arreglarse por la

lei divina i humana, para no perder el amor natural que debe-
mos a todo hombre, por el odio que merece el vicio. Amemos
al malo i aborrezcamos su maid ad ;
pero mientras no se cor-
rija manifestemosle el rigor que merece.
Felics Varela.

DESESPERACION.
La desesperacion siempre es irracional, i jamas tiene funda-

mento. El hombre debil, el hombre de un espiritu bajo, es el

41
que no puede sufrir los males, i se desespera. Siempre la

36 Las personas, 'persons,' 'men.' The article is placed in Spanish

before nouns expressive of a whole class, or species, or genus. — See
Grammar, R. II. p. 120, and note 5, 12, 18, 28.
37
Se conceden dones, 'favours are granted.' Se is used, in Spanish, to

express the passive voice.— See Grammar, note 2, p. 165.

38 No han de, 'are not to.'
39 Vienen a ser, idiomatic, 'become,
5
'turn out.'
40 Place escita after criminal, its subject ; at the end of the sentence.
41
Se desespera, 'despairs himself,' that is, 'despairs.' Neuter verbs in
English, are sometimes reflective in Spanish, and vice versa,
3*
30 mohal lessons.
desesperacion proviene de ignorancia, pues no se advierten 4 *
los medios de evitarla. 6 praporcionarl^43 i en consecuencia
el espiritu se embrutece.
Felics Varela

VENGANZA.
Prueba la venganza tin alma debil i rastrera; porque ver-
daderamente los males recibidos no se destruyen44 con hacer
otros iguales al que 45 los causo; i es una necia complacencia
46
la de no seiitir los males porque otro tambien los siente.

Pero no se debe inferir de aqui 47 que el que hace an dano se

quede impune ;
pues hai el recurso de aplicarle la pena que
merece, no por venganza, sino por correccion, para evitar que
haga mayores daiios,
Felics Varela.

TRISTEZA.
La tristeza debe moderarse 48 con todo empeno porque un
alma triste es un alma decaida 6 abatida ; i en el abatimiento
49
no pucden ejercerse acciones grandes. Debemos considerar
un espiritu triste como un cuerpo desfallecido, que apenas

puede ejercer las acciones mas sencillas.

Felics Varela.

42
No se advierien, do not perceive themselves, i. e, 'are not perceived.'
Se, as frequently repeated, is used to form the passive voice. —Note 5, 12,

18, 28, 36.

43
The subject in Spanish goes either before or after the verb. —Note
23, 32. In translating the above phrase, construct it thus : los medios de
evitarla 6 proporcionarla no se advierten.
44
No se destruyen, do not destroy themselves, i. e. 'are not destroyed.'
46
M que, 'him who. 5
—Grammar, R. XXXV. and note, p. 180-1.
46
La de no sentir, that of not feeling, i. e. 'not to feel,'
47
De aqui, 'hence.'
48 Debe moderarse, 'should be moderated.'
40
No pucden ejercerse, 'cannot be accomplished.'
 Moral lessons. 31

ALEGRlA.
La alegria ecsalta al alma, i es como el gran resorte de sus
operaciones 5 mas cuando es escesiva llega a trastornar el

espiritu i le da cierta lijereza opuesta a la madurez i buen

juicio. Conviene reflecsionar sobre la inconstancia de la
alegria en el mismo acto en que la esperimentamos; esto ser*
vird para moderarla, i hacemos menos sensible su perdida.
Felics Varela.

MODESTIA,
Port freno a tu lengua para que las palabras que salgan de
tu boca no alteren tu sosiego, i te proporcionen discordias. 50
51
Cualquiera que hahla con gusto de las faltas ajenas, oird con
dolor hablar de las suyas. No te alabes a ti
52
mismo porque
no granjeas sino el menosprecio ; no procures hacer ridiculos
a los otros, porque es peligroso emperio. Una burla picante
es la ponzona de la amistad, i e] que no puede contener su
lengua, no vivird con quietud, Un grand e hablador es el

azote de las concurrencias ; se aflije el oido con su locuaci-*

dad, i jeneralmente enfada i molesta; porque es su lengua

como un torrente en que se anega la conversaciom
Felics Varela.

INQTJIETUD.

Mir a el orijen de la inquietud que traes, i las desgracias de

que te quejas, i verds que provienen de tu propia locura ; de
53
tu amor propio ;
i de tu desarreglada imajinacion. Corrij

50 Te proportioned, discordias, 'bring discord upon you.'

51 Cualquiera que, 'whoever.' — See Grammar, p. 134, R. 8.
52 No te alabes a ti mismo, 'do not praise thyself.' Two pronominal
objective cases are sometimes elegantly repeated. —Grammar, Observa-
tion 2, p. 164.
^ Ainor propio, 'self-love.
9
3SJ MOIUL LESSONS.
tu interior, i no murmur es del orden que Dios ha establecido
No te digas jamas 54 a ti mismo, "Si tuviera hacienda, poder i

reposo, yo seria feliz :" advierte que estas cosas tienen sus
inconvenientes i daHan 4 los que
55
las poseen. No tengas
56
envidia al que goza una felicidad aparente, porque no conoces
sus penas secretas. La mayor sabiduria es contentarse con
poco; porque^ el que aumenta sus riquezas aumenta sus cui-
dados.
Felics Varela.

INJENUIDAD*
El hombre injenuo desprecia los artificios de la hipocresia;
se pone de acuerdo 57 consigo mismo ; i jamas se embaraza en
sus operaciones : tiene bastante valor para decir la verdad, i

bS
le falta para mentir. El hipocrita opera de un modo con-
trario a sus sentimientos ; estd profundamente escondido : da
a sus discursos las apariencias de verdad, mientras que 59 la

unica occupacion de su vida, es el engano. Es incomprehen-

sible para los necios, pero estd mui descubierto a la vista del

prudente. ; O insensato hipocrita ! las fatigas que pasas para

ocultar lo que eres, son mas grandes que las que costaria el

conseguir lo que quieres parecer,

Felics Varela.

ESPERANZA.
Es la esperanza Una de las facultades del alma, que mat
sirven a hacemos felices en este mundo de miserias, cuando
estd guiada por el juicio i la moderacion. Debemos pues

54
No te digas jamas a ti mismo, 'never say to thyself.' Two nega*
tive adverbs are used in Spanish to express energetically the same nega-
tion. — See Grammar, p. 222, note 4*
55
A los que, 'them or those who.' —Note 46.
56 No tengas envidia, 'envy not.'
57
Se pone de acuerdo, idiomatic, 'he agrees,' or 'is consistent.'
58 / le falta para mentir, 'and not enough.' — See FaUan, Grammar, p
269, near the bottom.
59 Mientras que, 'whilst,' 'at the same time that.'
 MORAL LESSONS. 33

desde naestra ninez cultivar este don celestial, que solo el

puede aliviar nuestras desgracias, i dulc'^ficar la amarga copa

de nuestras miserias. Pero al mismo tiempo es preciso que
60
no abata nuestra actividad, 6 sirva de instrumento para in
terceptar nuestros esfuerzos. La esperanza ha de ser* ra-
61
cional; no vana. Hagamos pues de nuestra parte lo que se
63
debe 62 para que se efectue lo que esperamos; dejemos sr
ecsito al Todo Poderoso
Cubi.

URBANIDAD.
La urbaniclad es una obligacion que debe el hombre a sus
semej antes en su trato con ellos. Es de la mayor impor-
tancia, pues, que los padres inculquen esta idea a sus hijos
desde la cuna. La urbaniclad pone, en gran medida, freno a
nuestras pasiones ; i da, en el trato social, cierta delicadeza,
que sin ella los hombres dejenerartan en brutos. No se

limita este deber, como muchos creen, en una mera forma

esterior, que se ha inventado parar obrar segun el estado de
algunos indivicluos respecto de otros ; no, este deber va
mucho mas lejos. Es una virtue! social, por medio de la

dial se procara
64
siempre no obrar ni hablar de modo que
repugne a los sentimientos de las personas con quienes iene-
mos trato. Es la que ensefia al juez a ser recto con afabili-

dad ; al jeneral, severo con ternura ; la que quita toda osten-

65
tacion i orgullo al ponderoso ; i la que inspvra a todos los
hombres en jeneral a hacerae agradables por medios dulces,
verdacleros i virtuosos.
Cubi.

60 s
Sirva de instrumento para, 'be instrumental m.
* Ha de ser, 'is to be,
5
'must be.' —Note 12.
61
De nuestra parte, 'on our side.'
62 Lo 5
que se debe, 'what is necessary, 'what must be done. 5
63
Construct the phrase thus : lo que esperamos se efectue
64
Se procura, 'it is endeavoured,' 'we endeavour.'
65 5
Al, 'from the.' Verbs of depriving require a 'to,' and not de, 'from.
 ANECDOTES

HENRIQUE OCTAVO.
Indi spues to el rei de Inglaterra Henrique octavo con el

rei de Francia, Francisco primero, resolvio e?wiarle un emba-

jador encargado de decir a este principe palabras fieras i

amenazadoras ; i para desempenar esta comision, elijib a66 un

obispo Ingles, en quien tenia mucha confianza, i creia mui a
proposito 67 para la ejecucion de su proyecto. Luego que el

prelado supo el objeto de su embajada, temeroso de perder 68

la vida, si trataba a Francisco primero del modo que querta
su amo, le represento el peligro a que le esponia, rogdndole
con instancia que le ecsonerase 69 de semejante comision.
u Nada tanas," le replied Henrique octavo, "si de Francia
el rei

quita la vida, 70
71
te yo hare cortar la cabeza a cuantos Fran-

ceses se hallen
72
en mis estados." u Asi lo creo, senor," replied

66 has been said in note 20, a being or thing

A, 'to,' precedes, as it

personified in the objective case.

67
A proposito, 'adapted,' 'fit.'

68 De perder, 'of losing.' Prepositions require, in Spanish, the infini-

tive, and not the present participle as they do in English. —Grammar,
R. LII. note 1, p. 204.
69 Que le ecsonerase, 'to release him.' — See Grammar, R. LVI. note 4,

p. 216.
70 Te quita la vida, takes away the life to thee, i. e. 'takes away thy
life.' The article and the personal pronouns, and sometimes the article

alone, are used, in Spanish, to designate the parts of the body, which,
in English are pointed out, through the medium of the possessive pro-
nouns. — See Observations, Grammar, p. 170-1.
71
Yo hare cortar, I shall order to cut, i. e. 'I shall order to be cut off.'

Verbs of command require an active, not a passive infinitive, in Spanish

See Grammar, R. LV. p. 215.
72 Se hallen, may
find themselves, i. e. 'may be found.' — See note 5,

12, 18, 28, 36, 43.

 ANECDOTES. 35

el obispo, M pero permitidme os diga, que de cuantas cabezas

hagais cortar, seguramente no habrd una siquiera que siente™
74
tan bien a mi cuerpo como la mia."
Cecilio de Corpas.

EL AMIGO FIEL.

Un hombre respetable, que habia hecho gran papel en

Paris, quedb reducido a la indijencia, i solo se alimentaba de
75
las limosnas de pan que de ocho en ocho dias le mandahan
de la parroquia. Un dia encargb le enviasen mayor cantidad
llamole el cura, i le preguntb si vivta solo. " g Con quien

qiiereiS) senor, que yo viva" le respondib, "cuando todo el

mundo me ha abandonado ?" "Pues si estais solo," continub

el cura, u i
porque pedis mas pan del 76 necesario ?" Descon-
77
certado el pobre, confesb que tenia un perro. El cura le

manifesto que el solo era un distribuidor del pan de los po-

bres, i que la honradez ecsijia que se deshiciese de su perro.
*I bien, senor," esclamb, u si le abandono, i
quien me amaraV
78
Enternecido el parroco, sacb la bolsa, i se la d£6, diciendo:
*;
Tomad, que esto me perteneceP
Cecilio de Corpas.

73 Que siente, 'that will become.' Verbs expressive of fitness require

to be in the subjunctive, in Spanish. —Grammar, R.LVI. note l,p. 216.
74 La mia, 'mine.' Mine, thine, &c. used as above, require to be
preceded by the article, in Spanish. — Grammar, R. XXXVII. note 2,
p. 169.
75
De ocho en ocho dias, idiomatic, 'every eight days.'
76 Del, 'than.' In this phrase que es, 'that which is,' is understood
See when de means 'than.' Grammar, note — 2, p. 171.
77
El pobre, 'the poor man.' Adjectives qualifying man, or woman,
are frequently used as substantives. In such cases the articles el, la, los,

or las, is used.
78 Se la did, 'gave it to him.' Se means, sometimes, 'to it,' 'to him,'
'to her,' 'to them,' or 'to you.' — See Grammar, se, Observations 3, p. 165
36 ANECDOTES.

EL NINO GACHON.
Cierta senora tenia un hijo a quien no querza contradecir
para que no se pusiese enfermo. Los parientes, amigos, i aun
79
el mismo marido, le Meier on presente que iba a perder al
chico, mas todo fue inutil. Un dia oyb a su hijo llorar en el
patio, con muestras de mucha colera. Al instante corre, i

averigua que la causa80 es negarle un criado 81 cierta cosa que

le pedia : "Bien impertinente sois," le dijo la seiiora, "de 82 no
5583
dar al nino lo que os pide." "Afe mia, respondib el criado,

"que* 4 bien puede llorar hasta manana ;

que no la obteiidraP
A estas palabras, la seiiora se encolerizb en terminos
85
que
fue a buscar al marido para que castigase a aquel imprudente.
Su 86 esposo, que era tan debil con su mujer, como esta con el
^ como teneis la desverg'denza
44
hijo, grita al criado : Insolente,
de no obedecer a la sehora ?" u Es verdad, senor," contestb el

criado, c
mas la senora puede dar al nino lo que pide: hace un
cuarto de hora87 qiriere 88 le de la lima, que ha visto reflejada
en la fuente." A estas palabras, todos se pusieron a reir, i lo
mismo89 la senora, no obstante su colera. Esta escena la
avergonzb i corrijib en lo sucesivo.
Cecilio De Corpas.

79 Le hicieron presente, idiomatic, 'manifested to her.'

80 De ello, 'of it,' understood.
81 Negarle un criado, 'that a servant refused to him.'
82 De, 'in.' Prepositions cannot always be literally translated.
83
Afe mia, 'by my faith,' 'by my troth.'
84 Que, is frequently redundant. Here it might just as well be left out
85 En terminos, 'so much,' 'in such a manner.'
8e By the context of the phrase the student will know when su, is to

be translated by 'its,' 'her,' 'his,' 'their,' or 'your.'

87 Que, 'since,' understood.
88 Que yo, 'that I,' understood.
89 1 lo mismo, 'and also,' 'likewise.'
 ANECDOTES. 37

EL HOMBRE BENEFICO.
90
Ibamos a Deifos, Licias i yo, a llevar a Apolo nuestra
ifrenda; ya divisdbamos la colina sobre que estd el templo,
adomado de colunas de una maravillosa blancura, i elevado
desde un bosque de laureles hacia la azulada boveda celeste.
Mas lejos, nuestros ojos perdzan de vista la inmensa planicie
de los mares. Era mediodia ; la arena nos abrasaba los
pies, i a cada paso que ddbamos se levantaba una polvareda
inflamada que nos quemaba los ojos, introduciendose por
91
nuestros labios resecos. Asi ibamos subiendo llenos de

languidez ; mas mui pronto apresurdmos el paso, cuando

percibz?nos delante de nosotros, sobre el borde del camino,
92
algunos altos i espesos arboles, cuya sombra era tan oscura
como la de la noche. Llenos de un pavor relijioso entramos
oor aquel sitio, cuya boca despedza una dulce frescura.
Este delicioso lugar ofrecza a la vez cuanto podia recrear
los sentidos, pues los arboles rodeaban una glorieta de ces-
pedes, regada por una fuente de fresca i cristalina agua
ramas cubiertas de peras i doradas manzanas se inclinaban
hacia La fuente salza a borbotones 93 del pie de un se-
ella.

pulcro rodeado de madre de selva, sauces i yedra. u O \

Dios !
55
esclame, u \
que delicioso lugar! Mi corazon bendice
94
a aquel cuya mano benefica ha plantado estos arboles, i

cuyas cenizas puede ser reposen aqui." Ved aqui, me dijo

Licias, algunos caracteres que percibo por entre las ramas en
el borde del sepulcro : tal vez nos dirdn quien ha sido el que
se ha dignado proveer al descanso del viajero fatigado. Xe-

90 Construct Licias i yo ibamos d Delfos.

91
Ibamos subiendo, c
we were ascending.' — See Grammar, R. LII. note
5, p. 204.
92
Tan oscura como la, 'as dark as that of.' — See how comparisons and
comparatives are translated in Spanish ; Grammar, p. 150-2.
93
A borbotones, in bubbling streams.'
c

94
A aquel, 'him.'— Grammar, R. XXXV. and note p. 180-1.
4
 :

38 ANECDOTES.

vanto las ramas con su baston, i leyb estas palabras. 6

Aqui
yacen las cenizas de Amintas. Su vida solo fue una progre-
sion de beneficios. Queriendo seguir dispensandolos des-
pues de su muerte, condujo esta fuente aqui, i plantb los
arboles.'
" Bendita sea
j tu ceniza, hombre jeneroso, i todos los
tuyos,95 i cuanto te pertenezca /" Diciendo estas palabras
vi a lo lejos, por entre los drboles y una persona que se acer-
caba hacia nosotros era una joven mui bella que vettia a la
;

fuente con un cantaro. u Yo os saludo" nos dijof 6 con una

voz graciosa "vosotros sois estranjeros, i estais cansados 97 de

lo mucho que habeis andado con el calor que hace. 9S Decidme
g necesitais de otros refrescos que aqui no hayais encontrado ?

u Te lo agradecemos" le dije yo, " si, te lo agradecemos,

mujer amable i bienhechora; ^*que podremos desear ya ? El
agua de esta fuente es tan pura, como las frutas deliciosas, i

fresca la sombra. Estamos llenos de veneracion por el hom-

bre de bien cuyas cenizas se Italian™ aqui; su beneficencia
previno a todas las necesidades de los viajeros. ^ Tu paraces
ser de este sitio ; le habrds conocido 100 sin duda. \ Ah ! dittos,

mientras reposamos a la sombra, quien fue este hombre vir-

tuoso." Entonces ella se sentb; puso el cantaro a su lado, i

principib con una sonrisa graciosa de este modo

"Pues que deseais saber quien era el que yace en esa
tumba, como hizo esta fuente i plantb los arboles,voi a dectr-
oslo.* Amintas se llamaba 101 este hombre de bien. Ser fitil

96 thy family, relations, &e. Note 74.

Los tuyos, 'thine,' i. e.
96 Nos dijo, 'said she to us.'
97
A causa, 'on account,' understood.
98 El calor que hace, 'this heat,' 'this warm weather.'
99 Se hallan, find themselves, i. e. 'are found,' 'repose.'
100 Le habrds conocido, 'you must have known him.' The future is

used because the person who spoke was not sure that she had really
known the old man. — See Grammar, R. XLIII. note p. 196. 2,
* Deciroslo, 'to tell it to you.' — Grammar, R. XXIV. note, 1, p. 160
101 Se llamaba, called himself, 'was called,' 'was the name of
 ANECDOTES. 39

a los hombres i honrar a Dios, era su ocupacion mas dulce, 102

i no hai sitio alguino 103 en estos alrededores, donde su memoria
104
no se reverencie con ternura ; naclie, sin derramar lagrimas,
puede contar los rasgos de su beneficencia i bondad. En sus
ultimos dias, vema continuamente a sentarse aqui al lado del
camino, i con su aire dulce i amable saluddba a los viajeros,
ofreciendo refresco a los fatigados.
'
1
1 que V dijo un dia, 4
< si conduzco aqui una fuente i planto
arboles fru tales, <; no aliviare mucho tiempo, aun despues de
mi muerte, a los que, fatigados de los calores, Uegueri aqui en
el mediodia La sombra
? i el agua estdn lejos de este sitio,

es necesario ejecutar mi designio.' Efectivamente, el, con

sus propias manos, gaio el agua, i planto los arboles; procu-
rando que sus frutos madurasen en diferentes sazones. No
ha tenido el gusto de t^erlos, mas se ha paseado bajo la na-
ciente sombra de los arbustitos, que prendieron i crecieron
en su tiempo. Cuando el cielo llamb su alma a si, para pre-
miar su beneficencia, nosotros depositamos su ataud en esa
tumba, para que cuantos pasasen hendijesen sus cenizas."
A esta relacion, llenos de respeto, hendijimos las cenizas

de aquel hombre estimable, diciendo a la pastora : " Esta

fuente nos ha parecido bien dulce ; la frescura de la sombra

nos ha recreado ;
pero mucho mas nos ha sido interesante la
narracion que acabas de hacemos. 105 jBendigan los Dioses
tod os los instantes de tu vida!" Llenos de un afecto relijioso,

dirijtmos nuestros pasos al templo de Apolo.

Cecilio de Corpas.

102 Mas dulce, more sweet, i. e. 'sweetest.' Grammar, R. XXI. p. 154. —

103 No hai sitio alguno, 'there is no place.' Grammar, Observation, —
p. 150.
104 No se reverencie, 'is not revered.'
105
Acabas de hacemos, 'you have just made to us
 40 ANECDOTES.

EL VIEJO RELIJIOSO.
En la tarde de mi hermoso dia de verano, 106 salt a pasear
para disfrutar la frescura del campo. pocos pasos, perdz A
de vista mi heredad, i empezo a ensancharse mi espiritu 107 con
los objetos que se 108 le presentabdn. Ya los ganados eniraban
en sus rediles, i los bueyes con paso lento volvian a sus
casas, cuando distraido me halle a la orilla de un Wo,
bastante entrada 109 la noche. Co?itemplaba la hermosura de
las aguas, la inmensa majestad del cielo, i el hermoso orden
i armonia de los seres, cuando una voz me distrajo de mis
meditaciones. Volvt la vista, i adverti cerca de mi a un re-
spetable anciano de rodillas, que oraba vivamente. Fijc la
atencion, i con el silencio, entendi estas palabras :

"O tu, cuyo poder es infinito, padre de los hombres, desde

ese trono sublime, rodeado de coros inumerables de espiritus
puros, dignate escuchar a un debil mortal, i recibir sus home
najes.
u En medio del silencio de la noche elevo mi voz, i vengo a
adorarte, intelijencia, eterna, que me has sacado de la nada
"El universo, gran Dios, es tu tempi o, i los cielos inmensos
la boveda de esta iglesia magnifica de que el hombre puro e
inocente es el sacerdpte.
u Como, insensatos mortales, podeis desconocer
i
esta sabi-
duria visible i universal que gobierna el mundo. ^ Como, a
la vista de los globos que circulan al rededor de las nubes,
de los mares profundos, i de esos tesoros esparcidos con
tanta profusion en la superficie de la tierra, olvidais a su
Autor todo pocleroso ?

106 Dia de verano, 'summer day.' — Grammar, R. XV. note 2, p. 141.

107 Construct mi espiritu empezo a ensancharse.
108 Remember that se is used to form the passive voice.
109 Bastante entrada, 'sufficiently advanced.' Participles are fre-

quently used in an absolute manner. —Grammar, R. LIII. note 4, p. 205.

 ANECDOTES* 41
110
u Yo te bendigo, Dios supremo, por haberme criado en el

campo, lejos de esas ciudades corrompidas, i de haberme

apartado de todo orgullo i ambicion. Gracias a tu bondad
111
paternal, gozo hace un siglo de los verdaderos bienes de la
vida, la paz del alma, i la feliz mediocridad*
" Jamas ha$ cesado de pfodigarme los bienes de tu amor
mis ultimos dias aun son marcados por tus beneficios ; abun-
dantes mieses llenan mis graneros ; riegas mis praderias, i

mis arboles estdn esentos de las furias del aire. Por colmo
de felicidad, me has conservado mi esposa i los dos hijos que

hacen la delicia de nuestros dias* ;Dios mio, nada deseo

sino morir antes que ellos ! Lo conozco; toco el fin de mis
dias; pronto mis cenizas se mezclardn 112 con las de mis
padres ; cuando esto se verifique; yo os recomiendo mis
113
hijos ] tened piedad de su tierna madre velad sobre estos
;

objetos caros ; 6 Dios mio, no los abandones jamas."

Acabando estas palabras, sus ojos se banaron de 114 lagri*
mas; profundos suspiros eshalaba su corazon, i apenas respi*
raba. To crez ver entonces no se que 115 de divino brillar en
aquel rostro. Levantose tranquilmente, i se retirb a su casa5
donde yo le oi mucho tiempo continuar bendiciendo a Dios*
Ya principiaba a clarear, los pajarillos anunciaban el dia
con sus cantos alhagueiios ; el labrador salt a con su carreta,
i yo, admirado de cuanto habia escuchado, me lev ante i volvi
tranquilmente a mi heredad.
Cecilio de Corpas.

no por haberme criado, 'for having brought me up.—Note 68.

111
Gozo hace un siglo de, or, hace un siglo que gozo de, 'it is an age
since I enjoy,' or, 'I have been enjoying for an age.' — Grammar, R. XL*
note 2, p. 193.
112 Se mezclardn, will mix themselves, i. e. 'will be mixed.'
113 Tened piedad pity on,' and not
de, 'have 'of,' as in Spanish.—
Grammar, R. LVII. note 3, p. 217.
ni De, is here translated by 'with.'
11S
No se que; this expression is equivalent to the French je ne sais

quoi. It means 'something,' 'a certain something.'

4*
 42 AtfECDdTES;

JUANOT I COLIN.
Juanot i Colin aprendian a leer en casa del maestro de la
aldea; aquel era hijo de un mulatero, i Colin, de un buen
labrador. Estos dos jovenes se amaban mucho, teniendo
entre si las familiaridades que siempre se reciter dan con giib + o,
cnando despues se encuentran en el munclo unos amigos de
116
escuela.
Ya estaban para 117 atabar siis estudios, cuando un dia vino
el sastre a traer un rico vestido i una carta al senor de la
Juanoteria. Colin admirb el traje, pero sin envidiar\e\ mas
Juanot dejo de estudiar; 118 se miraba al espejo, tomando un
aire de superioridad enfadosa Con Colin. Poco tiempo despues
un ayuda de camara vino en posta, trayendo una segunda
carta al serior marques de la Juanoteria, que era la orden de
su serior 119 padre que fuese a Paris. Juanot month en la silla
volante, alargando la mano a Colin con una sonrisa de pro-
teccion noble. Colin llorb, i Juanot partio entre la pompa i

la gloria.

Es preciso advertir que Juanot el padre, a fuerza de in-*

trigas, habta adquirido rapidamente bienes inmensos en los

abastos; 120 hacia seis meses que liabia comprado un mar-
quesado, cuando retirb de la escuela al serior marquesito^
para entrarle en Paris en el gran mundo.
Colin, siempre tierno, escribib una carta a su antiguo com-
pafiero; pero el marquesito no conteslb, i Colin estuvo enfermo
de la pesadumbre.
El senor de la Juanoteria trataha de educar brillantemente
a su hijo; pero la senora marquesa no quiso que aprendiese

116
Unos amigos de escuela, 'school-inates.*
u1 Estaban para, idiomatic, 'they were about.'
118 Dejo de estudiar, idiomatic, 'no longer studied,' 'left off studying.'
119
Su serior padre, 'his father.' Senor is placed before padre, madre,
humano, and before titles of honour, to express respect and deference
120
En los abastos, idiomatic, 'as purveyor.'
 ANECf>6T#S; 43
121
ei Latin, pues que en los teatros se hablaba Frances ;
tampoco
le gusto la jeografia, pues que los postillones tienen la obli-

gacion de saber los caminos : en fin, se decidib que el mar-

quesito aprendiese a bailar. Este, dedicado a semej antes
tareas, se hizo un libertino, gas t undo sumas inmensas en falsos
placeres, interin los marqueses
122
padres 123 solo se ocupaban
124
de vivir como grandes senores;
125
Una viuda joven i noble, de poca fortuna, se resolvib de
apoderarse de los bienes de los marqueses, casandose con el

senorito. Una vieja propuso la boda* Los padres, deslum-

brados con la noble alianza, hicieron los preparativos. En la
126
noche del matrimonio, ya cerca de efectilarse la ceremonia,
llega un criado mui de prisa :
" Seiiores,- ' dijo, " yo traigo

otras novedades ; los acreedores i la justicia se hart apoderado

de la casa ; todos huyen, i trato de asegurar mis salarios."
"Veamos que es eso," dijo el marques, "Si," replicb la
viuda, " id a castigar a esos villanos." Efectivamente corre^
i halla a su padre preso, los criados profugos, i todo embar-
gado ; su madre sola, llorando, no le respondia nada, sino Con
suspiros por sus perdidas grandezas.
127
Despues que llorb con su madre, pasb a casa de la novia,

quien, enterada del suceso, le preguntb que queria. El novio

queda inmovil. u ; Asi abandonais a vuestra madre dijo la V
viuda; "id i consoladX^\ decidle que le quiero bien, i si nece*

v11 Se hablaba Frances, 'French was spoken. 5 —Note 72.

122 Los marqueses, 'the marques and marchioness.' The masculine
plural of any title refers both to the male and female.
123
Padres, 'his parents,' 'old.'
124 Solo se ocupaban de, 'they only thought of.'
125 The author has said nothing in regard to the agreement, position
and accidents of adjectives ; because they offer very little difficulty in

translation. The student, however, is referred to Grammar, from page

142 to 150, where he will find whatever he may wish concerning them.
126
Efectuarse, the same as ser efectuado, 'to be,' or 'being effected.'
127 Casa de la novia, 'bride's.' —Grammar, R. XL. note 4, p. 141.
44 AMrjbOTES*

sito una criada, a ningima mejor que a esa pobre mujer darB
la preferencia." El marques, pasmado, lleno de colera, va a
visitar a sus amigos, los que le recibieron afectadamente^
daiidole vagas esperanzas. En media hora conocio el mundo
mejor que en todo el resto de su vida*
Acabado de desesperacion, vio aeercarse una berlina vieja
128
con cortinillas de cuero, seguida de cuatro carretas mui
cargadas. Venia en el coche un hombre rustico, pero de
buena cara, con su mujer i familia. El viajero contemplo aT
marques inmoble i dolorido :
" j O Dios !" grita^ u yo Creo que
es Juanot*" A este nombre, el marques alzb la vista, i el

coche se detuvo. "Si, es Juanot, no hai duda." El hombre

se aped, i corre a abrazar a su Compaiiero ; Juanot reconocid
a Colin. " Tu me has abandonado," le dijo este, " aunque
seas gran senor, yo te amare siempre." Juanot, confuso i

enternecido, le contb su historia. u Ven a la posada donde

estoij" respondib Colin, "i me dirds el resto; abraza a mi

mujer, vainos a comer juntos.* 5
Todos fueron a pie, seguidos del equipaje. .
u
{ A quien
pertenece eso ?" dijo el marques. " Todo es mio i de mi
mujer," 129 contestb Colin. " Dirijo una fabrica de manufac-

tura de hierro i cobre ; me he casado con la hija de un nego-

ciante rico ; trabajamos; Dios nos bendice, i somos felices.

Te ayudaremos. No
mas marques, pues ninguna gran«
seas
deza vale un buen amigo vendrds conmigo al campo te ; ;

dare parte en los negocios, i viviremos alegres en la tierra en

que hemos nacido."
130
Juan se veza traspasado de dolor i alegria; la ternura i la

vergiienza le decian: 4
Todos los amigos te han sido infieles,

i Colin despreciado viene solo al socorro de la desgracia.'

128 Cortinillas de cuero, 'leather curtains.' —Grammar, R. XL. note 2,

p. 141.
129 1 de mi mujer, 'and my wife's.
5
—Grammar, above R.
130 5
Se veia, saw himself, i. e. 'was.
 ANECDOTES. 45

;
Que instraccion ! La bondad de Colin desplegb el buen
natural del corazon de Juanot, que el mundo no le kali a qui-
131 132
tado todavia, i conocib le era imposible abandonar a sus
padres. "Nosotros cuidaremos de tu madre, i en cuanto a
tu padre, que esta preso, yo entiendo de negocios, i me encar-
133
gare de los suyos." Efectivamente, logrb desenredarle de
las manos de los acreedores, i Juanot volvib a su patria con
sus padres, que ejercieron su antigua profesion ; casb con
una hermana de Colin, que le kizo feliz, i los tres marqueses
conocieron que la dicha no esta en las vanidades del mundo.
Cecilio de Corpas.

VALOR DE LA AMISTAD.
Un Espariol i un Frances, marineros, se hallaban cautivos en

Arjel ; el primero se llamaba Antonio i el otro Rojerio, i la

'

1 34
casualidad hizo los empleasen en un mismo trabajo. Como
la amistad es el consuelo de los desgraciados, los dos cautivos
se consolaban mutuamente, hablaban de sus familias, lloraban
juntos, i asi sobrellevaban las penas a que estaban condenados.
Estaban trabajando en la construccion de un camino que
atravesaba una montana ; un dia el Espariol se detuvo, i

dejando caer sus brazos ; dib un profundo suspiro, mirando

toda la estension del mar : " Amigo," dijo a Rojerio, a todos
mis votos se kalian en esa estension de agua :
;
que no 135 pu-

131
No le habia quitado, 'had not taken away from him. 9 — See next
note.
132
Le 'for him.' As verbs, substantives and adjectives, in Spanish,
require sometimes, prepositions different from those which they require
in English, le, must often be translated by 'in,' 'for,' 'from,' .'with him'
or 'her.' The same may be observed in regard to me, te, se, nos, os, les.
133
De los suyos, 'of his.' — See note 74.
134 La casualidad hizo los empleasen, idiomatic, 'they were by chance
employed.'
135 Q,ue no, idiomatic, 'would that.'
46 ANECDOTES.

diera atravesarla. contigo ! Creo ver 126 ami mujer e hijos

que me alargan los brazos desde Cadiz, 6 que lloran por mi
muerte." Antonio estaba embebido en esta imajen, i eada
vez que vema a la montaiia, miraba con melancolia todo el

espacio que le separaba de su pais.

Un con transporte a su compaiiero w mira?**

dia abrazando :

le dijo, u desde aqui veo un buque ; el no abordard hacia

este sitio ;
pero, si tu quieres, Rojerio, maiiana acabardn
nuestros males i seremos libres. Si, manana ese buque pasard
a dos leguas de la costa, i entonces nos precipitaremos al

mar de lo alto de la roca : esperaremos el buque, 6 perecere-

mos, pues la muerte es preferible a una cruel esclavitud."
a Si tu puedes salvartef respondib Rojerio, " con gusto lo

sufrire todo ;
pero ve a buscar a mi padre, i si su vejez no le

ha quitado la vida, dile" "jQue vaya a ver a tu

padre!" u ^*pues que pretendes hacer? yo no puedo partir
137
dejdndote esclavo. Pero yo no se nadar, i tu si." "Yo
se amarte" respondib el Espanol estrechando a Rojerio contra
su pecho ; u mi vida es la tuya, los dos nos salvaremos, pues
la amistad me dard vigor ; tu te atards con este cenidor."
" Es inutil, Antonio, pensar en eso ;
yo no espongo a un
amigo a que muera; 138 ese ceiiidor se me escapard 6 te sumird
conmigo en el fondo." " Pues bien nos ahogaremos. «: Pero
a que formar 139 esos temores ? La amistad sostendrd mi
139
valor, te amo mucho para que deje de hacer milagros. Mas

136 Creo ver, 'I believe I see.' One verb governs another in the infini
tive, as the student must have observed before now. Grammar, R. LV —
and notes, p. 215.
* Mira, 'see,' (thou.) Intimate friends address themselves with tu,
and not vmd, 'you.'
137 1 tit 'and you and no, serve to affirm or deny the action
si, do.' Si,

of a preceding verb without repeating it ; as, en tu esta bien, i en mi no;

'in thee it is right, and in me it is not;' ellos no pueden; pero vmd si-,

they cannot, but you can.'

138
A que, the same as para que.
»39 <j) e e de,' 'I should fail to.'
j
 ANECDOTES. 47

los que nos guardan me parecen estar alerta, i aun hai com-
paiieros tan viles que nos pueden delatar. " A Dios, oigo la

campana que nos llama; es preciso separamos. Adios,

amado Rojerio. 55
Todo la noche estuvo Antonio pensando en su viaje, ere-

yendo mui facil el paso del mar hasta el buque. Rojerio al

contrario se figuraba ahogado, i causante de la perdida de su
140
companero. Por la maiiana, como no sacaseri los eselavos

a la hora ordinaria, el Espaiiol se devoraba de impaciencia, i

Rojerio no sabia si debut alegrarse 6 sentir este contratiempo.

En fin, vinieron a llevarlos al trabajo, i al caer del dia, # vi-
141
endose solos los dos am igos, esc lamb Antonio: "Jlprove-
chemos el momento." "No, amigo mio, jamas podre resol-

verme a esponerte. Adios, adios, te abrazo por la ultima vez,

sdlvate^ acuerdate de mi, no te olvides de mi padre, con-
snelale." A estas palabras, Rojerio cayb en los brazos de

Antonio, derramando un torrente de lagrimas." " Lloras^

142
Rojerio; no son lagrimas lo que ahora conviene, sino valor
i espiritu ; si nos detenemos, somos perdidos, i tal vez jamas
hallaremos otra ocasion : escoje; 6 vienes, 6 me rompo la ea-

beza contra las rocas." El Frances se arrodilla; pero el otro

persiste; en fin, al cabo de un instante, Antonio le abraza
tiernamente, i ganando la elevacion de una roca, se precipitan
en el mar. Caen al fondo, suben; Antonio nada llevando a
Rojerio, que parece openerse a los esfuerzos de su amigo,
por temor de causar su perdida.
Los que estaban en el buque, sorprehendidos de un espec-
taculo que no distinguian bien, Cretan que era un monstruo
marino lo que se acercaba a ellos. Un nuevo objeto llama

140 Como no sacasen, c

as they did not turn out.'
* M caer del dia, 'at the fall of day.'
141 Construct los dos amigos viendose solos.
142
No son lagrimas, 'it is not tears.' — Grammar, Observation in N. B.
p 103.
 !

48 ANECDOTES.

su curiosidad : una chalupa se apresuraba en seguir lo que

juzgaban monstruo marino, i eran los soldados de la guardia
de los esclavos, que trataban de alcanzar a Antonio i Rojerio.
143
Este los vib venir; mira a su amigo que parecia debilitarse ;

hace un esfuerzo, i se separa de Antonio, diciendole : "nos

persiguen ; sdlvate i dejame morir, pues interrumpo tus esfu-
erzos." Apenas dijo esto, cayb al fondo del mar. Un nuevo
transporte de amistad reanimb al Espanol, i abalanzdndose al

Frances, le coje al momento de perecer, i ambos desaparecen.

La chalupa, incierta del rumbo por donde debia mar char,
se habta deteniclo, mientras que una lancha enviada del navio
pasaba a reconocer lo que desde el apenas disiinguian; en fin,

vieron dos hombres de los cuales el uno tenia abrazado al

otro, esforzdndose en nadar hacia la barca. Al momento
void esta a su socorro, i ya Antonio estaba por 144 dejar esca-
par a Rojerio, cuando oye gritar desde la lancha; entonces,
estrecha a su amigo ; hace nuevos esfuerzos, i agarra con
mano desfallecida uno de los bordes de la barca. Procsimo
estaba a soltarse cuando los ayuddron; las fuerzas de Anto-
nio estaban apuradas, i solo pndo esclamar: "socorred a mi
amigo; yo mueroP Rojerio, que estaba desmayado, abrib
los ojos, i viendo a Antonio tendido sin muestras de vida, se
avanzb a el abrazandole i dando gritos u Mi amigo, bien- : j

hechor mio !
^ es posible que yo sea tu asesino ? ; Ah
I
pier da yo 145 una vida desgraciada, habiendo perdido a mi
amigo !"
El cielo, que sin duda se conmueve de las lagrimas cuando
son sinceras, did una muestra de su bondad en favor de un
afecto tan raro. Antonio arrojb un suspiro ; Rojerio grita
lleno de jubilo ; todos se acercan a socorrer al desgraciado
Espanol ,
quien, abriendo los ojos i dirijiendolos hacia su
compaiiero, esclamb: "jhe salvado a mi amado Rojerio!"

143 Debilitarse, 'to become, to grow weak.'

144 Estaba por, idiomatic, 'was about to,' 'on the verge of.'
143
Pierda yo, 'may I lose.'
 ANECDOTES. 49

La barca llegb al navio, i estos dos hombres inspirdron el

mayor respeto a todos. Rojerio llega a Francia, corre a los
brazos de su padre, que jnensa morir de aiegria ; i a poco 146
fue nombrado gondolero de los estanques de Versalles* El
Espanol, a quien se le ofrecib un destino, quiso mejor ir a su
tierra i quedarse con su mujer e hijos; mas la ausencia no

disminuyo nada la amistad de ambos.

Cecilio de Corpas

LA CONSTANCIA DEL AMOR.

En el tiempo que Antequera esiaba ya en poder de Cris-
tianos, i frontera contra el reino de Granada, halt a en ella
un caballero, Alcaide de aquella ciudad, que se llamaba Nar-
vaez. Este, como era costumbre, hacia entradas en tierra de
Granada algunas veces, otras enviaba jente suya que las

hiciese; el mismo estilo tertian los Granadinos 147 en todas

aquellas fronteras. Jlcaecib una vez que Narvaez envib cier-

tos caballos a correr, los cuales partiendo a la hora que con-

viene partir para aquel efecto entraron bien dentro de la
tierra de Granada: i yendo por su camino 148 no hollar on*
otra presa sinofue un esforzado mozo el cual venio de la
manera que aqui se dira; i por ser de noche 149 no pudo esca-
parse ;
porque sin pensar, dio en 150 los caballos de Narvaez,
i ellos tambien en el : i viendo que no habta otra cosa en que
ganarj'01 i avisados del joven que toda la campaiia estaba

146
A poco, 'a little
5
while, or 'time after.'
147
El mismo estilo tertian los Granadinos, 'the Granadians in their
turn did the same.'
148 Yendo por su camino, 'going, following their way.'
* Ninguna, 'any,' understood.
149 p or ser d e nocJie^ <being, as it was, in the night time.'
150 Did en, idiomatic, 'fell upon,' 'met unawares.'
151
No habia otra cosa en que ganar, 'nothing else couUi be obtained.*
 :

60 ANECDOTES.

limpia, otro dia de manana 162 se volvieron a Ronda i presen-

tdronle a Narvaez.
Era este mancebo de hasta veinte i dos a veinte i tres
aiios, caballero i una marlota de
rani jenlil hombre : traia
seda morada mui bien guarnecida a su modo, 153 una tocacorta
mui fina sobre un bonete de grana, en un caballo mui escelente
l una lanza i una adarga labrada como suelen ser las de Moros
principals. Narvaez le pregunto quien era, i el dijo que era
hijo del Alcaide de Ronda, bien conocido entre Cristianos por
154
ser hombre de guerra. Preguntandole donde iba, no re-
spondib palabra; porque lloraba tanto que las lagrimas le
impedian el habla. Narvaez le dijo : " Maravillome de li,

que siendo caballero e hijo de un Alcaide tan valiente como

es tu padre, i sabicndo que estos son casos de guerra, estes

tan abatido i llores como mujer, pareciendo en tu disposicion

buen soldado i buen caballero." A este respondib el Moro
"No lloro por verme en prision, ni por ser tu cautivo, ni estas

lagrimas son por la perdida de mi libertad, sino por otra mui

mayor i que me duele mas que verme en la fortuna que me
reo."
Oidas estas palabras, Narvaez le rogb mucho que le dijese

la causa de su llanto, i el mancebo le dijo: " Sdbete que ha

muehos dias que 155 yo soi servidor i enamorado de una hija

del Alcaide de un tal castillo, i Ada servido con mucha lealtad,

i muchas veces he peleado por su servicio contra vosotros los

Cristianos, i ella ahora viendo la obligacion, que me tenia 156
era contenta de casarse conmigo, i habiame enviado a lla-
157
viar para que la sacase, i venirse* en mi compaiiia a mi

152 Otro dia de manana, 'the next day in the morning.'

153
A su modo, 'after his fashion.'
154 Hombre de guerra, £ a military man.'
155 Sdbete or sabe que ha muehos dias que, 'it is some time since/
156 Que me which she was to me.'
tenia, 'under
157
Habiame enviado d llamar, 'she had sent for me.'
* Ella, 'she,' understood.
 ANECDOTES. 51

casa, dejando la de* su padre por amor de mi, i yendo yo con

este contentamiento esperando alcanzar cosa tan deseada,
quiso mi mala fortuna que me tomasen cautivo tus caballos, i
perdiese mi libertad i todo el bien i buena ventura que pensaba
tener: si esto te parece que no merece lagrimas, yo no se con

que mostrar la miseria en que estoi."

Fue tanta la piedad que Narvaez tuvo, que le dijo: "Tu
eres caballero, i si como caballero me prometes de volver a
mi prision, yo te dare licencia sobre tu fe." El Moro lo

aceptdj i ddndole palabra se partib, i aquella noche llegb al

castillo donde estaba su dam a, donde tuvo mui buena forma
de hacerle saber que estaba alii, i ella se did tan buena
158
mafia que le did hora i lugar donde la pudo hollar a solas

mas todo el razonamiento del Moro fueron lagrimas sin po-

derle hablar palabra: i maravillada la Mora de esto le dijo:

" Como es esto ; i

ahora que tienes lo que deseas, pues me
tienes en tu poder para llevarme^ muestras tanta tristeza." ?

El Moro le respondib: "Sabete que viniendo a verte yo fui

cautivo de los caballos de Anteguera, i me llevdron a Nar-
vaez, el cual, como caballero, sabiendo mi mala fortuna me 159
tuvo lastima, i sobre mi fe me did licencia quq te viniese a
ver; yo vengo a verte, no como libre, sino como esclavo;
i asi
160
i pues yo no tengo libertad, no plegue a Dios que querien-
dote yo tanto, te lleve a donde pierdas la tuya yo me vol- :

vere, porque he dado mi f e, procurare rescatarme, i volvere

por ti."

La Mora le respondib: "Antes de ahora me has mostrado

" * La de, 'that of.'

158 Se did tan buena mana, 'she acted with so much address.'
159 Verbs, adjectives, and substantives, requiring sometimes, in En-
glish, prepositions different from those required in Spanish, me often
represents the meaning of 'to,' 'on,' 'with,' 'from,' 'in me.' The same
may be observed in regard to te, le, se, nos, os, and les.
iso tf plegue & Dios, 'God forbid.'
52 ANECDOTES.

lo que 161 me quieres,i ahora me lo muestras mej or, pues tienes

tanto respeto a mi libertad ; mas pues eres tan buen caballero
que miras lo que a mi me debes, i lo que debes a tu fe, no
plegue a Dios que yo es/e en compaiiia de nadie 162 sinofuere
la tuya, i aunque no quieras, me he de ir contigo, i si fueres
esclavo, sere esclava, i si Dios te diere libertad, a mi me 163 la

dard tambien: aqui tengo este cofre con mui preciosas joyas,
tbmame a las ancas de tu caballo, porque yo soi mui contenta
de ser companera de tu for tuna."
Dicho esto se salib con el, i el la tomb a las ancas del
caballo, i otro dia llegaron a Anteguera donde se presentdron
delante de Narvaez, el cual los recibib mui bien, i les Jiizo

mucha fiesta, 164 ddndoles algunas cosas, dlabando el amor de

la Mora i la palabra i verdad del Moro i otro dia les did ;

licencia que se fuesen libres a su tierra, i los mandb acorn-

pafiar hasta ponerlos en salvo. Esta aventura, el amor de la
doncella i del Granadino, i mas la jenerosidad del Alcaide
Narvaez, fue mui celebrada de los buenos caballeros de
Granada, i cantada en los versos de los mej ores injenios de
entonces.*
Jose Antonio Conde.

161
Lo que, here, synonymous of cuanto, 'how much.'
162
De nadie, 'of no one,' meaning 'of any one.'
163
A mi me, 'to me.' — See reasons for this tautology, Grammar, Ob-
servation 2, p. 165.
164 them with great
Les hizo ?nucha fiesta, idiomatic, 'he entertained

cordiality.'
* This historical anecdote has been beautifully translated into English
by Washington Irving.
 WITTICISMS AND TALES.

EL VALIENTE UFANO.
XJno mui preciado de 165 maton se llegb a Madrid a un gran
senor ofreciendose a servirle, como valiente suyo, para matar
166 167
a diestra i a siniestra a cuantos se le antojase* Este lialia
recibido muchas heridas en algunas pendencias, i presentaba
por testimonio de su valentia las cicatrices* El senor le

despidio con irrision diciendole : " Traigame V. para va-

lientes mios a los que le dieron todos esos golpes ;

que a
esos me atengo en todo caso*
Jeronimo Feijoo.

EL MEDICO TUNANTE.
Llegb en la ciudad de Zaragoza un tunante publicando que
sabza raros arcanos de medecina ; entre otros, el de remozar
las viejas. La prosa del bribon era tan persuasiva, que las
mas del pueblo lo creyeron, Llegaron pues muchisimas a
pedirle que les hiciese tan precioso beneficio. El les dijo,
que cada una pusiese en una cedulilla, su nombre i la edad
que tenia, como circumstancia precisa para la ejecucion del
arcano. Habia entre ellas septuajenarias, octojenarias, nona-
jenarias.

Hicieronlo asi puntualmente, sin disimular alguna ni* un

dia de edad para no perder la dicha de remozarse; i fueron
citadas por el tunante para venir a su posada el dia siguiente.
168
Vinieron, i el, al uerlas, empezo a lamentar de que una

165
Mui preciado de, the same as que se preciaba mucho de 'who prided
s

himself on being.'
166
A diestra i a siniestra,, -at random.'
167
Se le antojase, 'it might cross his fancy.' 'he might wish.' —Gram-
mar, Observation 3, p. 221.
* Siguiera. understood ; ni Siguier a, 'not even.'
&M verlas, 'on seeing them.'
1<
M, thus used, means 'on.'
5*
 ;

54 WITTICISMS AND TALES.

bruja le habia robado todas las cedulillas aquella noche, envi

diosa del bien que le esperaba; asi quefue preciso volver a
169
escribir cada una su nombre i edad de nuevo i por no re- ;

tardarles mas el conocimiento,* les declare, que toda la ope

170
racion se reducia a que, a la que fuese mas vieja entre
todas, habian de quemar viva ; i tamando las demas una por-
tion de sus cenizas, todas se remozarian.
Pas?ndronse al oir esto las viejas ;
pero credulas siempre
de la promesa, tratan de hacer nuevas cedulas. Hicieron\&&
en efecto, pero no con la legalidad quef la vez primera
porque medrosa cada una de que ella port mas vieja le tocase
]n 172
ser sacrificada a las llamas, ninguna hubo que no se
173
quitase muchos anos. La que tenia noventa§, pongo por
ejemplo, se ponia cincuenta ; la de|| sesenta, trenticinco, &c
Recibio el picaron las nuevas cedulas, i sacando entonces las

que le habian dado el dia antecedente, hecho el cotejo de unas

con otras, les dijo: "Ahora bien, seiioras mias ;
ya Vds
logrdron lo que les 174 prometi; ya todas se remozdron. Vmd
tenia ayer noventa aiios, ahora ya no tiene mas que cincuenta
Vmd. ayer sesenta, hoi trenticinco." Discurriendo asi por
175 176
todas las despacho tan corridas, como se deja conocer.
El rnismo.

169
Volver a escriber, 'to write again.' —Grammar, note 2, p. 219.
* Del secretOy 'of the secret,' understood.
170
A que, a la que fuese mas vieja, 'to this, that her who was the oldest.'

f Las hicieron, 'they made them,' understood.

f Ser, 'being,' understood ;
por ser, 'as she was.'
171
Le tocase ser. 'should fall upon her lot to be.'
172
Se, to her; here, 'from her/ — See note 157.
§ Alios, 'years,' understood.
173 speaking of age.
Tenia, 'she was;' tener is used instead of ser,

||
Le edad, 'of age,' 'old,' understood.
174 Vmd. and Vmds. as well as
Les, 'you,' le and les, are objectives of
of el i ellos. See those various words in the vocabulary.
5
173 Discurriendo asi por todas, idiomatic, 'addressing them all thus.
176 Como deja conocer as be known, e. 'as it appears,'
se ', it lets itself i.

'as the thing itself shows,' 'as it is manifest.'

 WITTICISMS AND TALES. 55

RESPUESTA DE UNO AL PROVISOR.

Un hombre que querta apartarse de su mujer, con quien
tenia poca paz, parecib a este fin ante el provisor. Estrafib
este la propuesta, porque conocia la mujer i era de buenas
cualidades. "; Porque quereis dejar a vuestra mujer?" le

preguntb el provisor u no es virtuosa ?" u Si, seiior," re*

\ £

spondib el hombre, "< No es rica ?" "Si, seiior." ^ No

es fecunda ?" " Si, seiior." En fin, a todas las partidas re*

spondia en abono suyo. "Pues," le <%'o el pretor ; "si vuestra

mujer tiene tantas calidades buenas, i
porque quereis apartar os
de ella?" A esto el hombre, descalzando un zapato, preguntb
al provisor ; " Seiior, este zapato no es nuevo ?" u Si," re*
i

spondib el provisor. Afiadio; "< no estd bien hecho ?" u Si,

a lo que 177
parece;" respondio el provisor. "<; No es de buen
cordoban i buena suela ?" Respondio del mismo modo que
178
si. "Pues, vea V., con todo esto," dijo el descontento
marido, "yo quiero quitarme este zapato, \ p oner me otro que
yo se donde me aprieta i manca, i Ymd. no."

LA LARGA PETICIOJNT.

Estando enfermo el papa Urban o Quinto en Viterbo, envib

la ciudad de Perusa* tres comisarios a solicit ar a su santidad 179
la espedicion de cierto negocio. Uno de ellos que era doctor
i a quien por su grado le tocaba hablar, compuso i mandb a la

memoria 180 una larga oracion sobre el asunto ; siendo tan

necio que por mas que 131 los companeros le instdron a qi:l

177
A lo que, 'as far as.'
178 Que si, 'that it was.' — See note 134.
* Construct la ciudad de Perusa envib.
179
A su santidad, 'from her holiness.' — See note 129, 157.
180 Mandb a la memoria, 'committed to memory,' 'learned by heart.'
181
Por mas que, 'how much soever,' 'however much.' — Grammar,
however , p; 225.
56 WITTICISMS AND TALES.

la acortase no quiso hacerlo. Llegado el caso de la audien-

cia,* en/116 el importuno doctor toda su molestisima obra.
Siendo Urbano de jenio benignisimo, le tolerb sin cortarle, 6
182
interrumpirle, aunque se dejaba ver la violencia que en
ello se hacm. Acabada la oracion, el papa, sin negar 183 ni

conceder, pregunto a los disputados, si qucrtarvf otra cosa.

Entonces uno de los otros dos que era mui discreto, i halt a
notado la nausea con que el papa Italia escuchado al doctor,

le dijo: "Santisimo Padre, otra cosa ha insertado nuestra

ciudad en la comision, i es, que si Vuestra Beatitud no nos
concede prontamente lo que pedimos, nuestro compaiiero

vuelva a relatar\ todo su sermon."

Jeronimo Feijoo.

EL ESTUDIANTE I LAS TRUCHAS.

Volviendo un estudiante de Salamanca a su tierra, con mui
pocos cuartos, se trataba para que no se le acabasen 184 antes
de conluir el viaje, con estrecha economia por el camino.
Sucedio que llegando a hacer noche a una posada§ donde la

huespeda era mujer de lindo entendimiento, lindo modo, i

mucho agrado, le pregunto* "que queria cenar?"* Respon-

dib que|| un par de huevos. u <;No mas, sefior Licenciado?"

dijo la huespeda. A lo que respondib el estudiante ; " bas*

tame, senora, que yo ceno poco."

Trajeron los huevos, i al tiempo de cenarlos, le propuso la

* Construct el caso de la audencia llegado.

182 Se dejaba ver, it let itself be seen, i. e. 'was manifest.' — See note 176.
183 Sin negar, 'without refusing.
5
—Note 68.
f Alguna, 'some,' understood.
% See note 68.
184 para Que no se le acabasen, (los cuartos,) that they (the cuartos or
money,) should not end themselves to him, i. e. 'that he might not re-

main pennyless.'
§ Construct a una posada a hacer noche, 'at an inn to stop for the night.*

||
Queria cenar, understood.
 WITTICISMS AND TALES. 57

huespeda unas truchas mui buenas, que tenia por si* las que-
ria. Negose el estudiante al envite. " Mire, serior Licen-
ciado," afiadib la huespeda, "que son mui ricas, porque tienen
las cuatro F. F. F. F." "<j Como las cuatro efes ?" replied el

estudiante. ";Pues no sabe, serior Licenciado," repuso la

huespeda, w que las truchas paraser regaladas hande tener las
cuatro efes ?" "Nunca tal| he oido," dijo el estudiante, "y
quisiera saber, que cuatro efes son esas, 6 que signifies, ese
enigma." "Yo se lo dire, seiior," respondio la huespeda :

u quiere decir, que las truchas mas sabrosas son las que tienen
cuatro circunstancias dej frescas, frias, fritas, i fragosas." A
que respondio el estudiante, u ya caigo en ello ;
1So
lo pero, se-

fiora, si las truchas no tienen otra efe mas, para mi no sirvenP

u <;Qae otra efe mas es esa ?" pregunto la huespeda — "seriora,

que sean fladas, porque en mi bolsa no hai§ con que pagarl&s

por ahora. Agrado tanto la agudeza a la huespeda, que no
solo le presentb las truchas graciosamente, mas le previno la

alforja para lo que le restaba de camino.

Jeronimo Feijoo.

ESTRATAJEMA DE UN CURA.
Habiendo conspirado unos caballeros de buen humor en
meter gorra a un cura de aldea, que era mas agudo que libe-
ral, fueron con este intento de manana a su casa, i le mani-
festdron a lo que iban, pretestando no se que honesto motivo
el viendo la avenida, los recibib con buen semblante i buenas
palabras, i al momento despachb los criados que tenia como
que iban lH6 a diferentes partes a buscar lo necesario para el

* Acaso, understood ;
por si acaso, 'in the event that he. 5

f Cosa, 'thing,' understood.

X Ser, 'being,' understood.

185 Caigo en ello, 'I understand it.'

§ Diner-o, 'money,' understood.

186 Como que como
iban, like si fuesen, 'as if they went.'
58 WITTICISMS AND TALES.

convite. Tomb luego el breviario debajo del brazo, i les

dijo: "Seiiores. con licencia de Vmds. voi, mientras se pre-

para la comida, 187 a conciliar un pobre apestado, a quien
confese ayer tarde por darle el viatico, porque esta mui de
peligro," i al m omen to tomb la puerta. Cayeron en el lazo
los caballeros,* i sin porter la menor duda en que era verdad
lo que decia el cura, considerando el riesgo de que el contra-
jese el contajio del enfermo, i se le comunicase a ellos, se

escapdron inmediatamente, i con tanta priesa como si la peste

fuese tras ellos ; i cada uno se fue a comer a su casa.
Jeronimo Feijoo.

187 Mientras se prepara la comida, 'while dinner is getting readv.'

* Begin by Los Caballeros.— See notes 2, 8, 23.
 SELECT SENTENCES.

La vida no es un sueiio ; sino una realidad, anuncio i pre*

ludio de otra mas positiva, i mas duradera.*

Ofrecimientos es la moneda que corre en este sigl6; hojas

iss
p 0r fru ^ Uevan ya los arboles ;f palabras por obras los

hombres.f
Antonio Perez.

Lastimar con verdades sin tiempo ni modo, 189 mas es mali-

cia que 190 celo, mas es atrevimiento que advertencia*

El tiempo es el mas precioso de cuantos 191 nosj ha

bien
prodigado la mano benefica del Omnipotente. El momento
192
actual es el tinico que nos pertenece: el que le precedib
193
void para siempre ; el que va a seguirle es incierto.

Con todos los h ombres ten paz, guerra con todos los vicios,

i contigo concordia; concertando tus palabras con tus pensa-

* Those sentences to which the name of their author has not been
attached, are extracted from a work, entitled, ' Cartas sobre la Education
del Bello Secso,' written by a Chilian lady. In thought or language this
book is second to none of its kind.
188 por> 'instead of.'

f See notes 9, 23.

189 Sin tiempo, 'unseasonably;' ni modo, 'and improperly.*
190 Mas es que, 6
it is rather than.'
191
De cuantos, 'of all those which.'

X Nos, 'upon us.'

192 El que, 'that which,' 'the one which.'
193 Va a seguirle, idiomatic, 'will follow it/
60 Select sentences.

mientos, tus obras con tus palabras, i tus deseos con tus
obras.
Juan Eusebio Nierembersr.

Ten gran cuenta con 194 tu palabra i credito, que quien 196 los
pierde no tiene mas que 196 perder.
Juan Eusebio Niereniberg.

El que responde antes de oir lo que 197 le preguntan, se

acredita de necio, 198 i merece que le sonrojen. La muerte i la

vida est an en manos de la lengua ; segun el uso que se ha-

ga m de ella serdn los frutos.

La prodigalidad es el azote de las buenas costumbres es ;

un jermen corruptor que emponzofia todos los sentimientos,

que nos somete a las mas duras privaciones, que nos convierte
en objetos de burla i desprecio ; en fin, es un manantial ina
gotable de males domesticos, i a veces de horribles catastrofes.

La pobreza no tiene armas contra el que 200 sale conten-

201
tarse con poco; el vicio no tiene prestijios a los ojos acos-
tumbrados al sublime espectaculo de la virtud. El fastidio
no aburre jamas a quien 202 sabe ocuparse; el vano aparato

194 Ten gran cuenta con, 'be very careful of.'

195 Que quien, 'for he who.' Que, often means, 'for,' 'because.'
196
No tiene mas que, 'has nothing else to.'
197 Lo que, 'what,' 'that which.' Ellos, 'they,' is understood. — See
note 31, and Grammar, R. XXII. p. 157.
198 Se acredita de necio, 'proves himself to be a fool.'
199 Se haga, 'shall be made.' — See notes 5, 12, 18, and others.
200 El que, 'him who.'
* 01
Contentarse, 'how to be contented,'
202
A quien, 'to him who.'
 SELECT SENTENCES. 6l

del lujo, el veneno de la seduccion son impotentes en un co^

razon que sabe dar su verdadero precio a las cosas.

El fin de la* guerra debe ser

202
la* victoria, el de 204 la* vic^
204
toria la* conqiiista, i el de la* conquista la* conservacion i

la* libertadi

La verdad es el fundamento i la razon de la perfeccion i de

la belleza. No serza bella i perfecta una cosa,| de cualquiera
naturaleza que sea, si no fuera verdaderamente todo lo que
debe ser.

205
El orden social no es mas que una serie de sacrificios i

de condescendencias. El joven que no sabe dominccrse, sera

06
el azote de los que le obedezcan* i la victima de sus supe-

riors.

La agricultura es el principio vital de laj poblacion, el

orijen material de laj industria, la fuente inagotable del J co-

mercio, en siima, la base i fundamento del poder real de las J

sociedades*
Ortiz.§

* The article is used in Spanish, but omitted in English, before nouns

taken in a general sense. — See Grammar, p. 121 ; and notes 2, 8, &c
203 Debe ser,
J
'should be, 'ought to be.'
204 El de, 'that of.'— See Grammar, R. XXXVI. note 1, p. 182.

f Begin the phrase by Una cosa. — See note 23.

205 No es mas que, 'is nothing more than/ 'nothing but.'
206 Le obedezcan, 'will obey him. 5 The Spanish subjunctive present,
frequently requires the English future of the indicative.

t Suppress the article in English.

§ The construction of this sentence has been changed a little from
the original.

6
 62 SELECT SENTENCES.

jQue es un conquistador sino un azote que la ira clivina

envza a los pueblos ; un astro maligno, que solo infiuye mu-
ertes, robos, desolaciones, e incendios; un cometa, que igual-
mente amenaza a las chozas que a los palacios en fin, un ;

hombre enemigo de todos los hombres, pues a todos quisiera

quitar la libertad, 207 i en la prosecucion de este designio a
muchos quita la hacienda i la vida!
Jeronimo Feijoo.

Las pasiones que continuamente nos ajitan son mui pode*

rosas i fuertes : no tenemos otras armas para resistir a ellas,

que las de la virtud, i esta se adquiere con la buena crianza*

Nuestra humana i flaca naturaleza nos inclina al mal; pero
cuando llega a gustar 208 los encantos de la virtud, como los
placeres que produce son verdaderos, i traen consigo una per*-

petua e inmu table tranquilidad, la prejiere al vicio, que siem-

pre es seguido de los remordimientos eternos, que en medio
de los gustos i deleites del mundo, ecsalan unos fetidos va-
pores que qfuscan el corazon, i le atormentan sin cesar. 209
Garcia-Malo*

207
A todos quisiera quitar la libertad^ 'he should like to deprive them
all of liberty.'
208 Llega a gustar, 'it once tastes/ 'it comes to taste.'
209 5
Sin cesar, 'without ceasing, 'incessantly.' A preposition in Span-
ish, requires invariably an infinitive, and not a participle present, as in
English, when it governs a verb. — See Grammar, R. LII. note 1, p. 204.
 HEROIC ACTIONS.

HUMANIDAD DEL CZAR.

Obstinado Gobernador de Nerva en no rendirse, entra-
el

ron los Rusianos la Plaza por asalto. Ordenb al punto el

Czar* a sus oficiales, que impidiesen toda violencia sobre los
habitadores ; mas, no pudiendo estos coniener a los soldados,
que furiosos 210 robaban, violaban, i mataban cuanto vezan,
acudib el Czar por si mismo al remedio, i corriendo de calle
211
en calle, arrancaba las mujeres i los niiios de las manos
de los Rusianos ; amenazaba a estos con los mas severos
castigos para que se detuviesen, ayudando, al imperio de su
voz, el terror de su espada ;
pues con ella matb mas de cin-
212
cuenta de los que hallo mas obstinados en proseguir las
violencias. En fin, atajado el desorden, haciendo juntar 213
en la Casa de ayuntamiento los principales ciudadanos, entro
el, i poniendo su espada toda baiiada en sangre sobre una
mesa, les dijo estas palabras :
" No es sangre de los ciudada-

nos de Nerva la de que estd tenido este acero, sino de mu-

chos Rusianos, que he sacrificado a vuestra conservacion."
Jeroniino Feijoo.

INTEGRIDAD DEL MARISCAL DE ETRE.

Estaban algunos cortesanos entreteniendo con macsimas de
politica tirana, al gran Luis decimo-cuarto, cuando aquel prin

* Construct el Czai al punto ordend, 'the Czar immediately ordered.'

210 Furiosos, 'furiously.
5
In such cases the Spanish adjective is ren-
dered by an English adverb.
211
De calle en calle, 'through every street.'
212 De los que, 'of those whom.' —Grammar, R. XXXV. and note, p.
180, 181.
213 Haciendo juntar, 'ordering to be assembled.' —Note 71.
64 #
HEROIC ACTIONS.

cipe no tenia mas de* quince arios. A cinco mas que tuviera 2U
el menor castigo que les darza^ serta desterrarlos para siem-
pre de su presencia, i de la corte. Mas la falta de esperiencia,
la capacidad, aun no del todo formada, junto con el ardor de
su vivisimo espiritu, le hacian oir con agrado, aquella idea de
un ilimitado poder: al tiempo mismo, que el Mariscal de
Etre, hombre anciano, de gran consejo i madurez, que se
hallaba poco distante del rei, estaba escuchando a aquellos
aduladores con suma indignacion. Prosiguiendo estos su
asunto, trajeron a la conversacion el ejemplo de los Empera-
dores Otomanos, refiriendo como aquellos monarcas son due-
iios despoticos de las vidas i haciendas de sus vasallos.
"Verdaderamente eso es reinar," dijo el gran Luis, " felices

monarcas por cierto." Traspasdronle estas palabras el co-

razon de parte a parte al buen Mariscal de Etre, 215 por consi-
derar 216 las perniciosas resultas de aquella condescendencia, i

217
llegdndose prontamente al rei, intrepido le dijo: "pero,
senor, advertid, que a dos 6 tres de esos emperadores en
mis dias les dieron garrote."
Jeronimo Feijoo.

HERO'iCIDAD DE GUZMAN EL BUENO.f

Entre los personajes malvados que hubo en aquel siglo, i

los produjo mui malos, debe distinguirse el Infante Don

Juan, uno de los hermanos del rei Alborotbse de

* No tenia —
mas de, 'he was but.' See note 173.
214
A cinco mas que tuviera, 'had he been five years older.' —Grammar,
Observation 2, p. 201.
215 Traspasdronle estas palabras el corazon al buen Mariscal de Etre,
'these words pierced through good Mareschal's Etre's heart.'
216 Por considerar, 'for considering,' i. e. 'as he considered.'— Note 68,
182.
217 Intrepido, 'intrepidly,' 'boldly.' —Note 187.
t Guzman el Bueno, 'Guzman the good,' one of the greatest and best
Spanish chivalrous characters of the middle ages, was intrusted by
 HEROIC ACTIONS. 65

nuevo, 218 i no pudiendo mantenerse en Castilla, se huyb a

Portugal, de donde aquel rei le mandb salir. De alii se em*
bar co, i llegb a Tanjer, ofredo sus servicios al rei de Mar-
i

219
ruecos, Aben Iacob, que pensaba entonces hacer guerra al
rei de Castilla. Le recibib con todo honor i cortesia, i le

envib en compaiiia de seis mil jinetes con los cuales pasaron

220
el estrecho, i se pusieroi\ sobre Tarifa

Tenia en su poder (el Infante Don Juan) al hijo mayor de

Guzman que sus padres
221
le liabtan eonfiado 222 anteriormente
para que lo llevase a la corte de Portugal, con quien tenian
224
deudo. 223 En vez de dejarlo alii, le llevb al Africa, i le

trajo a Esparia consigo ; i entonces le creyb instrumento se*

guro para el logro de sus fines. Sacble maniatado de la
tienda, donde le tenia, i se le presentb al padre, intimandole
225
que si no rendta la plaza, le matarzan a su vista.

King Sancho IV. son of Alphonsus the Learned,* at the end of the
thirteenth century, with the defence of the fortress of Tarifa, the most
southern point of Spain. Don Juan, brother to the king, who had in
charge the oldest son of Guzman the Good, went over to the Moors and
besieged Tarifa. He had Guzman's son brought before the ramparts of
the castle, and told the father, that if he did not surrender, he would
murder his son before his own eyes. Don Juan did so ; but Guzman
remained faithful to his trust.
218 Alborotose de nuevo, 'he rose in rebellion again/
219 Rei de Marruecos, 'king of Morocco. 5
220 Estrecho, 'the straits of Gibraltar.'
221
Padres, 'parents. 5 Guzman and his wife.
222 Le habian 5
eonfiado, 'had entrusted to him.
223 Con quien tenian deudo, 'to whom they were related. 5
224
De dejarlo alii, 'of leaving him there.
5
A preposition requires
always the verb to be in the infinitive. — See Grammar, R. LII. note 1,

p. 204.
225
A su vista, 'before his eyes. 5

•Very improperly called <the Wise.'

6*
66 HEROIC ACTIONS*

Al ver226 el hijo, al oir

22Q
sus jemidos, i al escuchar 226 las
palabras del asesino, las lagrimas vinieron a los ojos del pa-
dre; pero la fe jurada al rei, la salud de la patria, la indigna-
cion producida por aquella conducta tan ecsecrable, luchan
con la naturaleza, i vencen; mostrdndose el heroe entero 227
contra la iniquidad de los hombres i el rigor de la fortuna*
"No enjendre hijo," prorumpia 228
"para que fuese 222 con*-

tra mi tierra; antes enjendre hijo a mi patria para que fuese

contra todos los enemigos de ella. Si Don Juan le diese
muerte, a mi dara gloria, a mi hijo verdadera vida, i a el

eterna infamia en el mundo, i condenacion eterna despues de

muerto. 230 I para que vean 231 cuan lejos estoi de rendir la

plaza, i faltar a mi deber, alia va mi cuchillo, si acaso les

232
falta arma para completar su atrocidad." Dicho esto, sacb
233
el cuchillo que llevaba a la cintura, le arrojb al campo, i se
retlrb al Castillo.
Sentbse a comer con su esposa, reprimiendo el dolor en el

pecho, para que no saliese en el rostro. Entretanto el Infante^

234
desesperado i rabioso, hizo degollar la vietima, a cuyo sac-
rificio los cristianos que estaban en el muro, prorumpieron en
alaridos. Salib al ruido Guzman, i cierto de donde nacta 233
236
volvib a la mesa, diciendo: "Guide que los enemigos en-

226 Al ver, 'on seeing,' al oir, 'on hearing,' al escuchar, 'on listening to/
Al, before a Spanish infinitive, should be Englished on.
227 Mostrdndose el heroe entero, 'the hero maintaining himself firm.'
228 Prorumpio, 'burst forth Guzman.*
229 Para que might
fuese, 'that he be.*
230 Despues de muerto, 'after his death.'
231
I para que vean, -and that you may see.*
232 Les falta, 'you are in want of,' 'you have no/
233
A la cintura, 'at his waist.' The articles and not the possessive
pronouns are used in Spanish to point out the various portions of the
body. — See Grammar, Observation, p. 170.
234 Hizo degollar la victima, 'ordered the victim to be beheaded.'
235 De donde nacia, 'whence it originated.'
236 Cuide, now obsolete, like pense, I thought
 HEROIC ACTIONS; 6t

irahan en Tarifa." De alii a poco 237 los Moros, desconflados

de allanar su constancia, i temiendo el socorro que ya venia 228
de Sevilla a los sitiados, lev ant droit el cerco que habia durado
seis meses, i se volvieron a Africa sin mas fruto que la igno
minia i el horror que su ecsecrable conducta merecia.
Manuel Jose Quintana*

SERENIDAD DE CARLOS DOCE.

Estando Carlos dictando a su secretario una carta para

Stockolmo, cayb una bomba en la cuadra inmediata al gabinete,

en que estaban los dos, i reventb en el mismo momento*

Estaba abierta la puerta de comunicacion del gabinete a la
cuadra;* pero hubo la dicha de que ninguno de los cascos de
la bomba se encaminase por aquelle parte.
239
A la vista, i al

horrisono estallido de la bomba, despavorido el secretario^

dejb caer de la mano la pluma. 240 Pero el rei, como si ni

con la vista, ni con el oido hubiese percibido novedad alguna,
con rostro firme^ con sosegada voz "que es eso," le dijo;

"porque soltais la pluma?" sorprendido aun el espiritu del

secretario :
" Serior, la bomba," fue todo lo que pudo arti-

cular. A lo que el rei replied, con el mismo sosiego "Que :

conecsion tiene la bomba con lo que yo estoi dictando. Pro*

seguidP I sin que hubiese mas palabras en medio, 241 se con
242
tinub la carta*
Jeronimo Feijoo.

237 De alii a poco, 'shortly after.'

238 Que ya venia, 'that was already coming. 5

* Construct, La puerta de comunicacion del gabinete a la cuadra

estaba abierta.
239 Se encaminase por aquella parte, 'should go that way.*
*
240 JDejo caer de la mano la pluma, 'the pen dropped from his hand
241
1 sin que hubiese en medio, 'without intervening.'
242 Se continuo la caHa, the same as la carta fue continuada. —Note 5*

12, 18. Grammar, se, Observation 2, p. 165.

 68 HEROIC ACTIONS.

DESINTERES DE ALIBEG.
Mahomet Alibeg, al principio del siglo pasado, desde el hu-
milde estado de pastorcillo, silhid al elevaclo puesto de mayor-*
domo mayor del rei de Persia. Un dia, que aquel rei andaba
243
6 caza le encontro tanendo la flama, i guardando cabras en
el monte. Por diversion le hizo algunas preguntas, i prendado
de la vivacidad i agudeza con que responded el niiio, se le
244
llevb consigo a palacio: donde habiendo mandado instruirle
la rectitud de su corazon, i claridad de su injenio, ganaron
la inclinacion del rei; de modo, que elevdndole prontamente
de cargo en cargo, vino a cotocarle en el que ya se dijo, de
mayordomo mayor.
Su integridad inflecsible al atractivo de los presentes, cosa245
mui rara entre los Mahometanos, concito contra el poderosos
enemigos; pero sin atreverse a intentar 246 hostilidad alguna
por v erle 247 tan duerio del animo 248 del soberano : hasta que
249
muerto este, i entrando el sucesor, que era joven, *le suje-
rieron, que Mahomet habza usurpado alf erario real grandes
tesoros. Ordenole el principe que dentro de quince dias diese
cuentas. A que Mahomet intrepido respo?idio^ que no era
menester esa dilacion, i que su majest&d fuese servido ir inme-

243 JLndaba a caza, 'was a hunting.'

241 Instruirle, 'to be instructed.' Verbs of command require an active,
not a passive infinitive in Spanish. —Note 71, 190; or Grammar, R. LV.
p. 215.
245 Cosa, 'a thing.' The a not used in Spanish. —Grammar, case 2,

r>. 137.
24G Sin atreverse a intentar, 'without daring to attempt.'
247 p or ver £i
j
<
as they saw him.'
248 Tan dueno del animo, 'so much in the good will.'
249 El, 'his.' Articles are often used instead of possessives. —Gram-
mar, Observations, p. 170-1.
* They, (the enemies of Alibeg,) understood.
f Al, to the, i. e. 'from the.' Verbs denoting taking away, require, in

Spanish, a 'to,' and not de, 'from.'

 HEROIC ACTIONS. 69

diatamente con el a casa del tesorero, alii se las daria

2 ^
Fue el rei, seguido de los acusadores ;
pero se hallo todo en
tan bello orden, i con tanta ecsactitud ajustada la cuenta de
2bl
los caudales en los libros, que nadie tuvo que decir
252
De alii se pasb a la casa del mismo Mahomet, donde el rei

admirb la moderacion que habza en alhajas, i adornos. Pero

observando uno de los enemigos del valido la puerta de un
253
cuarto cerrada, guarnecida con tres cadenas fuertes, se lo
advirtib al rei, el cual le preguntb que tenia cerrado en aquel
cuarto. "Seiior," respondib Mahomet, "aqui guardo lo que
es mio. Todo lo que hasta ahora se ha visto, es de V. M."
Diciendo esto, abrib la puerta. Entrb el rei en el cuarto, i

volviendo a todas partes los ojos, no vib otra cosa, sino las
alhajas siguientes: una zamarra, una alforja, un cayado, i

una flauta.

Atonito las miraba el rei, cuando, ponie?idose de rodillas de-

lante de el Mahomet, le dijo: " Seiior, este es el habito, i estos
los bienes, que yo tenia cuando el padre de V. M. me trajo a
la corte. Esto es lo que entonces tenza^ i esto lo que ahora
tengo. Solo esto conozco por mio. I pues que lo es, suplico
con mayor rendimiento a V. M. me permita gozarlo, volvi-
el

endome al monte de donde me estrajo mi fortuna."

Aqui no pudiendo contener el rei las lagrimas, le* echo los m
brazos al 254 jeneroso valido, i no contento con esta demostra-
cion, despojdndose prontamente de sus reales habitos, se los
hizo vestir a Mahomet ; lo que en Persia se estima por la su-

250 Se,
frequently stands for 'to him,' 'to her,' 'to you.' Las, 'them,'
refers here to cuentas, 'accounts;' therefore, alii se las daria, means,
'there he would give, render, show or present them to him.'
251
Tuvo que decir, 'had fault to find.'
252 Sepaso, 'they went.' — See 3d use of se, Grammar, p. 164.
253
Se, 'to him,' pleonastically used. — Grammar, 164. p.
* This le is redundantly used. — See Grammar, 164. p.
254
Echo los brazos, 'threw his arms.' The article used instead of the
pronoun. — See Grammar, p. 170-1.
 70 HEROIC ACTIONS.

prema honra que el rei puede hacer a un vasallo. De este

suceso resultb que Mahomet logrb despues cons tan tes 255 la
confianza i cariiio del principe toda su vida.
Jeronirno Feijoo.

LEALTAD I CONSTaNCIA DE LOS SAGUNTINOS.*

En vano por medio de una oculta mina logrb Anibal intro-
ducir sus tropas en la plaza, i sorprejiderla ; pues sus bizarros
defensores, lejos de desanimarse, se retiraron al centro de la
ciudad, se fortificaron en un pequeiio recinto adonde encer-
raron sus familias i sus haberes; i en esta disposicion se
mantuvieron con audacia incomparable, hasta que los viveres
quedaron absolutamente apurados. Aun entonces oyeron con
desprecio las condiciones propuestas por Anibal como indig-
nas de su heroico valor reputacion i creyendo mas decoroso
i ;

vender su libertad i vidas al caro precio de la sangre de Car-

256
tago, i caer como esforzados, antes que dejarse consumir 257
del hambre, tomaron la magnamina resolucion de morir com-
batiendo, i de sepultarse bajo las ruinas de su patria.
Encendieron en medio de la plaza una crecida hoguera;
entregaron a las llamas sus alhajas mas preciosas ; i, aprove-
chdndose de las sombras i silencio de la noche, hicieron el

235 Constantes, 'constantly.' — See notes 187, 194.

* The Saguntines, or inhabitants of Saguntum, now called Murviedro,
on the coast of Valencia. At the beginning of the second century be-
fore Christ, this city was invested in due form, by Annibal, at the
head of 150,000 men. After a siege of eight months, provisions entirely
failed at Saguntum, whose male inhabitants, rather than die with, or
surrender through hunger, sallied forth to meet the enemy, while the
females set the city on fire, killed their infants, and threw themselves
into the flames. The classic scholar has no doubt read in Livy a very
interesting account of this memorable event.
256 Caer como esforzados, 'to fall in battle like brave men.'
257 Antes que dejarse consumir, 'rather than allow themselves to be
wasted away.'
 HEROIC ACTIONS. 7]

altimo esfuerzo de su valor moribundo con una impetuosa

258
Balida. Sorprendieron al ejercito, le atacaron con furor i

rabia, e hicieron horrible carniceria. El combate fue obsti-

nado. Los Esparioles pelearon como leones, i solo ceso el
259
estrago de los. Cartajineses cuando dejaron de vivir los Sa-
guntinos. 260 Observaban sus mujeres desde la trinchera la

sangrienta pelea; i luego que 261 conocieron que el acero

262
enemigo habia acabado con los ultimos defensores de Sa

gunto, quitaron la vida a sus tiernos hijos; i despues sacrifi^

caron las suyas 263 al rigor de la espada, i a la voracidad del

incendio que consumia los edificios. Asi perecib despues de
ocho meses de sitio la celebre Sagunto, victima de su con-
slancia i lealtad; dejando al vencedor por despojo 264 un mon-
ton de cenizas i un espantoso esqueleto de ciudad. La
memoria de su ruina sera perpetuamente gloriosa a los
Espanoles.
Ascargorta.

258 Al ejercito, 'the enemy's army.'

259 Construct el estrago solo ceso. The subject is frequently placed in
Spanish after the verb. — See Grammar, Observations, p. 140, R. XXII.
p. 157.
260 Construct cuando los Saguntinos dejaron de vivir, 'when the Sagun-
tines ceased to live.' — See the above note.
201 Luego que, 'as soon as.'
262 Habia acabado con, 'had put an end '
to
883 Las suyas, 'their own.'

2W Por despojo, 'spoils.'

 :

Narrations*

g
MANSEDUMBRE DE JESUCRISTO,
Jamas en el universo ha parecido un hombre tan dulce^
tan virtuoso, tan benefico i tan amable. En todas sus ac-
ciones i discursos no se propuso otro objeto que hacemos
bien, instruimos, consolamos, i damos ideas 6 esperanzas
las mas capaces de satisfacer a nuestro deseo insaciable de
grandeza i de felicidad. Nada le aflijia, sino nuestros errores
nada le desagradaba, sino nuestros vicios: nada le daba
placer, sino nuestras virtudes, i nada le consolaba tanto como
recojer la oveja que se le perdta.
Nunca se le vio verdaderamente contristado, sino cuando
preveia nuestra obstinacion i las desgracias que nos debia
acarrear.
Haced reflecsion sobre lo que hizo, cuando yendo con sus
discipulos a Jerusalem, predijo las calamidades procsimas de
aquella rebelde i endurecida nacion. Ved la ternura i sensi-
bilidad con que las profetiza, los suspiros dolientes que eshala,
el torrente de lagrimas que vierte. ±
Que corazon se aflijib
nunca tanto 265 con los males ajenos? 266 dQue hombre sen- 1

sible i jeneroso no se entemecerd viendo una espresion tan

dolorida de un amor tan desinteresado i tierno ? No, no es
posible estudiar ni percibir el caracter de su espiritu, i la dul-

zura de su corazon, sin reconocer que fue el mejor de los

hombres ; i que jamas el cielo en su misericordia les ha dado
un bienhechor tan digno de su mano*
Vedle cuando en sus viajes pasando por Samaria, solo, sin
haber comido, i fatigado del calor i cansancio se sienta junto

265 Se aflijib nunca tanto, 'was ever so much afflicted.'

266 Males ajenos, 'other persons evils.' —Grammar, 10, note 1, p. 184
 NARflATlONSe 73

a Siquem eerca cle un pozo •

Con que afabilidad habla a una
;

mujer comun i pecadora! jComo la convida con el agua ce-

lestial de su gracia !
\
Como la declara positivamente que el

es el Mesias! jComo la inslruye en el modo cle adorar a

Dios en espiritu i verdad! jComo, cuando los discipulos

llegan i le compadecen de 267 no haber com id o todavia, les

responde que su alimento es servir a su Padre i ganarle, co

razones! jComo, cuando los hombres de la ciudad vienen

conducidos por aquella mnjer, tambien les liabla con el mismo
agrado! jComo aunque su designio fuese continuar su
cainino rogaclo por aquellos Samaritanos^ se detiene! jComo
cnira con ellos a la ciudad, i pasa con ellos el tiempo nece-
sario hasta que los inslruye i convierie! ^Que afabilidad!

;Que celo! ;Que condescendencia!

Vedle con la Cananea. En una de sus escursiones se le

presenia 263 una mujer estranjera i jentil, implora su socorro.

Se resiste, porque parece que no estaba en el orden de su
providencia empezar sino por las ovejas perdidas de Israel,
269
Pero la infeliz con humildad i con fe redoMa sus instancias,

repite sus ruegos con aquella hnportunidad que le agrada

tanto, i su buen corazon, sin poder resistir mas, se rinde, le
concede lo que pide, i la despacha consolada.
Pablo Olavides,

PENITENCIAS DE LOS BRACMANES.

Hal unos, que en los dias mas ardientes del estio, en un
suelo arenoso, retostado de los rayos del sol, desnudos, flados*
solo sobre un pie, se estmx\ desde el amanecer hasta el ano-

267 Le compadecen de, 'pity him for.'

26t>
Se le presenta, 'appears before him.*
269 La infeliz, 'the unhappy woman.' In such cases the substantive
is seldom expressed in Spanish. —Note 77
* Fiados, 'standing.'

t Se estdn, 'remain,' (in this manner,) understoed.

7
74 NARRATIONS.

checer. Hai quienes, 270 elevandose los pies en garfios de

hierro, fiados en el tronco de un arbol, se estan* pendientes
alii pies arriba, i cabeza abajo, hasta que el peso del cuerpo,
rasgando carnes, venas, nervios, i arterias, hace caer el cuerpo
a. tierra. Hai quienes haciendose atar las manos en las es-
271
paldas, llevan violentamente los brazos por sobre los hom-
bros, estan padeciendo por mucho tiempo inmensos dolores,
hasta que por ultimo pierden el uso de manos i brazos,
quedando estos por el resto de su vida pendientes, como
partes inanimadas. Pero sus mas ordinarias mortificaciones
son prolijos, i severisimos ayunos, con total abstinencia de
comida i bebida, que los reduce a la apariencia de meros
esqueletos.
Jeronimo Feijoo.

PENITENC1AS DE LOS AMIDAS.

272
Los sectarios de Amida, se hacen encarcelar en unas ca-
vernas, donde apenas tienen espacio para estar sentados, i

donde no pueden respirar sino por un tubo, que tienen cuidado

de conservar. Alii se dejan morir de hambre tranquilamente,
con la esperanza de que Amida vendrci a recibir su alma al
273
salir del cuerpo. Otros, se colocan sobre las puntas de
274
unas rocas altisimas, donde hai minas de azufre, de que a
veces salen algunas llamas ; i alii estan invocando sin cesar la

Deidad ; rogandole que acepte el sacrif icio de su vida, i luego

270 Unas, quien, cual, este, are used often to express, 'some,' 'this one,'
5
'those, 'others,' as the sense may require; hai quienes, 'there are some who.*
See note (f) p. 73.
271 Haciendose atar las manos en las espaldas, making their hands to be
tied, i. e. 'having their hands tied behind their backs.'
272 Se hacen encarcelar, 'order themselves to be confined/- Note
71, 190.
273 Al salir, 'on going out,' or 'separating itself;' al, in such cd.--.es, is

equivalent to 'on.'
274 Minas de azufre, 'sulphur mines.' —Grammar, R. XV. note 2, p. 141.
 NARRATIONS. 75

que parece alguna llama, tomdndola por serial de consentimi-

ento del Dios, 270 se arrojan por aquellos precipicios, en que
276
se hacen pedazos. Otros se tienden en tierra al encuentro
277
de los carros, en que llevan sus idolos en procesion, pa-
278
ra que las ruedas les quiebren los huesos, i destruyan el

cuerpo. Otros particularmente en las grandes solemnidades,

en que es mayor el concurso al templo, se postran a la entrada,
esperando a que cuando sea mayor el aprieto de la jente al
79
entrar, 6 al salir, los pise* i sofoque.
Jeronimo Feijoo.

LAS ARTES DIVINATORIAS SON RIDlCULAS.

Rara presuncion la del hombre, querer averiguar lo que
280 281
estd por venir! Pestafiea en lo pasado, anda a tientas en
lo presente, i* juzga tener ojos para lo futuro. Mientenle 282
las historias en lo que fue, los sentidos en lo que 65, i* cree
a vanos suenos 233 en lo que sera. 284 Esta estravagancia del
entendimiento nace del desorden de la voluntad. Cuanto
285
esta estd mas ciega, tanto pretende que el entendimiento sea
mas lince. Grande ceguera nuestra es abrazar con el deseo
lo ilicito; perb aun mayor buscar con el discurso, lo impene-
trable.

275 Del Bios, 'of the God.' Here, de ellos, 'of them, 5 is understood.
276 Se hacen pedazos, 'they tear themselves to pieces.'
277
Al encuentro de, 'to be met by.'
278 Les quubren los huesos, 'may break their bones.' —Grammar, 3,

p. 171.
279 Los pise, 'it (the crowd) may trample upon them.'
280
Estd por venir, 'is to come.'
281
Anda a, tientas, 'he gropes.'
* Sin embargo, 'yet,' 'notwithstanding,' understood.
282
Mientenle, 'give him the lie,' 'give him erroneous accounts of.'
283
A vanos suenos, 'with foolish confidence.'
284
Sera, 'is to he.'
285
Cuanto esta 'the more the will,' tanto, 'so much the more/
Grammar, R. XIX. p. 152.
 76 NARRATIONS.

Desde el celebro del hombre, a la rejion de los futures

continjentes,no abrib camino alguno la naturaleza; i donde
no hat senda, que guie al termino deseado, cualquiera rumbo
que se tome, lleva al precipicio. Esta ambicion fue el vicioso
orijen de tanta practica supersticiosa 286 como invent dron los
antiguos idolatras. Buscaban nolicia de lo venidero en los
astros, en los cadaveres, en las piedras, en los troncos, en el
acaso de las suertes, 237 en los delirios de sueiios, en las entra-
nas de las victimas, en las voces de los brutos. A toda la
naturaleza preguntaban lo que hatea de suceder288 i creian oir
la respuesta por mas que la hallaban sorda 289 a la consulta.

De la variedad de instrurnentos, que usaban para adivinar, se

denominaron tantes artes divinatorias,* que apenas caben en
la memoria los nombres, v

Jeronimo Feijoo.

COMODIDADES DEL RICO I DEL POBRE.

Viste el rico delicada olanda, i el pobre gruesa estopa;
pero dime si hasta ahora diste quejarse algun pobre, de que
la aspereza de la estopa, le ocasionaba al cuerpo alguna mo-
290
lestia. Esta ocioso el rico, i el pobre trabajando todo el

dia : pero no observas mas alegre al pobre en el trabajo, que

al rico en el ocio ; especialmente si trabaja en compania?
pasa\ festivo,^ cantando, i chanceando su tarea. Jlcabada

286 De tanta practica supersticiosa, 'of so many a superstitious prac-

tice,' the singular is used for the plural in both languages.
281 En el acaso de las suertes, 'in the chance of fate.'
288 <Lo que habia de suceder,' 'what was to happen.' —Note 12.
289 Construct par mas sorda que la hallaban, 'how deaf soever they
might find her,' (all nature.) —Note 180.
* Construct tantes artes divinatorias se denominaron.
2yo Construct le ocasionaba alguna molestia al cuerpo. —Grammar* Ob-
servations, p. 170-1.

t Pasa, (el tiempo) understood, 'spends his time/

t Note 187.
 NARRATIONS* 77
292
esta,
291
el descanso no es tin ocio insipido, como el del rico,

sino un dulce reposo ; i despues duerme el pobre con blando

i continuado suerio, al paso que con inquietud impaciente da
el rico mil vueltas en la cama, de modo que se puede decir
que el pobre trabaja de dia, i el rico de noche.
Si se ofrece una Jornada,* es verdad que el rico la hace a

caballo 6 en carroza, i el pobre a pie. Sin embargo, el rico

293
tiene mucho mas que sentir en ella: ya la inclemencia del
tiempo, ya la incornodidad de la posada, ya la dureza del
lecho, ya la faita de regaio. El pobre, hecho a todo, nada
estrafia; i asi de nada se duele. Yo, en mis viajes, he notado
que siempre el mozo de a pief que me asistia^ sentia mucho
menos que yo, las incomodidades del camino. Pues afiadase
& esto el susto^ de los ladrones, a quienes el pobre no tiene
por que temer; 29i cuando al rico, tras de cada tronco que hai
en el camino, se le representa un salteador.
Jeronimo Feijoo,

EL NO SE QUE. 295
En muchas producciones, no solo de la naturaleza, mas
aun del arte, encuentran los hombres, fuera de aquellas per-
fecciones sujetas a su comprehension, otro jenero de primor
#
misterioso, que cuanto lisonjea el gnsto* atormenta el enten-

291
Acabada esta. 'this being- finished.'— Grammar, R. LIII. note 4,

p. 205.
292
Como el del rico, 'as that cf the rich man. 5 —Grammar, R. XXXVI,
note 1, p. 182.
* Construct, Si una Jornada se ofrece, 'if a voyage is to be performed.
293
Que sentir en ella. Ho feel in it,' (the journey.) —'Grammar, R.L"V,
note 5, p. 215.

f Mozo de a pie, or de espuela, 'footman.

5

254 No tiene por que tenter, 'has no reason to fear.

5

2"5
El no se que, 'the certain something ;' the <je ne sais quoi.'
>
— Note 113.
* Mas f tanto mas, understood, 'the more.' — Grammar, R. XXXVI.
p. 182.
7*
78 narrations.
296
dimiento; que pa/pa el sentido, i no puede descifrar la
297
razon; i asi, al querer espJicar\e, no encontrando voces, ni
29S
conceptos que satisfagan la idea, se dejan caer desalentados
299
en el rudo informe, de que tal cosa tiene un no se que, que
agrada, que enamorcu que kechiza, i no hai que pedirles 300
revelacion mas clara de esta natural misterio. Entran en un
edificio, que al primer golpe de vista 301 los llena de gusto i

admiracion. Bepdsanle luego eon atento ecsamen, i no kaU

Ian que ni por su grandeza, ni por la copia de luz, ni por la
preciosidad del material, ni por la ecsacta observancia de las
reglas de arquitectura csceda, ni aun acaso iguale a otros que
302
kan visto sin tener que gustar 6 que admirar en ellos. Si

les pre gunt an, que kalian de esquisito, 6 primoroso en este,

respondent ^ tiene un no se que, que embelesa."
Jeroniuio Feijoo,

DEBEMOS RECORRER NUESTRAS ACCIONES.

Piensa en los pecados que has hecho, i haces cada clia r

despues que abrisle los ojos al conocimiento de Dios ; i hai-

lards que todavia vive en ti Adan con muchas de las raices i

costumbres antiguas. Mira, cuan descarado eres para con

Dios, cuan ingrato a sus beneficios, cuan rebelde a sus inspi-
raciones, cuan perezoso para las cosas de su servicio ,

Consider a cuan duro eres para con el projimo, i cuan

piadoso para contigo: cuan aniigo de tw piopia voluntad, i de

296 El sentido, 'our senses.'

297 Al querer, 'on being willing/ 'anxious.' Note — 167., 218.
208 Que satisfagan la idea, 'to convey the idea.'
290 Se dejan caer desalentados en el rudo informe de, 'they despair of
giving any better explanation than this.'
300 I no hai qvs pedirles, 'and there is no asking them,' or 'we must not
ask them.'
301
Al primer golpe de vista,, 'at first sight.'
302 Sin tener que gustar 6 admirar en ellos, 'without having much to
admire or to be pleased at.'
 Narrations. 79

til carne i de tu honra, i de todos tus intereses. Mir a como

todavia eres soberbio, airado, subito, vanaglorioso, envidioso,
malicioso, regalado, mudable, liviano, sensual, amigo de tus
recreaciones i conversaciones, risas i palerias. Mira, otrosi

cuan inconstante eres en los buenos propositos, cimn inconsi-

derado en tus palabras, cuan desproveido en tus obras, i cuan
cobarde i pusilanime para cualesquier graves negocios.
Considera ya por esta orden la muchedumbre de tus peca-

dos, considera luego la graved ad de ellos, para que veas como

por todas partes es crecida tu miseria, Para lo cual debes
primeramente consider ar: contra quien pecaste; i hallards
que pecaste contra Dios, cuya bondad i majestad es infmita, i

cuyos beneficios i misericordias para con el hombre, sobre-

pujan las arenas del mar i
Asi se paga aquella sangre
preciosa que se derramb en la cruz ? ;
O miserable de ti,
303

por lo que perdiste, i mucho mas por lo que hiciste, i mui

mucho mas si con todo esto no sientes tu perdicion!
Luis de Granada.

AMEMOS LA VIRTUD.

Vemos que entre las cosas criadas, unas hai honestas, otras
hermosas, otras provechosas, otras agraclables, i otras con
otras perfecciones. Entre estas tanto suele una ser mas # per-
fecta i mas digna de ser amada, cuanto mas cle estas perfec-

ciones participa. Pues, segun esto, i

cuanto merece ser
amada la virtud, en quien todas estas perfecciones se hallcm?
Porque si por honestidad va* 304 ; que cosa mas honesta que la
virtud que es la raiz i fuente de toda honestidad ? Si por
honra ua, <:a quien se debe la honra i el acatamiento, sino a
la virtud? Si por hermosura va, ; que cosa mas hermosa, que

303
/ O miserable de ti! 'wo to thee !' 'O wretched that thou art !'
* Tanto suele una ser, c
one is apt to he the more.' —Grammar, R.
XXXVI. p. 182.
a(M Si por honestidad va, «if it be in regard to honesty.'
 ;

SO ttAfcRATIONSi

la imajen de la virtud ? Si por utilidad va, <

que cosa hai de
mayores utilidades i esperanzas que la virtud ? pues por ella

se alcanza el sumo biem La longura de los dias, con los

bienes de la eternidad, estdn en su diestra; i en su siniestra,

riquezas i gloria. Pues, si por deleites Da, <que mayores de-

leites, que los de la buena conciencia i de la caridad, i de la
paz, i de la libertad de los hijos de Dios, i de las consola-
eiones del Espiritu Santo, lo cual todo anda en compania de
la virtud? Pues si* desea lama i memoria; en memoria
eterna vivird el justo, i el n ombre de los malos se pudrird, i

asi como humo, desaparecerd.

Luis de Granada.

CALAMIDADES DE LA ALEMXNIA, BORGOff A, I LORENA.

<; Que jeneros de tormentos crueles, inventdron los tiranos
305
contra la inocencia, que no los hayamos™ 6 visto en obra? 307
No ya contra barbaros inhumanos, sino Contra naciones
cultas, civiles, i relijiosas; i no contraf enemigas, sino con*
tra si mismas, turbando\ el orden natural del parentesco, i

308
desconocido el afecto a la patria. Las mismas§ ausiliares
se volvian contra quien las sustentaba; mas sangrienta era la
defensa que la oposicion; no habia diferencia entre la protec*

* La virtud, or el virtuoso, understood.

305 Los, is here redundantly used. It might just as well be left out
if it were not that it seems to fill up the period better, and give it a more
harmonious rotundity. In similar instances we frequently find these
pronominal objectives used, apparently against the rules of grammar.
306 Hayamos. Here the indicative, and not the subjunctive, as in
Spanish, is required in English. The genius of the two languages
sometimes differs in regard to the use of moods and tenses. — Grammar,
p. 215, 217.
307 En obra, inflicted, put in practice.

f Naciones; J Asi, or de esta manera, understood.

308
J desconocido el afecto d la pdtria, and the love of country being
disregarded. —
Grammar, R. LIU. note 4, p. 205.
§ Tropas, understood.
 NARRATIONS, 81

cion i el despojo; entre la amistad i la hostilidad. A ningun

edif icio iluslre, a ningun lugar sagrado, perdono la furia i la

llama. Breve espacio de tiempo vib en cenizas las villas i las

ciudades, i reducidas a desiertos las poblaciones.

Insaciable/we la sed de sangre humana. Como en troncos,
se probaban en los pechos de los horabres las pistolas i las

espadas; la vista se alegraba de los disformes visajes de la

muerte; abiertos los pechos i vientres human os Servian de
pesebres Las mujeres se vendian i permutaban por
vacas i caballos, como las demas presas i despojos En
las selvas i bosques, donde tienen refujio las fieras,* no lo
teman los hombres; porque con perros venteros los buscaban
por el rastro. Los lagos no estaban seguros de la codicia
injeniosa en inquirir las alhajas, sacando\&s con anzuelos i

redes de sus profundos senos. Aun los huesos difuntos per-

309
dieron su ultimo reposo; trastornadas las urnas, i levantados
los marmoles. para buscar lo que en ellos estaba escondido.
Diego Saavedra Fajardo.

COMO SE DESCUBRE EL INJENIO DE LOS NINOS.

Si el nino es jeneroso i altivo, serena la frente i los ojuelos,

i risueiio oye las alabanzas ; i los| retira entristeciendose, si
310
se le afea algo. Si es animoso ; afirnia el rostro, i no se
conturba con las sombras i amenazas de miedos ; sQ liberal,

desprecia los juguetes, i los reparte; si vengativo, dura en

los enojos, i no depone las lagrimas 311 sin la satisfaction ; si

* Construct las fieras tienen refujio.

309 Trastornadas urnas, 'the urns being or having been upset/
la,s

Participles are very frequently used in this absolute manner. — See the
preceding note.
f Los, 'them/ referring to the eyes.
310 Si se le afea algo, 'if he be reproached with any thing.'
X Es, understood.
311
No depone las lagrimas, 'does not cease from shedding tears.*
£2 NARRATIONS.

colerico, por lijeras causas se conmneve, deja caer el sobre-

312
cejo, mira de soslayo, 313 i levanta las manecillas; si benig-
314
no, con la visa i los ojos granjea las voluntades ;
si melan-
colieo, aborrece la compania, ama la soledad, eg obstinado en
el lianto, dificil en la risa, i siempre cubierta con nubecillas
313
de tristeza la frente ;
si aiegre, ya levanta las cejas, i adelan-
tando los ojuelos, vierte por ellos luces de regocijo, ya los
retire^ i plegados los parpados en graciosos dobleces, mani-
fiesta por ellos lo festivo del animo, 316 asi las demas virtudes
6 vicios traslada el corazon al rostro, hasta que mas adver-
tida la edad 317 los retira i cela. Pero no siempre estos juicios
318
salen ciertos, porque la naturaleza tal vez burla 219 la curi
osidad humana que investiga sus obras, i se retira de su
curso ordinario Otras veces la naturaleza se esfuerza
por escederse a si misma, 320 i junta monstruosamente grand es
virtudes i grandes vicios, como se vio en Alcibiades. * . . . .

Asi obra la naturaleza desconocida a si misma pero ;

la razon
i el arte, corrljen i pulen sus obras.
Diego Saavedra Fajardo.

INVASION DE LOS MOROS EN ESPANA.

No se puede pensar jenero de mal con que Espana no
fuese aflijida; claro castigo de Dios, que por tal manera

312 Deja caer el sobrecejo, 'puts on a frown.'

313 Mira de soslayo, 'looks askance.'
314 Granjea las voluntades, 'gains the good will of every body. 5
315 Siempre cubierta con nubecillas de trisieza la frente, 'his face always
clouded with sadness.'
316 Lo festivo del animo, 'the cheerfulness of his mind.'
317 Hasta que mas advertida la edad, 'until becoming more cautious by
age.'
318 Estos juicios salen ciertos, 'these opinions prove to be correct.'
319 La naturaleza tal vez burla, 'nature sometimes baffles.'
320 Se esfuerza para escederse d si misma, 'makes efforts to surpass

herself.'
 NARRATIONS. 83

tomaba venganza, no solo de los malos, sino tambien de los

inocentes, por el menosprecio de la relijion i de sus leyes
De esta manera cayb Espaiia; tal fue el fin del nobilisimo
reino de los Godos. Con el cielo sin duda se revuelven las
cosas de aca, 321 lo que tuvo principio, es necesario se acabe;
lo que nace, muere; i lo que crece, se envejece. Cayb, pues,
el reino i jente de los Godos; no sin providencia i consejo
del cielo, como a mi me parece, para que despues de tal cas-
tigo, de las cenizas i de la sepultura de aquella jente naciese
i se levantase una nueva i santa Espaiia; de may ores fuerzas
i seiiorio que antes era, refujio en este tiempo, amparo i co-
lumna de la relijion catolica, que,* compuesta de todas sus
partes, i como de sus miembros, termina su mui ancho impe-
rio, i le estiende, como hoi lo vemos, hasta los ultimos fines
del Levante i Poniente.
Juan de Mariana.

REINO DE NAVARRA.
Despues de aquel memorable i triste estrago con que casi
toda Espaiia que do asolada i sujeta por los moros, jente feroz

i despiadada ; de las ruinas del imperio Gotico, no de otra

manera que de 322 los materiales i pertrechos de algun grande
edificio cuando cae, muchos seiiorios se levantaron; peque-
iios al principio, de estrechos terminos i flacas fuerzas. Las
reliquias de los Esparioles que escapdron de aquel fuego, i de
aquel naufrajio comun i miserable, echados de sus moradas
antiguas, parte se refujidron a las Asturias, de que resultb el
reino de Leon ;
parte se encerrb en los montes Pirineos, en
sus cumbres i asperezas, donde moran, i tienen su asiento los

Vizcainos i Navarros Estos, confiados en la fortaleza i

321 Con el cielo sin duda se revuelven las cosas de acd, 'by the decrees of
heaven the affairs of this world are without doubt directed.'
* Que, refers to Espana.
322 No de otra manera que de, 'in the same manner as from the.'
84 narrations*

Iragura de aquellos lugares, no solo defcndieron su libertad^

sino irataron i acometieron tambien de ayndar 323 a los demas

de Espafia ; varones sin duda escelentes ; de mayor animo
que fuerzas.
Juan de Mariana*

ESPANOLES ANTlGUOS I MODERNOS.

Groseras, i sin policia ni crmnza, fuer on antiguamente las
costumbres de los Espanoles. Sus injenios mas de fieras,

que de hombres. En guardar secreto se senalaron estraor^

324
dinariamente: no eran parte los tormentos, por rigurosos
que fuesen* 25 para hacersele quebrantar. Sus animos inqui-
etos i bulliciosos: la lijereza i soltura de los cuerpos estraor-
dinaria; dados a las relijiones falsas i culto de los dioses:
aborrecedores del estudio de las ciencias, bien que de grandes
326
injenios. Lo cual, transferidos en otras provincias, mostrd*-
ron bastantemente, que ni en claridad de entendimiento, ni en
escelencia de memoria, ni aun en la elocuencia i hermosura
de las palabras, daban ventaja a 327 ninguna otra nacion. En
la guerra fueron mas valientes contra los enemigos, que astu-
tos i sagaces. El arreo de que usaban, simple i grosero ; el

mantenimiento mas en cantidad que esquisito ni regalado:

bebzan de ordinario agua, vino mui poco : contra los malhe-
chores eran rigurosos, con los estranjeros, benignos i amo-
rosos.
Esto fue antiguamente porque en este tiempo mucho se
;

han acrecentado asi 328 los vicios, corno 328 las virtudes. Los

323 Tratdron i acometieron tambien de ayudar, 'thought of aiding and

did actually aid.'
324 No eran parte los tormentos, 'torments could not.'
325 p or rigurosos que fuesen, 'however severe.' —Note 180, 233.
326 Lo cual, 'which,' referring to the circumstance of being de grandes
injenios, 'possessed of great talents.'
327 Daban ventaja a, 'were surpassed by.'
'
323 j[s t como; 'both and ;' 'as well ..... as.'
 NARRATIONS. 85

estudios de la sabidurfa Jlorecen cuanto en cualquiera parte

del mundo. En ninguna provmcia hai mayores, ni mas
ciertos premios para la virtud; en ninguna nacion tiene la
329
carrera mas abierta i patente el valor i doctrina para adelan-
330
tarse En lo que mas se senalan es en la constancia de la

relijion i creencia antigua: con tanta mayor gloria, pues en

las naciones comarcanas en el mismo tiempo, todos los ritos
i ceremonias se alteran con opiniones nuevas i estravagantes
Dentro de Espana Jlorece el consejo ; fuera, las armas.

Sosegadas las guerras domesticas, i echados los Moros de

Espana,* han peregrinado por gran parte del mundo con for-

taleza increible. Los cuerpos so?i, por naturaleza, sufridores

de trabajos i de hambre ; virtudes con que han vencido todas
las dificultades que han sido en ocasiones mui grandes por
mar i por tierra. Verdad es, que en nuestra edad se ablandan
los naturales, i enfiaquecen con la abundancia de deleites i

con el aparejo que hai de todo gusto i regalo de todas mane-

ras, en comida i en vestido. El trato i comunicacion de las

otras naciones que acuden a la fama de nuestras riquezas i

traen mercaderias que son a proposito para enjiaquecer los

naturales con su regalo i blandura, son ocasion de este dano.
331
Con esto, debilitadas las fuerzas i estragadas con las cos-

tumbres estranjeras, muchos viven desenfrenados, sin

poner fin ni tasa, ni a la lujuria, ni a los gastos, ni a los
arreos i galas.
Juan de Mariana.

329 Construct en ninguna nacion el valor i doctrina tiene la carrera mas

abierta i patente.
330 para adelantarse^ the same as para que se adelante, or para que
uno adelante, 'for advancement.'
* Ellos, 'they,' referring to los Espanoles, understood.
331
Debilitadas las fuerzas i estragadas, 'the energy of the people
being weakened and exhausted.'

8
 86 NARRATIONS t

SiTIO I PRODUCTION DE LA ISLA DE CElLAft;

Es Ceilan una de las mas raras islas del orbe i la mas f ertiL
Yace frontera del Cabo Comorin, poblada i cultivada con
magnificencia. JYacen en ella todas las plantas conocidas en
todas las otras partes de la tierra. RieganW 32 diversos rios,
i fuentes purisimas con escelentes propiedades, de aguas de-
leitosas i medicinales^ entre las cuales nacen otras* de betun
liquido, mas denso que nuestro aceite; i alguna| de puro
balsamo. Volcanes de perpetuas llamas, que arrojan entre
las asperezas de la montaiia losas de azufre, i alii mismo 333
altas arboledas, en cuyas ramas se suelen ver jeneros de aves
de cuantas vuelan en las otras partes del mundo.
Munda de elefantes tan nobles, que les reconocen supe-
rioridad los demas,J puestos en su presencia. Por su instinto

en los de esta isla, se puede afirmar lo que Aristoteles, Plu-<

tarco, Ateneo, Eliano, Plinio, i otros que trataron de la histo-
ria natural, testifican^ que, ora sea por conocimiento 6 por
334
habito, tienen sociedad con el injenio, sentidos i aun con la

prudencia de los hombres.§ Aquel honor|| de no quererse

embarcar, si entienden que son llevados para servir a prin-
cipes en tierras peregrinas; i que obedecen, si les juran que
335
les volverdn a su patria. Aflijirse de palabras espanto-
sas; guardar 335 cierta especie de relijion, reconociendo al sol

332 Rieganla, 'it is

5
watered by, in similar cases it is better to use the
passive verb in English.
* Fuentes, Fuente, understood.
f
333 Alii mismo, 'in that same place.'
,

% Construct que los demas les reconocen superioridad.

334 Tienen sociedad con, 'they partake of.'

§ In this and in the next instance, asombra, or marancilla, or es admi-

rable, is understood.

||
Que tienen, understood.
ZZb Aquel, understood. Aquel de, 'their being grieved or
aflijirse

afflicted by;' aquel guardar, 'their keeping.'

 NARRATIONS. 87

i a la luna. Tienen memoria de lo que aprenden, i segun Jilio

nos persuade, podemos creer que lloran las noches su servi-

dumbre con angustiosas murmuraciones i ; si en medio del

moderan
llanto sobreviene alguna persona, los jemidos con
vergonzoso movimiento ; i en efecto parece que sienten el

agravio de su suerte.
En esta tierra les toco el cargar i descargar los navios,
donde el peso del comercio,* armas, metales, bastimentos, i

cualquiera otra materia del trato, penden de"j* sus colmillos, 6

les oprimen laj cerviz. De mejor gana sustentan336 armada
sobre sus espaldas la jente de guerra, i grandes castillos edifi-

cados en ellas. Sirven a los Chingalas, no como en Roma

en los espectaculos, sino en las batallas, como solian% a los
Cartajineses.
Bartolome Leonardo de Arjensola.

TRES ACCIONES FORMAN LA HIST6RIA DE AMERICA.

Los hechos de Cristobal Colon en su admirable navega-
cion, i en las primeras empresas de aquel nuevo mundo; lo
que obro Hernan Cortes con el consejo i con las armas, en la
conquista de Nueva Esparia, cuyas vastas rejiones duran to-
337
davia en la incertidumbre de sus terminos ; i lo que se debib
a Francisco Pizarro, i trabajdron los que le sucedieron en
sojuzgar aquel dilatad'isimo imperio de la America Meridional,
teatro de varias trajedias i estraordinarias novedades, son tres
argumentos de historias grandes, compuestas de aquellas

* El peso del comercio, 'the weight of commercial commodities.'

f Penden de, 'hangs on,' 'is carried by.'

% Les oprimen la, 'presses on their.'

336 De mejor gana sustentan, 'they prefer to bear.'
§ Servir, understood; solian servir, 'were wont to serve,' 'they were
wont to be used by.'
337 Cuyas vastas rejiones duran todavia en la incertidumbre de sus ter-

minos, 'the limits or boundaries of whose vast regions are yet unknown.'
88 NARRATIONS.

ilustres hazanas, i admirables accidentes de ambas fortunas, 333

que dan materia digna a los anales, agradable alimento a la

memoria, i utiles ejemplos al entendimiento i al valor de los

hombres.
Antonio de Solis.

MUERTE DE MAJISCATZIN.
Sintib Hernan Cortes su muerte como perdida incapaz de
consuelo 339
;
aunque le hacia mas falta 340 como amigo que como
director de sus intentos, por hallarse ya introducido en la
341
voluntad i respeto de toda la republica. Pero el cielo,

que al parecer cuidaba de animarle para que no desistiese * le

socorrio entonces con un suceso favorable,! que mitigo su

tristeza, i puso de mejor condicion sus esperanzas.
Resolvio otro dia Cortes entrar de luto en la ciudad; pre-
vtnose de ropas negras, que vistieron sobre las armas el i sus
342
capitanes, a cuyo efecto mando tefiir algunas mantas de la
343
tierra. Hzzose la entrada, sin mas aparato que la buena
ordenanza, i tin silencio artirlcioso en los soldados, que iba
344
public ando el duelo de su jeneral. Tuvo esta demostra-
345
cion grande aplauso entre los nobles i plebeyos de la
ciudad, porque amaban todos al diiunto como padre de la*

338 De ambas fortunas, 'of both good and bad fortune.'

339 Incapaz de consuelo, 'for which he could find no consolation.'
340 Aunque le hacia mas falta, 'though he missed more.'
341
Por hallarse ya introducido en la voluntad, 'as he had already gained
the good will.'
* Para que no desistiese, 'that he might not desist,' (from entering the

town of Flascala, to which Xicoteneal, who had just died, had invited
him.)
f Suceso favorable, 'favourable occurrence,' 'happy thought.'
342
A cuyo efecto mando teiiir, 'for which purpose he ordered to
be dyed/— Note 71, 190.
343 De la
tierra, 'domestic,' 'home manufactured.'
344 Iba publicando, 'was proclaiming,' 'showed.' —Note 91.
345 Tuvo grande aplauso entre, 'was very much applauded bv.'
 Narrations. 89

patria. 1 aunque no se pone duda en el sentimiento 346 de

Cortes, que se lamentaba muchas veces de su perdida, i tenia
razon para sentirla.] se puede creer que vistio el luto con
animo de ganar voluntaries, i que fue una esterioridad a dos
347
luces en que hizo cuanto pudo por su* dolor, sin olvidarse
de hacer algo por el aura popular. 348
Antonio de Solis*

ENCUENTRO DE JIL BLAS CON CHINCHILLA.

Luego que llegue a Madrid, estableci mi habitacion 349 en
una posada, en donde, entre otras personas, vivia un capitan
viejo, que, desde las estremidades de Castilla la Nueva, habia
venido a la corte, para solicitar una pension que creia tenet
bien merecida. Llamabase Don Anibal de Chinchilla; no
sin espanto le vi la primera vez era un hombre de sesenta
:

aiios, de una estatura jigantesca i estraordinariamente flaco*

Tenia unos bigotes espesos que subian, retorciendose por los
dos lados, hasta las sienes ; ademas de que le faltaba350 un
brazo i una pierna, tenia tapado un ojo con un gran parche
de tafetan verde, i casi todo su rostro Ueno de cicatrices. En
el resto era como los otros. Por lo demas no le faltaba en^
tendimiento, i le sobraba gravedad. En cuanto a costumbres,
era mui escrupuloso, i se picaba sobre todo en puntos de
honra.
Naturalmente nos interesamos por un hombre valiente
351
cuando se le ve ajado : le eshorte a que se mantuviera firme •

346 No se puede dudar el sentimiento de Cortes, 'the sorrow manifested

by Cortes cannot be doubted.'
347
A dos luces, 'with two objects.'
* Manifestar, 'to show,' understood.
248 Por aura popular,
el 'for the sake of popularity.'
349 mi
Estableci habitacion, 'I took lodgings.'
350 Edemas de que le faltaba, 'besides his wanting.'
351 Se le ve ajado, 'when we see him disfigured.' Here se, is the sub-
ject of ve, and stands for 'one,' 'they,' 'we,' &c. —Grammar, Observa-
tion 3, p. 165.
8*
 —

90 NARRATIONS.

me ofreci a ponerle de balde en limpio 352 sus memoriales;

llegue hasta abrirle mi bolsillo, i le suplique que tomara lo
que quisiera. Pero no era de aquellos que en semejantes
ocasiones esperan pocas suplicas; al contrario, se manifesto
mui delicado, i me did las gracias. 353 Despues de esto me
dijo que por no mole star a nadie, se habia acostumbrado
poco a poco a tni?ir con tanta sobriedad, que el menor ali-
mento bastaba para su subsistencia, lo que era mui cierto.
No se alimentaba de otra cosa que 354 cebollas i ajos, i asi solo

tenia el pellejo i los huesos. Para no tener testigos de sus

malas comidas, se encerraba en su cuarto a la hora de ellas.
Jil Bias.*

LA CASADA I LA RELIJIOSA.
No digo yo que el casado 6 alguno 355 ha de carecer de ora-
356
cion; sino, digo la diferencia que ha de haber 357 entre las

buenas relijiosa i casada. Porque, en aquella el orar es todo

su oficio, en esta ha de ser medio el orar para que mejor
cumpla su oficio. Aquella no quiso el marido,338 i negb el

mundo, i DESPiDiose de todos para conversar siempre i desem-

barazadamente con Cristo; esta ha de tratar con Cristo para

352
A ponerle de balde en limpio, 'to copy off gratis.'
353 1 me did las grdcias, and he thanked me. The mere act of giving

thanks, in Spanish, is expressive of answering in the negative.

354 No se alimentaba de otra cosa, 'he lived only on.'
* Jil Bias is the name of the book from which this and other pieces
have been extracted. There hangs in regard to the authorship of this

book a mystery which the severest investigation has not yet unravelled.
Those who may be anxious to enter fully into this literary problem are
referred to the North American Review, No. LVII. p. 278, and the
works mentioned there.
355 El casado 6 alguno, 'the married or any other person.'
356 Ha de carecer de oracion, 'must, or is to be wanting in prayer.'
Note 12.
357 Que ha de haber, 'there must,' 'there need be.' —Note 12.
358 No quiso el marido, 'did not wish to take a husband.'
 Narrations. 91
359
alcanzar del gracia i favor, con que acierte a criar el hijo

i a gobernar bien la casa, i a servir como es razon 360 al ma-

rido. Aquella ha de vivir para orar contirmamente ; esta ha

de orar para vivir como debe, Aquella aplace a Dios rega-

landose con el; 361 esta le ha de servir trabajando en el

gobierno de su casa por el.

Mas considere vm. como reluce aqui la grandeza de la di-

vina bondad, que se tiene por servido de nosotros con aquella
mismo que es provecho nuestro. Porque, a la verdad,
cuando no hubiera otra cosa que inclinara a la casada a
hacer el deber362 sino es la paz i sosiego i gran bien que en
363
esta vida sacan i interesan las buenas de serlo;* esto solo
bastaba. Porque, sabida cosa es, que cuando la mujer asiste
'
a su of icio, el marido la ama, i la familia anda en concierto,36
i aprenden virtud los hijos, i la paz reina, i la hacienda crece,
I como la luna llena, en las noches serenas se goza rodeada, 363
i como acompanada, de clarisimas lumbres, las cuales todas
366
parece que avivan sus luces en ella, i que la miran i reve-
rencian; asi la buenaf en su casa reina i resplandece, i con-
367
vierte a si juntamente los ojos i corazones de todos.
Luis de Leon.

359 Con que acierte, c

by means of which she may succeed in.'
360 Como es razon, 'as it is right she should.'
361
Regaldndose con el, 'giving herself up entirely to him.'
362
A hacer el deber, 'to perform her duty.'
363 Sacan i interesan las buenas, 'the good wifes derive and receive.'
* De serlo, 'of being so,' that is, of being good wifes.
864 Anda en concierto, 'is well arranged,' 'well managed.'
365 ge g0za rodeada, 'delights in being surrounded.'
366 Que avivan sus luces en ella, 'to make it shine more vividly with
their own light.'

f Casada, or esposa, 'wife,' understood.

867 Convierte a si, 'attracts.'
 ;

92 NARRATIONS.

EN QUE CONSISTE LA VERDADERA DICHA HUMANA.

Tenemos los hombres 368 unas ideas mui erradas sobre nues-
tra* felicidad; todosf jeneralmente la buscamos con la mayor
ansia, dilijencia i desvelo, i mui pocos la cncontramos. Cree-
mos hallarlsL en aquellas m ism as cosas, cuya instabilidad cono-
ccmos; i siempre ciegos, siempre insensatos, nos dejamos
arrastrar 360 infelizmente de las preocupaciones mundanas, sin
poner la mira en lo que sabemos por esperiencia, que es lo
mas solido i permanente. Todos estos son efectos de nuestra
flaqueza, que se Usonjea con el vano esplendor de la vanidad
i del orgullo; i ofuscados de aquella esterior brillantez que
nos presenta, seguimos el ejemplo deplorable, i funesto de
otros muchos que obcecados i alucinados de las mismas
370
futiles ideas, kalian por fin el fastidio, la inquietude el dis

gusto, la molestia i la miseria en lo que crezan encontrar el

reposo, la alegria, el gusto i la felicidad.

Si el hombre reflecsionase con madurez, que no en las

vanidades del mundo, ni en las riquezas que anhela la sedienta

codicia.J sino en la tranquilidad de la conciencia i en la me-

'diocridad estd la verdadera dicha; si considerase que no la
371
satisfaccion de los sentidos, ni el saciar los apetitos, produce
el verdadero bien, sino el cultivo de la virtud i el cumplimi-
ento de las obligaciones de su estado; se contentarza mas
372 373
facilmente viviria sin tantas zozobras; no anhelaria
s .

368 Tenemos los hombres, 'men have.'

* Nuestra, 'their ;'
because the construction of the Spanish requires
the verbs and pronouns to be in the first person.

f Todos, 'we all.'

369 Nos dejamos arrastrar,
'we allow ourselves to be carried away.
370 Por fin, 'at last.'

% Construct: que la sedienta codicia anhela, 'which greedy avarice pants

after.'
371
El saciar los apetitos, 'the satiety of the appetites.'
372 Se coWentaria mas facilmente, 'would be more easily satisfied.'
173
2fe is, plural of tanto-a, 'so many.'
 NARRATIONS. 93

cargos pesados que no puede desempefiar ; abrazaria solo aquel

estado, a que sus inclinaciones le llamasen; no fundaria el en-
tusiasmo del honor en los titulos pomposos, ni en los brillantes
distintivos, sino en obrar en todo como hombre de bien,374 i al

fin de esta corta i miserable vida, moriria sin aquellos te-

375
mores que producen los vicios i delitos. Pero por desgra-
cia del jenero humano, 376 jeneralmente se tiene* por loco, fatuo
6 estravagante cualquiera,* que, despreciando todo cuanto
377
puede openerse 6 se opo?ie a un recto modo de pensar i

obrar, lo que puede precipitarle en un irremediable precipicio,

lo que solo es apariencia i futilidad, i lo que es dafioso a su

conciencia, sigue aquellas verdaderas macsimas, propias de
una rilosofia cristiana, aprecia mas la virtud que todos los
intereses mundanos, i solo anliela lo que sinceramente conoce
le puede proporcionarf aquella felicidad i alegria inmutable,

que no pueden quitar ni los hombres ni los siglos.J

Son mui pocos los hombres que piensan de este modo, i

por lo mismo 378 son muchos los que vituperan i censuran a

los que lo hacen; siendo la mayor lastima, que incurren en el

m Hombre de Men, 'honest man. 5

375 Construct los vicios i delitos producen; the subject, as has been
frequently repeated, is placed in Spanish very often after the verb.
See, again, Grammar, Observations, p. 140, R. XXII. p. 157.
576 por desgrdcia del jenero humano, 'unfortunately for mankind.'
* The difficulty of translating this and the following sentences arises
altogether from the fact, which it is impossible to repeat too often, that
the verb in Spanish, is placed often before the subject. Se tiene, 'is

held,' in this sentence precedes its subject cualquiera, 'any one.' Let
the student construct cualquiera se tiene por loco, &c. 'any one is consi-
dered foolish,' &c. and he will find no difficulty in translating the rest.
377 Puede openerse, 6 se opone, 'can be, or is Another im-
opposed.'
portant consideration which the student must bear mind is, that the
in
reciprocal pronoun se, is used to form the passive voice. See Grammar, —
Observations, § 2, p. 165.

t Le puede proporcionar, 'can procure him.'

J Construct ni los hombres ni los siglos pueden quitar.

f 9 fpor lo mismo, 'and for this reason.'
 94 NARRATIONS.

mismo pernicioso error aun las personas que por su dignidad,

caracter i talentos deberzan despreciar todo cuanto sirviese
para inspirar en el corazon human o, ya de suyo 379 debil i

corrompido, vanidad, orgullo, soberbia, i abandono de la vir-

tud. Sin embargo de la corrupcion jeneral, no faltan cora-
zones* que sean incontrastables e inaccesibles a eslas vergon-
zosas pasiones, autorizadas por el mundo enganoso, que, ofus-
cando a los hombres con sus* lisonjeros atractivos, les hacen
creer que solo en ellos esta el verdadero bien, i les persuaden
a que se considered 30 como inmortales. jQue ceguedad!
jque ilusion!
Garcia Malo.

DESTIERRO DEL CONDE-DUQUE.f

Diverttase algunas veces el conde, para variar sus ocupa-
ciones, en cultivar su jardin. Estdbale yo an dia viendo en
aquel inocente trabajo, me dip en un tono serio festivo;
i i

I
Que te parece, Jil Bias, no es un espectaculo tan estrano
"

como divertido, el ver a un ministro desterrado de Madrid,

hacer de jardinero en Loeches ?" u Senor," le respondz en el

mismo tono, "me parece que estoi viendo a Dionisio Siracu-

sano dando la lei en Sicilia, i ensefiando despues a leer i es-

cribir a los nirios de Corinto." Sonriose un poco el amo, i

379 De suyo, 'naturally,' 'by its own nature.'

* No faltan corazones, 'hearts are not wanting.
380 1 les persuaden a que se consideren, 'and persuade them to consider
themselves.' One verb frequently governs another in the subjunctive
in Spanish, when the infinitive is required in English.
f The Count Duque. Gaspar Ibanez, Conde de Olivares, and Duque
de San Lucar. He was born at Rome, in 1587, while his father was
ambassador from Spain, at that court. He was a celebrated minister of
Philip IV. He enjoyed for some time the entire confidence of the King,
but was afterwards disgraced, and retired to Loeches. Here he bore his
reverses with a philosophic spirit. But he was afterwards banished to
Tono, became broken-hearted, and died 1643, in the 57th year of his age.
 NARRATIONS. 95

mostro que no le desagradaba el cotejo. Toda la famllia

estaba contentisima i admirada de ver al conde tan superior a

su desgracia, rebosando de gozo en una vida tan diferente de
la que habia tenido hasta alii, cuancio todos advertimos en el
una repentina mudanza, que palpablemente iba creciendon i nos
Ueno de grandisimo dolor. Vzmosla taciturno, pensativo, i

como abismado en una profimclisinla melancolia. Abandono

todo juego i pasatiempo, hut a de la jente i se vlostraba insen-

sible a cuanto podiamos hacer i discurrlr para divertirle.

Luego que acababa de Comer se cncerraba en su cuarto, de
donde no salia hasta la noche. Parecionos que aquella tris-

teza podia tener orijen en la memoria de la grandeza pasada,

i en este concepto 381 procurdmos dejarle solo con el relijioso

su confesor; pero su elocuencia tampoco pudo triunfar de la

melancolia del duque, antes bien cada vez se descubria mayor.
Jil Bias.

HIST6RIA DE ESPANA.
La peninsula, llamada Espana, solo estd contigua al conti-
nente de Europa por el lado de Francia, de que la separan
los montes Pirineos.* Es abundante en oro, plata, azogue,
hierro, piedras, aguas minerales, ganados de escelentes cali-

dades, i pescas tan abundantes como deliciosas. Esta feliz

situacion la hizo objeto de la codicia de los Fenicios i otros
pueblos. Los Cartajineses, parte por dolo, i parte por fuerza,
se establecieron en ella- i los Romanos quisieron completar
su poder i gloria con la conquista de Esparia; pero encontra-
ron una resistencia, que parecib tan estraria como terrible a
los soberbios dueiios de lo restante del mundo.
Numancia, una sola ciudad, les costb catorce arios de sitio
la perdida de tres ejercitos, i el desdoro de los mas famosos
jenerales, hasta que reducidos los Numantinos a la precision

38i
I en es t e concepto, 'and, under this idea,' c
and, therefore.'
* Construct de que los montes Pirineos la separan.
98 NARRATIONS.

de capitular 6 morir, por la total ruina de la patria, incendi-

aron sus casas, arrojaron sus mujeres, niiios, i ancianos en las
llamas, i salieron a morir en el campo raso con las armas en
la mano. El grande Escipion fue testigo de la ruina de Nu-
mancia; pues no puede lla?narse propiamente* conquistadoi
de la ciudad: siendoj de notar, que Luculo, encargado de
levantar un ejercito para aquella espedicion, no hallo en la
juventud Romana reclutas que Uevar, hasta que el mismo
Escipion se alisto para animar\di.\
Si los Romanos conocieron elcomo
valor de los Espanoles
enemigos, tambien esperimentaron su virtud como aliados.
Sagunto sufrib por ellos un sitio igual al de§ Numancia con-
tra los Cartajineses, i desde entonces formaron los Romanos

de los Espanoles el alto concepto que se ve en sus autores,

oradores, historiadores, i poetas. Pero la fortuna de Roma,
superior al valor humano, la hizo senora de Espaiia, como de
lo restante del mundo, menos algunos montes de Cantabria,
cuya total conquista no consta de la historia.
Largas revoluciones, inu tiles de contarse en este paraje,
trajeron del norte enjambres de naciones feroces, codiciosas i

guerreras, que se establecieron en Esparia : pero, con las deli-

cias de este clima, tan diferente del|| que habian dejado, caye-
ron en tal grado de afeminacion i flojedad, que a su tiempo 382
fueron esclavos de otros conquistadores, venidos del medio-
dia. Huyeron los Godos Espanoles hasta los montes de una
provincia, hoi llamada Asturias ; i apenas tuvieron tiempo de
desechar el susto, llorar la perdida de sus casas, i ruina de su
reino, cuando salieron mandados por Pelayo, uno de los
mayores hombres que la naturaleza ha producido.

* Hablando, Digno, understood.

f

X La, 'it,' referring to espedicion.

§ Al de, 'to that of;' ||

Del, 'from that.'— Grammar, R. XXXVI. note 1,

p.182.
382 ^f su tiempo, 'in their turn.'
 NARRATIONS* 97

Desde aqui se abre un teatro de guerras, que durdron eerca

de ocho siglos. Varios reinos se lev ant aron sobre la ruina

de la monarquia Goda Espanola, destruyendo el reino que

quertan edificar los Moros en el mismo terreno, regado con

mas sangre Espaiiola, Romana, Cartajinesa, Goda, i Mora de
83
cuanto se puede pondera?^ con horror de la pluma que lo

escriba, i de los ojos que lo vean escrito. Pero la poblacion

de esta peninsula era tal, que despmes de tan largas guerras i

384
tan sangrientas, aun se contaban veinte millones de habi-

tantes en ella.
Incorpordronse tantas provincial i tan diferenies en dos
coronas, la de Castilla i la de Aragon ; i ambas en el matri-
monio de D. Fernando i Dona Isabel, principes que seran

inmortales entre cnantos sepan lo que es gobierno. La reforma

de abusos, aumento de ciencias, hurnillacion de los soberbios,
amparo de la agricultura i otras operaciones semej antes, for-

mdron esta monarquia. Ayudoles la naturaleza con un nu-

mero increible de vasallos insignes en letras i armas, i se
'

pudieron haber lisonjeado de dejar 8 a sus sucesores un

imperio mayor i mas duradero, que el de 386 Roma antigua
contando las Americas nuevamente descubiertas si hubieran
logrado 387 dejar su corona a un heredero varon.
Negoles el cielo este gozo a trueque de tantos como 388 les

habia concedido, i su cetro paso a la casa de Austria, la cual

gastb los tesoros, talentos i sangre de los Espaiioles en cosas
ajenas de Esparia, por las continuas guerras, que asi en Ale-
mania, como en Italia, tuvo que sostener Carlos Primero de
Esparia, hasta que cansado de sus mismas prosperidades, 6

383 Be cuanto se puede ponderar, 'than can be dwelt upon.'

284 Aun se contaban, 'it yet contained.*
383 De dejar , 'of having left.'
386 Que el de, 'than that of.'— Grammar, R. XXXVI. note 1, p. 182.
387 Si hubieran logrado, 'if they could have succeeded in.'
388 A trueque ne tantos como, 'to counterbalance the many that'
9
98 NARRATIONS.

tal vez conociendo con prudencia las vicisitudes de las cosas

humanas, no quiso esponerse a sus reveses, i dejb el trono a
su hijo D. Felipe II.

Este principe, acusado por la emulacion, por ambicioso 389 i

politico como su padre, pero menos afortunado, siguiendo los

proyectos de Carlos, no pudo hollar los mismos sucesos aun
a costa de 390 ejercitos, de armadas, i de caudales. Murib de-
jando a su pueblo estenuado con las guerras; afeminado con
el oro i plata de America; disminuido con la poblacion de un
mundo nuevo; disgustado con tantas desgracias, i deseoso de
descanso. Paso el cetro por las manos de tres principes
menos aciivos para manejar tan grande monarquia ; i en la

muerte de Carlos Segundo no era Espana sino el esqueleto de

un jigante.
Jose Cadalso.

389 Este principe, acusado por la emulacion, por ambicioso, 'this prince,
accused by his rivals of being ambitious.'
390 jy pudo hollar los mismos sucesos aun a, costa de, 'could not be as
successful even at the expense af.'
 DESCRIPTIONS.

JUICIO FINAL.

Piensa cuan terrible sera aquel dia, en el cual se avertgua-

ran las causas de todos los hijos de A dan, i se concluiran los

procesos de nuestras vidas, i se dard sentencia difmitiva de lo

que para siempre ha de ser. Aquel dia abrazard en si los

dias de todos los siglos, presentes, pasados, i venideros:

porque en el dard el mundo cuenta de todos estos tiempos, i

en el derramard Dios la ira i la sana que tiene recojida en

todos los siglos. Pues que tan arrebatado saldrd entonces
aquel tan caudaloso rio de la indignacion divina;* teniendo
tantas acojidas de ira i saria, cuantos pecados se han hecho
desde el principio del mundo.
Considera las senales espantosas que precederdn este dia:
porque, como dice el Salvador, antes que venga este dia, ha-

bra senales en el sol i en la luna i en las estrellas, i rmalmente

en todas las criaturas del cielo i de la tierra: porque todas
ellas sentirdn su fin antes que fenezcan, i se estremecerdn i

comenzardn a caer antes que caigan. Mas los hombres,

^dice, que andardn secos i ahiiados de muerte, 391 oyendo los
bramidos espantosos del mar, i viendo las grandes olas i tor-

mentas que levantard: barruntando por esto las grandes

calamidades i miserias que amenazan al mundo tan tenebrosas
senales. I asi andardn atonitos i espantados, las caras araa-

* Pues que tan arrebatado saldrd entonces aquel tan caudaloso rio de la
indignacion divina, <for such will be the impetuosity with which, then,
the large river of divine indignation will spring forth.'

f El, referring to el Salvador, understood.

391
Andardn secos i ahiiados de muerte, c will be as thin and emaciated
as if thev were dead.'
160 DESCRIPTIONS.

rilJas i desfiguradas ; antes de la muerte,* muertos, i antes del

juicio, sentenciados; midiendo los peligros con sus propios
temores, i tan ocupados cada uno con el suyo, que no se
acordard del ajeno aunque sea padre 6 hijo. Nadie habrd
para nadie *92 porque nadie bastard para
1

si solo
Despues de esto considera cuan estrecha sera la cuenta
que alii a cada uno se pedird. Pues que sentird entonces
cada uno de los malos, cuando entre Dios 393 con el en este
ecsamen i alia dentro de su conciencia, diga asi: "Ven aca
hombre malo, <j que viste en mi. porque 394 asi me despreciaste
395
i te pasaste al vando de mi enemigo ? Yo te crie a mi
imajen i semejanza, te di la lumbrede la fe, te hice cristiano,

i te redimi con mi propia sangre Testigos son esta

cruz i clavos que aqui parecen; testigos estas llagas de pies i

manos, que en mi cuerpo queddron; testigos el cielo i la

tierra delante quien padeci. Pues i
que hiciste de esa anima
tuya, que yo con mi sangre hice mia; en cuyo servicio em-
pleaste la que yo compre tan caramente ?"
;0 jeneracion loca i adultera! i
porque quisiste mas servir
a ese enemigo| tuyo con trabajo, que a mi, tu Redentor i

Criador, con alegria? Llameos tantas veces, i no me respon-

disteis; toque a vuestras puertasj i no despertasteis; estendi
mis manos en la cruz, i no las mirdsteis. Menosprecidsteis
mis consejos, i todas mis promesas i amenazas; pues decid
ahora vosotros, anjeles, juzgad, vosotros jueces, entre mi i mi

* 'Se sentiran,' or se hallardn como (

si fuesen, 'will feel or find them-
selves,' understood.
392
Nadie habrd para nadie, no one will be able to serve another/
c

393 Cuando entre Dios, 'when God shall enter/ The subjunctive pre-
sent is frequently used for the future in Spanish.
394 Porque, as above, 'that.'
305 Te pasaste al vando, 'thou wentest over to the band/
f A ese enemigo tuyo, 'that enemy of thine,' meaning 'the evil spirit/
{ Toque a vuestras puertas, 'I knocked at your doors ;' meaning, 'I

touched your hearts/

 DESCRIPTIONS. 101

vina: <que mas debut yo hacer por ella que lo que hice?"
Pues que responderdn aqui los malos, los burladores de las
i

cosas divinas, los mofadores de la virtu d; los menosprecia-

396
dores de la simplicidad, los que tuvieron mas cuenta con

las leyes del mundo, que con las de Dios, los que a todas sus
voces estuvieron sordos, a todas sus inspiraciones insensibles,
a todos sus mandatos rebeldes, i a todos sus azotes i benefi*

cios, ingratos i duros?

Luis de Granada.

MORxlDORES CELESTIALES,
Despues de la escelencia del lugar, considera la nobieza
de los moradores, cuyo numero, cuya santidad, cuyas rique-
zas i hermosura, escede todo lo que se puede pensar. <Que
cosa puede ser mas admirable ? Por cierto, cosa es esta, que
si bien se considerase, bastaba para dejar atonitos a todos los

hombres. I si cada uno de aquellos bienaventurados espi-

ritus, aunque sea el menor de mas hermoso de ver™ 7
ellos, es

que todo este mundo visible; ;que sera el ver tan to numero
de espiritus tan hermosos, i ver las perfecciones i oficios de

cada uno de ellos ? Alii discurren los anjeles, ministran los

arcanjeles, triunfan los principados, i aiegranse las potestades,
ensefioreanse las dominaciones, resplandecen las virtudes, re-
lampaguean los tronos, lucen los querubines, i arden los
serafines, i todos cantan alabanzas a Dios.
Pues si la compania i comunicacion de los buenos es tan

dulce i amigable; ^que sera tralar alii con tantos buenos,

hablar con los apostoles, conversar con los profetas, con los
martires, con todos los escojidos ? I si tan grande gloria es
gozar de la compaiiia de los buenos ; ; que sera gozar de la

compania i presencia de aquel a quien alaban las estrellas de

3% Los que tuvieron mas cuenta

"

con, 'those who paid more attention to.

5

397 Mas hermoso de ver, 'more beautiful to the sight.

5
 102 DESCRIPTIONS,

la manana, de cuya hermosura el sol i la lima se maravitlan,

ante cuyo acatamiento se arrodillan los anjeles i todos aquel-
los espiritus soberanos ?
i
Que sera ver aquel Bien Universal,
en quien estdn todos los bienes ? i aquel mundo mayor, en
quien est an todos los mundos ? i aquel que, siendo uno, es
todas las cosas ? i siendo simplicisimo, abraza las perfecciones
de todas ?

Luis de Granada,

LA INMENSIDAD DEL SEN OR.

Todas las criaturas tienen Anitas i limitadas sus naturalezas
i virtudes, porque* todas las criaste en numero, peso, i me-
398
dida, i les hiciste sus rayas, i seftalaste los limites de su
jurisdiction. Mui activo es el fuego en calentar, i el sol en
alumbrar, i mucho se esticnde su virtud; mas todavia reco-
noccn estas criaturas sus fines, i tienen terminos que no
puedcn pasar. Por esta causa puede la vista de nuestra
anima llegdr de cabo a cabo, i comprehenderlas?" porque
todas ellas estdn enccrradas, cada una dentro de su jurisdic-
cion. Mas vos, senor, sois infinito: no hai cerco que os
comprehends: no hai entendimiento que pueda lie gar hasta
los ultimos terminos de vuestra substancia, porque no los
teneis. Sois sob re todo jenero i sobre foda especie, i sobre
toda naturaleza criada. Porque asi como400 no reconoceis
400
superior, asi no teneis jurisdiccion determinada.

A todo el mundo, que criasteis en tanta grandeza, puede

dar vuelta por el mar oceano un hombre mortal : porque,
aunque el sea mui grande, todavia es finita i limitada su gran-
deza. Mas a vos, gran mar oceano, i
quien podrd rodearf

* Vos, Senor; 'thou, O Lord, 7 understood.

398 Les hiciste sus rayas, 'didst set their boundaries.'
399 Llegar de cabo d cabo, i comprehenderlas, 'may reach the extremi-
ties of the limits they occupy, and view them all at once.'
400 Asi como asi; 'as,' 'in the same manlier as so.'
 DESCRIPTIONS. 103

Eterno sois en la duracion, infinito en la virtud, i supremo en

la jurisdiccion. Ni vuestro ser comenzo en tiempo, ni se
acaba en mundo: sois ante todo tiempo, i mandais en el
el

mundo, i fuera del mundo; porque llamais las cosas que no

son como a las que son. Pues, siendo como sois, tan grande

I
quien os conocerd ? ; Quien conocer a la alteza de vuestra
naturaleza, pues no puede conocer la bajeza de la suya? De
esta misma anima con que vivimos, cuyos oficios i virtud
cada hora esperiamentamos, no ha habido filosofo hasta hoi
que haya podido conocer la manera de la esencia, por ser
401
ella hecha a vuestra imajen i semejanza. Siendo, pues, tal

nuestra rudeza, ,; como podrd llegar a conocer*02 aquella so-

berana e incomprehensible substancia?
Luis de Granada,

MONTE DE LA VIRTUD.
El monte escelso de la virtud esta formado al reves de
todos los demas montes. En los montes materiales son ame-
nas las faldas, i asperas las cumbres : asi como se va subien-*

do 403 por ellos, se va disminuyendo la amenidad, i creciendo

la aspereza. El monte de la virtud, tiene desabrida la falda, i

graciosa la eminencia. El que qniere arribarle, a los prime-

ros pasos no encuentra sino piedras, espinas, i abrojos: asi
404
como se va adelantando el curso, se ua disminuyendo la

aspereza i se va descubriendo la amenrdad ; hasta que en fin,

en la cumbre no se encuentran sino hermosas rlores, regala-

das plantas, i cristalinas fuentes.

El primer transito es sumamente trabajoso, i resbaladizo.

Lldmanle al recien convertido, desde el mar del mundo, los

4oi
p or ser e n a hecha a, 'because it is made after.'
402 Como podrd llegar a conocer, 'how will it ever know.'
403 Asi como se va subiendo, 'as we are ascending.' —Note 294, 91.
404 Asi como se va adelantando el curso, 'as we are advancing in our
course.'
 104 DESCRIPTIONS.

cantos de las sirenas.* Jlterranle por la parte del monte, los

rujidos de los leones. Mir a con terneza la llanura del valle
que dejo. Contempla con pavor el cerio de la montaiia a que
aspira. Libre de la carcel del pecado, aim lleva en sus pa-
siones las cadenas, cuya pesadumbre conspira con la arduidad
del camino, para hacer tardo i congojoso el movimiento.
405
Oye a las espaldas, los blandos clamores de los 'deleites,
que le dicen, como a Agustino: u $Es posible que nos aban-

donesf $Es posible que te despidas* 06 i ausentes de nosotros

para siempre?
"No obstante camina aflijido un poco, tal vez intermmpi-
endo el paso algun tropiezo. Ya va hallando menos aspera
la senda : ya los clamores de las delicias terrenas hacen me-
407
nos impresion, porque se oyen de mas lejos. Asi lo esperi-
mentaba el mismo Agustino. Melantando algunos pasosmas,
ya se va descubriendo 409 algo llano el camino; aunque una u
otra vez representa la costumbre antigua los gozados placeres,
i la dificultad de vivir sin ellos, es tan languidamente, i con
tanta tibieza, que no hace fuerza alguna.
Jeronimo Feijoo.

CARiCTER DE CHAVES, I SUS TERTULIANOS.

Era la Marquesa de Chaves une viuda de treinta i cinco
arlos; bella, alta, airosa i bien proporcionada. No tenia hijos,
409
i gozaba diez mil ducados de renta. Nunca vi a mujer

* Construct desde el mar del mundo, los cantos de las sirenas lldmanle
al recien convertido; meaning, that, he who begins to enter into the path
of virtue, is dissuaded, at first, from following this course, by his animal

passions.
405 Oye a las espaldas, 'he hears behind his back.'
406 Que te despidas, 'that you take leave of us.'
407 Porque se oyen de mas lejos, 'because they are heard from a greater
distance.'
408 Ya se va descubriendo algo llano el camino, 'the road is becoming a
little plainer.'
409 Gozar ... . de renta, 'to enjoy a revenue of ;' as, gozaba
diez mil ducados de renta, 'she enjoyed a revenue of ten thousand ducats.'
 DESCRIPTIONS. 105

mas seria, ni que menos hablase. Con todo eso, era cele-
brada en Madrid, i jeneralmente tenida por la dama de mayor

talento. Lo que quiza contribuza mas que todo a esta univer

sal reputacion, era la concurrencia a su casa de los primeros
personajes de la Corte, asi en nobleza como en literatura:

problema que yo no me atrevere a decidir* Solo dire que

bastaba oir su nombre para formar concepto de un genio
superior,i cu casa era llamada por escelencia: U E1 tribunal
de las obras injeniosas."
Con efecto, todos los dias se lezan en ella ya poemas dra-
maticos, ya poesias liricas ;
pero siempre sobre asuntos serios.
La mejor comedia, el romance 6 la novela mas injeniosa, mas

alegre i mas verosimilmente conducida, todo esto se miraba

como una pueril i lijera produccion, que no merecia alabanza
alguna. Por el contrario 410 la minima obra seria, una oda, un
soneto, una egloga pasaba alii por el ultimo esfuerzo del
injenio humano. Sucedza tal vez que el publico no se con-
formaba con la decision del tribunal, antes bien silbaba las
obras que habzan sido aplaudidas en aquel areopago.
La Marquesa me hizo maestresala de su casa. Era incum-
bencia de mi empleo preparar el cuarto de mi nueva ama
para recibir las jentes, disponiendo taburetes para las damas,
sillas para los caballeros, i cada cosa en su respectivo sitio;

queddndome despues en la antesala, para anunciar e introducir

a los que llegaban, Como todavia no los conocia yo; el

primer dia, Molina, que era el ayo 6 maestro de pajes 411 me

hizo compariia en la antesala para decirme el nombre de ellos

que iban entrando; i al mismo tiempo me informaba breve* i

graciosamente del caracter de cada uno

* Meaning, whether it was her wealth or her visitors, which gave her
the reputation of possessing great talents.
410 por e i contrario, 'on the contrary.'
411
Maestro de pajes, 'first attendant.'

] Instead of brevemente. — Grammar 8, p. 223.

 ;

106 DESCRIPTIONS.
412
En esto vimos entrar a un hombre seco, mui grave, ceji-

junto, i fhmcido. No le perdonb mi caritativo instructor.

Este es? me dijo* uno de aquellos entes serios i engarrotados,
que quieren pasar por hombres grandes a favor de 413 algunas
sentencias de Seneca, que saben de memoria, i pronuncian
con recalcamiento i pomposidad, los cuales ecsaminados de
414
cerca, se descubren ser unos pobres mentecatos.
Tras de este entro otro caballerito de buen porte; 415 pero
416
de furioso aire a la Griega, quiero decir de un hombre lleno
i pagado de si mismo. Pregunte a Molina quien era, i me
respondib que era un poeta dramatico, el cual habia compues-
to cien mil versos que no le habian valido 417 cuatro cuartos
pero que recientemente por solo seis renglones en prosa habia
conseguido formarse una buena renta
I
Bravo! esclamb el maestro de pajes: ya entro en casa el

Licenciado Campanai. A este se le oye mucho antes que se

413
deje ver. Es un solemnisimo tronera: comienza a charlar
en voz alta i sonora desde la puerta de la calle, i no la deja
hasta que vuelve a salir por ella.

Con efecto, resonaba en toda la casa la voz del Licenciado

Campanai, que en fin aparecib en la antesala con otro Bachil-
ler amigo suyo, i prosiguib atro?iandonos a todos, sin cesar*
en el tiempo que durb la academica visita. Este Licenciado,
dije a Molina, parece hombre de injenio. Si, lo es, me re-
spondio: tiene ocurrencias mui saladas; se esplica con gra-
cia i agudeza; es mui diverticla su conversacion ; pero es un

412 En esto, 'at this time,' 'at this juncture.'

413
A favor de, 'by means of.'
414 Ecsaminados de examined.'
cerca, 'being closely
415 De buen porte, 'of genteel carriage.'
416
A la Griega. This is an elliptical sentence ; having the word moda,
'fashion,' understood. A la Griega, should therefore be translated 'after
the Greek manner,' or 'fashion.'
417
No le habian valido, 'had not been worth to him.'
418 he appears.
Antes que se deje ver, 'before
 DESCRIPTIONS. 107

hablador moles tisimo, i repite siempre sus dichos i cuentos.

En suma para no estimar las cosas mas de lo que valen, estoi

persuadido a que la mayor parte de su merito consiste en

aquel aire comico i gracioso, con que sazona todo lo que dice;
i asi no creo que le harm mucho honor una coleccion de sus
agudezas i gracias, si se diese a luz.

Fueron entrando despues otras personas, de todas las cuales

me hizo Molina mui graciosas descripciones.

Jil Bias.

PRIMER SALIDA DE DON QUIJOTE.

Apenas habia el rubicundo Apolo tendido por la faz de la
ancha i espaciosa tierra, las doradas hebras de sus hermosos
cabellos, i apenas los pequeiios i pintados pajarillos con sus
arpadas lenguas habian saludado, con dulce meliflua harmo-
nia, la venida de la rosada aurora, que dejando la blanda
cama del celoso marido por las puertas i balcones del man-
chego horizonte a los mortales se mostraba; cuando el fa-

moso caballero Don Quijote de la Mancha, dejando las

419
ociosas plumas, subib su famoso caballo Rocinante, i co-
menzo a caminar por el antiguo i conocido campo de Montiel
i afiadib, diciendo: "Dichosa edad i siglo dichoso aquel en

donde saldrdn a luz 420 las famosas hazanas mias, dignas de

entallarse en bronce, esculpirse en marmoles, i pintarse en
tablas para memoria en lo futuro."*
Miguel de Cervantes.

419 Ociosas plumas, 'downy bed.'

420 En donde saldrdn d luz, 'in which will be published.'
* Cervantes wrote this far-fetched description, as a delicate critique
against those novel writers, who always begin their narrations in a
bombastic manner.
108 DESCRIPTIONS*

RETRATO DE CRIS6STOMO.*
Este cuerpo, senores, que con piaclosos ojos estais miran~
do, fue depositario de un alma en quien el cielo puso infinite
parte de sus riquezas. Ese es el cuerpo de Crisostomo que
fue unico en el injenio, solo en la cortesia, estremo en la
jentileza, fenics en la amistad, magnirico sin tasa, grave sin

presuncion, alegre sin bajeza; i finalmente, primero en todo

lo que es ser bueno, i sin segundo en todo lo que es i fue
desdichado. Quiso bien, fue aborrecido; adorb, fue desdi-
chado : rogb a una fiera, importuno un marmol, corrib tras el
viento, did voces a la soledad, sirvib a la ingratitud, de
quien alcanzb por premio, ser despojo de la muerte en la
mitad de la carrera de su vida.
Miguel de Cervantes.

EL FAMOSO LADRON MOMP6DIO.

Parecia de cuarenta i cinco a cuarenta i seis anos, alto de
421 422
cuerpo, moreno de rostro, cejijunto, barbinegro, i mui
espeso,| los ojos hundidos. Venza en camisa, i por la aber-

tura de delante descubrza un bosque; tanto era el vello que

tenia en el pecho. Traza una capa de bayeta casi hasta los
pies, en los cuales traza unos zapatos enchancletados. Cu-
brzanle las piernas unos zaragiiellos de lienzo anchos i largos
hasta los tobillos : el sombrero era de los de hampa,423 cam-
panudo de copa,J i tendido de falda:J atravesdbale un tahali

f Crisostomo, is a personage who, in Don Quixote, (the work from

which this piece is extracted,) is supposed to have sunk into an un-
timely grave by the effects of disappointed love.
421
Alto de cuerpo, 'of a high stature, 5 'tall.' —G.
422 Moreno de rostro, c
of a dark complexion.' —G.
t Barbinegro i mui espeso, 'black and thick beard.'
423 De los de hampa, 'of those worn by vagabonds.'
X Campanudo de copa, 'bell-like in the crown;' i tendido de falda, 'and
broad -brimmed.'
 DESCRIPTIONS. 109

por espalda i pechos, a donde colgaba una espada, ancha i

424
corta a modo de las del perrillo, las manos eran cortas i

435
pelosas, los dedos gordos, i las imas hembras i remachadas :

i2G
las piernas no se le parecian; pero los pies eran descomu-
nales de anchos i juanetudos. En efecto el repre&entaba el
mas rustico i disforme barbaro del mundo.
Miguel de Cervantes.

EDAD DE ORO,
Die ho s a edad i siglos dichosos aquellos a quien los anti-

guos pusieron nombre de dorados; i no porque en elios el

oro, que en nuestra edad de hierro tanto se estima, se alcan-

zase en aquella venturosa sin fatiga alguna, sino porque en-
tonces los que en ella vivian ignoraban estas dos palabras de
"tuyo i mio." Eran en aquella santa edad todas las cosas
comunes :* a nadie le era necesario para alcanzar su ordina-
rio sustento toinar otro trabajo, que alzar la mano, i alcanzarle
de las robustas encinas que liberalmente les estaban convi-

dando con su dulce i sazonado fruto.

Les claras fuentes, i corrientes rios en magnifica abundancia

sabrosas i transparentes aguas les ofreczan. En las quiebras

de las penas, i en los huecos de los arboles, formaban su

republica las solicitas i discretas abejas, ofreciendo a cual-
quiera mano, sin interes alguno, la fertil cosecha de su dulci-
simo trabajo. Los valientes alcornoques despedzan de si, sin
otro artif icio que el de su cortesia, sus anchas i livianas cor-
tezas con que se comenzaron a cubrir las casas sobre riisticas

estacas sustentadas, no mas que para defensa de las inclemen-

cias del cielo.

Todo era paz entonces, todo amistad, todo concordia; aun

424
A modo de las del perrillo, 'like a cutlass.'
425 Unas hembras rz/nachadas, and short
i 'flat nails.'
436 No se le parecian, 'were so small that they could scarcely be seen.'
* Construct en aquella santa edad todas las cosas eran comunes.
10
 LlO DESCRIPTIONS.

no se habia atrevido la pesada reja del corvo arado* a abrir

ni visitar las entranas piadosas de nuestra primera madre,427
que ella sin ser forzada ofrecta, por todas las partes de su
fertil i espacioso seno, lo que pudiese hartar, sustentar, i

deleitar a los hijos que entonces la poseian. Entonces si

que andaban las simples i hermosas zagalejas de valle en

valle, i de otero en otero, en trenza i en cabello,428 sin mas
vestidos de aquellos que eran menester para cubrir honesta-
mente lo que la honestidad quiere i lia querido siempre que
se cubra. I no eran sus adornos de los que ahora se man, a
quien 429 la purpura de Tiro, i la por tantos modos martirizada
seda430 encarecen, sino de algunas hojas de verdes lampazos i

yedra entretejidas,f con lo que quiza iban tan pomposas i

compuestas, como van ahora nuestras cortesanas con las raras

i peregrinas invenciones que la curiosidad ociosa les ha
mostrado.
Entonces se decoraban los conceptos amorosos del alma
simple i sencillamente, del mismo modo i manera que ella los

concebza, sin buscar artiflcioso rodeo de palabras para enca-

recerlos. No habta el fraude, el engano, ni la malicia mez-
clandose con la verdad i llaneza. La justicia se estaba en sus
propios terminos, sin que la osasen turbar ni ofender los del
favor i los del interes,J que tanto ahora la menoscaban, turban
i persiguen.
Miguel de Cervantes.

* Construct la pesada reja del corvo arado aun no se habia atrevido.

427 Nuestra primera madre, 'our first mother,' meaning ( the earth.'
428 En trenza i en cabello, 'with braided and dishevelled hair.'
429
A quien, to which, referring to adornos. Now quien, 'whom,' refers
only to persons. —Grammar, R. XXXVI. p. 173.
430 / la por tantos modos martirizada seda encarecen, 'and the silk

worked in so many ways renders more valuable.'

f Construct entretejidas de verdes lampazos i yedra.

\ Place los del favor i del interes, 'favourites and intriguers,' before

osasen.
 DESCRIPTIONS. Ill

LA JITANILLA PRECIOSA.*
Parece que los jitanos i jitanas solamente nacieron en el
mundo para ser ladrones; nacen de padres ladrones, i flnal-

mente salen con ser ladrones corrientes i molientes a todo

431
ruedo, i la gana de hurtar, i el hurtar, son en ellos como
accidentes inseparables que no se quitan sino con la muerte.
Una, pues, de esta nacion, jitana vieja, que podia ser jubi-
432
lada en la ciencia de Caco, crib una muchacha en nombre
de nieta suya,433 a quien puso por nombre Preciosa, i a quien
ensefib todas jitanerias imodos de embelecos i trazas de Awr-
tar. Salib la tal Preciosa la mas unica bailadora que se
hallaba en todo el jitanismo, i la mas hermosa i discreta que
pudiera publicar la fama.
Ni los soles ni los aires, ni todas las inclemencias del
cielo, a quien mas que otras jentes estdn sujetos los jitanos,
pudieron deslustrar su rostro, ni curtir sus manos ; i lo que es
mas, que la crianza tosca en que se cridba, no descubria en
ella sino ser nacida434 de may ores prendas que de jitana,
porque era en estremo cortes i bien razonada ; i con todo eso
era algo desenvuelta pero no de modo que descubriese algun
jenero de deshonestidad; antes con ser aguda era tan hones-
435
ta, que en su presencia ni osaba alguna jitana vieja ni

* La Jitanilla Preciosa, 'the Precious Gypsy,' the name and principal

character of a novel of Cervantes.
431 Salen con ser ladrones corrientes i molientes & todo ruedo, 'become
consummate thieves.'
432 Que podia ser jubilada, 'who might he considered as emeritus pro
fessor.'
433 En nombre de nieta suya, 'passing her off as her niece.'
434 No descubria en ella sino ser nacida de mayores prendas que de jita-
na, 'only showed that she had been born with qualities superior to those

of a gypsy.'
435 Antes con ser aguda era tan honesta, 'although she was shrewd, she
was so modest.'
 112 DESCRIPTIONS.

moza cantar cantares lascivos, ni decir palabras no buenas.

I flnalmente la abuela conocib el tesoro que en la nieta tenia,
i asi determinb el aguila vieja sacar a volar el aguilucho 436 i

ensefiarle a vivir por sus unas.

Miguel de Cervantes.

DON QUIJOTE A SANCHO DORMIDO.

j"0 tu, bienaventurado sobre cuantos viven sobre la haz de
la tierra, pues sin tcner envidia ni ser envidiado, duermes con
sosegado espiritu, ni te persuigen encantadores, ni sobresaltan
encantamientos ! Duermef* digo otra vez, i lo dire otras
ciento, u sin que te tengan en continua vijilia, celos de tu
dama, ni te desvelen pensamientos de pagar deudas que debas,
ni de lo que has de hacer para comer otro dia, tu i tu pequeiia

i angustiada familia. 437

Ni la ambicion te inquieta, ni la pompa vana del mundo te

fatlga; pues los limites de tus deseos no se estienden a mas

que a pensar en tu jumento, que el* de tu persona sobre mis
hombros se tiene puesto; contrapeso i carga, que puso la
naturaleza i la costumbre a los senores. Duerme el criado, i

esta velando el senor, pensando como le ha de sustentar, me-

jorar i hacer mercedes. La congoja de ver que el cielo se
438
hace de bronce sin acudir a la tierra con el conveniente

436 Sacar a volar el aguilucho, 'to draw the eaglet from the nest.'
437 Construct : sin que celos de tu dama te tengan en continua vijilia,

ni pensamientos de pagar deudas que debas, ni de lo que has de hacer para

comer otro dia tit i tu pequeiia i angustiada familia te desvelen. The
verb may, in Spanish, as it has been frequently repeated, precede or
follow its subject. The difficulty in translating into English the above
sentence, as well as many others with which the student has already
met, arises only from the circumstance of the verb preceding its subject.
See notes 9, 23, 32, 40, 44.
* Cuidado, pensamiento, or some such word, understood.
438 Se hace de bronce, idiomatic, 'becomes hard,' 'inflexible.'
 DESCRIPTIONS. 1 13

rocio, no aflije al criado sino al serior, que ha de sustentar en

la esterilidad i hambre al que 439 le sirvio en la fertilidad i

abundancia.
Miguel de Cervantes.

SITUACION PASADA DE GALATEA.*

Las selvas eran antes mis companeras, en cuya soledad
muchas veees, convidada de la suave harmonia de los dulces
pajarillos, despedza la voz a mil honestos cantares, 440 sin que
441
en ellos mezclase suspiros ni razones, que de enamorado
pecho diesen indicio alguno. ;Ai! cuantas veces solo por
contentarme a mi misma, por dar lugar al tiempo que se
442
pasase, andaba de ribera en ribera, de valle en valle, coji-

endo aqui la blanca asucena, alii el cardeno lirio, aca la colo-

rada rosa, aculla la olorosa clavellina, haciendo de todas

suertes de odoriferas flores una tejida guirnalda con que ador*
naba i recojia mis cabellos, i despues mirdndome en las
claras i reposadas aguas de alguna fuente, quedaba tan gozosa
de haberme visto, que no trocara mi contento por otro algu-
no! 443 Pasaba yo mi vida tan alegre i sosegadamente, que
no sabza que pedir mi deseo.
Miguel de Cervantes*

439 M que, 'him who.'—Note 33.

* Galatea, the heroine of a novel of Cervantes, complains of her pre
sent feelings compared with those when she was free from love.
440 Despedia la voz a mil honestos cantares, <I raised my voice in a
thousand chaste songs.'
441 Sin que en ellos mezclase, 'without mixing in them.'
442 De ribera en ribera, 'from bank to bank.'
443 Por otro alguno, 'for any other.'

io»
 114 DESCRIPTIONS.

LA POBREZA.
* ; O pobreza, pobreza ! no se yo con que razon se movid
aquel gran poeta Cordoves 444 a llamarte dadiva santa desagra-
decida. Yo, aunque Moro, bien se por la comunicacion que
he tenido con cristianos, que la santidad consiste en la caridad,
humildad, fe, obediencia, i pobreza; pero con todo eso digo
que ha de tener mucho de Dios 445 el que se viniere a conten-
tar con ser pobre, si no es de aquel modo de pobreza446 de
quien dice uno de sus mayores santos :
u Tened todas las co-

sas como si no las tnvieseis" i a esto llaman pobreza de

espiritu.

Pero tu, segunda pobreza, que eres de la que yo hablo,

I
porque quieres estrellarte con 447 los hidalgos i bien nacidos 448
mas que con la otra jente? Porque losf obligas a dar pan-
449
talia, a los zapatos, i a que los botones de sus ropillas unos
sean de seda, otros de cerdas, i otros de vidrio ? <; Porque sus
cuellos, por la mayor parte, han de ser siempre escarolados, i

no abiertos con molde ? 450

j Miserable del bien nacido,
451
que va dando pistos 452 a su
honra comiendo mal i a puerta cerrada, haciendo hipocrita al

* Exclamations of Benengeli, the supposed historian of Don Quixote,

on seeing this hero in a pitiful plight.
444 Cervantes alludes to Seneca, who was born in Spain, in a city of
the province of Andalusia, called Cordova, from which is formed the
patronimic noun, Cordoves, a native of Gordova.
445 Que ha de tener mucho de Dios, 'must be very much of a God.'
446 Si no es de aquel modo de pobreza, 'unless it be that kind of poverty.'
447 Estrellarte con, 'to fall out with,' i. e. 'to fly away from.'
448 Bien nacidos, 'high born.'
t Los, them, referring to la otra jente, that is, 'poor people.'
449 Dar pant alia, 'to bid farewell.'
450 1 no abiertos con molde, 'and not widely open.'
4,1 the high-born man.'
Miserable del bien nacido, 'unfortunate is

462 Que va dando pistos a, 'who is endeavouring to support.'

 DESCRIPTIONS, 115
453
palillo de dientes con que sale a la calle despues de no
haber comido cosa que le obligue a Hmpiarselosl Miserable
de aquel,454 digo, que tiene la honra espantadiza,455 i piensa
que desde una legua se le descubre el remiendo del zapato, el

trasudor del sombrero, la hilaza del herreruelo, i la hambre

de su estomago.
Miguel de Cervantes.

FERNANDO REI DE ARAGON.*

Tenia el injenio claro, el juicio grave i acertado, la condi-
cion suave i cortes, i clemente con los que iban a negociar*
Fue diestro para las cosas de la guerra, para el gobierno sin
par : tan amigo de los negocios, que parecta con los trabajos
descansaba. El cuerpo no| con deleites regalado, sino con
el vestido honesto i comida templada, Jacostumbrado a pro-
56
posito para sufrir* trabajos La avaricia de que le

tachan se puede escusar con la falta que tenia de dineros, i

estar enajenadas las rentas reales. Al rigor i severidad en

castigar, de que asi mismo le cargan, dieron ocasion los
tiempos i las costumbres tan estragadas.
Los escritores estranos le achaean de hombre astuto, i que
457
a veces faltaba en la palabra si le venia mas a cuento. 458
No quiero tratar si esto fue verdad, si invencion en odio de

453 Palillo de dientes, 'tooth-pick.'

464 Miserable de aquel, 'unfortunate he,' 'wo to him.'
455 Que tiene la honra espantadiza, 'who is afraid of his reputation.'
* The celebrated Ferdinand of Aragon, who married Isabella of Gas
tile, and both governed Spain, under the title of the Catholic Kings
William H. Prescott, Esq. of Boston, has lately published the best
history extant of these two distinguished sovereigns.
f Estaba, % estaba, understood.
456 JLcostumbrado made purposely accustomed
a proposito d sufrir, 'was
to endure.'
467 Faltaba a su palabra, 'did not fulfil his word.'
468 Si U venia mas d cuento, 'if it was more to his advantage.'
 :

DESCRIPTIONS,

nuestra nacion : solo advierto, que la malicia de los homlres

acostnmbra* 9 a las virtudes verdaderas poner nombre de los
vicios que les son semejables ; como tambien al contrario,
engaftan i son alabados los vicios que scmejan a las virtudes.
Ademas que se acomodaba al tiempo, al lenguaje, al trato i

manas que entonces se usaban.

La ingratitud que con el se uso, acreccntb su gloria, i aun
le preservb que en lo ultimo de su edad no tropezase, como
sea cosa diricultosa i rara nave gar muchas veces sin padecer
alguna borrasca. A muchos grandes personajes con el dis-
curso del tiempo se les escurese la claridad i fama que primero
gandron. El tiempo le nombre compelird
cortb la vida : su
460
con lo que el mundo durare. Principe el mas serialado en
valor, justicia iprudencia que en muchos siglos Espana tuvo.
Tachas a nadie pueden faltar,461 sea por la frajilidad propia,

6 por malicia i envidia ajena, que combate principalmente los

altos lugares. *Espejo, sin duda, por sus grandes virtudes, en
que todos los principes de Espana se deben mirar.
Juan de Mariana.

DON ALVARO DE LUNA.

De bajos principios subib & la cumbre de la buena an-
462
danza ;
de ella le despeflb la ambicion. Tenia buenas
partes naturales, condicion i costumbres no malas : si las

faltas, si los vicios sobrepujasen, el suceso i el remate lo

muestran. Era de injenio vivo i de juicio agudo, sus pala-
bras concertadas i graciosas : usaba de donaires con que
picaba, aunque era naturalmente algo impedido en la habla

459 Acostumbra poner, -is apt to give.'

4eo Competird can lo que el mundo durare, 'will last as long as the wolrd.'
461 Tachas d nddie pueden faltar, 'no one is free from blemishes.'
* Es, 'he is,' referring to Prince i. e King Ferdinand.
462 Buena, or bien andanza; an obsolete expression, meaning, 'good
fortune.'
 DESCRIPTIONS. 117

su astucia i disimulacion grandes ; el atrevimiento, soberbia i

ambicion, no menores. Todas estas cosas* comenzdron desde

sus primeros anos con la edad se fueron aumentando.
:

Allegbse el menosprecio que tema de los hombres, como

enfermedad de poderosos.
Dejdbase visitar con dificultad: mostrdbase aspero, en
463
especial de media edad adelante : fue en la colera mui des-

enfrenado, ecsasperado con el odio de sus enemigos, i desapo-

derado por los trabajos en que se vib: a manera de fiera que
agarrochean en la leonera i despues la sueltan, no dejaba de
464
hacer riza. <: Que estragos no hizo con el deseo ardiente
que tema de vengarse ? Con estas costumbres no es mara-
villa que cayese; sino cosa vergonzosa que por tanto tiempo
se conservase* Varon verdaderamente grande, i por la

misma variedad de la fortuna maravilloso.

Juan de Mariana.

PEDRO EL CRUEL.
Fue este un estrano ejemplo, para que en los siglos veni-

derosf tuviesen que considerar, se admirasen, i temiesen; i

supiese?i tambien que las maldades de los principes las castiga

Dios, no solamente con el odio i mala voluntad con que

mientras viven son aborrecidos, ni solo con la muerte, sino
con la memoria de las historias, en que son eternamente afren-
tados i aborrecidos por todos aquellos que las leen, i sus
almas sin descanso serdn para siempre atormentadas.
Luego que murib el Rei D. Alonso su padre, fue, como era
razon, en los reales de Aljeciras, apellidado por rei, si bien no
tenia mas de quince atlos i siete meses. Su edad no era a
proposito para cuidados tan graves : su natural mostraba ca-

* Cosas, 'things,' meaning 'qualities.'

463 De media edad adelante, 'after his middle age.'
464 No dejaba de hacer riza, 'he did not fail 5
from committing havoc.
\ Los hombres, 'men,' understood.
 !

118 DESCRIPTIONS.

pacidad de cualquier grandeza Veianse en el mues-

tras de grandes virtudes, de osadia i consejo: su cuerpo no
se rendia con el trabajo, ni el espiritu con ninguna dificultad
podia ser vencido. Entre estas virtudes se vezan no menores
vicios, que entonces asomaban, i con la edad fueron mayores:
tener en poco 460 i menospreciar las jentes, decir palabras
afrentosas, oir soberbiamente, dar audiencia con dificultad, no
solamente a los estranos, sino a los mismos de su casa.
Estos vicios se mostraban en su tierna edad : con el tiempo
se les juntaron la avaricia, la disolucion en la lujuria, i la as-

pereza de su condicion i costumbres No faltaron

perversos hombres que conquistaban la tierna edad i voluntad
del rei con un pesimo jenero de servicio, que era proponerle
todas las maneras de torpes entretenimientos, i ayudarle a
conseguir sus deseos deshonestos, sin ningun respeto de lo
honesto ni miedo de los hombres. En grandisimo perjuicio
de la republica granjeaban el favor i privanza del rei. En el

palacio todo era deshonestidad ; fuera de el todo crueldad, a

la cual todos los demas vicios reconocian i daban ventaja.
Juan de Mariana.

PARALELO ENTRE LA PAZ I LA GUERRA.

Hermosura llamb Dios a la paz por Isaias, diciendo que
en ella, como sobre rlores, reposaria su pueblo. Aun las

cosas que carecen de sentido, se rogocijan con la paz. jQue

fertiles i alegres se ven los campos que ella cultiva! jque
hermosas las ciudades, pintadas, i ricas con su sosiego ! i al

contrario j
que abrasadas las tierras por donde pasa la guerra
Apenas se conocen hoi en sus cadaveres las ciudades i cas-
tillos de Alemania. Tinta en sangre mira Borgoiia la verde
cabellera de su altiva frente, rasgadas sus antes vistosas faldas,
quedando espantada de si misma.

4G5 Tener en poco, pay attention to.'

'to disregard,' 'to little
 DESCRIPTIONS. 119

Ningun enemigo mayor de la naturaleza que la guerra:

quien fue autor de lo criado, lo fue de la paz : con ella se

abraza la justicia. Son medrosas las leyes, i se retiran i

callan cuando ven las armas. Por esto dijo Mario, escusan-

dose de haber cometido en la guerra algunas cosas contra las

leyes de la patria: que no las habia oido con el ruido de las
armas. En la guerra, no es menos infelicidad, como dijo

Tacito, de los buenos, malar, que ser muertos.

Diego Saavedra Fajardo
 SPEECHES AND ADDRESSES.

RAZONAMIENTO DE BaUCIO CAPETO.*

De animo cobarde i sin brio es llorar las desgracias i mi-
serias, i fuera de las lagrimas, no poner ningun remedio a la
desventura i trabajos. Por ventura no nos acordaremos que
<;

somos varones, i tomadas luego las armas, vengaremos las in-

jurias recibidas? No sera dificultoso echar de toda la pro-
vincia unos pocos ladrones, si los que en numero, esfuerzo i

causa les hacemos ventaja,466 juntamos con esto la concordia

467
de los animos. Para esto hagamos presente i gracia de las
quejas particulares, que unos contra otros tenemos, a la patria
comun; porque las enemistades particulares no sean parte
para impedimos 46S el camino de la verdadera gloria. Demas
de esto, no debeis pensar que en vengar nuestros agravios se
ofenden Dios i la relijion, que es el velo de que ellos se cu-
bren. Ca el cielo, no suele favorecer a la maldad; i es mas
justo persuadirse acudira a los que padecen injustamente;
ni hai para que temer la felicidad i buena andanza de que
tanto tiempo gozan nuestros enemigos. Antes debeis pensar*
que Dios acostumbra dar mayor felicidad, i sufrir mas tiempo
sin castigo, aquellos de quien pretende tomar mas entera ven-

* Speech which Mariana supposes Bducio Capeto, king or chieftain

of the Turdatanians, an aboriginal tribe that inhabited the southern sea-
coast of Spain, to have delivered when the Phoenicians invaded thai
country.
466 Les hacemos ventaja, 'are their superiors.'
467 Hagamos presente la patria comun, 'let us for-
i gracia de, a
get and think of nothing but our common country.'
468 No sean parte para impedirnos, 'may not be the means of prevent-
ing us from following.'
 SPEECHES AND ADDRESSES. 121

ganza, i en quien quiere hacer mayor castigo, para que slentan

mas la mudanza i miseria en que caeru
juaia de Mariana.

VENECIA LIBRE, 1 VENECIA ESCLAVA.

i
Cuantas reflecsiones se agolpan a la mente del viajero al

contemplar 469
el silencio, la sole dad, la degradacion que reman
hoi en aquel sitio, morada antes de la opulencia, de la aetivi-
dad, del poder maritimo, de las artes, i de los plaeeres !
\
Que
espantosa transformacion ! Cuando Venecia daba leyes a los
monarcas de Europa, cuando encadenaba al Oriente,* i hacza
tributaries de su comercio a todos los pueblos del mundo,*
los archiduques de Austria, apenas fguraban entre la turba

de principes que dividzan la Alemania. Sus pueblos estaban

envueltos en la barbarie, i la embriaguez, cuando en Venecia
Jloreczan injenios de primer orden.
Las prendas primitivas de estos dos pueblos conservan
parte de su vigor orijinal; los Venecianos son vivos, inteli*
jentes, injeniosos, fecundos en imajenes graciosas, apasio-
nados por las artes ; los Austriacos tetricos, flecmaticos, inca^

paces| de aquellas emociones vehementes que tantas grandes

acciones han producido; el despotism o los enibruteee, la

severa disciplina militar los degrada, la supersticion los con-

dena al error i a la ignorancia. I sin embargo 470 Venecia no
471
es mas que un cuartel de Austriacos ; i la reina del Adri-
atico es esclava de un gabinete opresor i enemigo de las luces.
Jose Joaquin de Mora.

469 Al contemplar, 'on contemplating.'

* Construct : i hacia a todos los pueblos tributdrios de su comercio.

f The singular is incapaz. — See Grammar, exceptions 2d, p, 42.

470 3
J sin embargo, 'and yet.
471
No es mas que, 'is nothing but.'

11
 :

122 SPEECHES AXD ADDRESSES.

RAZONAMIENTO DE DON PELAYO.*

Conviene usar de presteza i de valor para que los que tene~
tnos la justicia de nuestra parte, sobrepujemos a los eontrarios
en el esfuerzo. Con corazones atrevidos avivemos la espe-
ranza de rrcobrar la libertad, i enjendrernosl* en los animos
do nuestros Herman os. El ejereito de los enemigos derra-
roado por muchas partes, i la fuerza de su campo esta emba-
•azada en Francia, Acudamos^ pues, con esfuerzo i corazon
que esta es buena ocasion para pel car por la antigua gloria de
la guerra, por los al tares i relijion, por los hijos, mujeresy
parientes, i aliados que tstan puestos en una indigna i gravi-
siina servidumbre. Pesada cosa es rclatar sus ultrajes, nues-
tras miserias i peligros, i cosa mui vana encarecerlos con
palabras, derramar Lagrimas, despedlr suspiros. Lo que
hace al caso e& n aplicar algun remedio a la enfermedad, dar
muestra de vuestra nobleza, i acordaros que sois nacidos de la

nobilisima sangre de los Godos.

La prosperidad i regalos nos ejiflaquecieron, e hicieron caer
en tantos males ; las adversidades i trabajos nos avivan i nos
despiertan. ; O grande i entranable dolor, fortuna trabajosa i

aspera, que vosotros mismos seais despojados de vuestras

vidas i haciendas ! todo lo cual es forzoso que padezcan los
vencidos. ^Poneis la confianza en la fortaleza i aspereza de
esta comarca ? A los cobardes i ociosos ninguna cosa puede
asegurar; i cuando los enemigos no nos acometiesen £ como
podrd esta tierra, esteril i menguada de todo, sustentar tanta
jentecomo se ha recojido a estas montanas ? El pequefio
numero de nuestros soldados os hace dudar; pero debeis

* When Pelagus, Pelayo, wished to rouse the natives of Asturias

against the Saracens, he is supposed by Mariana to have addressed them
with the above speech.
f Acudamos, 'to arms,' 'on.'
* 72 Lo que hace al caso, c what is to the point is,' 'what we must do i9
 SPEECHES AND ADDRESSES. 123

acordaros de los tiempos pasados i de los trances variables

de las guerras, por donde podeis entender que no vencen los
muchos, sino los esforzados. Estoi determinado con vuestra
ayuda, de acometer esta empresa i peligro, bien que mui
grande por el bien comun, mui de buena gana i en lanto
;
;

que yo viviere mostrarme enemigo, no mas a estos barbaros,

que a cualquiera de los nuestros que rehusare tomar las armas
i ayudamos en esta guerra sagrada, i no se determinare de

veneer 6 morir antes de sufrir vida tan miserable, tan estrema

afrenta i desventura. La grandeza de los castigos hard en-
473
tender a los cobardes que no son los enemigos los que

mas deben temerse*

Juan de Mariana,

PINTURA DE LA INQUISICIOINL*

Senor, nada he pronunciado delante del congreso que no

sea publico, no solo a la nacion sino a toda la Europa. Debo
repetir que he sido mui contenido i moderado en la pintura

que hice de este odioso i horrible tribunal, que, desde su es-

tablecimiento en Castilla, comenzb a desenfrenarse i escederse
en golpes de arbitrariedad, crueldad i despotismo, como
174
consta del" breve del Santo Padre, Sicsto IV, i de otros monu-
mentos historieos, que no necesito reproducir* ^Dejiendarilo

473 No son los enemigos, 'it is not the enemy.' —Grammar, § 6, p. 188.
* In the year 1811, the Inquisition was abolished in Spain by the
Cortes, or National Congress. Before the final passage of the bill to

that effect, the question of the continuance or abolition of that tribunal,

was discussed with all the ardour, eloquence, knowledge, argument, and
facts, which the best and wisest minds of Spain possessed, or could

produce. Ruiz Padron, a Clergyman of great intellectual endowments,

and moral purity, was one of the great champions against the Inquisi-
tion. The above piece is an extract of the end of one of his Speeches
on the occasion.
474 Como consta del, 'as appears by the.'

f Construct sus patronos i protectores defiendanlo como quieran.

 124 SPEECHES Ai\D ADDRESSES.

como quieran sus patronos i protectores ; mas* insult an des-

caradamente a la human id ad cuantof nos lo pint an duke,

suave, compasivo, caritativo, ilustrado, justo, piadoso. <; Que
lenguaje es este, sen or ? Yo cntro en los magniiicos palacios
de la inquisieion, me acerco a las puertas de bronce de sus
horribles i hediondos calabozos, tiro los pesados i asperos
cerrojos, deseicndo i me paro a media escalera. 475 Un aire
fetido i corrompido entorpcce mis sentidos, pensamientos
lugubres afiijen mi espiritu, tristes i lamentables gritos despc-
dazan mi corazon. Alii vco a un sacerdote del Seiior pade-
clendo por una atroz calumnia en la mansion del crimen ;

aqui a un pobre anciano, ciudadano honrado i virtuoso, por

una intriga domestica ; aculla a una infeliz joven,476 que
acaso no tcndria mas delito que su hermosura i su pudor
Aqui enmudezco, porque un nudo en la garganta no me per-
mite articular; porque la debilidad de mi pecho no me deja477
proseguir. Las jeneraciones futuras se llenardn de 478 espanto
i admiracion. La historia confirmard algun dia lo que he
dicho, descubrird lo que oculto, publicard io que callo*
479
i
Que tarda, pues, en libertar a la nacion de un estableci-
miento tan monstruoso ?

Ruiz Padron.

* Mas, the more ;'

f ciianto, 'the more.'
475
A media escalera, 'half-stairs/ 'half-way in the stairs/
476 Aculla, a una infeliz joven, 'there, an unfortunate young woman/
Joven, being a substantive of the masculine and feminine gender, the
article or the adjective alone agreeing with it, can determine in what
gender it is used in a sentence. — See Grammar, § 5, p. 38.
477 No me deja, 'precludes me from/ c
does not allow me to.'
478 Se llenardn de, 'will be filled with.
5
— See Grammar, Observations*
§ 2, p. 169.
479 Que tarda,.pues, 'why do you delay, thenP
 SPEECHES AND ADDRESSES. 125

&SHORTACION DE OPAS* A DON PELAYO.

Cuanta haya sido la gloria de nuestra nacion ni tu la
480
ignoraS) ni hai para que relatarla. al presente. Por grande
parte del mundo estendimos nuestras armas : a los Romanos,
senores del mundo. quitamos a Espaiia : sujetamos i vencimos
con nuestro esfuerzo naciones fieras i barbaras, pero ultima-
men te hemos sido vencidos por los Moros; i para ejemplo de
la inconstancia de la felicidad humana, de la bien andanza,
donde poco antes nos hallabamos, hemos caido en grandes i

estremos trabajos. Si cuando nuestras fuerzas las teniamos

enteras, no fmmos bastantes a resistir ;por ventura,481 ahora
482
que estdn por el suelo, pensamos prevalecer? <Por ven-
tura esa cueva, en que pocos a manera de ladrones estais en-

cerrados, i como fieras cercados de redes, sera parte para

483
libraros de un ejercito que es de no menos que sesenta mil
hombres ? Los pecados, sin duda, de toda Espaiia con que
tenemos irritado a Dios, que aun no parece esta harto de
nuestra sangre. os ciegan los ojos para que no veais lo que os
conviene*
Juan de Mariana,

RAZONAMIENTO DE MONTEZUMAf A CORTES,

Antes que me dels la embajada, ilustre Capitan i valerosos
estranjeros del principe grande que os envia; debeis vosotros.

* Opas; a traitor, who, having passed to the service of the Moors, is

anxious to induce Pelagus and his soldiers, at that time shut up in a

cave called the Covadonga, to follow his vile example.
480 Ni hai para que, 'nor is it necessary to.'
48i
por ventura, 'perchance ;' used as above, 'shall we,'
482 por e sue 0i
i i on the floor, i. e. 'dispersed,' 'routed.'
483 Sera parte para libraros de, 'will be a sufficient protection from.'
f Montezuma, the last king of the Mexican Indians, is supposed, by
Solis, to have addressed in this manner, Cortes, the conqueror of that
people.
n*
126 SPEECHES AND ADDRESSES.

i debo yo, desestimar i poner en olvido lo

que ha divulgado h
fama de nuestras personas i costumbres, introduciendo en
nuestros oidos aquellos vanos rumores que van delante de la
verdad, i suelen obscurecerla, deelinando en lisonja 6 vituperio.
En algunas partes os habrdn dicho de mi, que soi uno de los
Dioses inmortales, levantando hasta los cielos mi poder i mi
naturaleza; en otras, que se desvela en mis opulencias la
fortuna,484 que son de oro las paredes i los ladrillos de mis*
palacios, i que no caben en la tierra mis tesoros ; i en otras y
que soi tirano, cruel, i soberbio, que aborrezco la justicia, i

que no conozco la piedad.

Pero los unos i los otros os han engaiiado con igual enca-
recimiento ; i para que no imajineis que soi alguno,486 6 co-
nozcais el desvario de los que asi me imajinan^ esta propor-
cion de mi cuerpo (i desnudo parte del brazo) desengaftara
vuestros ojos de que hablais con un hombre mortal, de la
misma especie, pero mas noble i mas poderoso que los demas
hombres. Mis riquezas no niego que son grandes; pero las
hace mayores la ecsajeracion de mis vasallos,
Esta casa que habitais es uno de mis palacios : mirad esas"

paredes hechas de piedra i cal, materia vil que debe al arte su

estimacion, i colejid de uno i otro, el mismo engaiio i el

mismo encarecimiento que os hubieren dicho de mis tiranias 5

suspendiendo el juicio, hasta que os entereis de mi razon,* i

despreciando ese lenguaje de mis rebeldes, hasta que veais si

es castigof lo que llaman infelicidad, i si pueden acusarle sin

48&
dejar de merecerle.

484 Que se desvela en mis opulencias la fortuna, «that fortune sreems

anxious for the preservation and increase of my opulence.'
485 Alguno, any,' that is, 'neither a God nor a tyrant.'
* De mi razon, 'reasons,' 'facts in my favour.'

f Si es castigo, 'whether it is not condign punishment.'

486 / si pueden acusarle sin dejar de merecerle, 'and whether they car*

blame it (the punishment) without deserving it.'

 SPEECHES A#D ADDRESSES. 127

No de otra suerte 487 han llegado a nuestros oidos varios

informes de vuestra naturaleza i operaciones. Algunos han
dicho que sois deidades, que os obedecen las fieras, que mane-
jais los rayosy i mandais en los elementos ; i otros, que sois

facinerosos, iraeundos, soberbios, que os dejais dominar de

los vicios, i que venis con una sed insaciable del oro que
produce nuestra tierra, Pero yo veo que sois hombres de la

inisma composicion i masa que los demas, aunque os diferen-

cian de nosotros* algunos accidentes de los que suele influir
488
el temperamento de la tierra en los mortales.
Antonio de Solis.

EA2T0NAMIENT0 DE CARLOMAGNO.f
Cuan fea cosa sea que las armas Francesas, mui senaladas
por sus triunfos i trof eos, sean vencidas por los pueblos men-
digos de Espana, envilecidos por la larga servidumbre *

aunque yo lo calle, la misma cosa lo declara. El nombre de

nuestro imperio, la fuerza de vuestros pechos os debe animar,
tRcordaos de vuestras grandes hazanas, de vuestra nobleza, de
la honra de vuestros antepasados ; ij los que, vencidas taritas

provincias, disteis leyes a gran parte del mundo, tened por

cosa mas grave que la misma muerte, dejaros veneer de 489
jente desarmada ivil, que a manera de ladrones no se atrevi-

eron a pelear en campo raso. La estrechura de los lugares

en que estamos^ no da lugar para huir, ni serta justo poner la
esperanza en los pies, los que teneis las armas en las manos.

487 No de otra suerte, not in any other manner, i. e. 'in the same way/
'likewise.'
* Place, os diferencian de nosotros, at the end of the sentence.
488 Construct temperamento de la tierra suele climate
: el influir, 'the

of a country is apt to produce.'

f Charlemagne is supposed, by Mariana, to have thus addressed his

soldiers before the famous battle, at Roncesvalles, with the Spaniards.
% Vosotros, 'ye,* understood.
489 Dejaros veneer de, 'to let yourselves be conquered,'
128 SPEECHES AND ADDRESSES*

Los enemigos por la pobreza, miseria, i maltratamiento esfdn

flacos i sin fuerzas: el ejercito se ha juntado de Moros cris*

tianos que no concuerdan en nada, antes se diferencian en

costumbres, leyes, estatutos, i relijion. Vos tenets un mismo
corazon, una voluntad i necesidad de pelear por la vida, por
la patria, por nuestra gloria.
Juan de Mariana.

1NVOCACION AL TODOPODEROSO.
jO Dios del tiempo i de la eternidad! Tu eres el solo
que ecsiste por si mismo. Tu eres el unico que es grande i

escelente por su propia naturaleza. Tu eres la fuente incor-

ruptible, de donde se deriva todo lo bueno, verdadero i util
•

el manantial inagotable de lo que merece ser deseado en la

tierra i en el cielo. jCon que placer, con que delicia mi

alma te reconoce, te admira i adora, como la unica sabiduria
que regla sus movimientos, como el solo fanal que ilumina
mis tinieblas ; mostrandome el ultimo destino de mi ecsisten-
cia i ensefldndome el uso de los bienes i males de esta vida!
;0 Dios mio! eterno i soberano principio de todas las inteli-

jencias; ;que consuelo siente mi corazon cuando prostrado

ante el trono de tu inmensa Majestad feconoce el divino seno
de que ha salido, i cuando consider a que presto volverd a
unirse con el, sumerjiendose en el insondable pielago de
tus esplendores i de tu gloria.

I
Que, mi Dios, yo sere eterno como tu ? ^ Tu eres la me*
dida interminable de mi duracion, i el modelo de mi ecsisten-

cia? <No es delirio de mi orgullo, que yo naci destinado a

vivir contigo aun despues de la ruina de los imperios, de la
destruccion de las grand ezas, de la aniquilacion de las pa-
siones, de la estincion de los astros, i cuando ya toda esta

maquina visible haya vuelto a entrar en la noche tenebrosa

de destruccion? $Es verdad que a pesar de todas las vicisi-

tudes con que tu providencia puede probar mi vida, si me

 SPEECHES AND ADDRESSES. 129

mantengo constante en amarte i servirte me vere irrevocable-

mente incorporado en la sociedad de tu reino i de tu gloria f

jQue pensamiento! ;Que esperanza! ^Donde estas, horn-

bre, cuando no estds contigo mismo, cuando buscas otra glo-

ria que tu propia grandeza? <;Que puedes encontrar fuera de
ti que valga mas de lo que puedes serf <;De que te aprove-
cha esa inquietud de tu imajmaeion, esa turbacion de pensa-
mientos, esa infatigable variedad de deseos ?
£
Que puede
ganar tu corazon con todo ese estruendo de tu orgullo?

I
Que esperas hollar en esos espacios en que corres siempre
vago i nunca satisfecho? Si quieres ser feliz, busca a tu
Dios, que nunca estd lejos de ti. Toda la natural eza te le

muestra. Toda ella canta su santo nombre. Pero tu no la

escuchas; porque el tumulto de tus pasiones te ensordece*

Desciende a tu corazon; alii habita; i alii te hablard con
mas intimidad. Pero tu no quieres oirle; porque siempre
andas huyendo de ti mismo.
Los incesantes dones que recibes te indican la mano de
donde vienen. Esa vida en que le desconoces te prueba su
amor, pues que te la conserva. Tu duermes tranquilo, recli-

nado en su seno paternal ;

pero, olvidando la mano protectors
que te sosjiem, te entregas a los delirios de suerios engaiiosos
que te halagan con falsas ilusiones. Una flor te inter esa] la

amenidad de un campo te complace; todo lo injenioso te

admira; todo lo hermoso te agrada; i tu atento i curios o y
todo lo reconoces; todo lo ecsaminas: lo unico que se te
esconde es el gran poder que ha sabido criarXo, Parece que
la misma hermosura de los objetos es velo que te encubre la

mano que los hizo; porque, detenido en el embeleso con que

los gozas, te olvidas de su autor, La luz que debta alum-
brarte, es la que mas te ciega* Fijas los ojos en los benefi-
eios, i nunca los lev ant as para reconocer al bienhechor-
Deplorable mortal ! Tu no ves mas que fantasmas ; i sola
la verdad te parece ilusion,
Pablo Olavides-
130 SPEECHES AND ADDRESSES.

LA MUERTE.
;0 muerte ! ;cuan amarga es tu memoria al que no pane
su esperanza sino en los tesoros i placeres ! Por mas que se
haga sordo,490 la importunidad de tu voz austera, de tu grito
terrible, penetra hasta su corazon, i le hace estremecer en
medio de tus delincuentes. No da un paso sin ver los
espantosos atributos de tu violencia destructora; sin hollar
las victimas con que cubres el globo i que la justicia divina

enfrega a tu insaciable sana.

Dime, mortal, i
no oyes algunas veces esos taiiidos melan-
colicos que desde las torres de los templos se esparcen en los
aires, i cuya severa majestad domina sobre el trafago confuso
del ruido i los negocios de los hombres ? jAi amigo ! si los
oyes, no te distraigas del horror saludable que producen.
Ellos se hacen entender con acentos eficaces, i hablan con
estilo poderoso al alma que conserva todavia un resto de su
primitiva elevacion. Su impresion de terror i tristeza en un
corazon que aun no estd muerto, es un indicio de que puede
volver a la virtud ; es el crepusculo de la relijion, que quiere
amanecer i derramar en el todas sus luces.
Pablo Olavides.

PODER DEL DESEO DE GL6RIA.

El deseo de alcanzar fama es activo en gran manera.
^Quien piensas tu que arrojb a Horacio del puente abajo,
armado de todas armas, en la profundidad del Tibre ?
i
Quien
abrasb el brazo i la mano a Mucio ?
i
Quien impeJio a
Curcio a lanzarse en la profunda sima ardiente que aparecib
en la milad de Roma ? i
Quien contra todos los agueros, que
en contra se le habian mostrado, hizo pasar el Rubicon a
Cesar? I con ejemplos mas modernos, ^
quien barreno los

490 p Gr mas
q Ue se haga sordo, 'how deaf soever he may become.' — See
Grammar, p. 225.
 SPEECHES AND ADDRESSES. 131

navios i dejo en seco, aislados los valerosos Espafioles, guiados

por el cortesisimo Cortes en el Nuevo Mundo ? Todas estas
i otras grandes i diferentes hazanas, son, fueron i seran, obras
de la fama que los mortales desean, como premio i parte de
la inmortalidad que sus famosos hechos merecen*
Puesto que 491 los cristianos catolicos, i andantes caballeros,
92
mas habemos de atender* a la gloria de los siglos venideros,
que es eterna en las rejiones etereas i celestes, que a la vanidad
de la fama, que en este presente i acabable siglo se alcanza;
asi, 6 Sancho, que nuestras obras no han de salir del limite 492
494
que nos tiene puesto la relijion cristiana que profesamos;
495
hemos de matar en los jigantes a la soberbia, a la envidia

en 496 la jenerosidad i buen pecho, a la ira en el reposado con-

linente i quietud del animo, a la gula i al sueiio en el poco
comer que comemos, i en el mucho velar que velamos, a la
lujuria i lascivia, en la leal tad que guardamos a las que hemos
hecho senoras de nuestros pensamientos, a la pereza, con
andar por todas partes del mundo, buscando ocasiones que
nos puedan hacer i hagan, sobre cristianos, famosos caballeros.
Cervantes.

491 5
Puesto que, 'since.
492 Mas habemos de atender, 'we must attend more/
493 Nuestras obras no han de salir del limite, 'our actions must not go
beyond the limits.'
494 Que nos tiene puesto, 'which are prescribed to us by.'
495 Hemos de matar en los jigantes a la soberbia, 'we must destroy pride
in the giants.' The preposition a is sometimes required by an active
verb. — See Grammar, R. LIV. note 3, p. 214.
496
A la envidia en, 'envy through the medium,' 'by.'
 ;

ALLEGORIES AND FICTIONS.

HISTORIADORES CLASICOS ANTlGUOS.

Este que comma con pasos graves i circunspectos, es
Tucidides, a quien la emulacion a la gloria de Herodoto puso
la pluma en la mano para escribir sentenciosamente las guer-
ras del Peloponeso.

Aquel de profundo semblante es Polibio, que en cuarenta

libros cscribio las (listerias Romanas, de las cuales solamente
han quedado cinco, a que perdonb la injuria de los tiempos
pero no la malicia de Sebastian Maccio, que ignorantemente le
?naltrataba sin consider ar que es tan docto, que ensefia mas
que rejiere.
497
El que con la toga lisa i liana, i con libre desenvoltura le

sigue, en cuya frente est a delineado un animo candido i pru-

dente, libre de la servidumbre de la lisonja, es Plutarco, tan
versado en las artes politicas i militares, que, como dijo Bo-
dino, puede ser arbitro en ellos.
El otro de suave i apacible rostro, que con ojos amorosos i

dulces, atrae a si los aniinos, es Jenofonte, a quien Diojenes

Laercio llamb u Musa Atica," i otros con mas propiedad
"Abeja Atica."
498
Este, vestido sucintamente, pero con gran policia i ele-

gancia, es Cayo Salustio, grande enemigo de Ciceron, en

quien la brevedad comprehende cuanto pudiera dilatar la
elocuencia.
Aquel de las cejas caidas i nariz aguileiia, con antojos de
499
larga vista, desenfado i cortesano, cuyos pasos cortos ganan

497 Libre desenvoltura, 'with easy folds.'

498 Vestido siicintamente, 'plainly dressed.'
499 Antojo de larga vista, 'spy-glass.'
 ALLEGORIES AND FICTIONS. 133

mas tierra que los demas, es Cornelio Tacito, tan estimado

del emperador Claudio, que mandb se pusiese su retrato en
todas las librerias, i que diez veces al ano se escribiesen sus
libros.

Bepara en la serena frente, i en los eminentes labios de

este, que parecen destilan miel, i nota bien el ornato de sus
vestidos, sembrado de varias flores, porque es Tito Livio, de
no menos gloria a los Romanos que la grandeza de su
imperio.
El que con la espada en la una mano, i la pluma en la
otra se te ofrece delante, que no menos atemoriza en lo feroz
a los enemigos, que con la elegancia a los que quieren imi-
tarle, es Julio Cesar, ultimo esfuerzo de la naturaleza en el
valor, en el injenio, i juicio*
Diego Saavedra Fajardo.

ENCUENTRO DE UN ARGOS MORAL.*

Prosiguiendo su camino descubrieron un hombre mui otro
de cuantos habzan topado hasta aqui; pues se estaba haciendo
ojos para notarlos* 00 que ya es poco el ver. bQ>l Fuese acer-
cando, i ellos advirtlendo que realmente venza todo rebutido
de ojos de pies a cabeza, todos suyos, i mui despiertos.

;
Que gran miron, dijo Andrenio ! No sino prodijio de aten-
502
ciones, respondib Critilo. Si el es hombre, no es de estos

* Critilo and Egenius, are represented in a moral tale, to be in search

of their companion Andrenius, whom they had lost, while they were at
court. On looking for him, they are supposed to meet a person full of
eyes, whom the author of the novel calls a moral Argus. This per-
sonage is introduced to show how important it is to be cautious, consi-
derate, prudent in this world ; that is,how necessary it is for us to see,

or think deeply and maturely before we act.

500 Se estaba haciendo ojos para notarlos, i he was making eyes for him-
self to look at them.'
501 Que ya es poco el ver, 'for people do not see much now-a-days.'
602 y ^n0 prodyio de atenciones, 'else prodigiously attentive/

12
 134 ALLEGORIES AND FICTIONS*
503
tiempos: i si lo es, no es marido, ni aun pastor, ni trae
cetro, ni cayado.
504
Mas i
si serta Argos ? Pero no, que ese fue del tiempo
antiguo; i no se hallan ya semejantes desvelos. Antes si, 505
respondio el mismo, que* estamos en tiempos quef es menes
ter abrir el ojo i aun no basta, sino andar con cien ojos
Prometoos que para poder vivir, es menester armarse un
hombre de pies a cabeza, no de ojetes, sino do ojazos mui
dispiertos para descubrir tanta falsedad i mentira: ojos en los
manos, para ver lo que dan mucho mas lo que toman:
i ojos
en los brazos, para no abarcar mucho i apretar poco: 506 ojos
en la misma lengua, para mirar muchas veces lo que se ha de
507
decir: ojos en el pecho, para ver en que le ha de tener:
ojos en el corazon, atendiendo a quien le lira i le hace tiro: 508
ojos en los mismos ojos, para mirar como miran: ojos, imas
ojos i reojos.

"<Que hara" respondio Critilo, " quien no tiene sino dos, i

estos nunca bien abiertos i mirando aninadamente con dos

nirias ? <; No nos venderiais, que ya nadie da, un par de esos
509
que os sobran. jQue es sobrar!" dijo Argos, "de mirar
510
nunca hai harto, ademas de que no hai precio para ellos,

803 I silo es, 'and if it be so;' that is, 'of these times or age.'
604 Argos ? 'might he not be Argus
1 Si seria
?'

605 Antes si, 'on the contrary.'

* Que, here means 'for,' 'because/ f Here que is used for 'when.'
Que, has so many meanings, that, to translate it properly into English,
is not unfrequently very difficult.
506 There is a proverb in the Spanish language which runs thus, quien
mucho abarca poco aprieta, 'he that embraces much, seizes little, i. e. all

covet, all lose.

507 P echo, means 'breast;' as well as 'courage;' therefore, ojos en el
pecho para ver en que le ha detener, 'eyes in the breast, that we may see
on what occasions we should be courageous.'
508 Atendiendo a quien le tira i le hace tiro, paying attention to whom it

injures, or by whom it is injured.

509 Que es sobrar! 'what do you mean, by being able to spare!'
/
110 De mirar nunca hai harto, *it is impossible to look too much.'
 ALLEGORIES AND FICTIONS. 135
511
solo uno, i ese es un ojo de la cara." "Pues <;Que ganaria
yo en eso," replied Critilo ? "Mucho," respondib Argos, el
mirar con ojos ajenos, que es una gran ventaja, sin pasion i

sin engaiio, que es el verdadero mirar.

Baltasar Gracian.

REINO DE LA INMORT ALIDAD.*

Jlsistia a la puerta un tan ecsacto cuan absoluto portero,
cerrando i abriendo a quien juzgaba digno de la inmortali-
dad; sin su aprobacion no habia que entrar pretendiente. 1

es de adveriir que no podia aqui nada el soborno, que es

cosa bien rara ; no habia que meterle en la mano el doblon,
512
porque el no era de dos caras. Nada valia el coecho,
nada alcanzaba el favor, tan poderoso en otras partes. No
escuchaba interseciones, ni se obraba con el bajo manga, 513
514
que no la tenia ancha, antes de una legua conocia a todo
hombre. No se ahorraba con nadie, jamas hizo cosa con es-
crupulo; no condescendia, ni con senores, ni con principes,
ni con reyes, i, lo que es mas, ni con validos.

511
Solo uno, i ese es el ojo de la cara, 'only for one, and this is the eye
of the face ;' meaning, that Argus could only dispose of the eye of his
face, because, as his interior emotions appeared in it, and these emotions
could be discovered by any one who would pay attention to them, the
eye which thus exposed his feelings to others, could be at their mercy,
or sold to them.
* A moral fiction, in which immortality is represented as a temple,
guarded by Merit, who admitted into it the deserving only.
512 Porque el no era de dos caras, 'because the porter had not two
faces,' i. e. 'because he did not change sides,' was not changeable.
513 Ni bajo manga, 'nor could they act with
se obraba con el him in a
concealed manner.'
514 Que no la tenia ancha, 'because he was very sagacious,' 'acute.' It

will be observed that the author plays here with the word manga,
'sleeve.' Gracian is fond of punning; and he is frequently felicitous in
it. These extracts are given to initiate the student into an acquain-
tance with the style of the seventeenth century, when double entendres
and ingenious conceits were much in use.
136 ALLEGORIES AND FICTIONS.

Eii prueba de esto, llegb en aquella misma ocasion un grave

personaje, no ya pidiendo, sino mandando que le abriesen las
puertas tan de par en par como al mismo Conde de Fuentes.
Miroselo el severo alcaide, i a la prim era ojeada conocib que
no la merecia; i respondioie que no habia lugar. 515 "^Corao
no," replied el, "habiendo sido yo el famoso, el mayor, el

macsimo?" Pregunto* quien le habia dado aquellos re-

nombres. Respondio que sus amigos. Riolo mucho, i dijo,
516
"mas valiera que vuestros enemigos.f Quita alia, que
vents descaminado."
"<Que portero es este tan inecsorable, i rijido," pregunto
Andrenio? U A
fe que no es a la moda inconquistable a los
17
doblones." Este, le dijof es el mismo Merito en persona
hecho i derecho. 518
O jgran snjeto! Ahora digo que no me
espanto, trabajo hemos de tener en la entrada.
Llegaban unos i otros a pretenderi^ en el reino de la
inmortalidad, i pedianles las patentes, iirmadas del constante
trabajo, rubricadas del heroico valor, selladas de la virtud.
"Esta letra," le dijo a uno, 519 "es de mujer, si, si, i que mala,
aunque de linda mano, quita alia. jQue asquerosa fama!
Esta otra no viene iirmada, que aun para ello le dolio el brazo
a la poltroneria; a ambar huele este papel, mas valiera a
polvora."
"Mirad, senor, que todos mis antepasados estdn dentro i
en gran puesto," decia uno vanamente confiado; "i asi yo
520
tengo derecho para entrar alia." Mejor dijerais obligacion

615 Que no habia lugar, 'that there was no admittance.''

* El portero, understood.
f Os los hubieren dado, 'had given them to you,' is understood
516 Quita alia, 'away!'
517 Le dijo, 'he was answered.'
518 Hecho i derecho, an idiomatic expression, to denote that the person
or thing we speak of, is the very self same we mean.
X Pretenderla, 'to ask it,' i. e. admittance.
519 Le dijo a uno, 'said he to one,' i. e. 'said Merit to a new comer.'
620 Mejor dijerais, 'you should rather say.'
 ALLEGORIES AND FICTIONS. 137

i obligaciones, i por lo tanto debierais haber cumplido con

ellas, i obrado de modo que no os quedarais fuera. Entended
que aca no se vive de ajenos blasones sino de hazanas pro*
pias i mui singulares. ",;Como se puede sufrirf* decta un
62i
rei, " que quien es senor de tanto mundo se maleara; que
un gran principe de muchos estados i dictados no tenga un
rincon en el reino de la Fama." "No hai aca rincones," le
respondieron, "ninguno estd arrinconado.' 5522 Mordzanse^
en llegando a esta ocasion, las manos algunos grandes se-
nores al verse escluidos del reino de la FAMA; i que eran
admitidos algunos soldados de fortuna; un Julian Romero,
un Villamayor,i un capitan Calderon, honrado de los mismos
enemigos.
Baltasar Gracian.

621 Se maleara, 'should fail in getting in.'

622 Arrinconado, 'put in a corner,' 'unnoticed.'

1ST
 : ;

POETRY.

QUEJAS DE NEMOROSO. 6*3

Como al partirb24 del sol la sombra crece,
I en cayendo su rayo, se levanta
La negra oscuridad que el mundo cubre:
525
De do viene el temor que nos espanta,
I la medrosa forma en que se ofrece
Aquello que la noche nos encubre,

Hasta que el sol descubre

Su luz pura i hermosa
Tal es la tenebrosa

Noche de tu partirf 26 en que he quedado

De sombra i de temor atormentado,
Hasta que muerte el tiempo determine,
Que a ver el deseado
Sol de tu clara vista me encamine.

Cual suele el ruisenor con triste canto

Quejarse, entre las hojas escondido,
Del duro labrador, que cautamente
Le despojo su caro i dulce nido
De los tiernos hijuelos, entre tan to

Que 527 del amado ramo estaba ausente

I aquel dolor que siente.
Con diferencia tanta

523 Nem&roso is a personage in an eclogue composed of himself, Salu-

cius, and a Poet. The above mournful strain is excited by the death
of Nemoroso's lover.
584 Al partir, f
at the setting.'
625
De do, 'whence. 5
526 De tupartir, { of thy death 5
: alluding to his lover
627 Entre tcunto que, 'whilst.'
 POfiTRV, 139

Por la dulce garganta

Despide, iasu canto el aire suenfy
I la callada noche no refrena
Su lamentable oficio i sus querellas^
Trayendo de su pena
Al cielo por testigo i las estrellas.

De esta manera, snelto yo la rienda

528

A mi dolor, i asi me quejo en vano

De la dureza de la muerte airada.
Ella en mi corazon metio la mano
529
I de alii me llevo mi dulce prenda.
Que aquel era su nido i su morada.
Garcilaso de la Vega.

LA SOLEDADf
Fen, dulce soledad, i al alma mia
Libra del mar h orris on o, ajitado
Del mundo corrompido
I benigna la paz i la alegria

Vuelve al doliente corazon, llagado :

Fen, levanta mi espiritu abatido.

El venero crecido
Modera, de las lagrimas que lloro? 30
I a tus quietas mansiones me transporta.
Tu favor celestial humilde imploro:
Fen, a un triste conforta,

Sublime soledad, i libre sea

Del confuso tropel que me rode a.

I
Ai !
£
porque asi ajitarse el hombre insano
I viendo ya a los pies \ 6 ciego ! abierto

528 Suelto yo la rienda, give vent.'

«I
629
1 de alii me llevo, 'and therefrom took away.'
M0 Que Uoro, 'which I shed.'
 ; ;

140 POETRY.

El sepulcro, gozarte ?

Pon, pon freno a la risa, polvo vano,

I en tan vulgar, culpable desconcierto
Entra en tu corazon a contemplarte.
i
Que ves para gloriarte ?

<
Que ue.s dentro de ti ? Vuelve los ojos
A tus miseros dias ; de tus gustos
La flor huyo, quedaron los abrojos
Como castigos justos :

I las fugaces horas se volaron. . . .

<
Que poder laniard las que pasaron ?

Tu, augusta soledad, al alma llenas

De otra sublime luz, tu la separas
Del placer pestilente
I mientras en silencio la enajenas,
A la virtud el animo preparas,
I a la verdad inclinas transparente
Del cielo fuljente

Hacienda que nos abra b3X el hondo abismo

Do esconde sus tesoros celestiales.
El hombre iluminado ve en si mismo
Las seiias inmortales,

Merced a tu favor, de su grandeza,

Del mundo vil hollando la bajeza.

La mente sin los lazos que detienen

Preso su hidalgo ardor, en raudo vuelo
Las vagas nubes pasa,
Llegando a do su trono alzado lienen
Al inmenso Hacedor los altos cielos
I a su divina norma se compasa:

531 Construct : I inclinas d la verdad transparente del cielo fuljente ha-

cienda que nos abra, 'and thou inducest transparent truth of refulgent
heaven to open to us.'
 POETRY. 141

De su lumbre sin tasa

533
Gozosa se alimenta i satisface.
El fuego celestial con que* se atreve
A las grand es empresas ; cuanto hace
Bueno el hombre lo debe,

soledad, a tu silencio augusto,

Donde Dios habla i se descubre al justo.

Mas los hombres que ilusos no perciben

Su misteriosa voz, cuyos oidos
A la verdad cerrados,
1 al error son patentes, asi viven
Del mundo en el estrepito metidos,
dial en galera miseros forzados :f
Siervos aherrojados
Al antojo liviano i las pasiones
Sorprehende\os de subito la muerte.
El sabio, solo el sabio, las prisiones
Rompe con mano fuerte :

Intrepido de todo se retira;

I de la play a la borrasca mira.
Juan Meiendez \ aides.

LAS FLORES.
Naced, vistosas flores,
Ornad el suelo, que llorb desnudo
So el cetro helado del Invierno rudo,
Con los vivos colores,

532 Construct : Gozosa se alimenta i satisface de su lumbre sin tasa, 'the

5
mind, joyful, feeds on and enjoys its immense light, i. e. the light issuing
from the Maker's throne.
* El hombre, understood.
f Construct : asi viven metidos en el estrepito del mundo, cual en galera
miseros forzados, they live in the noise of the world, like wretches iu
the galleys
 142 POETRY.

En que matiza vuestro fresco seno

Rica naturaleza.
Ya rie Mayo, i cefiro sereno
Con deliciosos besos, solicita
Vuestra sin par belleza;
I el rudo broche a los capullos quila.
Pareced, pareced, ; 6 del verano
Hijas i la alma Flora!
I al nacarado llanto de la Aurora
Abrid el caliz virjinal. Ya siento,

Ya siento en vuestro aroma soberano,

Divinas flores, empapado el viento; 533
I aspira la nariz i el pecho alienta534
Los ambares que el prado les presenta

Do quiera liberal. 535 jOh! jque infinita

Profusion de colores
La embebecida vista solicita!

jQue majia! jque primores

De subido matiz, que anhela en vano
536
Al lienzo trasladar pincel liviano !

Con el arte natura

A formaros en una concurrieron,
537
Galanas flores, i a la par os dieron
Sus gracias i hermosuras.
Mas jah! que acaso un dia
Jlcaba tan pomposa lozania,
Imajen cierta de la suerte humana;

533 Construct : ya siento, divinas flores, el viento empapado en vuestro

aroma soberano, I feel, divine flowers, the wind fullof your delightful
fragrance.
534 Construct : / la nariz aspira i el pecho alienta.
535
Do quiera liberal, 'everywhere with great liberality,' or 'liberally.'
Note 187.
536 Construct : que pincel liviano en vano anhela trasladar al lienzo.
537 Construct : galanas flores, natura con el arte concurrieron en una a
formaros.
 POETRY, 143

Empero mas dichosas.

Si os roba, flores, el ferviente Estio,

Mayo os levanta del sepulcro umbrioj

I a brillar otra vez naceis hermosas.
Asi, j o jazmin ! tu nieve
Ya a lucir torna, aunque en espacio breve ?
Entre el verde agradable de tus ramas; 533
I con tu olor subido
Parece que amoroso
A las zagalas que te corten, clamas.
Para enlazar sus sienes venturoso.
Mientras el clavel en purpura tenido
En el flecsible vastago se mece;
1 oficioso desvelo a la belleza,
A Flora i al Amor un trono ofrece
En su globo encendido,
Hasta que trasladado
A algun pecho nevado,
Mustio sobre el desmaya la cabeza
I el cerco encoje de su pompa hojosa.
I la humilde violeta, vergonzosa,

Por los valles perdida

Su modesta beldad cela encojida.
Mas el ambar fragrante
Que le roba fugaz mil vueltas dando
El aura susurrante,
En el sus vagas alas empapando,
Descubre fiel do esconde su belleza.

*Orgulloso levanta la cabeza

I la vista arrebota
Entre el vulgo de flores olorosas
El tulipan, honor de los verjeles;*

538 Construct : tu nieve, aunque en espdcio breve, ya torna d lucir entre

el verde agradable de tus ramas.
* Before orgulloso, place el tulipan, honor de los verjeles.
 144 POETRY.

I en galas emulando a los claveles,

Con fajas mil vistosas
De su viva escarlata
Recama la riquisima librea.*

Pero j
ah ! que en mano avara le escasea
'
Cruda Flora su encienso delicioso;
I solo asi a la vista luce hermoso.
No tu,
539
azucena virjinal, vestida

Del manto de inocencia en nieve pura

I el caliz de oro fino recamado;
No tii, que en el aroma mas preciado
Baiiando tu hermosura,
A par los ojos i el sentido encanlas
De los toques mecida
De mil lindos Amores,
Que vivaces codician tus favores,
jO como entre sus brazos te levantas!
\
Como brilla del Sol al rayo ardiente
Tu corona esplendente! 540
i
I cual en torno carinosas vuelan
Cien mariposas, i en besarte anhelan*
Tuyo, tuyo serza,
O azucena el imperio 541 sin la rosa,

De Flora honor, delicia del verano,

Que, en fugaz plazo de belleza breve,f
Su caliz aire al apuntar el dia;J

* Construct : recama la librea de su viva escarlata.

539 No tii, 'not thou,' that is, 'it is not so in regard to thee.'
540 Construct : como tu corona esplendente hilla al rayo del sol ardiente.
541 El imperio, that is, 'the empire of/ 'the superiority over all the
5
flowers.

f Que, en fugaz plazo de belleza breve, 'which, during a flying term

of short beauty/ i. e. 'which, in a display of beauty, though of short
duration.'

X M apuntar el dia, 'on the day peeping out/ i. e. 'at day-break/

 145

I en purpura baiiada, el soberano

CJerco levanta de la frente hermosa,
Su aljofar nacarado el Alba Uueve
En su seno clivino :*

Febo la enciende con benigna llama,

542
I le did Citerea
Su sangre celestial, cuando aflijida

Del bello Adonis la espirante vida,

Que en debil voz la llama,

Quiso acorrer.f i del fatal espino

Ofendida joh dolor! la planta bella

De purpura lino la infeliz huella.

Codtcialdi Cupido
Entre las flores por la mas preciada^
I la nupcial guirnalda que cifiera
A su Psiquis amada
De rosas fue de su pensil de Gnido,
I el talamo feliz tambien de rosa
Donde triunfo gozb, cuando abrasado
i

En su llama dichosa
Tierno esclamo en sus brazos desmayado
Hoi, bella Psiquis, por la vez primera
Siento que el Dios de las delicias era.

jO reina de las flores!

; Gloria del mayo! jventuroso fruto
Del llanto de la Aurora!

* Construct : el alba Uueve en su divino seno, su aljofar nacarado, 'the

dawn sheds on its divine bosom, its pearl-coloured dew drops.
5

642 This passage refers to the account given in ancient mythology

about a thistle sticking into the veins of Cythera's foot, when, being
called by Adonis, who was sick, she ran to nurse him. To enhance the
colour of the rose, the poet here says, that Venus, on being pricked,
gave that flower the blood which issued from her foot.

f Construct: cuando (ella) aflijida quiso acorrer la espirante ytda del

bello Adonis, que en debil voz la llama.

13
 ;

146 POETRY.

Salve jrosa divina!

Salve; i ve, llega a mi jentil pastora

A rendirle el tributo
De tus suaves odores

I humilde a su beldad la frente inclina.

Salve [divina rosa!

Salve; i deja que viendote en su* pecho
Morar ufana, i por su nieve pura
Tus frescas hojas derramar segura,
Loco envtdie tu suerte venturosa,

I anhele en ti trocado
Sobre elf morir en ambares deshecho,

J Me aspirard su labio regalado.

Juan Melendez Valdes.

* Su, referring to pastora.

t El, referring to pecho.

\ A»i de esia manera, understood.
VOCABULARY.
 ABBREVIATIONS.

art. article. prep, preposition

s. singular. conj. conjunction
p. person plural. inter, interjection-
m. masculine. inf. infinitive.

/. feminine. md. indicative.

sm. substantive masculine imp. imperative.
*/. substantive feminine. subj. subjunctive.
sub. substantive. ger. gerund.
eollec. collective. pres. present.
dim. diminutive. impf. imperfect.
prop, proper. pret. preterite.
a. adjective. fat. future.
part, participle. con. conditional.
abs. absolute. 1, 2, or 3. first, second, or third per-
adjec. adjectified.* son.
substan. substantified.f v. verb.

pron. pronoun. va. verb active.

per. personal. vn. verb neuter.
pos. possessive. vr. verb reflective.
rel. relative. aux. auxiliary.
indef. indefinite. impers. impersonal.
ad. adverb. F. from.
Those adjectives which terminate in, o, an, or on, are made feminine
by the changing of o into a; and by the addition of a, to those that end
in an or on. The rest never change from, masculine to feminine; as>
bueno-a, haragan-a, poltron-a.
The plural of words is formed in Spanish by the addition of s to those

which end in a vowel, and es to those that end in a consonant, or ac-

cented vowel; as, lifrro-s, amor-es, alholi-es.
Those ending in z, change the z into ces, as almirez, a mortar, ahm-
reces, mortars.

Those ending in i, change it into yes, as rei, king; reyes, kings.

* Used as adjectives. t Used as substantives.

 VOCABULARY,

A.

A, prep, to, in, at, for, under, on. Abatido-a, a. dejected, depressed,
A, or Ah, inter, ah, alas. mean, base.
A lo lejos, ad. far off, at a dis- Abatimiento, sm. depression; de-
tance. struction, overthrow.
Abajo, ad. under, underneath, be- Abeja, sf a bee.
low, downwards. Abertura, sf aperture, way, com-
Abalanzando, F. Abalanzar, ger. mencement.
rushing against. Abismado, a. plunged, immersed.
Abalanzar, inf. va. to rush against, Abierto-a, F. Abrir, a. and part
to counterpoise, to weigh. open, free, sincere opened. ;

Abandonado-a, a. and part, aban- Abierto, part. abs. being opened.

doned, profligate, left, desponded. Abismado, part, and a. plunged,
Abandonais, F. Abandonar, ind. sunk into depressed.
;

pres. 2p. ye, or you abandon. Abismo, sm. abyss, hell.

Abandonar, inf. pres. va. to aban- Ablandan, (se) ind. pres. Sp. they
don, to desert, to despair. soften ; become softened.
Abandonas, F. Abandonar, ind. pres. Ablandar. inf. va. to soften, to miti-
2s. thou abandonest gate, to sooth, to assuage.
Abandones, F. Abandonar, subj. Abono, sm. favour, security, ma-
pres. 2s. thou mayest abandon. nure, receipt.
Abandono, sm. abandonment, dere- Aborrecedor-a, s. a detester, (he
liction. who dislikes, or hates.)
Abandono, F. Abandonar, ind. pres. Aborrecido. F. Aborrecer, part, ha-
Is. abandon. ted, disliked, abhorred.
Abandono, F .Abandonar, lad. pret. Abordara, F. Abordar, ind. fat. 3s.
3s. abandoned. will land.
Abarcar, inf. va. to clasp, to em- Abordara, F. Abordar, subj. imp. 1

brace, to contain, to undertake. or 3s. could, or might board.

Abasto, sm. supply, abundance, Aborrece, F. Aborrecer, ind. pr^
store; purveyorship. 3s. abhors.
Abate, F. Abatir, ind. pres. 3s. Aborrecer, inf. va. to despise, to
overthrows. abhor, to detest, to hate.
Abatir, inf. va. to overthrow, to Aborrec'an, F. Aborrecer, ind. imp.
stoop; vn. to be depressed Sp. they hated.
13* 14.9
 .

ACA
Aborrezcamos, F. Aborrecer, subj. Abstinencia, sf. abstinence, for-
pres. \p. may hate. bearance.
Aborrezeo, F. Aborrecer, ind. pres. Abuela, sf grandmother; abuelo,
Is. I abhor. sm. grandfather.
Abra, F.' Abrir, subj. pres. 1 or Ss. Abultar, inf. va. to increase, to en-
may open. large, to augment in size.
A bra, F. Abr'r, imp. pres. 2s. open Abultar, inf. vn. to be bulky, to be
thou. large.
Abrasado-a, F. Abrasar, part, adjec. Abunda, F. Abundar, inf. pres. Ss
burned, parched, dissipated. abounds,
Abraza, F. Abrazar, imp. 2s. em- Abundar, inf. pres. vn. to abound,
brace thou. to. have plenty.

Abrazaba, F. Abrazar, ind. imp. 1 Abundaneia, sf. abundance, plenty.

or 3s. embraced. Aburre, F. Aburrir, ind. pres. Ss. is
Abrazando, F. Abrazar, ger. em- irksome.
bracing. Abundante, a. abundant, plentiful,
Abrazar, inf. va. to embrace, to generous.
avail one's self, to hug. Abuso, sm. abuse, slander, ill-use.
Abrazara, or Abrazaria, F. Abrazar, Aca, ad. here, in this place.
subj. impf 1 or 3s. would or should Acaba, F. Acabar, ind. pres. Ss.
embrace terminates.
Abrazo, F. Abrazar, ind. pres. Is. Acababa, F. Acabar, ind. impf. 1 or
I embrace. 3s. terminated.

Abrazo, F. Abrasar, ind. pret Ss. he Acabable, a. finishable, (what can

burned, be terminated or concluded.)
Abre, F. Abrir, ind. pres. 3s. opens. Acabado-a, a. terminated; sunk,
Abrevaba, F. Abrevar, ind. imp. Ss. consumed, filled.
watered. Acabando, F. Acabar, ger. con-
Abria, F. Abrir, impf pres. 2p. ye, cluding, finishing, having termi-
or you opened. nated.
Abriendo, F. Abrir, ger. opening, Acabar, inf. va. to terminate, to
or beginning. conclude, to finish, to harass.
Abriesen, F. Abrir, subj. S impf. 1 Acabar, inf. vn. to terminate in, to
or Sp. should open. die, to expire.

Abriste, F. Abrir, ind. pret. 2s. thou Acabaran, F. Acabar, ind. fat. Sp.
openedst. they will finish or end.
Abrio, F. Abrir, ind. pret. Ss. opens. Ac abas, F. Acabar, ind. pres. 2s.
Abraza, F. Abrazar, ind. pres. 3s. thou concludest.
embraces. Acabasen, F. Acabar, subj. 3 impf.
Abrir, inf. va. to open, to com- Sp. they should conclude.
mence, to communicate. Acabe, F. Acabar, subj. pres. 1 or

Abrojo, sin. bramble, briar, thorn. 3s. may finish.

Abrumado-a, F. Abrumar, part. abs. Acabe, F. Acabar, imp. pres. Ss. let
crushed, overwhelmed, teased. it, him or you terminate.

Absoluto-a, a. absolute, tyrannical, Acabo, F. Acabar, ind. pres. Is, I

independent. conclude or end.
150
 ACE ACQ
Academico-a, s. academician, or a Achaean, F. Achacar, ind. pres. Sp
member of an academy. they impute, say that he was.
Academico-a, a. academic, (relating Achacar, inf. pres. va. to impute, to
to an academy.) ascribe.
Acaecio, F. Acaecer, ind. pret. 3s. Acierto, sm. success luck. ;

it there happened. Aclamacion, sf. acclamation, joy,

Acarrear, inf. pres. va. to bring on, cheering.
to occasion. Acojida, sf. stream; reception, asy-
Acaso, sm. chance, casualty, adven- lum.
ture. Acometer, %nf. va. to attack, to as-
Acaso, ad. perhaps, by accident, by sault, to undertake, to tempt.
chance. Acometieron, ind. pret. Sp. they at-
Ac atari, F, JLcatar, ind. Sp. they tacked; undertook.
respect. Acometiesen, F. Acometer, subj. 3
Acatar, inf. va. to respect, to revere, impf Sp. should attack.
to behold, to inspect. Acomodaba, ind. impf 1 or 3s. was
Acataron, F. Acatar, ind. pret. Sp. accommodated.
suitable,
they respected. Acompanado-a, a. accompanied,
at-
Acatamiento, sin. presence respect tended.
;

acknowledgment, attention. Acompanado, F. Acompanar, part.

Aceite, sm. oil. accompanied, attended.
Accidente, sm. accident, peculiar- Acompanar, imp. va. to accompany,
ity; chance, occurrence. to escort.
Accion, sf action, act, share. Aconsejar, inf. va. to advise, to
Acento, sm. accent, voice, lamenta- counsel; to take advice.
tion. Aconsejasen, F. Aconsejar, subj.
Acelerar, inf. va. to accelerate, to impf Sp. they should advise.
hasten, to despatch. Acordaos, F. Acorddrse, imp. 2p*
Aceptar, inf. pres. va. to accept, to remember ye.
admit. Acordar, inf. va. to remind, to de-
Acepto, F. Aceptar, ind. pret. 3s. he termine, to deliberate.
accepted. Acordar, inf. vn. to agree, to re-
Acercaba, (se) F. Acer car, ind. member, to recollect.
impf. 1 or 3s. it, he, or she drew, Acordara, F. Acordar, subj. impf 1
came near. or 3s. would, or should remem-
Acercan, F. Acer car, ind. pres. Sp. ber.
they draw near. Acordar emos, F. Acordar, ind. fat.
Acercando, F. Acer car, ger. ap- \p. we shall agree.
proaching, drawing near. Acorrer, inf. pres. vn. to save, to
Acercar, inf. pres. va. to draw near, succour, to repair.
to approach. Acordaran, F. Acordar, subj. 1
Acerco, F. Acer carse. ind. pres. Is. impf Sp. they would remember.
approach. Acorres, F. Acorrer, ind. pres. 2s.
Aeero, sm. steel, sword. thou hast recourse.
Acertado-a, a. fit, prOper success- Acostumbra, F. Acodumbrar, ind.
3

ful ; rightly hit. pres. 3s. is in the habit.

151
 ;

ADE AD6
A?ortase, F. Acortar, subj. imp. 3s. Adelante, ad. higher up, farther off
he should shorten or abridge. henceforward.
Acostumbrado-a, part. a. accus- Adelante, inter, go on, proceed,
tomed, used to, inured, habitu- come on.
ated. Ademas, or Ademas de que, prep
Acostumbrar, inf. va. to accustom, besides, independently of.
to inure ;vn. to be wont. Adios, ad adieu, farewell, good
Acrecentado, F. Acrecentar^ part.
increased, augmented. Adivinar, inf. pres. va. to foretell,
Acrecento, F. Acrecentar, ind. pret. to guess, to divine, to unriddle.
3s. he increased. Admirable, a. admirable, astonish- ,

Acreedor, sm. creditor, meritorious ing, great.

person. Admiracion, sf. admiration, wonder,
Activo-a, a. active, diligent. surprise.
Acto, sm. act, event, fact; en el Admirado-a, part. a. astonished,
ado, at this moment. surprised, part, admired.
Actual, adj. actual, present. Admirar, inf. va. to admire, to ex-
Acudamos, F. Acudir, subj. pres. \p. cite admiration.
let us, or we way repair. Admirasen, F. Admirar, subj. 3
Acuden, F. Acudir,, ind. pres, Zp. impf Sp. they should admire.
they repair. * Admiro, F. Admirar, ind. Is. I ad-
Acudio, F. Acudir, md. pres. 3s. it, mire.
he, or she repaired. Admitido, F. Admitir, part, ad
Acudir, inf. pres. vn. to succour, to mitted, received, acknowledged.
repair, to apply. Admitio, F. Admitir, ind. pret. 3*.
Acudira, F. Acudir, ind. fid. 3s. it, he, or she admitted.
shall or will assist. Admitir, inf. va. to admit, to re-
Acuerda, F. Acordar, subj. pres. 1 ceive, to accept, to permit.
or 3s. she may remind. Adonde,
ad. and pron. where, in, to
Acuerdo, sm. decree, opinion, ad- which.
vice, consent. Adonis, sm. Adonis, a fabulous god.
Aculla, ad. there, in that place, Adora, F. Adorar, ind. pres. 3s.
yonder. worships, adores.
Acusaba, F. Acusar, ind. impf. 1 or Adorar, inf. pres. va. to adore, to
3s. accused. worship, to reverence, to revere
Acusado-a, a. accused, charged; Adormido-a, Adormir, part, calmed,
being accused. lulled.
Acusar, inf. pres. va. to accuse, to Adormecido-a, a. drowsy, nodding,
acknowledge, to charge. benumbed, torpid.
Adan, sm. Adam, the first man Aclornaba, F. Adornar, ind. impf. 1
created. or 3s. ornamented.
Adarga, sfi shield, target. Adornado-a, part. a. ornamented,
Adelantar, inf. vn. to advance, to beautified, embellished.
progress, to improve. Adornado, F. Adornar, part, adorn-
Adelantando, F. Adelantar, ger. ad- ed, embellished.
vancing, improving.
152
 ADV AFR
A.d6rno, sm. ornament, decoration, Advirtio, F. Advertir, ind. pret. 3s.
furniture. observed.
Adoro, F. Adorar, he Afabilidad, sf affability, easy man-
ind. pret. 3s.
adored. ners, freedom of action.
Adoro, F. Jldorar, ind. pres. Is. I Afan, sm. eagerness, vehemence,
adore. labour, effort.
Adriatico, sm. Adriatic Sea, or Afea, F. Afear, ind. pres. 3s. dis-
Gulf of Venice. figures.
Adquerir, inf. va. to acquire, to at- Afear, inf. va. to deform, to cen-
tain, to obtain. sure, to disfigure.
Adquiero, F. Adquerir, ind. pres. Is. Afectadamente, ad. affectedly, with
I acquire. affected politeness.
Adriano, sm. Adrianus, the 15th Afecto, sm. affection, love, pain.
emperor of Rome. Afecto-a, a. affectionate, inclined,
Adulacion, sf. adulation, flattery. fond of.
Adulador, sm. flatterer. Afeminacion, sf effeminacy, soft-
Adultero, sub. adulterer ; Adulter a, ness, delicacy, effemination.
adulteress. Afeminado-a,_par£. adjec. enervated,
Adulto, sm. adult. weak, effeminated.
Adversidad, sf. misfortune, adver- Afirma, F. Afirmar, ind pres. 3s.
sity, calamity. affirms, emboldens.
Adverso-a, a. adverse, afflictive, Afirmar, inf. va. to affirm, to assure,
opposite. to make fast.

Advertencia, sf. discretion, pru- Aflije, F. Aflijir, ind. pres. 3s.

dence. grieves.
Adverti, F. Advertir, ind. pret. Is. Aflijia, F. Aflijir, ind. impf. 1 or 3s.
I noticed. afflicted, grieved.
Adverti d, F. Advertir, imp. pi-es. Aflijido, part, adjec. afflicted,
°2p. observe ye, or you. grieved, tormented.
Advertido-a, a. cautious, conside- Aflijido, F. Aflijir, pari, afflicted,
rate, prudent. tormented.
Advertimos, F. Advertir, ind. pres. Aflijio, F. Aflijir, ind. pret. 3s. af-
or pret. 1 or Sp. observed. flicted.
Advertir, inf. va. to caution, to take AflijLr, inf. pres. va. to pain, to
notice of, to advise. grieve, to afflict, to torment.
Adviertes, F. Advertir, ind. pres. 2s. Afortunado-a, a. fortunate, lucky,
thou observest. successful.
Advierte, F. Advertir, imp. pres. 2s. Afrenta, sf. affront, insult, dis-
observe thou. honour, courage.
Advierten, F. Advertir, ind. pres. Afrentado, part, adjec. affronted,
3p. they observe. insulted.
Advierto, F. Advertir, ind. pres. Is Afrentoso-a, a. ignominious, insult-
I observe. ing.
\

Advirtiendo, F. Advertir, ger. ob- Africa, sf. prop. Africa, one of the
serving, taking for granted. five great divisions of the globe

.53
 !

AGU ALA
Agarra, F. Agarrar, ind. he Agustino, sm, Augustinian, monk
3s.

seizes, or grasps. of the order of St. Augustin.

Agarrar, inf. va. to seize, to grasp, Aherrojado-a, part adjec. chained,
to lay hold of, to obtain. fettered, shackled.
Agarrochean, F. Agarrochear, ind. Ahilado-a, part, adjec. emaciated,
Sp. they pierce, goad. weak.
fainting,
Agolpan, (se) F. Agolpar, ind. Ahogado-a, a. stifled, drowned; s
pres. 2p. crowd into. a drowned person.
Agrada, F. Agradar, ind. pres. 3s. Ahogaremos, F. Ahogar, ind. Jut.
pleases, delights. \p. we shall, or will drown.
Agradaba, F. Agradar, ind. impf. 1 Ahondaba, F. Ahondar, ind. impf
or 3s. pleased. 1 or 3s. sounded.
Agradable, a. agreeable, pleasing. Ahora, ad. now, the present ahora ;

Agardar, inf. va. to please, to gratify, Men, well, now.

to render acceptable. Ahorraba, F. Ahorrar, ind. imp. 3s.
Agradar, inf. pres. vn. to be pleased spared.
with. Ahorro, see Aorro.
Agradecer, inf. va. to thank, to be Ai, inter, alas ! wo
obliged to, to recompense. Airado, a. angry, wrathful.
Agradecemos, F. Agradecer, ind. Aire, sm. air, grace, manner.
pres. \p. we thank. Airoso-a, a. graceful, airy, genteel,
Agradecimiento, sm. gratitude, successful.
gratefulness. Aislado-a, a. insulated ; embarrass-
Agrado, F. Agradar, ind. pres. Is. ed; alone.
I please. Ajeno-a, pron. indef. foreign,
Agrado, sm. affability, pleasing strange, of another, of others.
manners, will. Ajado-a, a. disfigured, injured.
Agravio, sm. offence, insult, oppres^ Ajitar, inf. va. to agitate, to ruffle,
sion. to discuss,

Agricultura, sf agriculture, hus- ijo, sm. garlick.

bandry. Ajustado-a, a. and part, adjusted,
Agrio-a, adj. sour, acrid, pungent. settled, balanced.

Agua, sf. water. Al, contraction of a el, prep, and

Agudo-a, a. acute, sharp-pointed, art. to the, in the, at the.

dangerous. Alabado-a, part, praised, hallowed,

Agudeza, sf. cunning, witticism, flattered.
jest. Alabanza, sf. praise, applause, re-
Agdardo, F. Aguardar, ind. pres. Is. joicing.
I wait. Alabando, F. Alabar, ger. praising.
Aguardar, inf. pres. va. to wait for, Alaban, F. Alabar, ind. pres. Bp.
to expect, to grant time. praise.
Aguero, sm. augury, prognostica- Alabar, inf. va. to praise, to hallow,
tion, omen. to applaud, to commend.
Aguila, sf. eagle. Alabes, F. Alabar, subj. pres. 2s
Aguilucho, sm. eaglet, dim. of thou mayest praise
Aguila, eagle.
154
 ALE ALI
Alargan, F. Alargar, ind. pres. Sp. Alegrisimo-a, a. sup. most merry?
they enlarge. most contented, most rejoiced.
Alargando, F. Alargar, ger. ex- Alemania, sf. Germany, a country
tending, increasing, enlarging. in Europe.
Alargar, inf. va. to lengthen, to en- Alentar, inf. pres. vn. to breathe, to
large, to extend, to protract. respire ; to encourage.
Alarido, sm. outcry, clamor. Alerta, sm.
watch- word, on the
Alba, sf. dawn; surplice. look out, watch.
Alborozado-a, part, exhilarated, Alforja, sf. portmanteau, saddle-
merry, rejoiced, gladdened. bags.
Alcaide, sm. governor, keeper of a Algo, indef. pron. something, some-
castle. what, a little.
Alcanza, F. Alcanzar, ind. pres, Algun, indef pron. some, some one.
3s.
reaches, or obtains. Alguno-a, pron. indef. some, some-
Alcanzado, F. Alcanzar, part, ob- body.
tained, acquired, reached. Aljeciras, sub. Algeciras, a city in
Alcanzan, F. Alcanzar, ind. pres. the South of Spain.
3p. they obtain. Aljofar, sm. dew-drops, pearls.
Alcanzar, inf. va. to reach, to ob- Alhaja, sf. jewel, ornament, furni-
tain, to comprehend. ture.

Alcanzar, inf. vn. to suffice, to be Alhagueno-a, a. attractive, alluring,

sufficient, to reach. smiling, flattering.

Alcanzo, F. Alcanzar, ind. pres. 2s. Alhajas, sp. furniture, jewels, pro
I reach, or comprehend. perty.
Alcanzo, F. Alcanzar, ind. pret. 3s. Aliado-a, a. allied, federated.
he obtained. Alianza, sf. alliance, coalition, con-
Alcanzaba, F. Alcanzar, ind. impf. vention.
1 or 3s. reached. Alibeg, S771. Alibeg, a Moor of great
Alcornoque, sm. cork-tree. In integrity.
Latin Quercus suber. Alienta, F. Alentar, ind. pres. 3s.
Alcibiades, sm. Alcibiades, an an- breathes, encourages.
cient personage, distinguished for Aliento, sm. breath, spirit, smell;
his personal attractions, and ver- encouragement.
satility of genius. Alimentaba, F. Alimentar,ind. impf.
Aldea, sub. village, hamlet, country. 1 or 3s. fed.
Alegra, F. Alegrar, ind. pres. 3s. Alimentaban, F. Alimentar, ind.
animates, gladdens. impf. Bp. fed.
Alegraba, (se) ind. impf. 1 or 3s. Alimentar, inf. va. to maintain, to
rejoiced, was rejoiced at. feed, to support.
Alegrar, inf. pres. va. to rejoice, to Alistar, inf. va. to enlist, to enrol,
beautify, to make merry. to prepare.
Alegrar, inf. vr. to rejoice, to be- Alisto, F. Alistar, ind. pres. Is. I

come merry. enrol.

Alegre, a. cheerful, lively, con- Alisto, F. Alistar, ind. pret. 3s. he
tented. enlisted.
Alegria, sf. joy, mirth, merriment.

155
 ALZ AME
Alivian, F. Aliviar, ind. pres. 2p. Alzar, ind. pres. va. to raise up, to
they alleviate, elevate, to erect.
Aliviar, inf. pres. va. to solace, to Alzo, F. Alzar, ind. pres. Is. I raise.
recreate ; to succour, to alleviate Ama, sf mistress, tutoress, gover-
Aliviara, F. Aliviar, ind. fat. 3s. ness.
mitigate. Ama, F. Amar, ind. pres. 3s. loves.
Aliviare, F. Aliviar, ind. fat. Is. I Ama, F. Amar, imp. pres. 2s. love
shall or will mitigate. thou.
Alia, ad. there, in that place, yon Amaba, F. Amar, ind. impf. 1 or 3s.
der. loved.
Allanar, va. to overcome, to con- Amable, a. amiable, lovely, affec-
quer, to subdue. tionate.
Allega, F. Allegar, ind. pres. 3s. Amaban, F. Amar, ind. impf Sp.
approaches. they loved.
Allegar, inf. va. to approach, to Amado-a, a. loved, beloved, es-
draw near, to unite, to collect. teemed ; s. a lover.
All ego, F. Allegar, ind. pres. Is. I Amado, F. Amar, part, loved.
approach. Amanece, F. Amenecer, ind. pres.
Allego, (se) F. Allegar, ind. pret. grows light.
3s. it

3s. came arrived to him. Amanecer, inf. pres. impers. to grow

Alii, ad. there, that time; de alii, light; sub. day-break.
thence. Aman, F. Amar, ind. pres. Sp. they

Alma, sf soul, courage, spirit, life, love.

mind, disposition. Amaneciera, F. Amanecer, ind. impf.
Alredor, sm. environ, circuit; ad. 3s. might, could grow light.
around. Amaneciese, F. Amenecer, subj
Altera, F. Alterar, ind. pres. 2s. al- impf. 3s. should grow light.

ters, or becomes disturbed. Amar, inf. pres. va. to love, to re-

Alterar, inf. pres. va. to alter, to gard with affection, to like.

change, to become agitated. Amara, F. Amar, subj. impf. 1 or

Alteraron, F. Alterar, ind. pret. Sp. 3s.would, should love.

they altered. Amare, F. Amar, subj. fat. 1 or 3s.

Alteren, F. Alterar, subj. pres. Sp. I, should, may love.

may alter, become agitated. Amargo-a, a. bitter, sour.

Alteza, sf. highness. Amarillo-a, yellow, sallow.

Altlvo-a, a. haughty, proud; s. a Ambar, sm. amber.
haughty person. Ambicion, sm. ambition, honour,
Alto, sm. height, summit; story (of covetousness.
a house.) Ambos-as, indefpron. both, one and
Alto-a, a. high, tall, lofty. the other.
Aiucinado-a, part, deceived. Amemos, F. Amar, imp. pres. lp.
Alumbrar, inf. pres. va. to light, to let us love.
enlighten, to restore light. Amemos, F. Amar, subj. pres. lp.

Alzado-a, a. elevated, raised, high, we may love.

lifted up. Amenaza, F. Amenazar, ind. pi'es

3s. threatens.

156
 AND ANT
Amenazaba, F. Andanza, sf fortune, luck; event
Amenazar, ind.
impf. 1 or 3s. threatened. Andar, inf. va. to walk, to go, to
Amenazador-a, a. threatening, me- march, to behave, to move.
nacing. Andaran, F. Andar, ind. Jut. 3p.
Amenazan, F. Amenazar, ind. pres, they will go,
3p. they threaten. Andas, F. Andar, ind. pres. 2s. thou
Amenazar, inf. va. to threaten, to goest.
menace. Andre nio, sub. prop. m. Andrenius,,
Ameno-a, a. agreeable, romantic, a man's name.
pleasant, florid. Anduvieron, F. Andar, ind. pre,,
Ami da, sf. Amida, the name of an 3p. they walked.
idol in Japan. Anduvo, F. Andar, ind. pret. 3s.
Amida, sm. Amida, a person who went.
worships Amida. Anega, F. Anegar, ind. pres. 3s. he
Amigo-a, s. friend; a. friendly. drowns.
Amintas, sm. Amintas, a personage Angustia, sf grief, affliction, an-
in the anecdotes of Corpas. guish.
Amistad, sm. friendship, amity. Angustiado-a, a. painful; distressed.
Amo, sm. master, owner, protector Angustioso-a, a. distressful, piteous.
Amor, sm. love, esteem, affection, Anhela, F. Anhelar, ind. pres. 3s.

Cupid. desires.
Amoroso-a, a. affectionate, loving Anhelar, inf. pres. vn. to wish ea-
Amparo, sm. protection, favour, re- gerly, to be ambitious of.
fuge, asylum. Anhelaria, F. Anhelar, subj. impf
Anca, sf. back; paunch, croup; a 3s. would desire.
las ancas, behind. Anibal, sm. prop. Annibal, an an-
Ancho-a, a. broad, wide. cient Carthagenian chief of great
Anciano, s. old man; anciana, old renown.
woman. Animal, sm. animal, beast.
Anciano-a, a. ancient, old, anti Animal, a. beastly, brutish, cruel.
quated. Animo, sm. soul, courage, mind;
Anda, F. Andar, ind. pres. 3s. goes, con animo, for the purpose.
or walks. Aniiiadamente, ad. childishly, in a
Anda, F. Andar, imper. 2s. go, or childish manner.
walk thou. Aniquilacion, sf. annihilation, de-
Andaba, F. Andar, ind. impf. 1 or struction, devastation.
3s. went, walked. Anjel, sm. angel.
Andaban, F. Andar, ind. impf Sp. Anochecer, vn. to grow dark; s.

they went. sun-set.

Andado, F. Andar, part, gone, Ansia, sf anxiety.
walked, marched. Ante, prep, before (previous to.)
Andais, F. Andar, ind. pres. 2p. Ante, a. before (in the presence of.)
you, or ye go. Antecedente, sf antecedent, prece-
Andan, F. Andar, ind. pres. 3p. they dent.
go, or walk. Antepasado, sm. forefather, ances-
Andante, a. errant, wandering tor, progenitor.
14 157
 ; .

APA APO
Antequera, sub. prop. f
Antequera, Aparecieron, F. Aparecer, ind. pret.
a town in Andalusia, Spain. Sp. they appeared.
Anteriormente, adv. anteriorly, be Aparecio, F. Aparecer, ind. pret. 3s.
fore. appeared.
Antes, antes de, antes que, prep. Aparejo, sm. preparation, apparatus
before. Apasionado-a, adj. fond of.
Antes, antes bien, ad. rather, on the Aparta, F. Apartar, ind. pres. 3s.
contrary. separates.
Antesala, antechamber.
sf. Apartar, inf. va. and n. to remove,
Antiguainente, ad. formerly, an- to separate from, to withdraw.
ciently, in ancient times. Apear, inf. pres. va. to alight, to
Antiguo-a, a. ancient, antiquated, measure lands, to prop, to dis-
old. suade, to remove difficulties.
Antojase, F. Antojar, subj. impf. 3s. Apellidado-a, part, adjec. called,
he should desire. named, surnamed.
Antojo, sm. desire, longing. Apenas, ad. scarcely, no sooner.
Antojos, sm. spectacles, eye-flaps. Apeo, F. Apear, ind pres. Is. I
Antonio, sub. prop. m. Anthony, a alight.
man's name. Apeo, F. Apear, ind. pres. 3s. it
Anunciaba, F. Anunciar, ind. impf. alighted.
1 or 3s. announced. Apercibio, F. Apercibir, ind. pret.
Anunciaban, F. Anunciar, ind. impf. 3s. prepared, received.

Sp. they announced. Apercibir, inf. pres. vn. to get ready,

Anuncio, sm. presage, foreboding, to provide, to receive.
omen. Apercibo, F. Apercibir, ind. pres.
Anzuelo, sm. fish-hook, allurement Is. I prepare, receive.

a keen, sharp person. Apestado, F. Apestar, part, infected

Anade, F. Anadir, ind. pres. 3s. with the plague.
adds. Apetito, sm. appetite, desire, anx-
Anadase, F. Anadirse, impf. pres. iety, wish.
3s. let it be added. Aplaca, F. Aplacar, ind, pres. 3s.
Anadio, F. Anadir, ind. pret. 3s. pacifies.
added. Aplacar, inf. pres. va. to appease,
Anadir, inf. pres. va. to add, to sub- to pacify, to mitigate.
join, to increase, to exaggerate. Aplacer, inf. va. to please, to satisfy,
Ano, sm. a year, a twelvemonth. to consent.
Aorro, sm. parsimony, saving, spar- Aplauso, sm. applause, approbation.
ingness. Aplica, F. Aplicar, ind. pret. 3s.

Apacibilidad, sf. affability, mildness, applies.

sweetness of temper. Aplicacion, sf. turn, direction ; ap-
Apacible, a. pleasant, mild, agreea- plication.
ble. Aplicar, inf. pres. va. to apply, to
Aparato, sm. pomp, ostentation, attribute, to study, to direct.
eclat. Apoderado-a, a. empowered; part.
Aparecer, inf. pres. vn. to appear, taken possession.
to rise, to peep, to break out.
158
 APU ARE
Apoderar, inf. vr. to take posses- Apurado-a, F. Apurar, part, ex-
sion of, to possess one's self. hausted.
Apolo, sub. prop. m. Apollo, a fa- Apurando, F. Apurar, ger. purify-

bulous deity. ing, finding out, exhausting.

Apostol, sm. apostle, missionary. Apurar, inf. pres. va. to exhaust, to
Aprecio, sm. value; appraisement, purify, to investigate.
esteem. Aquel-lla, pron. dem. n. or o. that;
Aprecia, F. Apreciar, ind. pres. 3s. that one, the former.
values, prefers. Aquel-lla, pron. per. n. or o. he.
Aprenden, F. Aprender, hid. pres. she him, her.
;

Sp. they learn. Aquello-a, pron. dem. neut.

o. or n.

Aprender, inf. pres. va. to learn, to that, that thing, that which.

acquire a knowledge. Aqui, adv. here, in this place; this

Aprendian, F. Aprender, ind. impf. time;
3p. they were learning. Arado, siii. a plough.
A.prendiese, F. Aprender, subj. impf. Aragon, sub. prop. m. Arragon, a
1 or 3s. should learn. province of Spain.
Apresuraba, F. Apresurar, ind, impf. Arbitrariedad, sf arbitrariness, ty-
1 or 3s. hastened. ranny.
Apresuramos, F. Apresurar, ind. Arbitrio, sm. recourse, free-will,
pret. \p. we hastened. means ; umpire.
Apresurar, inf. va. to accelerate, to Arbitro, a. despotic, arbitrary.
hasten ; vr. to be in a hurry. Arbol, sm. tree, mast.
Apretar, inf. pres. va. to tighten, to Arboleda, sf. grove.
press, to afflict, to urge. Arbustito, sm. small shrub, dim. of
Apriesa, ad. swiftly, promptly, in arbusto.
haste, in a hurry. Arcanjel, sm. archangel.
Aprieto, sm. crowd, predicament, Arcano, sm. secret, arcanum.
conflict, difficulty. Arco, sm. arch, vault.
Aprieta, F. Apretar, ind. pres. 3s. Archiduque, sm. archduque.
presses. Arden, F. Arder, ind. pres. Sp. they
Aprieta, F. Apretar, imp. pres. 2s. burn.
press thou, or make it tighter. Arder, inf. vn. to burn, to be agi-
Aprovecha, F. Aprovechar, ind. tated by any passion.
pres. 3s. improves. Ardia, F. Arder, ind. impf. 1 or 3s.
Aprovechandose, F. Aprovechar, burned.
ger. taking advantage. Ardiente, a. hot, boiling, ardent,
Aprovechar, inf. vn. to advance, to passionate.
progress, to improve. Ardor, sm. ardor, enthusiasm,
Aprovechar, (se) inf. pres. vr. to warmth, vehemency.
take advantage, to avail one's Ardiiidad, sm. difficulty, perplexity.
self. Arena, sf. sand.
Aprovechemos, subj. pres. \p. we Arenga, sf. speech, oration, ha-
may, or let us avail ourselves. rangue.
Apuntar, va. to peep out; s. Areopago, sm. Areopagus.
peeping.
159
 ;

ARR ASC
Argos, sub. prop. m. Argus, a my Arrebatoso, a. impetuous; ad. im-
thological personage, supposed to petuously.
have a hundred eyes. Arreglado, adj. regulated ; well ba-
Argumento, sm. proof, argument, lanced, well organized.
matter, occurrence. Arreglar, inf. va. to regulate, to or-
Aristio, sub. prop. m. Aristio, a so- ganize, to reduce to order.
phist of Athens, and also a man's Arreo, sm. dress, ornament.
name. Arriba, ad. above, more than ; up-
Aristoteles, sub. prop. m. Aristotle, wards, uppermost.
a great ancient philosopher. Arribar, inf. pres. vn. to arrive, to
Arjel, sub. prop. m. Algiers, the reach, to harbour in distress.
name of the capitol of one of the Arrinconado-a, part. a. placed in a
Barhary states, in N. Africa. It corner, withdrawn from office.
now belongs to France. Arrodilla, F. Arrodillar, ind. pres.
Arjensola, (Bartolome Leonardo 3s. kneels down.
de) sm.prop. Arjensola, a classic Arrodillar, inf. vr. to kneel down,
prose and poetic writer of Spain. to bend one's knee before.
Born in Barbastro, Arragon, in Arroja, F. Arrqjar, ind. pres. 3s
1564, died 1631. throws.
Arma, sf. arm, weapon. Arrojan, F. Arrqjar, ind. pres. 3p
Armaba, F. Armar, ind. impf. 1 or they throw.
3s. armed. Arrojar, inf. va. to throw, to dart,
Armado-a, part. a. armed. to shoot, to turn away.
Armar, inf. pres. va. to arise, to set Arrojaron, F. Arrojar, ind. pret. Bp
up, to prepare one's self, to arm. they threw.
Armonia, sf. harmony. Arrojo, F. Arrojar, ind. pres. Is. 1

Aroma, sf. odour, aromatic flower, throw.

all sorts of gums, or balsams. Arrojo, F. Arrojar, ind. pret. Bs.
Arpado-a, a. forked, toothed harp- hurled, launched, threw.
;

tongued. Arroyo, sm. rivulet, creek, stream.

Arqueando, F. Arquear, ger. arch- Arte, sm. s. art, science.
ing. Artes, sf. p. arts.
Arquitectura, sf. architecture, or Articula, F. Articular, ind. pres. Bs.
the art of building. it, he, or she articulates.
Arrancaba, F. Arrancar, ind. imp. Articulado-a, part, adjec. articu-
3s. he snatched. lated, uttered, mentioned, pro-
Arrancar, inf. pres. va. to pluck, to nounced.
draw, to pull off. Articular, inf. pres. va. to articulate,
Arrebata, F. Arrebatar, ind. pres. to utter, to speak, to pronounce
Bs. he carries away. Artiiicioso-a, a. artificial, skilful,

Arrebatado-a, part, snatched, seized, cunning, artful.

wrested, led away. Asalto, sm. assault, sudden passion

Arrebatar, inf. va. to snatch, to por asalto, by storm.
wrest, to be led away. Ascargorta, sm. prop. Ascargorta, a
Arrebato, F. Arrebatar, ind. pret. living Spanish writer of some
3s. snatched. celebrity.
160
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AST ATR
Asco, sm. loathsomeness, annoyance. Astucia, sm. acuteness, slyness,
Asegura, F. Asegurar, ind. pres. 3s. cunningness, archness.
it, he, or she assures. Asturias, sub. prop.f. p. Asturias, a
Asegurado-a, part, adjec. secured, province in the north of Spain.
insured, safe, sheltered, bailed, Astuto-a, a. sly, acute, cunning,
Asegurar, inf. pres. va. to assure, crafty ; s. a crafty person.
to insure, to bail, to warrant, to Asunto, sm. affair, business, trans-
guarantee. action.
Aseguro, F. Asegurar, ind. pret. 3s. Atajado, part. pas. intercepted,
it, he, or she secured. stopped ; having put an end.
Asesino, sm. assassin, murderer. Atar, inf. va. to tie, to stop, to be
Asi, ad. thus, in this manner. embarrassed.
Asi. or asi que, conj. thus, being so, Ataras, F. Atar, subj. 2 impf. 2s.
therefore, consequently. wouldst or shouldst tie.
Asiendo, F. Asir, ger. seizing. Ataud, sm. coffin.
Asiento, sm. chair, seat, settlement. Atemoriza, F. Atemorizar, ind. pres.
Asir, inf. pres. va. to grasp, to 3s. terrifies.
seize, to dispute, to contend. Atemorizar, inf. va. to terrify, to
Asiste, ind. pres. 3s. performs, is frighten, to^ptrike with terror.
present. Atencion, sf. attention, civility.
Asistia, F. Asistir, ind. impf 3s. it, Atender, inf. vn. to attend, to fix
he, or she assisted. the mind, or wait for.
Asistir, inf. pres. vn. to assist, toAtendiendo, F. Atender, ger. consi-
be present, to live. dering, attending.
Asolado-a, F. Asolar, part, deso- Ateneo, sub. prop. m. Athenaeus,
lated. Athenaeum.
Asoma, F. Asomar, ind. pres. 3s. it, Atener, inf. pres. vr. to stand to, to
he, or she appears. stick, to adhere.
Asomaban, F. Asomar, ind. impf. Atengo, F. Atener, ind. pres. Is. I

Sp. they appeared. stick to.

Asomar, inf. pres. vn. to peep, to Atento-a, a. attentive, polite.
appear, to rise. Aterran, F. Aterrar, ind. pres. Sp.
Asombro, sm. astonishment, dread they frighten.
ind. 3s. asombra, is astonished. Atico-a, sm. Attick, Greek, poig-
Aspereza, sf rugged steep, rugged- nant, keen.
ness. Atizando, F. Atizar, ger. kindling,
Aspero-a, a. harsh ; severe, rugged, stirring.
grating. Atormenta, F. Atormentar, ind
Aspira, F. Aspirar, ind. pres. 3s. it, pres. 3s. torments.
he, or she aspires, inhales. Atormentado-a, ¥. Atormentar, part,
Aspiran, F. Aspirar, ind. pres. Sp. adjec. tormented.
they desire. Atormentan, F. Atormentar, ind.
Aspirar, inf. pres. vn. to aspire, in- pres. Sp. torture.
spire, inhale, aim at. Atormentar, inf. pres. va. to tor-
Asqueroso-a, a. loathsome, filthy. ment, to rack, to torture.
Astro, sm. planet, star, luminary. Atractivo, sm. attraction, charm
14* 161
 AUN AVI
Atrae, F. Atraer, ind. pres. 3s. at- Aunque,
conj. though, when, if.
tracts, allures, or charms. Aura, sub. prop, zephyrs. f
Atravesaba, F. Atravesar, ind. impf Aurora, sf the dawn.
1 or 3s. crossed. Ausencia, sf. absence, separation.
Atravesando, F. Atravesar, ger. Ausenta, F. Ausentar, ind. pres. 3s.
crossing, running through, pierc- absents*
ing. Ausentar, inf. vr. to absent one's
Atravesar, inf. va. to cross, to run self.
through, to pierce. Ausente, a. absent, separated.
Atreve, F. Atrever, ind. pres. 3s. Ausentes, F. Ausentar, subj. pres.
dares. 2s. thou mayest absent thyself.
Atrever, inf. vr. to dare, to be too Ausiliar, sm. auxiliary, help, aid.
bold, to venture. Austero-a, a. austere, rigid, stern.
Atrevere, F. Atrever, ind. fat. Is. Austriaco, s. and adj. Austrian, or
shall, or will dare. a native of Austria.
Atrevieron, F. Atrever, ind. pret. Autorizado-a, part, authorized, ap-
Sp. they durst. proved.
Atrevido-a, a. daring, bold. Autor, sm. author, inventor.
Atrevimiento, sm. bqj^ness, petu- Avanzar, inf. va. or n. to advance,
lance, audacity. to push forward, to charge.
Atribuye, P. Atribuir, ind. pres. 3s. Avanzo, F. Avanzar, ind. pres. Is.
it, he, or she attributes. I advance.
Atribuir, inf. va. to attribute, to as- Avaro-a, a. sparing, avaricious; s.
cribe, to impute, to arrogate. a miser.
Atronaba, F. Atronar, ind. impf 1 Avenida, s. a rise, a sudden arrival;
or 3s. made a great noise. an overflow.
Atronando, F. Atronar, ger. stun- A ventura, sf. adventure, event, oc-
ning. currence.
Augustamente, ad. augustly, mag- Ave, sf. bird, fowl.
nificently. Aventuroso-a, a. fortunate, lucky,
Aumentaba, F. Aumentar, ind. impf successful.
1, 3s. increased, augmented. Avergonzar, inf. va. to make a-
Aumentando, F. Aumentar, shamed, to put to the blush.
ger.
augmenting, increasing. Avergonzo, F. Avergonzar, ind.
Audacia, sf audacity, boldness, pret. 3s. put to the blush.
courage. Averigua, F. Averiguar, ind. pres.
Audiencia, sm. audience, chamber, 3s. ascertains.
or court of oyer and terminer. Averiguar, inf. va. to ascertain, to
Augusto, sub. prop. m. Augustus investigate, to find out.
Csesar, the second emperor of Averiguar an, F. Averiguar, ind.
Rome. fut. Bp. will investigate.
Augusto-a, a. august, great. Avisado, part, and a. being inform-
Aumento, sm. increase, enlarge- ed; discreet, prudent.
ment, augmentation. Avivan, F. Avivar, ind. pres. 3p.
Aun, ad. yet, still; conj. notwith- they enliven.
standing.
162
 ;

BAN BAR
Avivar, inf. va. to enliven, to en- Ayudaremos, F. Ayudar, ind. fut,

courage, to heat, to inflame. \p. shall or will help.

Avivemos, F. Avivar, subj. pres. Ip. Ayudaron, F. Ayudar; ind. pret. Sp.
let us enliven ; may enliven. helped.
Ayer, ad. yesterday. Ayudo, F. Ayudar, ind. pres. Is. I

Ayo, sm. tutor, governor. help.

Ayuda, sf. help, assistance, aid Ayuno, sm. fast, abstinence.
ayuda de cdmara, valet. Ayuntamiento, sm. city council
Ayudan, F. Ayudar, ind. pres. Sp. city hall. •
they help. Azote, sm,. scourge, calamity, lash
Ayudando, F. Ayudar, ger. aiding, Azogue, sm. quicksilver.
helping, assisting. Azucena, sf. white lily.
Ayudar, inf. va. to aid, to help, to Azufre, sm. brimstone, sulphur.
favour. Azulado-a, a. azure, blue.

B
Bachiller, sm. bachelor, a Bachelor Banado-a, part. adj. bathed, wet,
of Arts. drenched.
Bachiller, a. querulous, loquacious. Banando, F. Banar, ger. bathing,
Bailador-a, sm. male-dancer;
bedewing, or washing.
sf.

female-dancer. Banar, inf. pres. va. to bathe, to

Bailar, inf. pres. vn. to dance, to immerse, to wash.
move in a lively manner. Banaron, F. Banar, ind. pres. Sp,
Baile, sm. dance, ball. they bathed.
Baja, sub. prop. m. bashaw, a Turk- Barbarie, sf. rusticity, incivility,
ish governor. roughness. •

Baja, F. Bajar, ind. pres. 3s. de- Barbaro-a, a. barbarous ; s. a bar-

scends. barian.
Bajar, inf. pres. vn. to descend, to Barbinegro, F. barba and negro,
lessen, to diminish, to lower. sm. black-bearded.
Bajeza, sf. vileness, baseness. Barca, sf vessel, boat.
Bajo, sm. basement-story, base per- Barre, F. Barrer, ind. pres. 3s. he
son a. low, common ad. under,
; ; sweeps.
beneath. Barrenar, inf. va. to sink, to bore,
Bajo, F. Bajar, ind. pret. 3s. came to pierce.
down. Barreno, F. Barrenar, ind. pret. 3s.
Balcon, sm. balcony. sunk.
Balde, sm. bucket. Barruntando, F. Barruntar, ger.
Balde (de,) gratis, for nothing, also conjecturing, foreseeing.
written, de valde. Barruntar, inf. pres. va. to conjec-
Balsamo, sm. balm. ture, to descry, to foresee.
Baltasar, sm. prop. Balthasar, a Bartolome, sub. prop. m. Bartholo-
man's christian name. mew, a man's name.
Bando, sm. edict, order.
163
 BEN BLA
Basta, F. Bastar, ind. pres. 3s. suf- Bendito-«i, a. holy, blessed.
fices, is enough, sufficient. Bendigan, F. Bendecir, subj. pres.
Bastaba, F. Bastar, ind. impf. 1 or Bp. they may bless.
3s. sufficed, was sufficient. Bend^go, F. Bendecir, ind. pres. Is.

Bastante, ad. enough, sufficient. I bless.

Bastantemente, ad. sufficiently, Bendijesen, F. Bendecir, subj. impf.

enough. 'dp. they should bless.
Bastar, inf. pres. vn. to be enough, Beneficoncia, sf beneficence, good-
sufficient, to be n#more wanting. ness, benevolence.
Bastara, F. Bastar, ind.fut. 3s. will Benef icio, sm. benefit, favour, cul-
suffice, be sufficient. ture.
Bastimento, sm. vessel; provisions. Benefico, a. beneficent, kind, be-
Baston, sm. cane, stall, stick. nevolent.
Batalla. sf. battle, fight, struggle. Benevolencia, sf. benevolence,
Batallon, sm. battalion, a division good- will, kindness.
of infantry. Benignisimo-a, a. most benign,
Bate, F. Batir, ind. pres. 3s. beats, most kind, most gracious.
fights, coins. Benigno-a, a. benign, gracious,
Batio, F. Batir, ind. pret. 3s. beat, mild.
fought, or coined. Berlina, sf. landau, an open car-
Baucio, sub. prop. m. Baucio, a riage.
man's name. Besan, F. Besar, ind. pres. Zp. they
Bay eta, sf. baize, common cloth. kiss.

Beatifica, F. Beatificar, ind. pres. Besar, inf. pres. va. to kiss, to

3s. beatifies. touch closely.
Beatificar, inf. va. to beatify. Beso, F. Besar, ind. pres. Is. I

Beatitud, sf. beatitude, a title given kiss.

to the Pope. Beso, F. Besar, ind. pret. 3s. kissed.

Bebian, F. Bebcr, ind. impf 3p. Beso, sm. kiss.

were drinking, drank. Betun, sm. bitumen, cement.
Bebido-a, a. substan. drunk, a be- Bien, ad. and a. well, good, very;
verage. de Men, honest, good; si Men,
Beleno, sm. hen-bane, an herb. Men que, although.
Belico-a, a. warlike, military. Bien, sm. good, blessing; well-
Belle za, sf. beauty, decoration. being, property, estate.
Bellisimo-a, a. sup. most beautiful, Bienaventurado-a, sub. a blessed,
most handsome. blissful.

Bello-a, a. beautiful, handsome. Bienaventurado-a, a. blessed.

Bendecir, inf. pres. va. to bless, to Bienhechor-a, sub. benefactor, bene-

praise, to exalt, to consecrate. factress.
Bendice, F. Bendecir, ind. pres. 3s. Bigotes, sm. p. mustachoes.
blesses. Bizarro-a, a. gallant, high-spirited,
Bendiciendo, F. Bendecir. ger. valiant.
blessing. Blanco, a. white ; sm. end, aim.
Bendijeron, F. Bendecir, ind. pret. Blancura, sf. whiteness, a white
2p. they blessed. spot on the eye.
164
 BRE BUR
Blando-a, a. soft, smooth, gentle. a written message of the Pope
Blandura, sf. softness, delicacy. addressed to magistrates, respect-
Bias, sub. prop. m. Bias, a man's ing matters of public concern.
name. Brevedad, sf. brevity, conciseness,
Blasfemo-a, a. blasphemous. promptness.
Blason, sm. blazon, laurel, glory. Breviario, sm. breviary, the book
Blasones, sm. p. honour, glory, containing the daily service of
laurels ; armorial bearings. the church of Rome.
Boca, sf. mouth, opening, grate. Brilla, F. Brillar, ind. pres. 3s
Boda, sf. wedding, marriage. shines.
Bodega, sf. store-house, wine-vault. Brillan, F. Brillar, ind. pres. 3p
Bolsa, sf. pocket, purse, bag. they shine.
Bolsillo, sm. purse, pocket. Brillantemente, ad. brilliantly, ele-
Bomba, sf. pump, bomb. gantly, splendidly.
Bondad, sf. goodness, kindness. Brillar, inf. pres. vn. to shine, to
Bonete, sm. bonnet, cap. sparkle, to glitter.
Boote3, sub. prop. m. Bootes, a Brillo, F. Brillar, ind. pres. Is. I

northern constellation. shine.

Borboton, sm. ebullition. Brio, S77i. spirit, force, courage.
Bordado-a, F. Bordar, a. s. em- Brocado, sm. brocade.
broidery, embroidered. Broche, stti. clasp, hooks and eyes.
Borde, sm. brim, edge, bank, border. Brillo, F. Brillar, ind. pret. 3s.
Borgona, sub. prop.f Burgundy, a shone.
province of France. Bribon-a, sub. crafty person, rogue.
Borra, F. Borrar, ind. pres. 3s. ef- Bronce, sm. bronze, brass, hard-
faces or washes out. hearted.
Borrar, inf. pres. va. to efface, to Bruja, sf. a witch, spectre.
rub out ; to blot. Brutal, a. brutish, barbarous.
Borrasca, sf. tempest, storm, danger. Bruto-a, a. unpolished, rough ; s. a
Borre, F. Borrar, ind. pret. Is. I brute.
effaced, or expunged. Budeo, sub. prop. m. Budaeus, a
Bosque, sjn. wood, forest, wild. writer of note.
Bote, sm. boat ; canister. Buei, sm. ox, bullock.
Botella, sf. bottle, glass vessel. Buen, a. good; contract, ofbueno.—
Botica, sf. apothecary's shop. Grammar, R. XVIII. p. 148.
Boveda, sf. vault, cavern. Bueno-a, a. good, fine ad. well. ;

Bracmanes, sub. p. m. Brahmins, Buhonero-a, sub. pedlar.

the first caste or class among the Bullicioso-a, a. noisy, clamorous,
Hindoos in India. turbulent, boisterous.
Bramido, sm. shout, roaring, clash. Buque, sm. vessel.
Bravo, a. valiant, wild, angry. Burla, sf. ridicule, trick, fun, joke.
Bravo, inter, excellent, good. Burla, F. Burlar, ind. pres. 3s.
Brazo, sm. arm, (a part of the hu- laughs at, or ridicules.
man body.) Burlador, sm. wag, jester, scoffer.
Breve, a. short, brief. Burlar, inf. pres. va. to scoff, to
Breve, sm. apostolical brief, that is, laugh at, to disappoint.
165
 ;;

CAD CAL
Busca, sf search, quest. Buscando, F. Buscar, ger. seeking.
Busca, F. Buscar, ind. pres. 3s. Buscar, inf. va. to seek, to search,
seeks, or selects. to endeavour, to find out.
Buscaban, F. Buscar, Buscas, F. Buscar, ind. pres. 2s.
ind. impf. 3p.
they sought. thou seekest, or wishest.
Buscamos, F. Buscar, ind. pres. \p. Busco, F. Buscar, ind. pres. Is. I
we seek. seek.
Buscan, F. Buscar, ind. pres. 3p. Busco, F. Buscar, ind. pret. 3s.
thev seek, or choose. sought.

Ca, prep, because, for. It is obso been published in this country;

lete now. m. Cadalso.
sub. prop.
Caballerito, sm. a young gentleman Cadalso, sm. scaffold, gibbet.
dim. of Caballero, gentleman. Cadaver, sm. corpse, a dead body.
Caballeriza, sf. stable, and also the Cadena, sf. chain, concatenation,
animals contained in it. series.
Caballerizo, sf. hostler, head groom Cae, F. Caer, ind. pres. 3s. falls, is
of a stable. caught.
Caballero, sm. knight, cavalier, gen Caen, F. Caer, ind. pres. 3p. they
tleman. fall.

Caballo, sm. horse ; horseman ; a Caer, inf. vn. to fall, to become

caballo, on horseback. due, to be caught.
Caballera, sf. long hair, queue. Caiado, sm. See Cayado.
Cabello, sm. hair. Caida, sf fall, descent, overthrow.
Caben, F. Caber, ind. pres. 3p. they Caido, F. Caer, pari, fallen, being
can be contained. overthrown.
Caber, inf. pres. vn. to be contained Caigan, F. Caer, imp. pres. 3p. let
or contain, to have room. them fall.

Cabeza, sf head talents, a person,

; Caigan, F. Caer, subj. pres. 3p. they
a commander. may fall.

Cabia, F. Caber, ind. impf 3s. con- Caigo, F. Caer, ind. pres. Is. I fall.
tained, could be contained. Cal, sf. lime.
Cabida, sf place, entrance. Calabozo, sm. dungeon, prison.
Cabo, sm. end, termination, confine Calamidad, sf calamity, misfortune,
corporal, head-man. devastation.
Cabra, sm. a goat. Calderon, sub. prop. m. Calderon,
Cada, pron. indef. each, every, any. one of the greatest, if not the
Cadalso, (Jose) sm. prop, a distin- greatest dramatic writer, that
guished Spanish poetic and prose Spain has produced. Born at
writer of the last century. He Madrid, in 1601 died 1687. ;

is known by Marrue- Calentar, inf. pres. va. to warm, to

his Cartas
5
cas, or Moorish Letters, of which
s
heat, to urge, to press forward.
an edition, by Mr. Sales, has Calesa, sf. calash, carriage, coach.
166
 CAM CAR
Calidad, sf. quality, term, Cananea, sub. prop, f Canaan, or
Caliz, sf. chalice, cup of affliction, Judea, a country in Asia.
calix. Canciller, sm. chancellor.
Calla, F. Collar\ ind. pres. 3s. keeps Candia, sub. prop. m. Candia, a
silence. Greek, eminent for his genero-
Calla, F. Callar, ind. pres. 2s. be sity.

thou silent. Candido-a, a. candid, frank, inge-

Callad, F. Callar, imp. 2p. be si- nuous.

lent. Candor, sm. whiteness, candor.
Callado, F. Callar, part, concealed, Canela, sf. cinnamon.

hushed ; taciturn. Canoso-a, a. hoary, frosty.

Callan, F. Callar, ind. pres. 3p. they Cansado-a, part, substan. tiresome,
keep silence. fatigued, tired.
Callar, inf. pres. vn. to keep silence, Cansancio, sm. fatigue, weariness,
to conceal, to abate. lassitude.
Callaron, F. Callar, ind. pres. Sp. Canta, F. Cantar, ind. pres. 3s.

kept silence. sings.

Calle, F. Callar, imp. pres. 3s. let Canta, F. Cantar, imp. pres. 3s.

him be silent, or be you silent. sing thou.

Calle, F. Callar, subj. pres. 1 or 3s. Cantabria, sub. prop, f Cantabria,
may be silent. or Biscay, a province of Spain.
Calle, sf. street, road. Cantado-a, F. Cantar, part. sung.
Callo, F. Callar, ind. pres. Is. I do Cantando, F. Cantar, ger. singing.
not say. Cantan, F. Cantar, ind. pres. Sp
Calor, sm. heat, warmth. they sing.
Cama, sf. bed, couch. Cantar, sm. lay, song, tune.
Camara, sf chamber, room, hall. Cantar, inf. va. to sing.
Camarada, sf. comrade, companion. Cantares, sm. p. lays, songs.
Camarin, sm. cabin, place behind Cantaro, sm. pitcher.
an altar. Cantidad, sf. quantity, sum.
Cambronera, sf. thorn, bramble, Canto, sm. lay, song, a glee.
brier. Capa, sf. cloak, mask, pretence.
Camina, F. Caminar, ind. pres. 3s. Capacidad, sf, capacity, talents,
goes. abilities.

Caminar, inf. pres. vn. to go, to Capeto, sm. Capet, the celebrated
walk, to travel. Hugh Capet.
Camino, sm. road, way, path. Capitan, sm. captain, commander-
Camisa, sf. shirt, linen en camisa, ;
in-chief, ringleader.
with coat and vest off. Capacidad, sf. capacity, mind, ta-
Campanal, sub. prop. m. Campanal, lents.
a personage in Gil Bias. Capaz, a. able, capable, skilful.
Campanudo%, a. wide, puffed up, Capitulo, sf. chapter, respect,
bell-like. charge.
Campana, sf. field, campaign. Capollo, sm. bud, gem, pod.
Campo, sm. country; field, camp, Capiiz, sm. cloak, cover, cloud.
prairie. Cara, sm. face, visage, countenance.
167
 ;

CAR CaU
Caramente, a. dearly, bitterly, se- Cartago, sm. prop. Carthage, a ce«
verely. lebrated city of Africa, which
Caracter, sm. character, disposition, was destroyed by the Romans.
letter. Cartajines, sm. Carthaginian.
Caractericemos, subj. pres. \p. let Casa, sf. house, protection.
us characterize. Casado-a, a. married; sm. married
Caracterizar, inf. pres. va. to distin- man; sf. married woman, wife*
guish, to characterize, to mark. Casamiento, sm. marriage, wedding,
Carcel, sf. jail, prison, dungeon. nuptials.
Cardenal, sm. Cardinal (a dignitary Casiindo, or casandose con, F. Ca*
of the Catholic Church.) sar, ger. marrying.
Cardeno-a, a. dark purple colour. Casar, or casarse con, inf. pres. va*
Careceis, F. Carecer, ind. pres. 2p. to marry.
ye, or you are in want of. Casco, sm. piece, cask, skull.
Carecen, F. Carecer, ind. pres. Sp. Casi, ad. almost, very near.
they want. Casio, sub. prop. m. Cassius, a hero
Carecer, ind. pres. vn. to want, to of antiquity.
need, to be in want of. Caso, sm. case, event, fact; chance,
Careta, sf. mask, wire, cover. circumstance.
Carga, sf. burthen, load. Caso, F. Casar, ind. pres. 3s. he
Cargador, sm. freighter, he who married.
loads any thing. Castiga, F. Castigar, ind. pres. 3s.
Cargan, F. Cargar, ind. pres. Sp. it, he or she punishes.

they charge. Castigar, inf. pres. va. to punish, to

Cargar, inf. pres. va. to load, charge, chastise.
burthen. Castigase, F. Castigar, subj. 3 impf.
Cargo, sm. charge, trust, confidence, 1 or 3s. should punish.
cargo, post, place. Castigasen. F. Castigar, subj. 3
Caridad, sf. charity, kindness, alms. impf. Bp. they should punish.
Carino, sm. fondness, tenderness, Cast! go, sm. punishment, chastise-
love, kindness. ment.
Carinoso-a, a. kind, affectionate, Castilla, sub. prop.f Castile, a pro-
desirous. vince of Spain.
Caritativo-a, a. charitable, kind, Castillo, sm. castle, fortress, a forti-
good, friendly, benevolent. fied town.
Carlo, sub. prop. m. Charles. Casualidad, sf casualty, chance,
Carlos, sub. prop. m. Charles. unforeseen event.
Carne, sf. flesh, meat. Catolico-a, a. universal, catholic
Carniceria, sf. carnage, havoc. s. a Catholic.
Caro-a, a. dear; beloved. Catorce, a. num. fourteen.
Carrera, sf field; race, course, ca- Caudal, sm. treasure, property.
reer. Caudaloso-a, a. migllty, powerful
Carreta, sf. cart, wagon. (applied to rivers.)
Carro, sm. wagon, chariot. Caudillo, sm. ringleader, command-
Carroza, sf. coach, carriage, stage. er, officer.

Carta, sm. letter. Causa, sf. cause, reason, motive.

168
 c£l CER
Causante, sm. cause (he who, on C elan, F. Celar, ind. pres. Sp. they
that which causes.) watch, or guard.
Causar, inf. pres. va. to cause, to Celar, inf. vn. and va. to watch, to
occasion, to produce. preserve.
Causo, F. Causar, ind. pres. Is. I Celebrado-a, a. celebrated, renown-
cause. ed.
Causo, F. Causar, ind. pret. 3s. Celebro, sm. brain, sense, genius.
caused. Celeste, a. blue, azure, sky-colour
Cautamente, ad. cautiously, Celestial, a. celestial, heavenly.
Cautivo, sm. captive, slave. Celo, sm. zeal, spl. celos, jealousy,
-Cautiverio, sm. captivity, Cenado, F. Cenar, part, supped.
bondage
Caverna, sf. cavern, grotto. Cenando, F. Cenar, ger. supping.
Cayado, sm. shepherd's hook, cro- Cenar, inf. vn. and va. to sup, to
sier. sup on, to eat at supper,
Cayendo, F. Caer, ger. falling, or Centro, sm. centre.
tumbling. Ceniza, sf ashes, dust.
Cayeron, F. Caer, ind. pret Sp. Cenido-a, a. and part, circum-
they fell, they were caught. scribed, surrounded, limited, gir-
Cayese, F. Caer, subj. 2 imp. 1 or dled,
3s. should fall. Cenidor, sm. belt, girdle.
Cayo, F. Caer, ind. pret. 3s. fell, Cenit, sm. zenith, the highest de
Caza, sf. chase, hunting. gree.
Cecilio, sm. prop. Cecil, a man's Cenizas, sf. pi. ashes,
christian name. Ceno, F, Cenar, ind. pres. Is. I eat
Cebolla, sf. onion. at supper.
Cedido, F. Ceder, part granted, Centincla, sf. sentinel, observer,
ceded. Centro, sm. centre, middle, heart.
Cedula, sf. ballot, ticket, card. Cenir, inf. va. to girdle, to sur-
Cedulilla, sf ticket, card, slip of round, to environ, to contract.
paper ; dim. of cedula. Ceno, sm. frown, supercilious as-
Cefiro, sm. zephyr (soft winds.) pect.
Ceguera, or ceguedad, sf blindness, Cerca, ad. near, at hand; cerca de,
hallucination. near, nearly.
Cegar, inf. va. to blind, to dazzle, Cerca, prep, concerning, with re-
to obscure, to hallucinate. gard.
Cegar, inf. vn. to become or grow Cercano, prep, near, approaching.
blind. Cerco, sm. circle, ring, circuit,
Ceilan, sub. prop.f Ceylon, a large siege.
island in the Indian sea. Cerda, sub. p. bristle.
Cejas, sf. p. eyebrows. Ceremonia, sf ceremony, rite,
Cejijiinto, F. Ceja and Junto, sm. a Cerrado, a. shut, concealed.
person having the eye -brows Cerrado, F. Ccrrar, part shut, con-
united. cealed.
Cela, F. Celar, ind. pres. watches, Cerrojo, sm. bolt.
fulfils, conceals. Cervato, sm. a little or young deer.

15 169
 CHI CIV
Cervantes, (Miguel de) sub. prop, Chistoso-a, a. witty, graceful, jok-
m. Cervantes, the greatest Span- ing.
ish novelist, and a very distin- Choza, sf. hut, cottage.
guished dramatist. He is re- Ciberia, sub. pi-op. f. Siberia, a
nowned over the world for his country in Asia.
inimitable Don Quijote, or Don Cicatriz, sf. cicatrix, scar.
Quixote. Born in Alcali de He- Ciceron, sub. prop. m. Cicero, the
nares, in 1547, died in 1616. greatest of all Roman orators.
Cerviz, sm. nape (the back part of Ciega, F. Cegar, ind. pres. 3s. daz-
the neck.) zles or blinds.
Cesar, sub. prop. m. Caesar, a title Ciego-a, a. blind, hallucinated.
given to the first twelve Roman Cielo, sm. heaven, celestial region.
emperors. In this Spanish trans- Cien, a. num. hundred.
lator, it generally means Julius Ciencia, sf. science, art.
Caesar, the greatest of all Roman Ciento, a. a hundred.
generals. Cierra, F. Cerrar, ind. pres. 3s.

Cesar, inf. pres. vn. to cease, to ter- closes or shuts.

minate, to conclude. Cierran, F. Cerrar, ind. pres. Sp.
Ceso, F. Cesar, ind.pret. 3s. ceased, they enclose.
terminated. Cierto-a, a. certain, being certain;
Cesped, sm. sod, or turf. por cierto, indeed.
Cetro, sm. sceptre, diadem. Cinco, num. five.
a.

Chalupa, sf. cutter, sloop. Cincuenta, a. num. fifty.

Chance ando, F. Chancear, ger. jok- Cintura, sf. waist.
ing, jesting, beguiling. Ciiien, F. Cenir, ind. pres. Sp. they
Chancear, inf. vn. to jest, to joke, surround, girdle.
to beguile. Cinera, F. Cenir, subj. impf. 1 or
Chanza, sf. fun, joke, laughter. 3s. would surround.

Charla, F. Charlar, ind. pres. 3s. Circular, inf. va. to circulate, to

talks or prattles. make known.
Charlar, inf. vn. to prattle, to talk, Circunspecto-a, a. circumspect,
to babble. prudent, cautious.
Charlas, F. Charlar, ind. pres. 2s. Circunstancia, sf circumstance, oc-
thou prattlest. currence, event.
Chaves, sxib. prop.f Chaves, a fe- Circunstante, sm. bystander, be-
male character in Gil Bias. holder, spectator.
Chico-a, a. small, little; s. child, Citado-a, part, appointed, quoted,
little one, boy; sf girl. cited, summoned.
Chinchilla, sub. prop. m. Chinchilla, Citador, sm. citer, quoter.
a fictitious character in Gil Bias. Citeria, sub. prop. Cythera, the

Chingala, sm. Cingalese, a native Venus worshipped in the island

of Ceylon. of that name.

Chiste, sm. witty saying, bon-mot, Ciudadano, sm. citizen.
witticism, story. Ciudad, sf. city, town.
polite.
Chistoso, sub. a witty, jovial per- Civil, a. civil, intestine,
son.
170
 )

COJ €OM
Clamas, F. Clamor, ind. prel. 2s. Cojida, sf asylum, protection, roof.
thou callest, claimest. Cojiendo, F. Cojer, ger. catching.
Clamor, sm. clamor, call, whisper. Coleccion, sf. collection, assembly.
Clara, sub. prop./. Clara, a woman's Colector, sm. collector, tax-gatherer.
name. Colejid, F. Colejir, imp. pres. 2p
Clarear, inf. vn. to dawn, to grow infer ye.
ught. Colejio, sm. college, seminary.
Claridad, sf. clearness, light, per- Colejir, inf. pres. va. to infer, to
spicuity. deduce, to draw consequences
Claro-a, a. clear; frank. Colera, sf anger, choler, bile.
Clavel, sm. pink, (a plant, or a Colerico-a, a. choleric, passionate,
flower.) easily provoked.
Clavellina, sf. pink, carnation (a Colgaba, F, Colgar, ind. impf. 3s.
flower. hung.
Clavo, sm. nail ; corn ; misery. Colgar, inf. va. to hang up, to sus-
Clemencia, sf. clemency, mercy. pend, to adorn ; to hang.
Clemente, sm. merciful, clement. Colin, sub. pr.p. m. Colin, the name
Clima, sm. climate, clime, region. of a fictitious character.
Cobarde, a. cowardly, timid. Colina, sf. hill ; eminence.
Cobijado-a, F. Cobijar, part, adjec. Collados, sm. p. hills.
covered, sheltered. Colmillo, sm. grinder (back tooth,)
Cobran, F. Cobrar, ind. pres. Bp. tusk.
they gain, acquire collect. Colmo, sf. Heap, summit
Cobrar, inf. pres. va. to receive, to Colocan, F. Colocar, ind. pres. Sp.
recover, to gain esteem. they place.
Cobraron, F. Cobrar, ind. pret. Sp. Colocar, inf. va. to place, to arrange,
they received. to order, to provide.
Cobre, sm. copper, brass. Colon, sub. prop. m. Columbus, the
Coche, sm. coach, barouche. immortal discoverer of America.
Coehin, sub. prop. m. Cochin, a city Coloquio, sm. coloquy, conversation.
in Hindostan, India. Color, sm. colour, hue, pretext.
Codicia, sf. covetousness, cupidity, Colorado-a, a. ruddy, scarlet colour,
greediness. blushing.
Codicia, F. Codiciar, ind. pres. 3s. Columna, sm. column, support,
covets. prop.
Codician, F. Codiciar, ind. pres. Sp. Comarca, sf. territory, district.
they covet. Comarcano-a, a. neighbouring, near
Codiciar, inf. va. to covet, to desire bordering upon.
eagerly. Combate, F. Combatir, ind. pres. 3s.
Codieioso, ad. greedy, cautious, fights ; s. a fight.
diligent. Combatir, inf. va. and n. to fight;
Coecho, sm. bribe, subornation. to attack, to combat.
Cofre, sm. box, chest, coffer. Comedia, sf. play, comedy.
Coje, F. Cojer, ind. pres. 3s. catches. Comence, F. Comenzar, ind. pret.
Cojer, inf. va. to catch, to seize ; to Is. I began.
occupy ; to gull. Comer, inf pres. va. to eat ; to dine
171
 COM COM
Comircio, sm. commerce, trade, Compasa, (se) F. Compasar, ind*.

intercourse. pres. he adjures, accommodates^

Comenzar, inf. va. or vn. to com- adapts himself.
mence, to begin. Compasion, sf compassion, com-
Comenzaran, F. Comenzar, ind, fut miseration, pity.
Sp. they will begin. Competente,
a. competent, fit, fit
Comenzaron, Comenzar, ind.
F. for, adequate.
pret. Sj). they began. Competir a, F. Competir, ind. fut..
Comenzo, F. Comenzar, ind. pres. 3s. will rival, compete.
3s. began. Compitieron, F. Competir, ind. pret-
Come ti do, F. Comeier, part* com- Sp. they vied, rivalled,.
mitted, entrusted. Complice, F. Complacer, ind. pres*
Comida, sf. dinner, meal. 3s. he pleases.
Comido, F. Comer, part, dined, Complacencia, sf. complacency,,
eaten. satisfaction, gratification.
Comiendo, F. Comer, ger. eating. Completar, inf. pres. va. to com-
Comienza, F. Comenzar, ind. pres. plete, to consummate.
3s. begins. Complice, sm. accomplice, asso-
Comisario, sm. eommissary, deputy. ciate, person concerned.
Comision, sf. commission^ trust, Composicion, sf. composition, ad-
committee. justment.
Como, conj. as, how, why;
, as it Comprado, F. Comprar, part-
were, like, as well as. bought, betrayed.
Comodidad, sf. commodity, advan- Compre, F. Comprar, ind. pret. 3s„
tage, comfort. I bought.
Comorin, sm. prop. Comorin, a cape *Comprehenda, F. Comprehender?
in Hindostan subj. pres. 1 or 3s. may compre-
Companero-a, s. companion, part- hend.
ner, associate. *Comprehende, F. Comprehender*
Compania, sf, company, partner- ind. pres. 3s. comprehends.
ship. *Comprehender, inf. va. to compre-
Compadecen, P, Compadecer, ind. hend, to understand.
pres. Bp. they pity. * Comprehension, sf comprehen-
Compadecer, inf. pres. vr. to pity, sion, understanding.
to commiserate, to feel for. Compuesto-a, a. composed, written*.
Comparacion, sf. comparison, rela Compuesto, F. Componer, part,.
tion. composed, written.
Comparado, F. Comparar> part. Comun, sm. the people, the public ;
compared. a. common, vulgar.
Comparta, F. Compartir, subj. pres. Comunica, F. Communicar, ind..
1 or 3s. I may divide, share. pres. 3s. communicates.
Compartir. inf. pres. va» to arrange, Comunicacion, sf communication*
to divide, to share. intercourse.

* These words are written also thus : comprenda x corner ende, comjrrender, come-

prension«.
 e

CON CON
Comunicar, inf va. to inform, to Concuerdan, F. Concordat, subj
communicate. pres. Sp. they may agree.
Con, prep, with, by, for ; con todo, Concurrencia, sf frequentation,
yet, notwithstanding. society, assembly, meeting, com-
C6ncavo-a, a. concave, hollow. pany.
Concebia, F. Concebir, ind. impf. Concurrieron, ind. pret. Sp. they
1 or 3s, I conceived. attended, assisted.
Concebir, inf. vn. or Da, to con- Concurrir, inf. pres. vn, to attend,
ceive ; to think. to concur, to be possessed of, to

Concede, F. Conceder, ind. pres. 8s. meet

grants. Conciirso, sm. concourse, club,
Cone den, F. Conceder\ ind. pres. party, meeting, attendance.
Sp. they grant. Concusion, sf. concussion, abuse of
Conceder, inf. va. to give, to grant power,
to bestow, to allow. Conde (Jose Antonio,) sub. prop,
Concedido-a, F. Conceder, part. Conde, the celebrated Spanish
conceded, granted, bestowed. historian of The Domination of
Concepto, sm. conception, thought, the Arabs in Spain, Unfortunate-
idea. ly for letters he died in 1820, be-
Concertado, F-. Concertar, part, ad- fore the completion of his work^
justed, settled, turned. Conde, sm. Count (a title of no-
Concertando, F. Concertar', ger. bility,)
agreeing. Condenacion, sf damnation, con*
Concha, sm. shell, tortoise demnation.
Concibe, F. Concebir, ind. pres. 3s. Condenado, sm. damned, con-
conceives. demned.
Conciencia, sf. conscience, know- Condenado-a, F. Condenar, part,
ledge, condemned, disapproved.
adjec.
Concierto, sm. concert, agreement, Condenar, inf. pres. va. to condemn,,
arrangement, harmony. to be sentenced to, to damn.
Conciliando, F, Conciliar, ger. con- Condenaron, F. Condenar, ind. pret,
ciliating, composing. Sp. they condemned.
Conciliar, inf. pres. va. to reconcile Condescend encia, sf condescend-
(a person to his fate,) to conci- ence, submission, yielding.
liate. Condescendia, F. Condescender, ind
Concito, pret. 3s. it, he or she ex- impf I or 3s. condescended.
cited. Condicion, sf. condition, situation,
Concluir, inf. va. to conclude* state ; temper, disposition.
Concluiran, F, Concluir, ind. fut. Condimento, sm. prudence, care,
Sp. they will conclude. seasoning.
Concordar, inf. pres, va. to agree, Conducido-a, F. Conducir, part
to concur, to accord, to harmo- adjec. conducted, carried.
nize. Conducir, inf. va. to conduct, to
Concordia, sf. concord, tranquillity, superintend, to carry on.
peace, harmony. Conduzco, F. Conducir, ind. pres.
Is. I carry on.
15* 173
 CON CON
Conecsion, sf. connexion, relation, Conoce, F. Conocer, ind. pres. 8s.
regard. knows.
Confesar, inf. va. to confess, to hear Conoce mos, F. Conocer, ind. pres,
confession. lp. know.
Confese, F. Confesar, ind. prei. Is. Conocen, F. Conocer, ind. pres. Sp.
I confessed. they know.
Confeso, F. Confesar, md. pret. 3s. Conocer, inf. va. to know, to under-
confessed. stand, to experience.
Confesor, sm. confessor, owner. Conocera, F. Conocer, md.fui. 3s.
Confiado-a, part, and a. conceited ; will know
relied confiding
; unsurprising. Conoces, F. Conocer, ind. pres. 2s.
;

Confianza, sf confidence, boldness, knowest.

assurance. Conocia, F. Conocer, ind. impf I
Conflicto, sm. conflict, hazard, peri- or 3s. knew.
lous situation. Conoeido-a, F. Conocer, part.
Conform aba, F. Conformar, ind. known; s. an acquaintance.
impf 3s. conformed to. Conociendo, F. Conocer, ger. know-
Conforta, F. Confortar, ind. pres. ing, being acquainted with.
3s. comforts, strengthens. Conocieron, F. Conocer, ind. pret.
Confortar, inf. va. to comfort, to 3p. they knew.
strengthen, to console. Conocimiento, sm. knowledge,
Confundir, inf. va. to confound, to learning, acquaintance, friend-
entangle, to perplex. ship.
Confuso-a, a. confused, confounded, Conocio, F. Conocer, ind. pret. 3s.
perplexed. knew.
Congoja, anguish, dismay, anx- Conozcais, F. Conocer, subj. pres,
sf.

iety of mind. 2p. you or ye may know.

Congojoso-a, a. afflictive, torment- Conquista, sf. conquest, subjuga-
ing, anxious. tion.
Conjurado-a, s. conspirator, accom- Conquistaban, F. Conquistar, ind,
plice, traitor. impf Sp. they conquered.
Conjurado, F. Confiirar, part, con- Conquistador, sm. conqueror, victor.
jured, conspired, exorcised. Consecuencia, sf. consequence, re-
Conjurando, F. Conjurar, ger. sult, inference.

asking for, entreating. Conseguido, F. Conseguir, part

Conjuro, sm. conjurer, he that uses obtained, accomplished, attained
charms or incantations. Conseguir, inf. va. to obtain, to
Conrmgo, prep, and pron. with me. succeed, to attain.
Grammar, R. XXVI. note 2, p. Consejo, sm. advice, counsel, judg-
163. ment, prudence.
Conmiseracion, sf. commiseration, Consentimiento, sm. consent, con-
compassion, pity. nivance, permission.
Conmovtr, inf. va. to excite, to Conserva, F. Conservar, ind. pres,
move, to disturb, to raise. 3s. preserves.
Conmueve, (se) ind. pres, 3s. is Conservacion, sf. preservation.
moved, excited.
174
 CON CON
Conservado, part, preserved., guard- Conspirar, inf. vn. to conspire, to
ed, secured. plot, to co-operate.
Conservan, F. Conservar, ind. pres. Consta, ind. pret. 3s. appears from,
Sp. preserve. is corroborated by.
Conservar, inf. va. to preserve, to Constan, F. Constar, ind. pres. Sp,
guard ; to pickle. appear, are evident.
Considera, F. Consider-or, ind pres. Constancia, sf constancy, immuta-
3s. considers. bility.

Consideracion, sf. consideration, Constante, sm. constant, firm, unal-

regard, contemplation. terable person.
Considerando, F, Considerar, ger. Constante, a. constant, steady.
considering, thinking. Constar, inf. v. imp. to appear from,
Considerar, inf. va. to consider, to to be evident, corroborated.
reflect, to think. Construccion, sf. construction,
Considerasen, F. Considerar, subj. sense.
imp. Sp. should consider. Consuelan, F. Consolar, ind. pres.
Consigan, F. Conseguir, subj. pres. Sp. they comfort.
Sp. they may obtain. Consuelo, s>m. consolation, relier,
Consigo, prep, and pron. with you, comfort.
with himself, with themselves. Consulta, sf consultation, advice.
Consiste, F. Consistir, ind. pres. 3s. Consume, F. Consumir, ind. pres.
consists. 3s. consumes.
Consistfr, inf. vn. to consist, to be Consumir, inf. va. to consume, to
composed of, to be contained. destroy, to waste, to fret.
Consolaba, F. Consolar, ind. impf Contaban, F. Contar, ind. impf. Sp.
1 or 3s. comforted. they intended, or relied on.
Consolaban, F. Consolar, ind. impf. Contajio, sm. contagion, corruption.
Bp. they consoled. Contando, F. Contar, ger. trusting,
Consolacion, sf. solace, consolation, or relying.
comfort. Contar, inf. pres. va. to relate; to
Consolad, F. Consolar, imp. pres. number ; to intend, to rely.
2p. comfort ye, or you. Contempla, F. Contemplar, ind.
Consolado-a, a. consoled, solaced, pres. 3s. contemplates.
comforted. Contemplaba, F. Contemplar, ind.
Consolar, inf. va. to enable, to com-
impf. 1 or 3s. contemplated.
fort, to mitigate, to assuage. Contemplar, inf. va. to contemplate.
Consorte, sm. consort, partner, hus- Contemplativo, a. sentimental,
band, or wife. thoughtful.
Conspira, F. Conspirar, ind. pres. Contemplo, F. Contemplar, ind.
3s. he conspires. pres. Is. I contemplate.
Conspiracion, sf conspiracy, plot, Contender, inf. vn. to contend, to
cabal. quarrel, to litigate, to discuss.
Conspirador, sm. conspirator. Contendrian, F. Contender, subj.
Conspirando, F. Conspirar ger. impf Sp. they would contend.
conspiring, plotting, soliciting. Contener, inf. vn. to contain, to
hold; to check one's self.

175
 CON CON
Contenido-a, adj. temperate. Contradiction, sf. contradiction, re-
Contentamiento, sm. content, satis- sistance, opposition.
faction. Contradice, F. Contradecir, ind,
Contentar, inf. va. to satisfy, to pres. 3s. contradicts.
gratify, to please. Contrajese, F. Contraer, suhj. impf
Contentisimo-a, most satis-
a. super, 1 or 3s. he should contract.

fied, most content, most happy. Contrapeso, sm. check, counter-

Contento, sm. contentment, joy, balance.
Cont?nto-a, a. satisfied, content, Contrapuesto, F. Contraponer, parU
cheerful. opposed; opposite.
adjec.
Contento, F. Contentar, ind. pres. Contrario-a, s. opponent, enemy a. ;

Is. I satisfy. contrary, opposed.

Contestar, inf. va. to reply, to an- Contraticmpo, sm. misfortune, ca-
swer, to confirm, to prove. lamity, disappointment.
Contesto, F. Contestar, ind. pres. Contribuia, F. Contribuir, ind. impf
Is. I reply. 1 or 3s. contributed.
Contesto, F. Contestar, ind. pret. Contribuir, inf.va. to contribute, to
3s. replied. pay one's share, to bear a part.
Contienen, F. Contener, ind. pres. Contristado-a, part, adjec. afflicted,
8p. they contain. melancholy, saddened.
Contigo, prep, and pron, with thee, Conturba, (se) ind. pres. 3s. is agi-

with thyself. tated, awed.

Contiguo-a, a. contiguous, adjoin- Conturbar, inf va, to disturb, to

ing. agitate, to disquiet.

Continente, STTujcountenance, absti- Convalecido-a, part, adjec. reco-

nent person, the main. vered, restored to health.
Continjente, sm. contingent, share; Conveniente, a. convenient, useful,
a. uncertain, fortuitous. suitable, commodious.
Continuado, F. Continuar, part. Convenir, inf. vn. to be convenient,
continued, remained, protracted. fit, proper, or suitable.
Continuamente, ad. continually, al- Convenir, inf pres. vn. to agree in
ways, without intermission. opinion, to concur, to assemble.
Continual*, inf. vn. to continue, to Conversacion, sf. conversacion, in-
last, to endure, tercourse, familiarity, club.

Continuar, inf. va. to continue, to Conversar, inf. vn. to converse, talk.

prosecute. Convertido-a, a. converted, chang-

Continuo, F. Continuar, ind. pres. ed, applied ; s. a convert.
Is. I continue. Convertir, inf. pres. va. to convert.
Continuo-a, a. continual, continu- Convida, F. Convidar, ind. pret. 3s.
ous. invites.

Conto, F. Contar, ind. pret. 3s. Convidado-a, part, adjec. invited,

reckoned, counted. allured ; s. guest.

Contorno, sm. environ, outline. Convidando, F. Convidar, ger. in-

Contra, prep, against, contrary to. viting, alluring.

Contradecir, inf. vn. to contradict, Convidar, inf. va. to invite, to al-

to oppose, to repugn. lure, to excite desire.
176
 ;

C6R C6R
Conviene, F. Convenir, ind. pres translated small stories we have
3s. is convenient, suitable. selected.
Convierte, F. Convertir, ind. 3s. Corre, F. Correr, ind. pres. 3s. runs,
converts. or rolls.
Convite, sm. invitation, feast. Correjir, inf. va. to correct, to a-
Convocando, F. Convocar, ger. con mend, to get over one's follies.
voking, assembling. Correr, inf. va. to run, to pass, to be
Copa, sf. cup, goblet, wine-glass. current, to ravage.
Copia, sub. collec. f abundance, a Corres, F. Correr, ind. pres. 2s. thou
great number. runnest, or passest away.
Copla, sf. stanza, particularly those Corresponde, F. Corresponder, kid.
which contain four lines only. pres. 3s. corresponds, belongs,
Coraje, sm. valour, courage, forti- appertains to.
tude; anger, wrath. Correspondiente, sm. correspondent,
Corazon, sm. heart, spirit, will, soul Correspondiente, a. conformable,
C6rbo-a, a. crooked, arched, bent agreeable to.
s. a hunch-backed. Corria, F. Correr, ind. impf 3s. ran.
Corderuela, sf. small rope, dim. of Corrido, a. abashed, ashamed; run,
Cuerda. terminated.
Corderuelo-a, sub. lambkin* dim. of Corriendo, F. Correr, ger. running,
Cordero. Comente, a. current, running; in-
Cordoban, sm. morocco, leather. stant.
Cordoves, sm. Cordovian, a native Corrija, F. Correjir, subj. pres. 3s. I
of Cordova, a city in Spain. may correct.
Corinto, sub. prop. m. Corinth, an Corrija, F. Correjir, imp. pres. 3s.
ancient city in Greece. let it, him, or her correct.
Corinto-a, a. Corinthian, an order Corrije, F. Correjir, ind. pres. 3s.
of architecture. corrects.
Cornelio, sub. prop. m. Cornelius, a Corrijen, F. Correjir, ind. pres. 3p.
man's name. they correct.
Coro, sm. choir, chorus. Corrijio, F. Correjir, ind. pret. 3s.
Corona, sf. crown end, summit.
; corrected.
Coronaba, F. Coronar, ind. impf. 1 Com Ho, sin. company, clan, club,
or 3s. crowned. party, assembly, circle.
Coronaban, F. Coronar, ind. impf. Corrio, F. Correr, ind. pret. 3s. ran.
3p. they crowned. orrompen, F. Corromper, ind. pres.
Coronando, F. Coronar, ger* crown- 3p. they corrupt.
ing. Corromper, inf. va. to corrupt, to
Corpas, (Cecilio de) sub. prop. m. sully, to bribe.
Corpas, a translator of the very Corrompido-a, pari, adjec. corrupt-
few pieces, that are not origi- ed, seduced, bribed, suborned.
nally Spanish, inserted in this Cortar, inf. va. to cut, to stop, to
work. His version from the cut short.
French has so much the cast of Corte, sf. court, capital ed^e. ;

originality, that we have placed Cortea, F. Cortar, imp. pres. 3p.

his name under the few of his let them cut

177
 )

CRE CRI
Corten, F. Cortar, subj. pres. 3p. Crecia, F. Crecer, ind. impf. 3s.
they may cut. grew.
Cortes, sub. prop. m. Cortes, the Crecian, F. Crecer, ind. impf. Sp.
first conqueror of New Spain. they grew.
Cortes, a. civil, courteous, polite. Crecido-a, adj. and part, grown,
Cortes, sub. p.f. Cortes or Congress increased ; large.
( the National Assembly of Spain. Creciendo, F. Crecer, ger. growing,
Cortes ano, sm. courtier. getting up.
Cortesano-a, a. courtly, courteous, Crecieron, F. Crecer, ind. pret. 3p.
gentle, polite. they grew.
Cortes i a, sub. prop. f. courtesy, Crecio, F. Creer, ind. pret. 3s.
bow, compliment, gift. grew.
Cortesisimo-a, a. superl. most cour- Credito, sm. credit, reputation, be-
teous, most polite, most gentle. lief, note, esteem.
Corteza, sf. rind, peal, cover, bark. Credulo, sm. a credulous person,
Cortinilla, sf. a small curtain, dim. simpleton.
of Cortina. Credulo, a. credulous.
Corto, F. Cortar, ind. pret. 3s. cut. Creemos, F. Creer, ind. pres. Ip.
C6rto-a, a. short, small, imperfect, believe.
bashful. Creen, F. Creer, ind. pres. 3p.
C6rto-a, s. a bashful or timid per- they believe.
son. Creencia, sf. belief, faith.
Cosa. sf. thing, little consequence. Creer, inf. va. to believe, to credit,
Cosa de,p7'ep. about. to think, to be persuaded.
Cosecha, sf. crops, harvest, collec- Crei, F. Creer, ind. pret. Is. I
tion. thought.
Costa, sf. cost, coast. Creia, F. Creer, ind. impf. 3s. he
Costar, inf. pres. vn. to cost, to believed.
suffer loss, to be had at a price. Crei an, F. Creer, ind. pres. 3p. they
Costaria, F. Costar, subj. impf. 3s. believed.
it would cost. Creo, F. Creer, ind. pres. Is. I be-
Costo, F. Costar, md. pret. 3s. cost. lieve, I think.
Costuinbre, sm. custom, manners, Crepusculo, sf. twilight, crepuscule.
habit. Creyendo, F. Creer, ger. believing.
Cotejo, sm. comparison, parallel. Creyo, F. Creer, ind. pret. 1 or 3s.
Covarde, a. coward, cowardly, pu- thought, believed.
sillanimous. This word should Criador, sm. creator; he that rears,
always be spelled cobarde. or trains.
Coyunda, sf. yoke, rope, matrimo- Criaba, F. Criar, ind. impf. 3s.
nial union, tie. created.
Crece, F. Crecer, ind. pres. 3s. Criado-a, s. servant, domestic ;
pari
grows. created.
Crecen, F. Crecer, ind. pres. Bp. Crianza, sf. breeding, education,
they grow. manners.
Crecer. inf. vn. to grow, to increase, Criar, inf. pres. va. to create, to
to swell. produce, to nurse, to bring up.
178
 ; ;

CUA CUL
Criaste, F. Criar, ind.pret. 2s. thou Cuan, ad. how, how much
hast created. Cuando, ad. when, in case.
Criasteis, F. Criar, ind. pret. 2p. Cuanto-a, a. as much as, as

you have created. many as, all ; that which

Criatura, sf creature. ad. how much ; the more.
Crie, F. Criar, subj. pres. 1 or 3s. Cuanto, s. every thing,
all that,
create. every person that; en cuanto a.
Crie, F. Criar, ind. pret. Is. I as for, in regard to.
created, or brought up. Cuarenta, a. num. forty.
Crimen, sm. crime, offence. Cuartel, sm. barrack.
Criminal, s. and a. criminal, culprit. Cuarto, sm. quarto, a copper coin,
Crio, F. Criar, ind. pres. Is. I 170 to a dollar, a rooni.
create. Cuarto, a. num. fourth ; cuartos, s
Crio, F. Criar, ind. pret. 3s. brought pi. money.
up, created. Cuatro, a. num. four.
Cristal, sm. crystal, fine glass. Cubierta, sf. cover, pretence, deck
Cristalino-a, a. crystalline, limpid, of a vessel.
transparent. Cubra, F. Cubrir, imp. pres. 3s.
Cristiano-a, a. christian ; s. a chris- let him cover.
tian. Cubra, F. Cubrir, subj. pres. 3s. he
Cristo, sub. prop. m. Christ. may cover.
Cristobal, sub. prop. m. Christopher, Cubre, F. Cubrir, ind. pres. 3s.
a man's name. covers.
Critilo, sub. prop. m. Critilius, a Cubre, F. Cubrir, imp. pres. 2s.
fictitious character in Gracian. cover thou.
Crudo-a, a. raw, uncooked, horrid. Cubren, F. Cubrir, ind. pres. Sp.
Cruel, a. cruel, barbarous, tyranni-
they cover.
cal. Cubrian, F. Cubrir, ind. impf. Sp.
Crueldad, sf. cruelty, barbarous they covered.
treatment, inhuman action. Cubrir, inf. va. to cover, to dissem-
Cruz, sf. cross. ble, to cloak, to mask.
Cuadra, sf. parlour, drawing-room Cuchillo, sm. knife, dagger.
courtyard. Cuello, sm. neck, collar.
Cuaja, F. Cuajar, md. pres. 3s. Cuenta, sf. account, bill, narration.
coagulates, or freezes. Cuenta, F. Contar, ind. pres. 3s.
Cuajar, inf. vn. to freeze ; to pro- counts, relates, or relies on.
duce the desired effect. Cuero, sm. hide, skin, leather.
Cual, (el, la, los or las) pron. rel. n. Cuerpo, sm. body, frame ; volume.

or o. that, which, who; conj. Cuesto, F. Costar, ind. pret. Is.

how. cost.
Cual, ad. like, as, in the manner Cueva, sf. cave, cavern, cavity,
that ; this one, that one. grotto.
Cualesquiera, indef. pron. p. who- Cuidado, sm. care, anxiety, atten-
ever, they who, any, whatever. tion.

Cualquiera, pron. indef. whatever, Cuidaremos, F. Cuidar, ind. fat. ~\p.

whoever, he who. we shall or will take care.

179
 DE DEB
Culpa, sf. blame, fault, offence. Cupido, sub. prop. m. Cupid, a fab-
Culpable, sm. culpable, blameable ulous deity.
Cultivado-a, F. Cidtivar, a. culti- Cura, sf. a cure, healing.
vated, cultured. Cura, sm. curate, vicar.
Cultivo, sm. cultivation ;
practice. Curado-a, a. cured, healed.
Culto, sm. religion, worship ; a Curiosidad, sf. curiosity, rarity.
wise, learned. Curioso-a, s. and a. a curious,
Cuinbre, sf. summit, pinnacle strange.
crown. Curso, sm. course, way, direction.
Cumpla, F. Cumplir, subj.pres. Bs Curtir, inf. va. to imbrown, or burn
may fulfil, accomplish. by the sun, to tan leather.
Cumplido-a, a. part, polished, civil, Cuyo-a, pron. rel. n. or o. whose,
gifted, fulfilled. of which, of whom.
Cuna, sf. cradle, birth-place. Czar, sub. prop. m. Czar, the Em-
Ciino, sm. mint. peror of Russia.

D
Da, F. Bar, ind. pres. Bs. gives. De, prep, of, in, from, at, with, to,
Daba, F. Bar. ind. impf. 1 or 3s. off, by.
gave, did give. De, F. Bar, subj.pres. 1 or 3s. may
Daban, F. Bar, ind. impf. Sp. they give.
gave. Debajo, prep, under, below.
Dadiva, sf. gift, grant, boon. Deban, F. Beber, subj. pres. 3p.
Dado, F. Bar, part, given, granted; they must, should, or may owe.
conj. dado que, provided. Debas, F. Beber, subj.pres. 2s. thou
Dama, lady, dame.
sf. shouldst, or mayst owe.
Dan, F. Bar, ind. pres. Bp. they Debe, F. Beber, ind. pres. 3s. must,
give. should; owe.
Dando, F. Bar, ger. giving. Debemos, F. Beber, ind. pres. Bp.
Dan an, F. Banar, ind. pres. Bp. we ought, we must, we owe.
they injure, hurt. Deben, F. Beber, ind. pres. Bp.
Danar, inf. pres. va. to injure, to must, ought, owe.
spoil, to hurt, to damage. Deber, sm. duty, obligation.
Dano, sm. mischief, evil, injury. Deber, inf. pres. v. aux. must,
Daiioso-a, adj. hurtful, injurious. should; va. to owe, to be in-
Dar, inf. pres. va. to give, to strike, debted.
to confer, to bestow. Debes, F. Beber, ind. pres. 2s. thou
Dara, F. Bar, ind. fat. 3s. will give. oughtest, or owest.
Dare, F. Bar, ind. fut. Is. I shall Debia, ind. impf. 1 or 3s. was to,

or will give. should, ought to.

Daria, F. Bar, suj. impf. 1 or 3s. Debido-a, a. due, owed ; dutiful.
would, should give. Debil, a. weak, feeble.
Das, F. Bar, ind. pres. 2s. thou DebiMad, sf. debility, languor,
givest. pusillanimity.
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BED DEJ
Debilitado-a, a. debilitated, weak Dedicado-a, part, and a. engaged,
ened, enfeebled, extenuated. occupied in ;
given up to.

Debilitar, inf. va. to debilitate, to Dedo, sm. finger.

weaken, to enfeeble. Defender, inf. va. to defend, to pro-
Debio, F. Deber, ind.pret. 3s. owed tect, to assert, to resist.
ought to. Defendieron, F. Defender, ind. pret.
Debo, F. Deber, ind. pres. Is. I Sp. they defended.
must, ought, owe. Defendiesen, F. Defender, subj.
Decaido, F. Decaer, pari, decayed, impf. Sp. they should defend.
fallen, low-spirited. Defecto, sm. defect, error, mistake.
Decencia, sf. decency, honesty, Defensa, sf defence, shelter.
modesty. Defensor, sm. defender, protector;
Decente, a. decent, modest, honest. lawyer.
Decia, F. Decir, ind. impf. 1 or 3s. Defiendan, F. Defender, subj. pres.
said, was saying. Sp. may defend.
Dec! an, F. Dear. ind. impf. Bp. Defiende, F. Defender, ind. pres. 3s.
they said. defends.
Decid, F. Decir, imp. pres. 2p. say Definitivo-a, a. definitive, positive.
ye or you. Degrada, F. Degradar, ind. pres. 3s.
Decidio, (se) ind.pret. 3s. decided, degrades.
it was determined. Deidad, sf. deity, God.
Decidir, inf. va. to decide, to deter- Deis, F. Dar, subj. pres. 2p. you
mine, to resolve. may deliver.
Decimo-a, a. num. tenth. Deja, F. Dejar, imp. pres. 2s. re-
Decimocuarto-a, a. num. fourteenth. linquish, or permit thou.
Decir, inf. va. to say, to assure, to Deja, F. Dejar, ind. pres. 3s. re-
correspond. linquishes.
Decision, sf. decision, resolution, Dejaba. F. Dejar, ind. impf. 1 or 3s.
disposition. I left.
Declama, F. Declamar, ind. pres. Dejad, F. Dejar, imp. pres. Sp. per-
3s. declaims. mit, or relinquish ye.
Declarado-a, pari, adjec. declared, Dejado, F. Dejar, part, left; per-
known, determined. mitted ; s. neglectful person.
Declarar, inf. va. to declare, to con- Dejan, F. Dejar, ind. pres. Sp. they
fess, to depose. relinquish, or permit.
Declaro, F. Declarar, ind. pret. 3s. Dejando, F. Dejar, ger. leaving,
declared. permitting.
Declinando, F. Declinar, ger. de- Dejar, inf. va. to leave, to relin-
clining, sinking, shunning. quish, to let, to permit, to be-
Decoraban, F. Decor or, ind. impf. queath ; dejar de, to fail to.
Sp. they decorated. Deje, F. Dejar, ind. pret. Is. I left,
Decoroso-a, adj. decorous, beco- or relinquished.
ming. Deje, Dejar, imp. pres. 3s. let him
Dedicar, inf. va. to dedicate, to leave, or leave you.
consecrate, to inscribe. Dejemos, F. Dejar, imp. pres. lp.
we may permit.
16 181
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DEM DER
Dejeneran, F. Dejenerar, ind. pres. Demas, prep, independently, be-
3p. they degenerate. sides.
Dejenerando, F, Dejenerar, ger. Demostracion, sf. demonstration,
degenerating, becoming. proof, manifestation.
Dejenerar, inf. vn. to become, to Denominacion, sf denomination,
degenerate into, to grow base. distinct appellation.
Dejenerarian, subj. impf. Bp. would Denominaron, (se) pret. ind. Sp.
degenerate into. derived their name, were denomi-
Dejenere, subj. fut. 1 or 3s. she nated.
may, or should degenerate. Denso, a. thick, dense.
Dejo, F. Dejar, ind. pres. 3s. I leave Dentro, or dentro de, prep, in, with-
off. in, inside of; far into.
Dejo, ind. pret. 3s. he left or let; Deplorable, a. deplorable, lamenta-
dejo caer, he dropped. ble, calamitous, bewailing.
Del, prep, and art. of, in, from the Depone, F. Deponer, ind. pres. 3s
of, in, from him. deposes, leaves.
Delante, ad. before, the forepart, Deponer, inf. va. to depose, to de-
Delatar, inf. va. to accuse, to im- clare, to affirm, to displace.
peach, to denounce, to inform. Depositamos, F. Depositor, ind.
Deleitar, inf. va. to please, to de- pret. Ip. we deposited.
light, to give pleasure. Depositor, inf. va. to deposite, to
Deleite, sm. delight, pleasure. confide, to intrust, to confer.
Deleitoso-a, a. agreeable, pleasing, Depositario, sm. depositary, reposi-
delightful. tory.
Delfos, sub. prop. m. Delphi, a pagan Derecho, a. straight, just, lawful;
temple, erected by Delphus, and s. law, right.

dedicated to Apollo, his father. Deriva, F. Derivar, ind. pres. 3s.

Delicadeza, sf delicacy, tenderness, derives.
effeminacy, perspicacity. Derivar, inf. va. to derive, to de-
Delicado-a, a. delicate, pleasing, duce, to infer.
elfeminate, nice, slender. Derramado-a, F. Derramar, part,
Delicia, sf. delight, comfort, satis- abs. shed, diffused, spread.
faction. Derramando, F. Derramar, ger.
Delicioso-a, a. delightful, delicious, spilling, shedding.
pleasing. Derramar, inf. va. to shed, to spread,
Delincuente, sm. delinquent, culprit, to pour forth.
prisoner, delinquency. Derramara, F. Derramar, subj. impf
Delineado, part, delineated, pour- 1 or 3s. would shed.
trayed, sketched, described. Derramara, F. Derramar, ind. fat.
Delio, sub. prop. m. Delius. 3s. will pour forth.
Delirio, sm. delirium, rant, idle talk. Derrame, F. Derramar, subj. pres.
Delito, sm. crime, transgression, 3s. may shed.
offence. Derramo, F. Derramar, ind. pret.
Demas, (los, or las demas) pron. 3s. shed.

indef the rest, the other, it. Derredor, sm. circuit, circumfe
rence ; adv. arround.
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DES DES
Derribado-a, F. Derribar, part, abs. Descaecer, inf. vn. to decline, to
overthrown, crushed. decay, to droop, to fade.
Derribaron, F. Derribar, ind. pret. Descaeciesen, F. Descaecer, subj.
3p. they demolished. impf Sp. they should decline.
Desabrido-a, a. insipid, rugged, Descalzando, F. Descalzar, ger.
cragged, sour, hard. pulling off (the shoes or boots.)
Desagradaba, F. Desagradar, ind. Descaminado-a, part, adjec. stray,
impf. 3s. did displease. lost, entangled, misguided.

Desagradaban, F. Desagradar, ind. Descansa, F. Descansar, imp. pres.

impf. Sp. they displeased. 2s. repose thou.

Desagradar, inf. va. to displease, to Descansa, F. Descansar, ind. pres

cause discontent. 3s. reposes.

Desagradecido-a, a. unthanked, un- Descansaba, F. Descansar, ind

grateful, not thanked for. impf 3s. reposed.
Desaire, sm. a slight, disdain, Descansar, inf. vn. to repose, to
scorn. rest, to lean upon, to sleep.
Desalentado-a, a. discouraged, dis- Descanso, sm. repose, relaxation,
mayed, put out of breath. rest, tranquillity.
Desembarazadamente, ad. freely, Descaradamente, adv. impudently,
without embarassment. shamelessly.
Desanimar, (se) vr. to be disheart- Descarado-a, adj. shameless, impu-
ened, to be discouraged. dent, barefaced.
Desapacible, a. disagreeable, un- Descarga, F. Descargar, ind. pres,
pleasant, sharp. 3s. discharges.
Desaparecen, F. Desaparecer, ind. Descargar, inf. va. to discharge, to
pres. Sp. they disappear. unload, to land.
Desaparecer a, F. Desaparecer, ind. Descender, inf. vn. to descend, to
fut. 3s. will disappear. proceed, to let down.
Desapoderado-a, a. dispossessed Desciende, F. Descender, ind. pres.
furious, huge, ungovernable. 3s. descends.
Desarmado-a, a. disarmed, disband- Desciendo, F. Descender, ind. pres.
ed^ dismounted, pacified. 3s. descends, go down.
Desarmado, F. Desarmar, part, dis- Descifrar, inf. va. to decipher, to
armed. unravel, to make out.
Desarreglado-a, a. immoderate, in- Descomunal, a. huge, ponderous,
temperate, unrestrained. uncommon.
Desarreglado, part, disordered, dis- Desconcertado-a, part, being con-
composed, confounded. fused, perplexed.
Desatinado-a, a. extravagant, ex- Desconcierto, sm. confusion, disa-
cessive, impetuous s. crazy.
; greement.
Desatan, F. Desatar, ind. pres. Sp. Desconocido-a, a. unknowT n, foreign,
they dissolve, untie. disavowed.
Desatar, inf. va. to loosen, to untie, Desconocer, inf. va. to disown, to
to dissolve, to separate. be unacquainted.
Desautorizado, part, unauthorized Desconoces, F. Desconocer, ind.
not respected. pres. 2s. thou dost not know.
183
 DES DLS
Desconfiado-a, F. Desconflar, adj. Deseaba, F. Desear, ind. impf. 1 oi
despairing of. 3s. desired.
Descontento, sm. discontent, dissa- Deseais, F. Desear, subj. pres. 2p.
tisfaction, displeasure. ye or you may desire.
Descripcion, sf description, de- Deseado-a, a. desired, wished,
lineation. longed for.
Descubierto-a, part, adjec. uncover- Desean, F. Desear, ind. pres. 3p.
ed, unprotected, open, forlorn. they desire.
Descubierto, F. Descubrir, part. Deseas, F. Desear, ind. pres. 2s.
discovered, found out, detected. thou desirest, dost desire.
Descubre, F. Descubrir, ind. pres. Desear, inf. va. to wish, to desire,
3s. discovers. to long for, to demand.
Descubria, F. Descubrir, ind. impf. Desechar, inf. pres. va. to throw off,
1 or 3s. discovered. lay aside, expel.
Descubriendo, F. Descubrir, ger. Deseen, F. Desear, subj. pres. Sp.
discovering, finding out. they may desire.
Descubrieron, F. Descubrir, ind. Desees, F. Desear, subj. pres. 3s.
pret. Sp. they disclosed. you may desire.
Descubriese, F. Descubrir, subj. Desembarcando, F. Desembarcai ,
impf. 1 or 3s. should discover. ger. debarking.
Descubrio, F. Descubrir, ind. pret. Desembarcar, inf. va. to unload, to
3s. discovered. disembark, to land.
Descubrir, inf. pres. va. to discover, Desempeiiar, inf. pres. va. to fulfil,
to find out, to disclose. to accomplish, to redeem.
Descuidado-a, a. neglectful, care- Desenfado, sm. calmness, coolness,
less ; s. a careless person. tranquillity, facility.
Descuidado, F. Descuidar, part. Desenfrenado, F. Desenfrenar, part.
neglected, omitted. unbridled, carried away.
Desdenar, inf. va. to disdain, to Desenfrenar (se) va. or ref to
scorn. launch one's-self into, to be car-
Desdenes, F. Desdenar, subj. pres. ried away.
2s. you may disdain. Desenganado-a, a. undeceived, dis-
Desde, prep. from. abused.
Desden, sm. disdain, disregard, con- Desenganador-a, sub. undeceiver,
temn. he who frees from error.
Desdicha, sf. misfortune, unhappi- Desenganara, F. Desenganar, ind.
ness. Jut. 3s. will undeceive.
Desdichado-a, s. an unfortunate, Desenredar, inf. va. to disentangle,
miserable, or pitiful person. to clear up, to put in order.
Desdichado, a. unfortunate, unsuc- Desenterrar, inf. va. to unbury, to
cessful, unhappy, miserable. dig up, to disinter.
Desdoro, sm. dishonour, treason, Desenvuelto-a, F. Desenvolver, a
blemish. part, forward, lively; unfolded
Desea, F. Desear, ind. pres. 3s. Deseo, sm. desire, wish.
desires. Deseo, F. Desear, ind. pres. Is. I

desire
184
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DES DES
Dese6so-a, a. desirous, anxious Deslumbrado-a, a. dazzled, con-
part, being anxious. fused, perplexed.
Desesperacion, sf. desperation, des- Deslustrar, inf. va. to tarnish, to
pair. sully.
Desesperado, part, adjec. despaired; Desmaya, F. Desmayar, ind. pres.
despairing. 3s. faints.

Desesperar, vn. to despair, to de- Desmayaba, F. Desmayar, ind. impf

spond. 1 or 3s. fell into a swoon.
Desesperes, F. Desesperar, subj. Desmayado, a. dismayed, sunk, ap-
pres. 2s. thou mayest despair. palled, discouraged.
Desestimar, inf. pres. va. to disre Desmayar, inf. va. to dispirit, to
gard, not to pay attention to. frighten.
Desestimo, F. Desestimar, ind.pres. Desmayar, inf. vr. to faint, to fall
Is. I disregard. into a swoon.
Desestimo, ind. pret. 3s. he disre- Desnudar, inf. va. to strip off, to
garded, disesteemed. discover, to reveal, to undress.
Desfallecido-a, F. Desfallecer, part. Desnudo, F ..Desnudar, ind. pres. Is.

pined, fallen away, broken down. I strip.

Desfigurado-a, part, adjec. disfi Desnudo, a. naked, bare, uncover-

gured, deformed, disguised. ed.
Desgracia, sf. misfortune, infelicity, Desorden, sm. disorder, disturbance,
adversity. confusion.
Besgraciado-a, a. unfortunate, un Despacha, F. Despachar, ind. pres.
successful, unlucky. 3s. sends her away.
Deshacer, inf. va. to undo, to efface Despachar, inf. va. to despatch, to
vr. to melt into to get rid of.
; sell, to send away.

Deshauciado-a, part, adjec. given Despacho, F. Despachar, ind. pres.

up (by the physicians.) Is. I despatch, sell.

Deshecho, a. undone, mixed. Despacho, F. Despachar, ind. pret.

Deshiciese, (se) F. Deshacer, subj. 3s. sold, despatched.
3 impf 1 or 3s. should get rid, Despavorido-a, part, adjec. terrified,
Deshonestidad, sf. dishonesty, want frightened.
of candour, immodesty. Despedazaban, F. Despedazar, ind.
Deshonesto-a, a. immodest, un- impf. 3p. they tore.
chaste, lewd. Despedazado-a, part, adjec. torn to
Desierto, sm. desert, wilderness. pieces, destroyed, lacerated.
Designio, sm. design, intention, Despedazan, F. Despedazar, ind.
sinister scheme. impf. Sp. tear.
Desinteres, sm. liberality, disregard, Despedazar, inf. va. to tear, to cut
disinterestedness. to pieces, to rend, to lacerate.
Disinteresado-a, a. disinterested, Despedia, F. Despedir, ind. impf.
not selfish. 1 or 3s. dismissed, or shed.
Desistiese, F. Desistir, subj. 3 impf. Despedian, F. Despedir, ind. impf.
1 or 3s. should desist. Sp. they dismissed.
Desistir, inf. vn. to desist, to cease, Despedir, inf. va. to dismiss, to

to abandon. discharge, to deny, to refuse.

16* 185
 DES DES
Despeno, F. Despenar, ind. pret. Despreciado-a, F. Despreciar, part,
3s. he precipitated. despised, condemned.
Despertar, inf. pres. va. to awaken Despreciando, F. Despreciar, ger.
to rouse frora sleep, to excite, to despising.
recall. Despreciar, inf. va. to despise, to
Despertasteis, F. Despertar, ind. depreciate, to disdain.
pret. 2p. you, or ye awoke. Desprecias, F. Despreciar, ind. pres.
Despiadado-a, a. unmerciful, unre- 2s. thou despisest.

lenting, cruel, inhuman, profli Desprecio, sm. contempt.

gate. Desprecio, F. Despreciar, ind. pret.
Despide, F. Despedir, ind. pret. 3s. 3s. despised.
discharges, or takes leave. Desproveido-a, a. unprovided, un-
Despidio (se) F. Despedir, ind. prepared, heedless, improvident.
pret. 3s. took leave; discharged. Despues, or despues de, prep, and
Despiertan, F. Despertar, ind. pres. ad. after; afterwards.
Sp. they awake. Despues que, conj. since, from the
Despierto-a, a. awake, vigilant, time that.
brisk. Desquitan, F. Desquitar, ind. pres.
Despierto, F. Despertar, part. Sp. they repair.
awake. Desquitar, inf. va. to retrieve, to
Desplegar, inf. va. to unfold, to dis- repair, to avenge.
play, to explain, to expand. Desterrado-a, F. Desterrar, part.
Desplego, F. Desplegar, ind. pret. banished; s. an exile.
3s. unfolded. Desterrar, inf. va. to banish, to ex-
Despojado-a. a. stript, undressed, pel, to drive away.
bereft, deprived. Desterro, F. Desterrar, ind. pret.
Despojado, F. Despojar, part. 3s. banished.
stripped, undressed, dismissed. Destierro, sm. exile, banishment.
Despojando, F. Despojar, ger. strip- Destilan, F. Destilar, ind. pres. Sp.
ing, undressing. they drop, distil.

Despojar, inf. va. to strip, to un- Destilar, inf. vn. to drop, to extract
dress. by a still, to filter.

Despojo, F. Despojar, ind. pres. Is. Destinado-a, a. destined, doomed,

I strip. consigned.
Despojo, F. Despojar, ind. pret. 3s. Destino, sm. destiny, doom, fate,

stripped. lot, destination.

Despojo, sm. spoil, spoliation. Destituido-a, part. abs. deprived,
Despotico-a, a. despotic, absolute, destitute, stripped.
tyrannical. Destreza, sf dexterity, address,
Desprecio, sm. contempt, scorn, skill.

disregard. Destruccion, sf. destruction, ruin,

Desprecia, F. Despreciar, ind. pres. devastation.
3s. despises. Destruian, F. Destruir, ind. impf
Despreciable, a. despicable, con- Sp. they destroyed.
temptible. Destruir, inf. va. to destroy, to ruin,
to lay waste, to raispend.
186
 DEU DIF

Destruyendo, F. Destruir, ger. de- Deuda,. sf. debt, obligation.

stroying, laying waste. Deudo, sm. relationship, kindred,
Desvalido-a, a. helpless, destitute. consanguinity.
Desvario, sm. delirium, extravagant Deudor, am. debtor, a person in-
speech, nonsense. debted.
Desvela, F. Desvelar, ind. pres. 3s. Devoraba, F. Devorar, ind. impf 1

it, he, or she watches. or 3s. devoured.

Desvelar, inf. va. to watch for, to Di, F. Dar, ind. pret. Is. I gave;
keep awake. F. Decir, say thou.
Desvelar, inf. vr. to be vigilant, to Dia, sm. day.

be watchful. Dia, ad. day-time,

Desvelen, F. Desvelar, subj. pres. Diamante, sm. diamond, a precious
Sp. they may perceive. gem.
Desvelo, sm. wakefulness ; exer- Dice, F. Decir, ind. pres. 3s. says.

tion, zeal, energy. Dicen, F. Decir, ind. pres. Sp. they

Desvelo, F. Desvelar, ind. pres. Is. say, it is said.

I watch. Dices, F. Decir, ind. pres.

2s. thou

Desventura, sf misfortune, calam- sayest.

ity, misery. Dicha, sf happiness, felicity, luck.
Dervergiienza, sf. impudence, pe- Dicho, sm. saying, expression.
tulance. Dicho, F. Decir, part, said, being
Detenemos, F. Detener, inf. pres. said.

\p. we stop. Dich6so-a, a. happy, felicitous, for

Determina, F. Determinar, ind. tunate, prosperous.
pres. 3s. determines. Diciendo,
F. Decir, ger. saying,
Determinado-a, part, adjec. deter- having said.
mined, resolute, bold, coura- Dictado-a, a. dictated, actuated,
geous. commanded.
Determinare, F. Determinar, subj. Dictado, F. Dictar, part, dictated,
fat. 3s. I should determine. ordered.
Determine, F. Determinar, subj. Dictando, F. Dictar, ger. dictating,
pres. 1 or 3s. may determine. or ruling.
Determino, F. Determinar, ind. Dictar, inf. va. to dictate, to speak
pret. 3s. it, he, or she determined. authoritatively, to command.
Detener, inf. va. to detain, to stop, Diego, sub. prop. m. James, a man's
to arrest, to reserve, to keep. christian name.
Detenido-a, a. sparing, parsimo- Diestro-a, a. dexterous, smart, skil
nious, slow, inert. ful, sagacious, cunning, right.
Detenido, F. Detener, part, stopped, Diese, F. Dar, subj. fat. should
detained, arrested. give ; diese a luz, were it pub-
Detiene, F. Detener, ind. pres. 3s. lished.
it, he, or she detains. Diesen, F.Dar, subj. impf Sp.th.ej
Detuviesen, F. Detener, subj. 3 might give.
impf. Sp. they should stop. Diez, a. num. ten.
Detuvo, F. Detener, ind. pret. 3s. it, Diferencia, sf. difference, incongru-
he, or she detained ity, misunderstanding.
187
 ;

DlJ DIS
Diferencian, F. Diferenciar, ind Dilacion, sf. delay, procrastination,
pres. Bp. they differ. dilation.
Differencial", inf. vn. to differ; va Dilatado, a. delayed; sub. a slow
to cause a difference. man.
Diferente, a. different, dissimilar, Dilatadisimo, a. sujyer. very much
unlike. delayed.
Dificil, a. difficult, arduous. Dilatar, inf. va. to dilate, extend,
Dificultad, sf. embarrassment, en- defer.
tanglement, obstacle. Dinero, sm. money, wealth.
Dificultoso-a, a. difficult, trouble- Dio, F. Dar, ind. pret. 3s. gave.
some, hard. Diojenes, sub. prop. m. Diogenes, a
Difunto-a, sub. and a. defunct, de- cynic of antiquity.
funct, deceased, late person. Diom'sio, sub. prop. m. Dionysius.
Dieron, ind. pres. Bp. they gave Dios, sub. prop. m. God.
die ran gar rote, strangled. Diputado, sm. deputy, commis-
Diese, snbj. impf. 1 or 3s. should sioner, representative.
give, render, show. Dira, F. Decir, ind. fut. 3s. will
Diestro-a, a. right ; 8. right-hand. say.
Diga, F. Decir, imp. pres. 3s. let Diran, F. Decir, ind. fut. Bp. they
him say, or say you. will say.
Diga, F. Decir, subj. pres. 1 or 3s. Diras, F. Decir, ind. fut. 2s. thou
I or it, he or she may say. wilt say.
Digas, F. Decir, subj. pres. 2s. thou Dire, F. Decir, ind. fut. Is. I shall
may est say. say.
Digna, (te) F. Dignar, imp. pres. Director, sm. director, president,
2s. vouchsafe, or deign thou. confessor, ruler.
Dignado, F. Dignar, part, deigned, Dirjje, F. Dirijir, imp. pres. 2s. di-
been pleased. rect thou.
Dignar, inf. vr. to deign, to vouch Dirije, F. Dirijir, ind. pres. Bs.
safe, to condescend. directs.
Dignidad, sm. dignity, advance- Dirijiendo, F. Dirijir, ger. direct-
ment, preferment. ing, ruling.
Digno-a, a. worthy, deserving, con- Dirijimos, F. Dirijir, ind. pret. Ip.
dign. we directed.
Digo, F. Decir, ind. pres. Is. I say. Dirijir, inf. va. to rule, to direct, to
Dijerais, F. Decir, subj. 2 impf. Bp. govern, to guide.
ye would say. Discordia, sf discord, opposition.
Dijerir, inf. pres. va. to digest, to Discreto-a, a. discreet, judicious,
bear with patience. prudent, sharp.
Dije, F. Decir, ind. pret. Discurren, F. Discurrir, ind. pres.
Is. I said.

Dijeron, F. Decir, ind. pret. Bp. Bp. fly, run about.

they said. Discurriendo, F. Discurrir, ger.
Dijese, F. Decir, subj. 3 impf 1 or thinking, imagining.
3s. he should tell. Discurrir, inf. pres. va. and n. to
Dijo, F. Decir, ind. pret. 3s. he or think, to roam, to discuss.
she said.
188
 ; ;

DIS DOB
Discipulo, sm. scholar, student, pu Distintivo, sf. distinction, attribute;
pil, disciple. honour, badge.
Discurso, sm. reason, ratiocination ;
Distintivo-a, a. distinctive, distin-
speech, discourse. guishing, private.
Disentir, inf. vn. to dissent, to disa Distraer, inf. va. to distract, to call
gree, to separate. away the attention, to be absent,
Disforme, a. disfigured, deformed, to perplex.
huge. Distraido-a, a. inattentive, absent
Disfrutar, inf. va. to enjoy, to have s. an absent person.
possession. Distraiga, F. Distraer, subj. pres.
Disgustado, F. Disgustar, part, dis- 3s. may amuse, draw off.

gusted, offended, displeased. Distraigas, F. Distraer, subj. pres,

Disiente, F. Disentir, ind. pres. 3s. 2s. thou may est amuse.
it, he or she dissents. Distrajo, F. Distraer, ind. pret. 3s.
Disimulacion, sf. dissimulation, hy- called off.

pocrisy. Distribuidor, sm. distributor, dis-

Disimulado, a. dissembled, feigned penser.
s. dissembler, hypocrite. Distribuimos, F. Distribuir, ind.
Disimular, inf. va. or vn. to dissem- pret. \p. we distributed.
ble, to conceal, to hide. Distribuir, inf. va. to distribute, to
Oisminuyendo, F. Disminuir, ger. divide, to deal out, to arrange.
diminishing. Diversion, sf. diversion, amuse-
Disminuido-a, F. Disminuir, part. ment.
diminished, impaired, detracted. Divert! a, F. Divertir, md. impf. 2s.
Disminuyo, F. Disminuir, ind. pret. he amused, diverted.
3s. diminished. Divertido-a, a. amused, diverted.
Disolucion, sf. dissolution, libertin- Divertido, F. Divertir, pari, di-
ism, lewdness. verted, amused.
Dispensando, F. Dispensar, ger. Divertir, inf. va. to amuse, to divert
distributing, dealing out. to entertain.
Dispensar, inf. va. to dispense, to Divinatorio-a, a. foretelling.
excuse, to distribute. Divino-a, a. divine, celestial, su-
Dispierto-a, see Despierto. premely good.
Disponer, inf. va. to arrange, to dis- Divisabamos, F. Divisar, ind. impf
pose, to direct, to command. \p. we descried, perceived.
Disponiendo, F. Disponer, ger. dis- Division, sf. division, diversity.
posing, arranging. Divulgado-a, a. divulged, publish-
Disposicion, sf. disposition ; condi- ed.
tion; bearing; talents, turn. Divulgado, F. Divulgar, part, di-
Distante, prep, distant, remote. vulged, published.
Disteis, F. Dar, ind. pret. 2p. ye Do, ad. where, the same as donde.
gave. Dobleces, sfp. dissimulation, craf-
Distinguian, F. Distinguir, ind. tiness, malice.

impf Sp. they distinguished. Doblez, sm. fold.

Distinguir, inf. va. to distinguish, Doblon, sm. doubloon, a Spanish
to perceive, to discern. gold coin, worth in Spain $16.
189
 ;

DOS DUR
Doce, a. num. twelve. Dotado-a, a. gifted, endowed, set-
D6cto-a, sub. learned, erudite per- tled upon.
son. Dote, sm. dowry, portion.
D6cto-a, a. learned, wise. Dramatico-a, a. dramatical, belong-
Doctor, sm. physician, doctor. ing to the drama.
Doctrina, wisdom, science; doc- Ducado, sm. ducat, a coin Duchy,
sf. ;

trine, rules. the possessions of a Duke.

Documento, sm. document, writing, Duda, sf. doubt, ambiguity.
instruction. Dudan, F. Dudar, ind. pres. 3p.
Doi, F. Dar, ind. pres. Is. I -give. they doubt.
Doler, inf. vn. to have pain in, to Dudar, inf. va. to doubt, to hesitate,
have a sore, to feel sorry. to be uncertain.
Doliente, sm. sick person, patient. Dudo, F. Dudar, ind. pres. Is. I
Dolio, F. Doler, ind. pret. 3s. was doubt.
sorry for, pained. Dudosamente, ad. doubtfully, timo-
Dolo, sm. fraud, deceit, imposition. rously, dubiously.
Dolor, sm. grief, pain, affliction. Duele, F. Doler, ind. pres. 3s. it
Dolorido-a, a. doleful, afflicted, pains her, him, me, or them.
grieved. Duele, (se) F. Dolerse, ind. pres
Domestico-a, a. domestic, tame ; s. 3s. he complains of.
a servant. Duelo, sf. mourning; duel.
Dominacion, dominion, authori- Dueno-a, sub. owner, proprietor,
sf.

ty, commanding ground. master.

Dominaciones, sm. p. Dominations, Duerme, F. Dormir, ind. pres. 3s.
the heavenly spirits of the fourth he sleeps.
choir. Duerme, F. Dormir, imp. 2s. sleep
Dominar, inf. pres. va. to rule thou.
Dominarse, vr. to curb one's self. Duermes, F. Dormir, ind. pres. 2s.
Dominaron, F. Dominar, ind. pret. thou sleepest.
3p. they ruled. Dulcificar, inf. va. to sweeten, to
Domine, F. Dominar, subj. pres. 3s. assuage, to soften.
may domineer. Dulcisimo-a, a. super, most sweet,
Domine, F. Dominar, ind. pres. 3s. most pleasant, most agreeable.
let him, or her domineer.
it, Dulce, a. soft, gentle, sweet.
Don, sm. Don, a title of respect. Dulzura, sf. sweet, sweetness, soft-
Don, sm. a gift, a grant. ness, mildness.
Donaire, sm. grace, elegance, witty Duque, sm. Duke.
saying. Dura, F. Durar, ind. pres. 3s. lasts,
Doncella, sf. young lady, virgin, continues.
damsel, maid. Duracion, sf. duration, continuance.
Donde, ad. where which de donde, Duradero-a, a. lasting, durable.
; ;

whence. Duran, F. Durar, ind. pres. 3s. they

Dona, sf. Donna, a title given to a last.
lady: it is the feminine of Don Durar, inf. vn. to last, to continue,
Dorado-a, a. gilt, golden. to endure.
Dos, a. num. two.
190
 ECS EDI
Durado-a, F. Durar, part, lasted, Dureza, sf. hardness, obstinacy, tu-
continued. mour, roughness.
Durare, F. Durar, subj.fut. 1 or 3s. Duro, sm. dollar, a silver coin.
should last. Duro-a, a. hard, rough, obstinate.
Duraron, F. Durar, ind. pret. Sp. Duro, F. Durar, ind. pres. Is. I last.
they lasted. Duro, F. Durar, ind. pret. 3s. lasted.

E
E, conj. and used instead of i, or y, Ecsaminar, inf. va. to examine, to
before a word beginning with i or investigate, to inquire into.
hi. Ecsaminas, F. Ecsaminar, ind. pres
Echa, F. Echar, ind. pres. 3s. throws 2s. thou examinest.

Echado-a, part, adjec. thrown, cast, Ecsasperado-a, a. exasperated, irri-

imputed. tated, offended.

Echado, part, thrown, cast, being- Ecsecrable, adj. execrable.

expelled from. Ecsistencia, sf. life, vitality, exist-

Echan, F. Echar, ind. pres. Sp. they ence.

throw. Ecsiste, F. Ecsistir, ind. pres. 3s.
Echar, inf. pres. va. to throw, to exists.

bud, to apply, to impute, to re- Ecsistir, inf. vn. to be, to exist, to

cline. have a being.

Echas, F. Echar, ind. pres. 3s. thou Ecsito, sm. issue, success, end.
throwest. Ecsonerar, inf. pres. va. to exone
Echo, F. Echar, ind. pres. Is. I rate, to unload, to disburden, to

throw. pay.
Echo, F. Echar, ind. pres. 3s. threw. Ecsonerase, F. Ecsonerar, subj. 3
Economia, sf. economy, frugality. impf. 1 or 3s. should exhonerate.
Ecsacto-a, sm. exact, punctual, as- Ecsorbitante, a. exorbitant, exces-
siduous. sive, enormous.

Ecsajeracion, sf. exaggeration, hy- Ecsijia, F. Ecsijir, ind. impf. 1 or

perbole, amplification. 3s. I, it, he, or she demanded.

Ecsalan, F. Ecsalar, ind. pres. Sp. Ecsijir, inf. va. to exact, to demand,
exhale. to require, to wish.
Ecsalta, F. Ecsaltar, ind. pres. 3s. Ed ad, sf age, time.
exalts. Edificado-a, part, adjec. edified, in-
Ecsaltar, inf. va. to exalt, to ele- structed, built, constructed.
vate, to praise, to extol. Edif ican, F. Edificar, ind. pres. Sp.
Ecsamen, sm. examination, trial, they edify.
investigation. Edificar, inf. va. to edify, to in-
Ecsaminado-a, part, adjec. exa- struct, to build, to construct.
amined, tried, investigated, in- Edificio, sm. building, structure,
quired into. edifice.
Ecsaminan, Ecsaminar,
F. ind. Edifico, F. Edificar, ind. pret. 3s.
pres. Sp. they examine. edified.

191
 EJE EMB
Educacion, sf instruction, educa^ El, art. m. the ;
pron. he, it; el mas,
tion. the most.
Educar, inf. va. to educate, to Elefante, sm. elephant.
teach, to instruct. Elegancia, sf. elegance.
Efectivainente, a. in fact, effectu- Elejir, inf. va. to elect, to select, to
ally, powerfully. choose.
Efecto, sm. effect, en efec- Elemento, s?n. element.
purpose ;

to, adv. in fact. Elementos, sub. m. p. elements, ru-

Efectuan, F. Efectuar, ind. pres. diments, first principles.
Sp. they effect. Elevacion, sf. elevation, rise, exal-
Efectuar, inf. va. to effect, to ac- tation, altitude.
complish, to carry through. Elevado-a, a. elevated, great, mag-
Efectue, (se) sabj. pres. 3s. be ac- nanimous, sagacious.
complished, efected. Elevado, F. Elevar, part, raised,
Efes, sub. p. m. eff (the name of the exalted, elevated.
letter f.) Elevando, F. Elevar, ger. elevating,
Eficaz, ad. efficacious, active, pow- raising.
erful. Elevar, inf. va. to elevate, to raise,
Egloga, sf eclogue, a pastoral dia- to exalt.
logue. Elevasen, F. Elevar, subj. 3 impf
Eje, sm, axle-tree, axis, centre. Sp. they should elevate.
Ejecucion, sf. execution, perform- Elevo, F. Elevar, ind. pres. Is. I
ance. exalt.
Ejecutado, F. Ejecutar, part, exe- Elevo, F. Elevar, ind. pret. 3s. ele-
cuted, accomplished, performed. vated.
Ejecutan, F. Ejecutar, ind. pres. 3p. Eliano, sub. prop. m. JElian, an
they execute. ancient Greek writer.
Ejecutar, ind. pres. va. to execute, Ella, pron. per.f. sub. n. she, it.

to perform, to accomplish. Ella, pron. per.f. sub. o. her, it, so.

Ejemplo, sm. example, project, pre- Ello, pron. per. neut. sub. n. it, so.
cedent. Elocuencia, sf. eloquence, oratory.
Ejercer, inf. va. to exercise, to Embajada, sf. embassy (public
practice. message.)
Ejercicio, sm. exercise, practice, Embajador, sm. ambassador (a mes-
employment, task. senger from a sovereign power.)
Ejercieron, F. Ejercitar, ind. pret. Embaraza, F. Embarazar, ind. pres.
Sp. they exercised. 3s. embarrasses.
Ejercitar, inf. va. to exercise, to Embarazado-a, part, adjec. embar-
practise, to devote one's self. rassed, confused, entangled, ha-
Ejercitasen, F. Ejercitar, subj. S rassed, wearied.
impf. Sp. they would exercise. Embarco, F. Embarcar, ind. pres.
Ejercito, sub. collec. m. army, mul- 3s. embarked.
titude. Embarcar, inf. va. to embark, to
Ejercito, F. Ejercitar, ind. pret. 3s. ship, to engage in.
exercised. Embargado, F. Embargar, part, ar-
rested, sequestered, seized.
192
 EMP ENC
Embargo, sm. embargo, sequestra- Empezo, F. Empezar, ind,. pret. 3s.
tion, seizure. began.
Embebecido-a, F. Embebecer, part. Empieaste, F. Emplear, ind. pret.
abs. plunged into, struck with. 2s. thou didst employ.
Embebido-a, F. Embeber, part im- Emplco, sm. office, trust, occupa-
bibed, drenched, enraptured. tion, station.
Embeleco, sm. fraud, im Empobrecer, inf. va. to impoverish;
deceit,
postor. vn. to become indigent.
Embeleso, sm. astonishment, won Emulando, F. E malar, ger. emu-
der, object of amazement. lating, vying with, contending.
Embeleza, F. Embelezar, ind. pres. Empleado, sm. officer; person in
3s. it, he, or she charms. public office.
Embelezar, charm, Emplear, inf. va. to employ, to
inf. pres. va. to
to bewitch, to astonish, occupy, to purchase,
Embrazando, F. Embrazar, ger. Empleas, F. Emplear, ind. pres. 2s.
embracing, clasping. thou employes t.
Embrazar, inf. va. to embrace, to Empleasen, F. Emplear, subj. 3
contain. impf 3p. they should employ.
Embriaguez, sf drunkenness, in- Emponzoiia, F. Emponzonar, ind.
toxication. j)res. 3s. poisons.
Em brute ce, (se) F. Embrutecer, ind, Emprender, inf. pres. va. to under-
pres. 3s. becomes stupified, stupi- take, to embark, to attempt, to
fies. take.
Eminencia, eminence, height, Empresa, sf undertaking, attempt.
sf.
greatness. Ernulacion, sf. emulation, envy.
Eminente, a. eminent, conspicuous, Emular, inf. pres. vn. to emulate,
great. to vie with, to rival.
Emisferio, sm. hemisphere. En, prep, in, at, on ; en cuanto a, a9
Empapado, F. Empapar, part. for.
drenched, surfeited. Enajenado-a, a. and part, pledged,
Empapando, F. Empapar, ger. alienated, enraptured.
soaking, drenching. Enamora, F. Enamorar, ind. pres.
Empena, F. Empeiiar, ind. pres. 3s. 3s. charms.
it, he, or she engaged. Enamorado, F. Enamorar, part.
Einpenado, F. Empeiiar, part. enamoured s. a lover. ;

pawned, pledged, engaged, Enamorar, inf. va. to charm, to in-

obliged, bound. spire love, to court, to woo.
Empeiiar, inf. va. to engage, to Enano-a, s. dwarf.
pawn, to persist, to intercede. Encadenaba, F. Encadenar, ind.
Empeno, sm. eiibrt, great anxiety, imp. 3s. chained, enthralled.
innuential intercessor. Encaminar, inf. va. to guide, to
Emperador, sm. emperor, monarch. direct, to forward, to manage.
Empero, conj. but, yet, however, Encarninase, F. Encaminar, subj.
notwithstanding. impf. 3s. should guide.
Empezar, inf. pres. va. to begin, to Encamines, F. Encaminar, subj
commence, to be the first. pres. 2s. thou mayest direct.
17 193
 ENC ENE
Encantado-a, a. charmed, enchant- Enciende, F. Encender, ind. pres.
ed, haunted. 3s. kindles.
Encantado, F. Encantar, pari. Encienso, sm. incense, flattery.
charmed, enchanted. Encina, sf oak.
Encantador, sm. charmer, sorcerer. Encojer, inf. va. to
shrink, to con-
Encanto, or Encantamiento, sm. be low-spirited.
tract, to
charm, incantation, enchantment. Encojido-a, a. shrinking, bashful,
Encarcelar, inf. va. to incarcerate, contracted ; low-spirited.
to put in jail, to imprison. Encojiendo,ger. contracting, shrink-
Encarecen, F. Encarecer, ind. pres. ing.
Sp. enhance. Encolerizar, inf. va. to make a per-
Encarecsr, inf. pres. va. to extol, to son angry ; vn. to become en-
enhance. raged.
Encarecimiento, sm. exaggeration, Encolerizo, F. Encolerizar, ind.
enhancement, amplification. pret. 3s. became enraged.
Encargado-a, F. Encargar, part. Encomendado, F. Encomendar, part.
charged with, intrusted, commis- recommended, praised, lauded.
sioned. Encontrado, F. Encontrar, part.
Encargar, inf. va. to charge, to in- met, encountered, found.
trust with, to recommend. Encontramos, F. Encontrar, ind.
Encargo, F. Encargar, ind. pret. 3s. pres. \p. find.
it, he, or she took charge. Encontrando, F. Encontrar, ger
Encartar, inf. va. outlaw, to involve, meeting, finding.
to include, to enrol. Encontrar, inf. va. to meet, to meet
Encender, inf. va. to kindle, to with, to find, to light upon.
light, to set fire, to inflame. Encontro, F. Encontrar, ind. pres.
Encendido-a, a. incensed, exaspe- 3s. met.
rated, burning, infuriated. Encubre, F. Encubrir, ind. pres. 3s.
Encendido, F. Encender, part, burnt, corers.
kindled, set on fire. Encubren, F. Encubrir, ind. pres.
Encendieron, ind. pret. Sp. kindled, Sp. they cover, or conceal.
made. Encubrir, inf. va. to cover, to con-
Encendiese, F. Encender, stibj. 3 ceal, to hide.
impf 1 or 3s. should kindle. Encuentra, F. Encontrar, ind. pres.
Encerraba, F. Encerrar, ind. impf. 3s. meets.
1 or 3s. shut, locked up. Encue^ntran, (se) ind.pres. Sp. they
Encerrado, F Encerrar, part, shut
. meet, find themselves.
up, confined, secluded. Encuentro, F. Encontrar, ind.pres.
Encerrar, inf. va. to shut up, to Is. I find.

close, to contain. Encuentro, S7n. meeting knock. ;

Encerraron, F. Encerrar, ind. pret. Endurecido-a, part, adjec. hardened,

3p. shut, locked up. callous, rough, inured, cruel.
Encerro, F. Encerrar, ind. pret. 3s Enemigo, s. enemy, opponent, an-
it, he, or she shut up. tagonist.
Enchancletado-a, F. Enchancletar, Enemigo-a, a. inimical, hostile to.

pari, adjec. with slippers on.

194
 ENG fo^T

Enemistad, sf. enmity, hatred, Enjendrar, inf. va. to engender, to

aversion. beget, to raise, to create.
Enfada, F. Enfadar, ind. pres. Ss. Enjendre, F. Enjendrar, ind. pret
he vexes, molests. Is. did beget.

Enfadar, inf. va. to vex, to tire, to Enjendremos, subj. pres. \p. we

disturb, to make angry. may engender, or let us engender.
Enfado, F. Enfadar, ind. pret. Ss. Enigma, sf enigma, riddle.
vexed. Enjambre, sub. collec. f swarm,
Enfadosisimo-a, a. sup. most trou-
crowd.
blesome, most vexing. Enjuto-a, part adjec. dried up, dry.
Enfadoso-a, a. vexatious, trouble- Enlazado, F. Enlazar, part tied,
some. bound, united, connected.
Enfermedad, sf. infirmity, disease, Enlazar, inf. va. to chain, to bind,
damage, risk. to link, to connect
Enfermo-a, s. sick person, patient. Enlutado, F. Enlutar, part, veiled,
Enfilar, inf. va. to continue, to dressed in mourning.
pierce, to string. Enmudezco, F. Enmudecer, ind.
Enf ila, ind. pres* Ss. pierces. pres. Is. grow, become dumb.
Enfilo, pret. Ss. he went through. Enojo, sm. irritation, offence, fret-
Enflaquecen, F. Enflaquecer, ind. fulness.
pres. Sp. they weaken. Ensanchar, inf va. to widen, to
Enfiaquecer, inf. va. to enervate, to render broader, to cheer up.
enfeeble, to weaken! Ensena, F. Ensenar, ind. pres. Ss.
Enflaquecieron, F. Enfiaquecer, ind. teaches.
pret. Sp. they enfeebled. Ensenaba, F. Ensenar, ind. impf.
Enganado, part, deceived, cheated, 1 or Ss. taught.
mistaken, duped. Ensenando, F. Ensenar, ger. teach-
Enganador-a, sm. deceiver, im- ing, instructing.
postor, scoundrel. Ensenar, inf. va. to teaeh, to in-
Enganan, F. Enganar, ind. pres. struct, to inform.
Sp. they deeeive. Ensenasen, F. Ensenar, subj. 3
Engaiiar, inf. va. to deceive s to im- impf. Sp. they should teach.
pose upon, to cheat. Enseno, F. Ensenar, ind. pret. Ss.
Enganen, F. Enganar, suhj. pres. taught.
Sp. they may deceive. Ensenorean, (se) ind. pres. Sp. take
Engano, F. Enganar, ind. pres. Is. their superior standing.
I deceive. Enseiiorear, inf. va. to lord,
Engano, F. Enganar, ind. pret. Ss. domineer, to command, to rule.
deceived. Ensordece, F. Ensordecer, ind. pres.
Engano, sm. deceit, imposition. Ss. it, he, or she deafens.
Enganoso, a. deceitful, artful, crafty. Ensordecer, inf va. to deafen ; vn.
Engarrotado-a, pari, adjec. close, to become deaf.
concealed, squeezed. Entallar, inf. pres. va. to carve, to
Engastado-a, F. Engasiar, a. in- cut, to engrave, to picture.
crusted, enchased, enclosed. Ente, sm. being.

195
 ENT ENT
Entended, F. Entender, imp. 2p. Entramos, F. Entrar, ind. pres. lp.
understand ye. we enter.
Entender, inf. va. to understand. Entran, F. Entrar, ind. pres. 3p.
Entendi, F. Entender, ind. pret. 3s. they enter.
I understood. Entrando, F. Entrar, ger. entering.
Entendimiento, sm. mind, under- Entran able, a. intimate, affection-
standing, judgment. ate, dear.
Enterado-a, F. Enterar, part, in- Entranas, sf p. bowels, intestines.
formed, acquainted. Entrar, mf pres. vn. to enter, to
Entereis, (de) subj. pres. 2p. you advance ; va. to place to account.
may become acquainted with. Entraron, F. Entrar, ind. pret. 3p.
Entereza, sf. integrity, rectitude, they entered.
fortitude, uprightness. Entras, F. Entrar, ind. pres. 2s.
Enternecen, F. Enternecer, ind. thou enterest.
pres. Bp. they move to compassion. Entre, prep^ among, between.
Enternecer, inf. va. to move to Entrega, F. Entregar, ind. pres. 3s.
compassion, to excite pity. delivers.
Enternecera, F. Enternecer, ind Entregar, inf. va. to deliver, to re-
fut. 3s. will move to compassion store, to give.
Enternecido-a, F. Enternecer, part. Entregaron, F. Entregar, ind. pret
being moved to compassion. 3p. gave up, threw.
Enternecio, F. Enternecer, ind. pret. Entregas, F. Entregar, ind. pres. 2s
3s. moved to compassion. thou givest up, deliverest.
Entero-a, a. entire, whole, complete. Entrego, F. Entregar, ind. pret. 3s.
Enterrado, part, buried, interred. delivered.
Enterrar, inf. va. to bury, to inter, Entretanto, ad. meanwhile, in th&
to put into the grave. meantime.
Enterro, F. Enterrar, ind. pret. 3s. Entretejer, inf. va. to interweave,,
buried. to tissue.
Entiende, F. Entender, ind. pres. Entretejido, F. Entretejer, part, in-
3s. understands. twined, interwoven, intermixed.
Entienden, F. Entender, ind. pres. Entretejiendo, F. Entretejer, ger.
3p. they understand. interweaving, intermixing.
Entiendo, F. Entender, ind. pres. Entretener, inf. va.. to entertain, to.
Is. I understand. put off.
Entonces, ad. then, at that time. Entreteniendo, F. Entretener, ger*
Entorpece, F. Entorpecer, ind. pres. entertaining, amusing, delaying.
3s. benumbs. Entretenimiento, sm. entertainment*
Entra, F. Entrar, ind. pres. 3s. appointment, procrastination.
enters. Entristecer, inf. va. to make sad ;.

Entraban, F. Entrar, i/nd. impf. 3p. vr. to become melancholy.

entered. Entristeciendo, (se) F. Entristecerr
Entrada, sf. entrance, ravaging ex- ger. saddening, becoming gloomy.
pedition, descent on. Entro, F. Entrar, ind. pret. 2s. en-
Entrado-a, a. and part, entered, tered.
being advanced, having got in. EntusiasmjQ* sm^ enthusiasm.
19$
 ,

ESC
Envejece, F. Envejecer, ind. pres. Escapara, F. Escapar, subj. 1 impf
3s. grows old. would escape.
Envejecer, inf. va. to make old ; vn. Escaparon, F. Escapar, ind. pret
to grow old. Sp. they escaped.
Enviaba, F. Enviar, ind. impf 1 or Escarcha, sf a frost
3s. I, or he, sent. Escargorta, sm. prop. Escargorta, a
Enviado-a, sub. envoy. living Spanish writer, of some
Enviado, F. Enviar, part, sent, distinction.
transmitted. Escarlata, sf scarlet.
Enviasen, F. Enviar, subj. 3 impf. Escarolado-a, part, adjec. contract-
2p. they should send. ed, turned.
Envidia, sf envy, emulation, Escasea, F. Escasear, ind. pres. 3s,
jealousy. it begins to grow scanty.

Envidiado, F. Envidiar, part, en- Escasear, inf. vn. to decrease, to

vied. grow scanty.
Envidiar, inf. va. to envy, to feel Escaso-a, a. scarce, limited, scanty.
envy, to feel pain at the sight of E see da, F. Esceder, subj. pres. 3s,

excellence or felicity. he may excel.

Envidie, F. Envidiar, subj. pres. 3s. Esceder, inf. pres. va. to exceed, to
he may envy. surpass, to excel.
Envidioso, a. envious, jealous, in- Escederse, v?\ to go beyond bounds.
vidious. Escelencia, sf excellence, emi-
Envilecido, F. Envilecer, part, ren- nence, excellency.
dered vile, base, mean, or de- Escelente, a. excellent.

graded. Escelino, sub. prop. m. Escelinus,

Envio, F. Enviar, ind. pret. 3s a person's name.
sent, transmitted. Escelso, a. most high.

Envite, sm. invitation. Escena, sf. scene, stage, vicissitude.

Envuelto-a, adj. enveloped in. Esceptuando, F. Esceptuar, ger.
given up to. excepting.
Erario, sm. exchequer, royal coffers, Esceptuar, inf. va. to except, to
treasury. exempt, to exclude.
Era, F. Ser, ind. impf 3s. was. Escesivo-a, a. excessive, immode-
Eras, F. Ser, ind. impf 2s. thou rate, exorbitant.
wast. Ecscipion, sub. prop. m. Scipio, a
Eres, F. Ser, ind. pres. 2s. thou art. renowned Roman general.
Es, F. Ser, ind. pres. 3s. it, he, or Escita, F. Escitar, ind. pres. 3s.
she is. excites.
£ scalar, inf. va. to scale, to climb Escitar, inf. va. to excite, to move,
by the help of ladders. to stimulate.

Escamas, sub.f.p. scales (of a fish.) Esclamacion, sf. exclamation, cla-

Escandalizado, F. Escandalizar mour, cheer.
part, scandalized, offended, irri- Esciamar, inf. vn. to exclaim, to
tated. cry out.
Escapar, inf. vn. to escape, to ^et Esclame, F. Esciamar, iruL. pret. 3s.
out of danger, to evade, I exclaimed.
17* 197
 ESC ESH
Esclamo, F.Esclamar, ind pret. 3s. Escuchado, F. Escuchar, part.
exclaimed. heard, listened to.
Esclavitud, sf slavery, bondage, Escuchando, F, Escuchar, ger. lis-
servitude. tening.
Esclavo-a, a. slave, captive; ft a Escuchar, inf. va. to listen to, to*

slave, hearken.
Eseluido-a, a. excluded, debarred. Escutla, sf. school, instruction,
Escluido, F. Escluir, part, ex- system, university,
cluded. Esc nip ir, inf. va. to sculpture, te-

Eseoje, F. Escojer, ind. pres. 3s. en grave.

selects. Escureee, F. Escureeer, ind. pres.
Escojer, inf. va. to select, to choose, 3s. darkens.
to pick out. Escureeer, inf. va. to darken, to
Eseojido, F. Escojer, part, chosen,, denigrate ; vn, to grow dark.
selected, preferred. Escursion, sf excursion.
Escombra, F. Escombrar, ind. pres. Escusando, F. Escusar, ger. ex-
3s. clears. cusing, exempting, avoiding.
Escornbrar, remove ob- Escusar, inf. va. to excuse, to
inf. va. to free,
stacles, to clear away
rubbish. to exempt, to avoid,
Esconde, F. Esconder, ind. pres. 3s. Ese, pron. dem. sub. m. o. or n. this,
hides. that, the latter.
Esconder, inf. va. to hide, to con- Esencia, sf. essence, existence,,
ceal, to disguise, to dissemble, to quintessence.
include. Esi'nto-a, a. exempt, free from.
Escondido, F. Esconder, part, ab- Esforzado-a, a. strong, valiant, vi-
sconded, hidden, concealed. gorous.
Escnba, F. Escribir, subf. pres. 1 or Esforzando, F. Esforzar, ger. en-
3s. she may write. deavouring, corroborating.
Escribiese, F. Escribir, subj. impf. Esforzar. inf. va. to strengthen, to
I or 3s. should write, aid, to endeavour.
Escribio, F. Escribir, ind. pret. 3s. Esfuerza, F. Esforzar, ind. pres. 3s.
i

wrote. he exerts, endeavours.

Escribir, inf. va. or vn r to write, to Esfuerzo, sm. effort, courage, spirit,
compose. confidence.
Escrito, sm. writing, composition. Eshala, F. Eshalar, ind. pres. 3s
Escrito-a, a. written, composed. exhales.
Escritor, sm. writer, author. Eshalaba, F. Eshalar, ind. impf
Escrupulo, sm. scruple, hesitation, 1 or 3?. exhaled.
doubt, Eshalar, inf. va. to exhale, to eva-
Escrupuloso-a, a. scrupulous, ex- porate.
act, conscientious, Eshortacion, sf. exhortation, admo-
Escucha, F. Escuchar, ind. pres. 3s. nition, lecture.
listens. Eshortar,- inf. va. to exhort.
Escuchaba, F. Escuchar, ind. impf. Eshorte, F. Eshortar, ind. pret. Iff,

1 or 3s. listened to. I exhorted.

198
 ESP ESP
Esmaltan, F. Esmaltar, ind. pres. Espejo, sm. looking glass, mirror,
3p. they enamel, adorn. model.
Esinaltar, inf. va. to enamel, to va- Espender, inf. va. to expend, to
riegate, to adorn, embellish. spend, to lay out.
Eso, pron. dem. sub. neut. o. or n. Esperaba, ind. impf. it awaited ; I*

this, that. he, or she, orhoped. it

Esos-as, pron. dem. p. o. or n. these, Esperado, F. Esperar, part, hoped?

those. expected, dreaded.
Espacio, sm. space, period, inter- Esperan, F. Esperar, ind. pres. 3p.
val. they wait for.
Espacioso-a, a. spacious, wide, Esperando, F. Esperar, ger. hoping.
roomy, slow. Esperanza, sf. hope, expectation.
Espada, sf sword, steeh Esperar, inf. va. to expect, to wait
Espalda, sf. shoulder for, to hope ; to await.
Espaldas, sf.p. back* Esperar em os, F. Esperar, ind.fut,
Espanta, F. Espantar, ind. pres. 3s \p. we shall or will wait for.
frightens. Esperas, F. Esperar, ind. pres. 2s.
Espantadizo-a, a. timid, fearful, thou waitest for.
shy, skittish, Esperiencia, sf. experience, know-
Espantado, F. Espantar, part, sur- ledge.
prised, astonished, terrified. Esperimentaba, F. Esperimentar,
Espantar, inf. va. to frighten, to ind. impf. 1 or 3s. experienced.
terrify, to be astonished. Esperimentamos, F. Esperementar,
Espanto, sm. dread no me espanto,
; ind. pret. lp. we experienced
I am not astonished. Esperimentaron, F. Esperimentar9
Espantoso, a. horrid, dreadful, won- ind. pret. 3p. they experienced.
derful. Espero, F. Esperar, ind. pret. 3s,
Espana, sub. prop.f. Spain, a coun- waited for.
try in Europe. Espeso-a, a. thick, condensed,
Espanol, sm. the Spanish language, close.
a Spaniard; a. Spanish. E spina, sf. brier, thorn.
Esparcen, F. Esparcer, ind. pres. Espino, sm. thorn, buckthorn.
2p. they spread. Espinoso-a, a. briery, thorny, ar-
Esparcer, inf. va. to scatter, to dis- duous, rugged.
seminate, to spread, to divulge. Espirante, part. pres. breathing, ex-
Esparcido, F. Esparcir, part. piring, respiring.
spread, scattered, diffused, pro- Espirar, inf. vn. to expire, to breathe
mulgated. the last.
Especial, a. special, particular. Espirara, F. Espirar, ind. fat. 3s.
Especialmente, ad. specially, par- will expire.
ticularly. Espirara, F. Espirar, subj. 1 impf.
Especie, sf. kind, species. 1 or 3s. would expire.

Espectaculo, sm. spectacle, show, Espiritu, sm. spirit, mind, courage,

theatre, scene. Esplendente, a. shining, resplen-
Espedicion, sf. transaction, expedi- dent, radiant.
tion, activity, readiness.
199
 EST EST
Esplendor, sm. splendour, magnifi Estado, sm. state, situation, condi-
cence, grandeur. tion, rank commonwealth. ;

Esplica, F. Esplicar, ind. pres. 3s, Estais, F. Estar, ind. pres. 3p. you
.

it, he, or she explains. are.

Esplican, F. Esplicar, ind. pres. 3p. E stall i do, sm. cracking, bursting.
they explain. Estamos, F. Estar, ind. pres. lp
Esplicando, F. Esplicar, ger. ex- we are.
plaining. Estan, F. Estar, ind, pres. 3p. they
Esplicar, inf. va. to explain, to ex- are ; se estan, remain.
plicate, to elucidate. Estando, F. Estar, ger. being, ex-
Esponen, F. Esponer, ind. pres. 3p. isting.
they expose. jEstanque, sm. pond, monopoly,
Esponer, inf. va. to expose, to ex- custom-house.
plain, to publish. 'Estar, inf. vn. to be, to exist.
Espongan, F. Esponer, subj. pres. Estara, F. Estar, ind. fut. 3s. will
3p. let them expound. be, there will be.
Espongo, F. Esponer, ind. pres. 3s. E stare, F. Estar, ind. fut. Is. I shall
I expose. or will be.
Esponia, F. Esponer, ind. impf 1 Estaria, F. Estar, subj. 1 impf 1 or
or 3s. exposed. 3s. would be.
Esposa, sf. wife. Estas, F. Estar, ind. pres. 2s. thou
Esposo, sm. spouse, husband. art.

Espresion, sf. expression, word. Estatua, sf. statue, a stupid person.

Espreso, sm. messenger, express. Estatura, sf. stature, height.
Espreso-a, a. expressed, not under- Estatuto, sm. statute, law, ordi-
stood, clear, manifest. nance.
Espuma, sf. froth, foam. Este, pron. dem. sm. o. or n. this,
Espumoso-a, a. frothy, spongy, fu- this one, the latter.
rious, agitated. Este, F. Estar, subj. pres. 1 or 3s.
Esqueleto, sm. skeleton. I, or he may be.
Esquisito-a, a. exquisite, curious,. Estender, inf. pres. va. to extend,
consummate. to enlarge, to widen, to expatiate.
Esta, pron. dem. sf. o. or n. this. Estendi, F. Estender, ind. pret. Is.

Esta, F. Estar, ind. pres. 3s. is. I extended.

lies, exists. Estendimos, F. Estender, ind. pret.
Estaba, F. Estar, ind. impf. 1 or 3s. lp. we extended.
was se estaba, remained.
; Es tension, sm. extension, expatia-
Estaban, F. Estar, ind. impf. 3p. tion.
they were. Estenuado, F. Estenuar, part, ex-
Establecer, inf. va. to settle, to es- tenuated, diminished.
tablish, to found. Esteril, a. barren, unfruitful.
Estableci, F. Establecer, ind. fret. Esterilidad, sf. sterility, barren-
Is. I established. ness.
Estableci eron, F. Establecer, ind. Esterior, sm. exterior, outward ap-
pret. 3p. they established. pearance.
Estaca, sf. stake, stick, cudgel. Esterior, a. exterior, external.
200
 EST EST
Esterioridad, sf. exterior, outward Estraordinario-a, a. extraordinary
demonstration, show. uncommon.
Estes, F. Estar, subj. pres. 2s. thou Estratajema, sf. stratagem, artifice,
mayst be. dilemma.
Estiende, F. Estender, ind. pres. 3s. Estravagancia, sf. extravagance,
extends. irregularity, disorder.
Estiio, sin. style, diction, manner, Estravagante, a. extravagant.
mode. Estraer, inf. va. to extract, to draw
Estima, F. Esiimar, ind. pres. 3s. Estrecha, F. Estrechar, imp. pres.
esteems. 2s. make thou it tighter, clasp,
Estimable, a. amiable, estimable, embrace.
valuable. Estrecha, F. Estrechar, ind. pres.
Estimacion, sf. value, merit; es- 3s. he renders tighter, clasps, em-
teem, love. braces.
Estimar, inf. va. to estimate, to es- Estrechando, F. Estrechar, ger.
teem, to value, to like. narrowing, confining.
Estincion, sin. extinction, destruc- Estrechar, inf. va. to tighten, to
tion. confine, to constrain.
Estio, sm. summer, dog-days. Estrechasen, F. Estrechar, subj. 3
Esto, pron. dem. neut. o. or n. this. impf. Sp. they should tighten
Estoi, F. Estar, ind. pres. Is. I am. Estrechez, sf. narrowness, intima-
Estomago, sm. stomach. cy, austerity, poverty.
Estos-as, pron. dem. p. o. or n. Estrecho-a, a. narrow, intimate,
these. familiar, indigent s. a strait.;

Estopa, sf tow, oakum, coarse Estrechura, sf. narrowness, auste-

cloth. rity, danger, familiarity.
Estragado-a, F. Estragar, part, de- Estrelia, sf. star, planet.
based, destroyed, ruined, disfi- Estrellar, inf. pres. va. to dash, to
gured. break, to confound.
Estrago, sm. ravage, ruin, havoc. Estremecer, inf. va. to shake, to
Estrajo, F. Estraer, ind. pret. 3s. make tremble, to be amazed.
extracted. Estremeceran, F. Estremecer, ind.
Estranjero, sm. stranger, foreigner, fut. Sp. they will shudder.
alien. Estremidad, sf. extremity, excess
Estranjero, a. foreign, exterior. Estremo, sm. extreme, highest de-
Estrana, ind. pres. 3s. he finds new, gree.
foreign to him. Estrepito, mi. noise, clamour.
Estranar, inf. va. to be astonished Estruendo, s?n. noise, confusion,
at ; to banish ; to miss ; to ad- bustle.
mire. Estudiante, sm. student, scholar,
Estrano, ind. pret. 3s. it, he, or she pupil.
admired, was astonished at. Estudiar, inf. va. to study.
Estrano, a. foreign, strange, cu- Estudio, sm. study, calculation, ap-
rious ; s. a stranger. plication, oifice.
Estraordinariamente, ad. extraordi- Estuvieron, F. Estar, ind. pret. 3p
narily. they were.
201
 FAM FEB
Estuvo, F. Estar, ind. prel. 3s. lEtre, sub. prop. m. Etre, a French
was. Marshal.
Eternamente, ad. eternally, for Europa, sub. prop. f. Europe.
ever. Eusebio, sm. prop. Eusebius, a
Eternidad, sf. eternity, long conti- man's name.
nuance. Evitar, inf. pres. va. to avoid, to
Lterno-a, a. eternal, durable, end- escape, to free one's self from
less ; 5. the Eternal. vassalage.

Fabric a, sf. manufactory, fabric. Familia, sf. family, house.

Fabricado, part, built, constructed, Fainiliaridad, sf. familiarity, easi-
manufactured. ness of intercourse.
Facil, a. easy, not difficult. Famoso-a, a. famous, renowned,
Facilidad, sf facility, ease, levity, noted.
licentiousness. Fanal, sm. lamp, lanthorn, light.
Faciiitar, inf. va. to facilitate, to Fantasia, sf. fancy, imagination,
render easier. vanity.
Facineroso-a, a. wicked, atrocious, Fantasma, sf. phantom, spectre, a

bad. presumptuous person.

Facultad, sf faculty, power, force, Fasti dio, sm. tedium, wearisome-
ftdtsnce. ness, irksomeness.
Faja, sm. bandage, roller, belt. Fatiga, sf. fatigue, weariness, toil.
Fajardo, sub. prop. m. see Saavedra Fatiga, F. Fatigar, ind. pres. 3s.
Fajardo. fatigues.
Faida, sf. skirt, lap, brow of a Fatigado, F. Fatigar, part, fatigued,
hill, leaf of a hat. tired, molested, wearied.
False an, F. Falsear, ind. pres. Sp. Fatigar, inf. 3s. to fatigue, to tire,
they counterfeit. to harass, to molest,
Faisear, inf. pres. va. to adulterate, Fatuo, adj. stupid, imbecile.
to falsify, to counterfeit. Favor, sm. favour, patronage, pro-
Falsedad, sf. falsehood, deceit. tection, means.
F;ilso-a, a. false, deceitful, counter- Favorable, a. favourable, advan-
feited. tageous, propitious.
Falta, sf. fault, defect, mistake. Favorecer, inf. va. to favour, to
F Uta, F. Faltar, ind. pres. 3s. w ants,
T
protect, to grant favours.
fails. Favorecido, F. Favorecer, part, fa-
Faltaba, F. Faltar, ind. impf. 3s. voured, protected.
he was wanting. Faz, sf. face, superficies.
Faltar, inf. vn. to be wanting, to Fe, sf. faith, fealty, parole, cre-
fail. dence.
Faitaron, F. Faltar, ind, pret. Sp. Fealdad, sf. ugliness, deformity.
wanted, failed. Febo, sub. prop. m. Phoebus, or the
Fama, sf. fame, renown, report. sun.
202
 FER FOE
Febeo-a, a. brilliant, shining, reful- Festivo-a, a. festive, gay, merry,
gent. lively.
Fecundo-a, a. fertile, fecund, proli- Fetido-a, adj. fetid, stinking.
fic. Fiado-a, part, trusting, relying;
Feijoo, sub. prop. m. Feijoo, (Frai trusted ; on credit.
Benito Jeroninio,) a distinguished Fiel, a. faithful, true, loyal.
Spanish popular writer of the last Fiero-a, a. savage, fierce ; violent,
century, styled sometimes, with angry.
great propriety, 'the Spanish Ad- Fiera,sf. a wild beast.

dison.' He devoted his great ta- Figuraban, F. Figurar, ind. imp,

lents and his long life to the refu- Sp. figured.
tation of vulgar errors, and the Fijarse, vr. inf. to be fixed, to be
abolition of prejudices. A selec- absorbed.
tion of his works has been trans Fin, sm. end en fin, ; at last, in fine ;

lated into English. Born 1676; al fin, after all.

died 1764. Firme, a. firm, strong, unbending,
Felice, a. happy, successful, felici inflexible.
tous. The same as Feliz. Flaco-a, a. weak, feeble, lean,
Felicidad, sf. felicity, happiness, meagre.
success. Flame nco-a, sub. a Fleming, or na-
Felics, sub. prop. m. Felix, a man's tive of Flanders.
name. Flamenco-a, a.Flemish.
Felipe, sub. prop. m. Philip, a man's Flaqueza, sf. weakness, foible.
name. Flauta, sf flute.
Feliz, a. happy, felicitous. Flecsible, a. flexible, docile.
Fenecer, inf. va. to die, to termi Flegmatico-a, adj. phlegmatic, cold.
nate, to be no mor?. Flojedad, sm. weakness, foible, la-
Fenecer, inf. va. to finish, to con- ziness.
clude, to terminate. Flor, sf. flower, bloom.
Fenicio, sm. Phoenician, a native of Flora, sf. Flora, the goddess of
Phoenicia. flowers and gardens.
Feo-a, a. ugly, deformed; s. ugly Flore ce, F. Florecer, ind. pres. 3s.
person. it, he, or she flourishes.
Ferian, F. Feriar, ind. pres. 3p. Florecen, F. Florecer, ind. pres. Sp.
they barter, sell, or buy. they flourish.
Fernando, sub. prop. m. Ferdinand, Florecer, inf. vn. to flourish, to
a man's name. bloom, to blossom, to prosper.
Ferocidad, sf. ferocity, cruelty. Flore ncia, sub. prop, f Florence, a
Feroz, a. ferocious, fierce, formida- town in Italy.
ble. Fondo, sm. bottom, ground of stuifs.
Fertil, a. fertile, prolific. Forma, sf. form way, means. ;

Feitilidad, sf. fertility, fecundity, Forma, F. Formar, ind. pres. 3s.it,

plenty. he or she forms.
Ferviente, a. fervent, ardent, burn- Formaban, F. Formar, ind. impf.
ing. Sp. they formed.

203
 ; ;

FRE FUf
Form ad, F. Foi-mar, imp. pres. 2p. Frescura, sf. coolness, freshness,
form ye, or you. amenity.
Formado-a, a. formed, fashioned, Frio, a. cold.
completed, accustomed. Frio, sm. cold.
Forman, F. Formar, ind. pres. 3p. Frito-a, F. Freir, part, adjec. fried.
they form. Frontera, sf. frontier, confine ; a.
Formar, inf. va. to form, to shape, opposite to, in front of.
to make, to put in order. Fruncido-a, a. frizzled, corrugated,
Formaron, F. Formar, ind. pret. 3p. or wrinkled.
they formed. Frunciendo, F. Fruncir, ger. frown-
Form-as, F. Formar, ind. pres. 2s. ing, looking stern.
thou formest. Fruncir, inf. pres. va. to frown, to
Fortaleza, sf. fortress, fortitude, knit, to look stern, to contract.
strength, firmness. Frutal, sub. collec. m. orchard, a
Fortificaron, F. Fortificar, ind. pret. number of fruit trees.

3p. fortified. Frutal, a. fruitful, fruit; drbol fru-

Fortuna, sf. fortune, luck, success tal, fruit tree.

state, condition. Fruto, sm. fruit, advantage, result.

Forzado-a, a. Fue, F. Ser, ind. pret. 3s. he was.
forced, obliged, ra-
vished. Fuego, sm. fire, conflagration.
Forzoso-a, a. necessary, indispen- Fuente, sf. fountain, spring, source.
sable. Fuentes (Conde de,) sub. prop. m.
Fragmento, sm. fragment, vestige, an eminent Spaniard.
sign. Fuera, F. Ser, subj. 1 impf. 1 or 3s.
Fragor, sm. smell, scent, noise. would or should be.
Fragoso-a, a. rough, uneven. Fuera, prep, out, except, without
Fragura, sf. roughness, impervious- fuera de, besides.
ness. Fuera, ad. abroad.
Frai, sm. brother; a title by which Fue re, F. Ser, subj. fut. 1 or 3s.
themembers of religious orders, should be.
or monks are distinguished. It Fueres, F. Ser, subj. fut. 2s. thou
means Fraile, monk. shouldst be.
Frajilidad, sf. fragility, weakness, Fueron, F. Ser, ind. pret. 3p. they
debility. were.
Frances-a, a. French ; s. French- Fuerte, a. strong, massy, hard.

man. Fuerza, sf. strength, force ; a fuer-

Francisco, sub. prop. m. Francis, a za de, by dint of.
man's name. Fuese, F. Ser, subj. 3 impf. 1 or 3s.
Franco-a, a. frank, open, free. should be, become.
Franquea, F. Franquear, ind. pres. Fuesen, F. Ser or Ir, subj. 3 impf
3s. he grants. 3p. they should be or go.
Freno, sm. reins, curb, bridle. Fugaz, a. swift, shy, fugitive.
Frente, sf front, forehead, counte- Fui, F. Ser, ind. pret. Is. I was, I
nance. became.
Fresco-a, a. fresh, new, cheerful. Fuimos, F. Ser, ind. pret. \p. we
were.
204
 ;

GAN GLO
Fuljente, a. refulgent, radiant, bril- Furia, sf. fury, rage, hurry.
liant. Furioso-a, sub. a furious, violent, or
Fundado-a, a. grounded, founded. frantic person.
Fundaniento, sm. foundation, origin, Furor, sf. fury, madness, passion.
basis. Futilidad, sf. futility, triflingness.
Fundaria, F. Fundar, subj. imp. 3s. Futuro, sm. the future, future
would found, place. tense.

G
Gabinete, sm. room, cabinet, office Ganote, $m. wind-pipe, throat,
closet. glottis.
Gachon, a. pampered, spoiled. Garcia Malo, sm. prop, a distin-
Gala, sf. gala, or court dress, rich, guished Spanish anecdote writer
expensive attire. of the last century; celebrated
Galana, sf. fine, well dressed wo- for his collection of little stories,
man. which he
entitled Voz de la Na-
Galardonar, inf. va. to 'The Voice of Nature.'
reward great- turaleza,
ly, to recompense abundantly. Garcilaso, sub. prop. m. Garcilaso,
Galatea, sub. prop. f. Galatea, a one of the most classic, elegant,
woman's name. and polished lyric poets of Spain.
Galera, sf. galleys, penitentiary. Born in 1503 ; died 1536.
Gallardo-a, a. gallant, brave, fa- Garfio, sm. a hook ; gdrfio de hierro,
mous. iron-hook.
Gana, sf. inclination, desire, will. Garganta, sf. throat, defile.
Ganaba, F. Ganar, ind. impf. 3s. Garra, sf. claw, talon, paw.
gained. Garrote, sm. stick, pole, a strangling
Ganaban, F. Ganar, ind. impf. 3p. scaffold ; dar garrote, to strangle.
they gained. Garza, sf. heron, plume.
Ganado, F. Ganar, part, gained, Gastando, F. Gastar, ger. spending,
won. wasting.
Ganados, sm. p. sheep, cattle. Gastar, inf. va. to spend, to grow
Ganan, F. Ganar, ind. pres. Sp. old, to become useless.
they gain. Gastas, F. Gastar, ind. pres. 3s. thou
Ganando, F. Ganar, ger. gaining, spendest.
winning, attaining. Gasto, F. Gastar, ind. pret. 3s. he
Ganar, inf. va. to win, to gain, to spent.
earn, to attain. Gasto, sm. expense.
Ganar voluntades, v. to please, to Globo, sm. the globe, the earth.
obtain the general good will. Gloria, sm. glory, fame, renown.
Ganaron, F. Ganar, ind. pret. Sp. Gloria, F. Glonar, ind. pres. 3s.
they gained. glories in.
Ganas, F. Ganar, ind. pres. 2s. thou Gloriar, inf. vr. to glory, to pride
gainest. one's self, to brag.
Glorieta, sf summer-house, bower.
18 205
 ;

GRA GRA
Gnido, sub. prop./. Gnidus, an an- Gracian, (Baltasar,) sm. prop. Gre-
cient promontory. cian, a celebrated satirical and
Gobernador, sm. governor, ruler. political writer of Spain. Born
Gobernar, inf. va. to govern, to rule, in Calatayud, Aragon, at the end
to sway, to master. of the 16th, or beginning of the
Gobierna, F. Gobernar, ind. pres. 17th century died in 1658. ;

3s. governs. Graciosamente, ad. gratuitously,

Gobierno, sm. government. with grace, tastefully, exquisitely.
Goce, F. Gozar, imp. pres. 3s. let Graciosisimo-a, a. super, extremely
him enjoy. graceful, very witty.
Goce, F. Gozar, subj. pres. 1 or 3s. Gracioso-a, sub. merry andrew,
I, he, she or it may enjoy. harlequin, comic actor.
Goce, sm. enjoyment. Gracioso-a, a. graceful, accom-
G6do-a, a. Gothic s. a Goth. ; plished, facetious, pleasant, de-
Goloso-a, a. gluttonous, epicurean. lightful.
Golpe, sm. blow, stroke measure. Grado, sm. degree, step, will.
;

Gondolero, sm. boatman. Gran. a. great, eminent, large, con-

G6rdo-a, a. thick, fat, big. tracted from grande.
Gorra, sf. cap ; meter gorra, to Grana, sf. red or scarlet; (colour)
sponge. cochineal.
G6tico-a, a. gothic, illustrious, no- Granada (Frai Luis de) sm. prop.
ble. Granada, one of the most distin-
Goza, F. Gozar, ind. pres. 3s. he guished pulpit orators and ascetic
enjoys. writers Spain has produced.
Gozaba, F. Gozar, ind. impf. 1 or Born in the city of Granada,
3s. enjoyed. whose name he adopted, in 1504
Gozaban, F. Gozar, ind. imp. Sp died 1588.
they enjoyed. Granada, sub. prop, f Granada, a
Gozado, F. Gozar, part, enjoyed, city of Spain.
rejoiced. Granada, sf. hand-granade (a small
Gozado-a, part. abs. being enjoyed ball filled with powder,) pome-
Gozan, F. Gozar, ind. pres. Sp. granate (a fruit.)
they enjoy. Granadino-a, sm. or /. a native of
Gozar, inf. j;a. to enjoy, to be de- Granada.
lighted with, to rejoice. Grande, sm. grandee, a title by
Gozo, F. Gozar, ind. pres. Is. I which the nobles of Spain are
enjoy. distinguished.
Gozo, F. Gozar, ind. pret. 3s. en- Grande, a. great, eminent, large.
joyed. Grandez, sm. greatness, eminence,
Gozo, sm. enjoyment, pleasure, ju- bigness.
bilee, cheer. Grande za, sf. greatness, grandeur,
Gozoso-a, a. joyful, cheerful, con- pre-eminence.
tent. Grandisimo- a, a. super, most great,
Gracia, sf. thanks, grace, gift ; witty most excellent.
saying. Granero, sm. granary, fruitful coun*
try.

206
 ;

GUA GuS
Granjea, F. Granjear, ind.pres. 3s. Guardador, sm. keeper, guardian.
he gains, attracts. Guardamos, F. Guardar, ind. pres.
Granjeaban, F. Granjear, ind. impf. \p. we keep.
Sp. they attracted. Guardando, F. Guardar, ger. keep-
Granjear, inf. va. to acquire, to ob- ing, preserving.
tain, to attract, to gain. Guardan, F. Guardar, ind.pres. Sp.
Granjees, F. Granjear, subj. pres. they keep.
2s. thou canst gain. Guardar, inf. va. to keep, to guard,
Gratitud, sf. gratitude, thankful to preserve.
ness. Guard as, F. Guardar, ind. pres. 2s.
Grave, a. grave, serious, important thou keepest.
dreadful. Guardia, sf guard, watch.
Gravedad, sf. gravity, heaviness Guardo, F. Guardar, ind. pres. Is.

greatness; enormity. I keep.

Gravisimo-a, a. super, very or most Guardo, F. Guardar, ind. pret. 3s.

grave, momentous. I kept.

Gregueria, sf. confused noise, out- Guarnecido-a, F. Guarnecer, part.

cries, bustle. garnished, garrisoned.
Griego-a, a. Grecian, Greek. Guarnicion, sf garrison ; ornament,
Grita, F. Gritar, ind. pres. 3s. he flounce, trimming.
cries out. Guerra, sf. war.
Gritan, F. Gritar, ind. pres. Sp. they Guiado, F. Guiar, part, guided.
shout. Guiado-a, a. guided.
Gritar, inf. vn. to shout, to hoot, to Guiar, inf. va. to guide, to com-
cry, to make a noise. mand, to show, to direct.
Grito, STTi. shout, cry, voice. Guido, sub. prop. m. Guido, 'the
Grose 11a, sf. a currant. most charming and graceful pain-
Grosero-a, a. rough, uncourteous, ter that Italy ever produced.'
coarse, rude, unpolished. Born 1575 ; died 1642.
Grueso-a, a. thick, large ; s. thick- Guirnalda, sf. wreath, laurel, myr-
ness, bigness. tle.

Guarda, sm. guard, protection, cus- Guio, F. Guiar, ind. pret. 3s. guided.
tom-house officer. Gula, sf gluttony.
Guardaban, F. Guardar, ind. impf Gustan, F. Gustar, ind. pres. 3s.
Sp. they kept. they taste, or like.
Guardado, F. Guardar, part, kept, Gustar, inf. va. to taste, to enjoy,
guarded, protected. to like, to be pleased with.
Guardado-a, part. abs. being kept, Gusto, sm. taste, pleasure, deligh*
guarded, protected. enjoyment.

207
 ;

fJB
-CRE v?TVJr

H
Ha, F. Haber, ind. pres. 3s. has, is, Hablaban, F. Hablar, ind. impf. Sp.
there is. they spoke.
Habeis, F. Haber, ind. pres. Sp. Hablado, F. Hablar, part, spoken,
have, are, there are. said.
Habeinos, F. Haber, ind. pres. \p. Hablador, sub. babbler, talker
have, are, there are. speaker.
Haber, inf. va. aux. and imp. Habian, F. Hablar, ind. pres. Sp.
to
have, to hold; there to be, to be. they speak.
Haber, Haberes, sm. property; Hablando, F. Hablar, ger. speaking,
wealth. talking.
Haber de, vn. must, to be obliged Hablar, inf. pres. vn. to speak ; va.
to. to utter, to say, to discourse on.
Habia, F. Haber, ind. impf. 1 or 3s. Hablara, F. Hablar, ind. fnt. 3s.
I or he, had; there was, or were. will speak.
Habian, F. Haber, ind. impf. Sp. Habias, F. Hablar, ind. pres. 2s.
they had. thou speakest.
Habias, F. Haber, ind. impf 2s. thou Hablase, F. Hablar, subj. 3 impf. 1

hadst. or 3s. should speak.

Habido, F. Haber, part. had. Hable, F. Hablar, imp. pres. 3s. let
H&hido-a., part, adjec. had, possessed him speak.
Habiendo, F. Haber, ger. having. Hablo, F. Hablar, ind. pret. 3s.
Habita, F. Habitar, ind. pres. 3s. it, spoke.
he, or she inhabits. Habra, F. Haber, ind. fut. 3s. will
Habitacion, sf habitation, abode, or shall have.
mansion, dwelling. Habra, F. Haber, ind. fut. 3s. or p.
Habitador, sm. inhabitant, resident. there will be.
Habitais, F. Habitar, ind. pres. lp. Habran, F. Haber, ind. fut. Sp. they
you or ye inhabit. shall or will have.
Habitante, sm. inhabitant, resident. Habras, F. Haber, ind. fat. 2s. thou
Habitar, inf. va. to inhabit, to live shalt or wilt have.
in, to reside. Hace, F. Hacer, ind. pres. 3s. does
Habito, sm. custom, manner, habit or makes.
dress, costume. Hace, F. Hacer, ind. pres. 3s. it is,
Habitua, F. Habituar, ind. pres. 3s. it makes.

accustoms. Haced, F. Hacer, imp. pres. 2p. do,

Habituar, inf. pres. vn. to accustom, or vouchsafe thou.
to inure ; accustom one's Hacemos, F. Hacer, ind. pres. lp.
vr. to
self. we make.
Habia, sf. speech, talk. Hacen, F. Hacer, ind. pres. Sp. they
Habia, F. Hablar, ind. pres. 3s. do or make.
speaks. - Haces, F. Hacer, ind. pres. 2s. thou
Hablaba, F. Hablar. ind. impf, 1 or makest.
3s. spoke.
208
 HAL HAR
Hacer, inf. va. to make, to do, to Hallaban, F. Hallar, ind. impf Bp.
commit ; to order. found.
Hacerse, inf. vr. to make one's self, Hallado, F. Hallar, part, found,
tobecome. met, found.
Hacer saber, comp.va. to inform, to Hallan, F. Hallar, ind. pres. Sp.
let know. they find.
Hacia, F. Hacer, ind. impf. 1 or 3s. Hallando, F. Hallar, ger. finding,
made. meeting.
Hacia, F. Hacer, ind. impf. 3s. it Hallar, inf. va. to find, to encounter,
was, made, did. to meet, to discover.
Hacia, prep, towards, to. Hallara, F. Hallar, ind. fat. 3s. will
Hacian, F. Hacer, ind. impf Sp. find.

they made, did. Hallaras, F. Hallar, ind. fat. 2s. thou

Hacias, F. Hacer, ind. impf 2s. thou wilt find.
madest. Hallaremos, F. Hallar, ind. fat. lp
Hacienda, sf state, fortune, lands, we shall or will find.
real estate, wealth. Hallarian, F. Hallar, subj. 2 impf.
Haciendo, F. Hacer, ger. making, Bp. they would find.
doing. Hallaron, F. Hallar, ind. pret. Sp.
Haga, F. Hacer, imp. pres. 3s. let they found.
him make. Hallas, F. Hallar, ind. pres. 2s.
Haga, F. Hacer, subj. pres. I or 3s. thou findest.
she may make. Halle, F. Hallar, imp. pres. 3s. let
Hagais, F. Hacer, subj. pres. 2p. him find.

you may order. Halle, F. Hallar, subj. pres. 1 or 3s.

Hagamos, F. Hacer, subj. pres. lp. may find.

we may do, or let us do. Hallo, F. Hallar, ind. pres. Is. I

Hagan, F. Hacer, subj. pres. Sp. find.

they may make. Hallo, F. Hallar, ind. pret. 3s. found.

Hagas, F. Hacer, subj. pres. 2s. thou Hambre, sf. hunger, desire.
may est make. Hampa, sm. bully, bragger.
Hai, F. Haber, ind. pres. 3s. or p. Han, F. Haber, ind. pres. Bp. they
there is, or there are. have, there are.
Halagado, F. Halagar,part. allured, Hara, F. Hacer, ind. fit. 3s. shall
cajoled, flattered, caressed. or will make.
Halagan, F. Halagar, ind. pres. Bp. Haras, F. Hacer, ind. fit. 2s. thou
they allure, flatter. shalt or wilt make, or do.
Halagar, inf. va. to attract, to allure, Hare, F. Hacer, ind. fat. Is. I shall
to ensnare, to caress. or will do, or make.
Halla, F. Hallar, imp. pres. 2s. find Haria, F. Hacer, subj. 1 impf 1 or
thou. 3s. would do, make.
Halla, F. Hallar, ind. pres. 3s. finds. Harias, F. Hacer, subj. 1 impf 2s.
Hallaba, F. Hallar, ind. impf 1 or thou wouldst do, or make.
3s. found. Harmon i a, sf harmony, concord.
Hallabamos, F. Hallar, ind. impf Hartar, inf. va. to feed, to glut, to
lp. found. satiate.
18* 209
 ;

HER HOL
Harto-a, a. full, very, surfeited. Hero'icidad, sf. heroic action.
Has, F. Haber, ind. pres. 2s. thou Heroico-a, a. heroic, heruical.
hast, dost. Herreruelo, sm. a long cloak* a
Hasta, or hasta que, prep, till, until, small piece of iron.
as far as, about, up to. Hervir, inf. mi. to boil, to swarm, to
Haya, F. Haber, be crowded.
subj. pres. 1 or 3s.
may have s. beech-tree.
; Hice, F. Hacer, ind. pret. Is. made,
Hay as, F. Haber, subj. pres. 2s. thou drew.
inayest have. Hicieron, F. Hacer, ind. pret. Sp.
Haz, sf. superficies, face, counte- made.
nance ; va. make, do. Hiciese, F. Hacer, subj. 3 impf. 1

Hazaiia, sf. exploit, achievement. or 3s. I or he should confer on.

He, F. Haber, ind. pres. Is. I have; Hiciste, F. Hacer, ind. pret. 2s. thou
he de, I must, I am to. madest, or didst.
Hebra, sf. hair, thread, silk, fibre. Hidalgo, sm. nobleman, a noble.
Hechiza, F. Hechizar, ind. pres. 3s. Hidropico, a. hydropic, diseased
it, he, or she charms. with the dropsy.
Hechizar, inf. pres. va. to bewitch, Hiela, F. Helar, ind. 3s. it freezes.
to charm, to please, to enrapture, Hierba, sf herb, grass.
to fascinate. Hierro, sm. iron.
Hecho, F. Hacer, part, made, done Hierven, F. Hervir, ind. pres. Sp.
being accustomed, inured. they swarm.
Hecho, s. deed, exploit, action. Hija, sf. daughter, child.
Hechor, sm. maker, performer, he Hi jo, sm. son, child, young one.
who commits an act. Hijuelo-a, sub. young one, a young
Hediondo-a, adj. fetid, stinking. child, dim. of Hijo.
Helado-a, a. frozen, congealed. Hilaza, sf yarn, thread, coarse stuff.
Helar, inf. v. imp. to freeze, to con- Hipocresia, sf. hypocrisy, dissimu-
geal, to coagulate. lation.
Hembra, sf female; nut, eye. Hipocrita, sub. hypocrite.
Hemos, F. Haber, ind. pres. lp. we Hipocrita, a. hypocritical, dissem-
have. bling.
Henrique, sub. prop. m. Henry, a Historia, sf history, story, narra-
man's name. tion.
Heredad, sf. farm, plantation pro- Historiador, sm. historian, narrator.
;

perty, heritage. Hizo,- F. Hacer, ind. j)res. 3s. did,

Heredcro, sub. heir; sf. Heredera, made, become.
heiress. Hoguera, sf. fire bon-fire.
;

Herida, sf. wound, sore, severe blow. Hoi, ad. to-day, this day.
Hermana, sf. sister. Hoja, sf. leaf, blade, scale.
Hermano, sm. brother. with
Hoj6so-a, a. leafy, covered
Hermoso-a, handsome.
a. beautiful, leaves.
Hermosura, sf. beauty, symmetry. Holgaba, F. Holgar, ind. impf 3s.
Herodoto, sub. prop. m. Herodotus, was pleased with.
the oldest profane historian Holgar, inf. vn. to be pleased, to
known. rejoice, to amuse one's self.

210
 HUB HUM
Hollando, F. Hollar, ger. trampling, Hubiese, F. Haber, subj. impf. 1 or
crushing. 3s. should have.

Hollar, inf. va. to tread, to trample Hubiesen, F. Haber, subj. impf. Bp,
upon, to break through. they should have.
Hollas, F. Hollar, ind. pres. 2s. thou Hubo, F. Haber, ind. pret. Bs. had
treadest. existed, was, were.
Hollo, F. Hollar, ind. pret. Bs. tram- Hueco-a, a. hollow, empty, vain.
pled upon. Huela, F. Oler, subj.*pres. 1 or 3s,
Hombre, sm. man, husband. it, he, or she may smell.
Hombro, sm. shoulder. Huele, F. Oler, ind. pres. Bs. it, he.

Homenaje, sm. homage. or she smells.

Hondo, sm. depth, profundity. Huelgan, F. Holgar, ind. pres. Bp.
H6ndo-a, a. deep, profound. they are pleased.
Honestamente, ad. honestly, by Huella, sm. footstep.
honourable means. Huella, F. Hollar, imp. pres. 2s.
Honestidad, sf. honesty, modera- trample thou.
tion, modesty, urbanity. Huella, F. Hollar, ind. pres. Bs. it,
Honesto-a, a. honest, honourable, he, or she tramples.
pure, virtuous. Huellan, F. Hollar, ind. pres. Bp.
Honor, sm. honour, reputation. they trample.
Honra, sf. honour, reverence. Huellas, F. Hollar, xnd. pres. 2s.
Honradez, sf. honesty, probity, thou tramplest.
honour. Huelle, F. Hollar, subj. pres. 1 or
Honrado-a, a. honourable, honest, 3s. may trample.
exact. Huelles, F. Hollar, subj. pres. 2s.
Honran, F. Honrar, ind. pres. Bp. thou may est trample.
they honour, or worship. Hueso, sm. bone, stone, toil.
Honrando, F. Honrar, ger. honour- Huesped, sm. tavern-keeper, host,
ing. guest.
Honrar, inf. va. to honour, to reve Huespeda, sf. land-lady, female
rence, to fondle, to praise. tavern-keeper.
Honraron, F. Honrar, ind. pret. Bp. Huevo, sm. egg, spawn.
they honoured. Huia, F. Huir, ind. impf. Bs. he
Honras, F. Honrar, ind. pres. Bs. fled, or shunned.

thou honourest. Huir, inf. vn. to fly, to escape, to

Hora, sf. hour, time. shun, to run away.
Horrisono, a. thundering, clanking. Humanidad, sf. humanity, benevo-
Horror, sm. horror, fright. lence.
Hosteria, sf. inn, tavern, hotel. Humanidades, sf. p. belles-lettres,
Hostilidad, sf. hostility. rhetoric, philology.
Hoz, sm. scythe, sickle, defile. Humano-a, a. human, rational, hu-
Hubieran, F. Haber, subj. impf Bp. mane.
would, should have. Humea, F. Humear, ind. pres. Bs
Hubieron, F. Haber, ind. pret. Bp. smokes.
they held, or possessed. Humear, inf. vn. to smoke, to be
kindled, to be inflamed.
211
 1GN \LV
Huineas, F. Humear, ind. pres. 2s. Hurtas, h . Hurtar, ind. pres. 2s
thou sinokest. thou stealest.
Huinedecen. F. Humedecer, ind. Huye, F. Huir, imp. pres. 2s. fly
pres. Sp. they moisten. thou.
Humedecer, inf. va. to moisten, to Huye, F. Huir, ind. pres. Ss. flies.
wet, to soak. Huyen, F. Huir, ind. pres. Sp. they
Humildad, sf. humility, meekness, fly-

mildness. ^ Huy?ndo, F. Huir, ger. flying, es-

Humillacion, sf. humiliation. caping.
Hurao, sm. smoke, vapour, vanity. Huyeron, F. Huir, ind. pret. Sp.
Humor, sin. humour, moisture. they flew.
Hundido, F. Hundir, part, sunk, Huyes, F. Huir, ind. pres. 2s. thou
destroyed. fliest.

Hundido-a, part. abs. being sunk. Huyo, F. Huir, ind. pres. Is. I fly.
Hurtar, inf. va. to steal, to rob, to Huyo, F. Huir, ind. pret. Ss. flew.
cheat, to separate.

fba, F. Ir, ind. impf. 1 or 3s. went, Ignoras, F. Ignorar, ind. pres. 2s.
was going, thou art ignorant of.

ibamos, F. Ir, ind. impf Ip. we Igual, a. equal, resembling, even.

went, were going, Iguala, F. Igualar, ind. pres. Ss.
fban, F. Ir, ind. impf Sp. were equals.
going, Igualar, inf. va. to equal, to equal-
fbas, F. Ir, ind. impf. 2s. thou wast ize, to level, to make even.
going. Igualdad, sf. equality, similitude,
Id, F. Ir, imp. pres. 2p. go ye, or uniformity.
you. Igualmente, ad. equally.
Idea, sf. idea, design, notion. Ilicito-a, a. illicit, unlawful.
Idioma, sin. language, tongue, idiom. Ilimitado-a, a. unlimited, boundless,
Idiota, sm. idiot. unconfined.
Idolatra, sm. idolater. Ilumfna, F. lluminar, ind. pres. Ss.

Idolo, sm. idol, object of love, or illumines.

esteem. jlluminado-a, part, adjec. illumined,
Iglesia, sf. church, temple, chapel. enlightened, lit, coloured.
Ignoraban, F. Ignorar, ind. impf lluminar, inf. va. to illumine, to en-
Sp. they were ignorant of. lighten, to illuminate.
Ignorancia, sf. ignorance, stupi- Ilusion, sf. illusion, fanciful show.
dity. Iluso-a, a. deluded, deceived, ridi-
Ignorantemente, ad. ignorantly, culed.
without knowiedge. Ilustrado-a, adj. enlightened.
Ignorar, inf. va. to be ignorant of, Ilustre, a. illustrious, magnificent,
not to know, to be unacquainted noble.
with.
212
 IMP INC
Imajen, sf. image, picture, repre- Importuno, F. Importunar, ind.
sentation, description. pret. 3s. wearied.
Imajinacion, sf. imagination, fancy, Importuno-a, a. importunate, vexa-
conception, erroneous idea. tious.
Imajinais, F. Imajinar, ind. pres. Imposible, a. impossible, impracti-
2p. ye or you imagine. cable, unfeasible.
Imajinan, F. Imaginar, ind. pres. Impresion, sf impression, mark,
Sp. they imagine. image,
Imajinar, inf. va. to imagine, to Impropera, F. Improperar, ind.
think, to fancy, to apprehend. pres. 3s. abuses.
Impaciencia, impatience, vehe- Improperar,
sf. inf. va. to upbraid, to
mence of temper. abuse.
Impaciente, a. impatient. Imprudente, a. imprudent, indis-
Impedian, F. Impedir, ind. impf Sp. creet.

they prevented. Impune, a. unpunished, without

Impedido, F. Impedir, part, im- punishment.
peded, obstructed, prevented. Inaccesible, adv. inaccessible, arm-
Impedir, inf. va. to impede, to ob- ed against.
struct, to hinder, to prevent. Inadvertido-a, part, adjec. careless,
Impeler, inf. va. to impel, to excite, inadvertent, unnoticed.
to stimulate. Inagotable, a. inexhaustible.
Impelio, F. Impeler, ind. pret. 3s. Inanimado-a, a. inanimate, without
impelled. animation.
Impenetrable, a. impenetrable, in- Incapaz, sm. incapable, powerless,
scrutable, incomprehensible. unsuitable.
Imperio, sm. empire, command. Incendiar, inf. va. to set on fire, to
Impertinente, sub. an impertinent kindle, to inflame.
or troublesome person. Incendiaron, F. Incendiar, ind. pret.
Impertinente, a. impertinent, trou- Sp. they set on fire.

blesome. Incendio, sm. conflagration, fire.

fmpetu, sm. impetus, impetuosity, Incertidumbre, sf. uncertainty, in-

violence. certitude.
Impidiesen, F. Impedir, subj. 3 impf Incesante, a. incessant, without in-
Sp. they should impede. termission.
Implora, F. Implorar, ind. pres. 3s. Incitacion, sf. excitement, motion,
implores. stimulant.
implorar, inf. va. to implore, to Inclemencia, sf inclemency, rigour,
crave, to supplicate, to solicit. severity.
lmploro, F. Implorar, ind. pret. 3s. Inclina, F. Inclinar, ind. pres. 3s.
implored. inclines.
Importancia, sf. importance, con- Inclinaban, F. Inclinar, ind. impf.
sequence. \p. they were inclined.
Importunar, inf. va. to importune, Inclinar, inf. vr. to incline, to bow,
to vex, to bore, to harass. to induce.
Importunidad, sf importunity, in- Inclinara, subj. imp. 3s. should in-
cessant solicitation. duce, incline.
213
 ;

IND INS

mclinas, F. Inclinar, ind. pres. 2s. Indigno-a, a. unworthy, undeserv-

thou art inclined. ing, unsuitable, vile.
Incomodidad, sf. inconvenience, Indiscreto-a, a. indiscreet, incau-
trouble. tious, inordinate.
Incomparable, a. matchless, incom- Indispuesto-a, a. indisposed, ill,

parable, not to be acquired. having some misunderstanding.

Incomprehensible, a. incomprehen- Individuo, sm. individual.
sible, not to be understood. Industria, sf. arts and manufactures,
Inconsiderado, a. rash, thoughtless, labour; address.
inattentive, inconsiderate. Infahble, a. infallible, not liable to
Inconstancia, sf. inconstancy, vola- error, certain.
tility, fickleness. Infante, sm. Infante, a title given to
Inconstante, a. inconstant, change- the sons of the king of Spain, the
able, volatile. heir apparent excepted. It is

Incontrastable, adv. irresistible, equivalent to prince.

firm. Infausto-a, a. unfortunate, unhap-
Inconveniente, sm. inconveniency, py, unlucky.
incongruity. Infelicidad,
sf. misfortune, calamity,

Inconveniente, a. inconvenient, in- disgrace.

commodious. Infeh'z, a. unhappy, unfortunate,
Incorporar, inf. va. to incorporate inert.

vr. to be united. Infelizmente, adv. miserably, un-

Incorporaron, F. Incorporar, ind. happily.
pret. Sp. they incorporated. Inferir, inf. pres. vn. to infer, to de-

Incorruptible, a. incorruptible, not duce, to draw from.

to be perverted or corrupted. Infernal, a. infernal, hellish, perni-

Increible, a. incredible, not to be cious.

credited. Infinito-a, a. infinite, unlimited,

Inculcar, inf. va. to inculcate, to immense.
impress, to corroborate. Inflamado-a, a. inflamed, incensed,
Inculquen, F. Inculcar, subj. pres. heated.
Sp. they may inculcate. Inflamado, F. Inflamar, part, in-
Incumbencia, sf. incumbency, duty. flamed, kindled.
Incurren, F. Incurrir, ind. pres. Sp. Inflecsible, a. inflexible, inexorable,
fall into. stern, unbending.

Indica, F. Indicar, ind. pres. 3s. in- Influir, inf. va. to influence, to pre-
dicates. vail upon, to produce.

Indican, F. Indicar, ind. pres. \p. Influye, F. Influir, ind. pres. 3s.

they indicate. produces.

Indicar, inf. va. to indicate, to point Inform aba, F. Informar, ind. impf
out, to show. 1 or 3s. informed.

Indicio, sm. indication, mark, token Informar, inf. va. to inform, to make
Indijencia, sf. indigency, poverty, acquainted, to instruct.
penury. Informe, sm. report; information,
Indignacion, sf indignation, anger. instruction, knowledge.
Inglaterra, sub. prop. f. England,
214
 ;
.

INQ [NS

the most considerable part of Inquietud, sf inquietude, restless-

Great Britain. ness.
Ingles-a, a. English ; s. an English- Inquirir, inf. va. to inquire, to exa-
man. mine into, to ask for.

Ingratitud, sf ingratitude, ungrate- Insaciable, a. greedy, insatiable.

fulness. Insensato-a, a. stupid, thoughtless,
Ingrato-a, sub. an ungrateful person. foolish.
Ingrato-a, a. ungrateful, unpleasing, Insensible, a. insensible, callous,
harsh. unfeeling.
Inhumano-a, a. inhuman, brutal, Inseparable, a. inseparable, not to
beastly. be separated or disconnected.
Injenio, sm. genius, character, mind, Insertado, part, inserted, intro-
wit. duced.
Injenioso-a, a. ingenious, inventive Insigne, a. illustrious, eminent,
of genious, of imagination. great, remarkable.
Injenuidad, sf. ingenuousness, can- Insignia, sf a badge, insignia.
dour. Insipido-a, a. insipid, tasteless, un-
Injenuo-a, a. ingenuous, open, can- pleasant, uninteresting.
did. Insistio, F. Insistir, ind. pret. 3s.

Injuria, sf. injury, affront, detriment. persisted, insisted.

Injustamente, ad. unjustly, wrongly Insistir, inf. vn. to insist, to rest
Injurioso-a, a. injurious, contume- upon, to dwell upon.
lious, reproachful. Insolente, a. insolent, impudent,
Inmediatamente, ad. immediately, shameless, unaccustomed.
directly. Insondable, a. bottomless, unfa-
Inmediato-a, a. immediate, contigu- thomable, inscrutable, unsearcha-
ous. able.
Inmensidad, sf. immensity, infinity, Inspira, F. Inspirar, ind. pres. 3s.
boundlessness. inspires.
Inmenso-a, a. immense, unbounded. Inspiracion, sm. inspiration, infu-
Inmoble, a. motionless, immovable, sion, breathing.
unshaken, constant. Inspirar, inf. va. to inspire, to infuse
Inmortalidad, sf immortality, eter- into, to animate.
nal life. Inspiraron, F. Inspirar, ind. pret.
Inmovil, a. immovable, motionless. Sp. they inspired.
Inimitable, a. immutable, invari- Instancia, sf. favour, urgency, per-
able, unalterable. sistence, suit.
Inocencia, sf innocence, purity, Instando, F. Instar, ger. pressing,
modesty, sincerity, simplicity. urging.
Inocente, a. innocent, pure, simple. Instante, sm. instant, a short while.
Inquieta, F. Inquietar,ind. pres. 3s. Instar, inf. va. to press, to urge, to
troubles. urge the execution.
Inquietar, inf. va. to harass, to trou- Instaron, F. Instar, ind. pret. Sp.
ble, to molest, to vex. they urged.
Inquieto-a, a. restless, turbulent, Instinto, sm. instinct, encourage-
clamorous, solicitous. ment, impulse, instigation.
215
 INT fRA
Instruccion, sf instruction, tuition, ntimidad, sf. intimacy, familiarity,
precepts, information. acquaintance, habitude.
Instruct! vo-a, a. instructive, con- ntimo-a, a. intimate, familiar, in-
veying knowledge. ternal.
Instructor, sm. instructor, teacher, ntrepidez, sf. intrepidity, boldness,
professor. temerity.
Instruir, inf. va. to instruct, to ntrepido-a, a. intrepid, bold, dar-
teach, to inform, to lead into. ing.
Instrumento, sm. instrument. ntriga, sf intrigue, artifice.
Instruye, F Instruir, ind. pres. 3s. ntroducido, F. Introductr, part.
instructs. introduced, conducted.
Insufrible, a. insufferable, intolera- ntroduciendo, F. Introductr, ger.
ble, not to be borne or endured. introducing, bringing to notice.
Integridad, sf. integrity, purity, ntroducir, inf. va. to introduce, to
virginity. present, to bring into notice.
Intelijencia, sf. intelligence, under- ntrodujeron, F. Introducir, ind.
standing, knowledge, ability. pret. Sp. they introduced.
Intencion, sf. intention, purpose, numerable, a. numberless, innu-
design, view. merable, countless.
Intentar, inf. va. to intend, to at- nurbano-a, a. impolite, rude, unci-
tempt, to try, to endeavour. vil, uncouth.
Intento, sm. intent, design, purpose. nutil, a. useless, unprofitable.
Interceptor, inf. va. to intercept, to nvasion, sf. invasion, attack.
cut off, to stop and seize. nvencion, sf. invention, contri-
Interes, sm. interest, gain, usury. vance, discovery.
Interesa, F. Interesar, ind. pres. 3s. nventado-a, a. invented, discover-
is interesting. ed, feigned.
Interesar, inf. vn. to be important, nventaron, F. Inventar, ind. pret.
to be interesting. Sp. invented.
Interesamos, F. Interesar, ind. pret. nvestiga, F. Investigar, ind. pres.
lp. we interested. 3s. investigates.

Interesante, a. interesting, useful, nvestigar, inf. va. to investigate, to

convenient, important. search out, to inquire into.
Interin, ad. meanwhile, whilst. nvierno, sm. winter.
Interior, sm. interior, inside. nvisible, a. invisible, impercepti-
Interior, a. internal, inward. ble.

Interminable, a. everlasting, end- nvocacion, sf invocation, prayer,

less. supplication.
Interrumpiendo, F. Interrumpir, ger. nvocando, F. Invocar, ger. invok-
interrupting, intruding. ing, imploring.
Interrumpir, inf. va. to interrupt, to nvocar, inf. va. to invoke, to call
hinder, to intrude on. on, to implore.
Interrumpo, F. Interi'umpir, ind. r, inf. vn. to go, to exist, to lay a
pres. Is. I interrupt. wager, to be about.
Intimando, F. Intimar, ger. inti- ra, sf ire, anger, revenge, wrath.
mating, notifying.
216
 JEN JOC
Iracundo-a, a. passionate, irasci- Irritar, inf. va. to irritate, to agi-
ble, enraged, furious. tate, to exasperate.
Ire is, F. Ir, ind. fat. 2p. you shall Isabel, sub. prop. f. Isabella, or
or will go. Elizabeth, a woman's name.
Irracional, a. irrational, stupid, Isaias, sub. prop. m. Isaiah, the
foolish ; s. a brute. prophet.
Irremediable, adj. irremediable. Isla, sf. isle, island.
Irrevocable, a. irrevocable, not to Isla, sub. prop,
f
Isla, the surname
be recalled. of a distinguished Spanish writer.
Irrisible, a. -laughable, risible. Israel, sub, prop. m. Israel.
Irrision, sf. derision, contempt, Italia, sub. prop. f. Italy, a country
scorn. in Europe.

Jaez, sf. kind, species, manner. Jentilhombre, sm. nobleman, lord,

Jamas, ad. never. gentleman.
Jardin, sm. garden. Jeograf ia, sf. geography.
Jardinero-a, sub. gardener. Jermen, sm. germ, seed, source.
Jasmin, sub. jessamin (a flower.) Jeronimo, sm. prop. Jerome, a
Jefe, S77i. chief, officer, ring-leader. man's name.
Jemido, sm.. groan, lamentation. Jerusalen, sub. prop. m. Jerusalem,
Jeneracion, sf. generation, progeny, a celebrated city in Asia, capital
age. of ancient Judea, and now of
Jeneral, sm. general, chief, com- modern Palestine.
mander. Jesucristo, sub. prop. m. Jesus
Jeneralmente, ad. generally, com- Christ.
monly, in the main. Jigante, sm. giant, an uncommonly
Jenero, sm. kind, sort. large person.
Jeneros, sin. p. goods, effects, mer- Jigante, jiganteses, a. gigantic.
chandise. Jil-Blas, sub. prop. m. Gil-Bias, the
Jenerosidad, sf. generosity, magna- hero of a celebrated Spanish
nimity, liberality. novel.
Jenio, sm. genius ; character, dispo- Jinete, sm. horseman, cavalry.
sition. sf. art, trick, wheedling,
Jitaneria,
Jenofonte, sub. prop. m. Xenophon, (used by the gypsies.)
flattery,
a celebrated Athenian general Jitanillo-a, sub. little gypsy, dim. of
and historian. Jitaao.
Jenova, sub. prop.f Genoa, a city Jitanismo, sub. collec. m. the whole
in Italy. body of gypsies.
Jente, sub. collec. f people, an as- Jitano-a, sub. gypsy.
semblage of persons. Joaquin, sm. prop. Joakim, a man's
Jentil, a. gentle, soft, assuaging. christian name.
Jentileza, sf. genteel address, ease, Jocosidad, sf. gaiety, mirth, merri-
politeness, ostentation. ment, jocularity.
19 217
 J UN JUZ
Jornada, sf. journey, travel, road, Juntan, F. Juntar, ind. pres. Sp
act (of a play.) they join.
Jose\ sub. prop. m. Joseph, a man's Juntar, inf. va. to join, to unite, to
name. assemble.
J oven, sm. or/, youth, young man Junta ron, F. Juntar, ind. pret. Sp.
or lady ; ad. young. they joined.
Joy a, sf. jewel. Junto, F. Juntar, ind. pres. Is. I
Juan, sm. prop. John, a man's name. join.
Juanetudo-a, a, massy, bony. Junto, F. Juntar, ind. pret. 3s.
Juanot, sub. prop. m. Juanot, the joined.
name of a personage in the anec- Junto-a, a. together with, united;
dotes of Corpas. near, contiguous.
Juanoteria, sub. prop. m. Juanote- Jura, F. Juror, imp. pres. 2s. sweaj
n'a, the name of a marquisate in thou.
the anecdotes of Corpas. Jura, F. Juror, ind. pi-es.Ss. swears.
Jubilado-a, a. emerited; free, ex- Jurado-a, part, sworn to.
empt, emeritus. Juran, F. Jurar, ind. pres. 3p. they
Jubilo, cm. jubilee, joy, merriment. swear.
Jueces, pi. of Juez. Jurar, inf. vn. to swear, to make
Juego, sm. play, gambling. oath, to curse.
Juez, sm. judge, arbitrator. Jurisdiccion, sf. jurisdiction, limits,
Jui^aban, F. Juisar, i id. imp/. Zp. command, province.
they played. Justicia, sf. justice; public officers,
Juguete, sm. toy, trinket, gewgaw. officers of justice.
Juicio, sm. judgment, opinion. Justo-a, sm. a just or blessed person
Julian, sm. Julianus, a Roman em- in heaven.
peror. Justo-a, a. just, correct, upright.
Julio, sub. prop. m. July, the name Juventud, sf. youth, youthfulness.
of the seventh month of the year. Juzga, F. Juzgar, imp. pres. 2s.

Jumento, sm. ass, beast, stupid per- judge thou.

son. Juzga, ind. pres. 3s. judges, thinks.
Junta, ind. pres. 3s. joins ; s. assem- Juzgad, F. Juzgar, imp. pres. 2p.
bly. judge ye.
Juntado, a. and part, united; gath- Juzgan, F. Juzgar, ind. pres. 3p.
ered, made out, assembled. they judge.
Juntamente, ad. jointly, together, at Juzgar, inf. va. to judge, to pass a
the same time. sentence.
Juntamos, F. Juntar, ind. pres. Ip Juzgar, inf. vn. to judge, to form
we join. an opinion, to apprehend.

218
 LAN LEG

s. the ; la mas, the most. Lanzan, F. Lanzar, ind. pres. Bp.

La, art. f
La, F. Ella, pron. per. o. s. her,
f
they throw.
it; the one, she. Lanzar, inf. va. to cast, to throw, to
Labio, sm. lip, edge (of any thing.) dart, to let loose, to rush upon.

Labrado-a, F. Labrar, part, labour- Lanzo, F. Lanzar, ind. pret. 3s

ed, wrought made. rushed upon, or threw.
Labrador, sm. farmer, labourer, rus- Largo- a, a. long, large, free.
tic, peasant a. working.
; Las, pron. dem.f.p. n. those, they
Labran, F. Labrar, ind. pres. Sp. then.
they labour, or work. Las, art. f
p. the ; las mas, the
Labrar, inf. va. to work, to labour, most.
to till, to construct, to form. Laseivo-a, sub. a libidinous, or las-
Labras, F. Labrar, ind. pres. 2s. civious person.
thou labourest. Lascivo-a, a. libidinous, lascivious,

Labro, F. Labrar, ind. pres. Is. I luxurious.

labour. Lastima, sf. pity, compassion, mis-
Labro, F. Labrar, ind. pret. 3s. la- fortune.
boured. Lastimar, va. and n. to hurt, to hurt
Lado, sm. side, companion. another's feelings,
Ladrillo, sm. brick, tile. Latin, sm. the Latin language.
Ladron, sm. thief, robber ; lock. Latin-a, a. Latin, Roman.
Laercio, sm. Diogenes Laertius, an Laurel, sm. laurel, glory, renown.
ancient writer. Laureles, sub. p. m. honours.
Lago, sm. lake, swamp. La van, F. Lanzar, ind. pres. Bp.
Lagrirna, sf. tear, drop. they clear or wash.
Lamentaba, F. Lamentar,ind. impf Lavar, inf. va. to wash, to clear
1 or 3s. lamented. (from a charge,) to white- wash.
Lamentable, a. lamentable, deplo- Lazo, sm. tie, knot, snare.
rable, unfortunate, miserable. Le, pron. per. sub. m. o. it, him, he,
Lamentar, inf. va. to lament, to you; to him, to her, to you.
mourn, to bewaiL Lealtad, sf loyalty, fidelity.
Lamentaron, F. Lamentar, Leandro, sm. Leander, a man's
ind. pret.
Sp. they lamented. name.
Lampazo, sm. burdock (a plant.) Lecho, sm. couch, litter, bed
Lancha, sm. launch, gunboat, cut- Lechuza, sf owl.
ter. Leccion, sm. lesson, lecture.
Languidamente, ad. languidly, Lector, sm. reader, professor.
weakly. Leen, F. Leer, ind. pres. 2p. they
Languidez, sf. weariness, debility, read.
melancholy. Leer, inf. va. to peruse, to lecture,
Lanza, sf lance, spear. to penetrate into.
Lanza, F. Lanzar, ind. pret. 3s. Legalidad, sm. legality, fidelity,
throws. punctuality.
219
 LEV LIE
Legua, sm. league, (a distance of Levante, sub. prop. m. Levant,
three miles.) coast of the Mediterranean, east
Lei, sf. law. of Italy.
Leia, F. Leer, ind. impf. 1 or 3s. Levante, sm. east, east wind.
read. Levanto, F. Levantar, ind. pres. Is.

Lei an, F. Leer, ind. impf. Bp. they I raise.

read. Levanto, F. Levantar, ind. pret. 3s.
Lei as, F. Leer, ind. impf. 2s. thou rose.
didst read. Leve, a. light, trifle.
Lejos, ad. far, at a distance, far off. Leyes p. of Lei, laws.
Lemnos, sub. prop, f Lemnos, a Liberal, a. liberal, generous, open.
Grecian island in the Archipe Liberalidad, sf. liberality, genero-
lago. sity.
Lengua, sf. tongue, language. Liberalmente, ad. liberally, gene-
Lenguaje, sf. language ; tongue, rously, expeditiously.
diction. Libertad, sf liberty, freedom, privi-
Lento-a, a. slow, tardy, sluggish. lege, permission.
Leonardo, sub. prop. m. Leonard, a Libertar, vn. to free from, to ex-
man's name. empt.
Leonera, sf. lion-cage. Libertino-a, a. libertine, irreligious,
Leon, sm. lion. dissolute; s. a rake.
Les, F. Ellos, or Ellas, pron. per. p. Libra, sf. pound.
m. o. them, those to them, to you. Libra, F. Librar, imp. pres. 2s. de-
;

Letra, sf. letter, character, type. liver or free thou.

Levanta, F. Levantar, ind. pres. 3s. Libra, F. Librar, ind. pres. 3s. de-
raises. livers, exempts.
Levant aba, F. Levantar, ind. impf. Libran, F. Librar, ind.* pres. 3p.
1 or 3s. rose. they deliver.
Levantado, F. Levantar, part, rais- Librar, mf. va. to free, to deliver,
ed, lifted up, standing up. exempt, to issue.
to
Le van-tan, F. Levantar, ind. pres. Libras, F. Librar, ind. pres. 2s. thou
Ip. they raise. deliverest.
Levantando, F. Levantar, ger. ris- Libre, a. free, exempt from.
ing. Libre a, sf. living, clothes, garment,
^
Levantar, inf. va. to raise, to rise, robes.
to elevate. Libro, sm. book.
Levantara, F. Levantar, subj. 1 Liceneia, sf. license, permission,
impf. 1 or 3s. would raise. leave.
Levantaron, F. Levantar, ind. pret. Liceneiado, sm. licentiate, a gradu-
3p. raised, rose. ate in Spanish universities, licen-
Levantas, F. Levantar, ind. pres. 2s. tiate, a title given by the vulgar

thou raisest. to any one who wears long robes

Levante, F. Levantar, sub), or imp. Licor, sm. liquor, spirits.
3s. let, may raise. Lid, sf. struggle, strife.
Levante, F. Levantar, ind. pret. Is. Lienzo, sm. linen, rag.
I raised.
220
 .

LIV LOZ
Lijereza, sf levity, inconstancy, Lo, pron. neut. sub. o. it, so ; lo que,
fickleness, agility, unchastity. that which, what.
Lijero-a, a. light, thin, swift, in- Lobo, sm. wolf. •

constant. L6co-a, mad, foolish, crazy.

a.
Limlta, F. Limitar, ind. pres. I
Locuacidad, sf. loquacity, garrulity,
limits, or is limited. talk.
Limitado-a, a. limited, common, in- Locura, sf folly, absurdity, mad-
different, (in capacity.) ness.
Limitan, F. Limitar, ind. pres. Sp. Loeches, sm. Loeches, a town of
they limit, or are limited. Spain.
Limitar, inf. va. to limit, to confine, Logra, F. Lograr, ind. pres. Bs. ob-
to set bounds. tains.
Limite, sm. limit, boundary, con- Logrado, F. Lograr, pa?~t. obtained,
fine. attained, acquired.
Limosna, sf. charity, alms. Logrado-a, part, abs. being ob-
Limpiar, inf. va. to clean, to scour. tained.
Limpieza, sf. cleanliness, chastity, L 6 gran, F. Lograr, ind. pres. Sp.
integrity they obtain.
Limpio-a, a. clean, neat, elegant, Lograr, inf. va. to obtain, to enjoy,
clear. to succeed in, to acquire.
Lince, sm. lynx; a. clearsighted, Lograron, F. Lograr, ind. pret. 3p«
penetrating. they obtained,
Lindo, a. neat, pretty, complete, Logras, F. Lograr, ind. pres. 2s.
fine. thou obtainest.
Lino, sm. linen, flax. Logro, F. Lograr, ind. pres. Is. ob-
Liquido-a, a. liquid, fluid, clear, tain or enjoy.
evident. Logro, F. Lograr, ind. pret. 3s. ob-
Lirico-a, a. lyric, (pertaining to tained, succeeded in.
odes, and songs.) Logro, sm. accomplishment, fulfil-
Lirio, sm. lily. ment, attainment.
Liso-a, a. soft, even, clear. Longura, sf. length, a long period.
Lisonja, sf. flattery, adulation. Lonja, sf. exchange ; warehouse,
Lisonjea, (se) F. Lisonjear, ind. store.
pres. flatters itself. Loredano, sub. prop. m. Loredano,
Lisonjeado, F. Lisonjea?', part, a chief of Cochin.
flat-

tered, praised. Lorrena, sub. prop. f. Lorrain, an

Lisonjero-a, a. flattering, pleasing; extensive country in the north-
s. flatterer. east of France.
Literario-a, a. literary, belonging to Los, art. p. m. the ; los mas, the
letters. most.
Literatura, sf. literature, science, Los, pron. dem. m. n. those, they.
learning. Losa, sf. flag (a certain stone used
Liviano -a, a. libidinous, unchaste ; for pavement,) earthenware.
light. Lozama, luxuriance, exuberance,
Livio, sub. prop. m. Titus Livius, elegance, valour.
an eminent writer of antiquity.
19* 221
 LLA LLX
Luce, F. Lucir, ind. pres. Ss. Luchan, F. Luchar, ind. pres. Sp,
shines. struggle.
Lucen, F. Lucir, Luego, ad. soon, immediately lue-
ind. pres. Sp. they ;

shine. go que, as soon as.

Lucero, sm. morning star, guide, Lugar, sm. spot, site, place, town.
idol, lover. Luis, sub. prop. m. Lewis, a man's
Luces, sm. p. talents, genius, know- name.
ledge. Lujo, sm. luxury, extravagance,
Luces, F. Lucir, ind. pres. 2s. thou excess.
shinest. Lujuria, sf luxuriousness, impurity,
Lucir, inf. vn. to shine, to be bril- voluptuousness.
liant, to make a figure, to glitter, Lumbre, sf. light, spark, fire.

to gleam. Luna, sub. prop. f. moon, glass,

Lucir, inf. va. to enlighten, to out- plate.
shine, to exceed. Luto, sm. mourning, the dress of
Luculo, sub. prop. m. Lucullus, an sorrow ; de luto, in mourning.
ancient Roman, distinguished for Luz, sf. light; luces, knowledge,
his oratorical, philosophic, and intellectual advancement.
military talents. Luzco, F. Lucir, ind. pres. Is. I shine.

LL
Ll^ga, sf sore, wound. Llamar, inf. pres. vn. to refer to any
Llagado-a, a. wounded, hurt, in- book or writing.
jured, having sores. Llamas, F. Llamar, ind. pres. 2s.
Llagado, part, wounded, hurt. thou calle3t.
Llama, sf. flame. Llamasen, F. Llamar, subj. impf
Llama, F. Llamar, imp. pres. 2s. Sp. should call.
call. LI a me, F. LJamar, subj. pres. 1 or
Llama, F. Llamar, ind. pres. 3s. 3s. I, or it, he, or she may call.

calls. Llame, F. Llamar, ind. pret. Is. I

LI am aba, F. Llamar, ind. impf. 3 s. called.
it, he, or she called. LI amen, F. Llamar, subj. pres. Sp.
Llamaban. F. Llamar, ind. impf. Sp. they may call.

they called. Llames, F. Llamar, subj. pres. 2s.

Llamada, sf. call, note, treaty, sig- thou mayst call.
nal. Llamo, F. Llamar, ind. pres. Is. I
Llamado-a, F. Llamar, pari, called, call.

named, termed. Llamo, F. Llamar, ind. pret. Ss. it,

Llamais, F. Llamar, ind. pres. Sp. he, or she called, summoned.
ye call or name. Llaneza, sf. simplicity, familiarity,
Llaman, F. Llamar, ind. pres. Sp. plainness.
they call. Llano, a. plain, frank, modest.
Llamar, inf. pres. va. to call, to Llanto, sm. groan, tear, flood ot
name, to attract, to summon. tears.
222
 LLE LLO
Llanura, sf evenness, equality. Lleno-a, a. full, complete, brim-
Llega, F. Llegar, ind. pres. 3s. it, full.

he, or she ends in. Lleva, F. Llevar, imp. pres. 2s. car-

Llega, F. Llegar, ind. pres. 3s. it, ry thou.

he, or she arrives. Lleva, F. Llevar, ind. pres. 3s. it,
Llegaban, F. Llegar, ind. impf. Sp. he, or she carries.
they reached. Llevaba, F. Llevar, ind. imp. 1 or
Llegado-a, part, arrived, being ar- 3s. carried.

rived, having reached. Llevado, F. Llevar, part, carried,

Llegan, F. Llegar, ind. pres. Sp. brought, taken.
they arrive. Lie van, F. Llevar, ind. pres. \p.
Llegando, (se) F. Llegar, ger. ar- they carry, bear.
riving at, reaching. Llevando, F. Llevar, ger. carrying,
Llegar, inf. pres. vn. to arrive at, to bringing.
become, to attain, to be enough, Llevar, inf. pres. va. to carry, to
to ascend. bring, to bear, to produce, to
Llegar, inf. pres. vr. to approach, to gain, to charge.
join. Llevaron, F. Llevar, ind. pres. Sp.
Llegaron, F. Llegar, xnd. pret. 3s. they carried.
they arrived. Llevas, F. Llevar, ind. pres. 2s,

Llegas, F. Llegar, ind. pres. 3s. thou thou earnest.

arrivest. Llevase, F. Llevar, subj. impf 3s.
Llego, F. Llegar, ind. pres. Is. I might, should, or would carry.
arrive. Lleve, F. Llevar, subj. pres. 1 or 3s.

Llego, F. Llegar, ind. pret. 3s. it, I, or it, he or she may cany.
he, or she arrived. Lleve, F. Llevar, ind. pret. Is. I
Llegue, ind. pret. Is. I arrived, I carried.
went. Llevo, F. Llevar, ind. pres. Is. I
Llegue, F. Llegar, subj. pres. 1 or carry.
3s. I, it, he, or she may arrive. Llevo, F. Llevar, ind. pret. 3s. took,
Lleguen, F. Llegar, subj. pres. Bp. carried.
they may arrive. Llora, F. Llorar, imp. pres. 2s. weep
Llena, F. Lienor, imp. pres. 2s. fill thou.
thou. Llora, F. Llorar, ind. pres. 3s. it,
Llena, F. Llenar, ind. pres. 3s. it, he, or she weeps.
he, or she fills, or occupies. Lloraba, F. Llorar, ind. impf 3s. he
Llenan, F. Llenar, ind. pres. Sp. wept.
they fill. Lloraban, F. Llorar, ind. impf. Sp.
Llenando, F. Llenar, ger. filling. they wept.
Llenar, inf. pres. va. to fill, to oc- Lloran, F. Llorar, ind. pres. Sp.
cupy, to accomplish, to perform. they weep.
Llenas, F. Llenar, ind. pres. 2s. Llorando, F. Llorar, ger. weeping,
thou fillest. bewailing, lamenting.
Llenasen, F. Llenar, subj. 3 impf Llorar, inf. pres. vn. to weep, to
Sp. they should fill. show sorrow by tears.

223
 )

MAJ MiN
Llorar, inf. pres. va. to weep for, to Lloro, F. Llorar, ind. pres. Is. I
bemoan, to bewail. weep.
Lloriron, F. Llorar, ind. pret. Sp. Lloro, F. Llorar, ind. pret. 3s. wept.
they wept. Llover, inf. v. imp. to rain; to
Lloras, F. Llorar, ind. pres. 2s. thou abound.
weepest Llueve, F. Llover, ind. pres. 3s. it
Llores, F. Llorar, subj. pres. 2s. rains.
thou may est weep. Liu via, sf rain, shower.

M
Maccio, sub. prop. m. Mactius, an catzin, the name of a great Mexi-
eminent person. can Indian.
Macsima, sf maxim, apophthegm. Mal-a, a. bad.
Macsime, ad. chiefly, principally. Mai, sm. evil, harm, calamity.
Macsimo-a, a. super, chief, great- Maldad, sf. wickedness, malice.
est, principal. Malear, va. or n. to become bad, to
Madurar, inf. pres. vn. to ripen, to get spoiled.
become ripe. Males, sm. p. evils, miseries.
Madurez, sf maturity, wisdom, pru- Malevolo-a, a. malignant, malevo-
dence, seriousness. lent, wicked.
Madre, sf. mother. Malicia, sf malice, perverseness,
Madrid, sub. prop, f Madrid, the artifice, dissimulation.

capital of Spain. Malicioso-a, a. malicious, suspi-

Madurasen, F. Madurar, subj. 3 cious, bad.
impf Sp. they should get ripe. Maligno-a, adj. malign, fatal.
Maestresala, sm. usher Malo-a, ad. bad, wicked.
(first waiter.
Maestro, sm. master, director, school- Malo, sm. prop. See Garcia Malo.
master. Maltrata, F. Maltralar, ind. pres.
Magnanimidad, magnanimity,
sf. 3s. treats ill.

generosity, grandeur of soul. Maltratado-a, F. Maltralar, part.

Magnanimo-a, a. magnanimous, abused, ill-treated.
generous, noble, open. Maltratamiento, sm. maltreatment,
Magnificencia, sf magnificence, bad usage.
splendour. Maltratar, inf. va. to treat or use ill,

Magnifico-a, a. magnificent, splen- to abuse, to spoil.

did, grand. Malvado-a, adj. wicked, bad.
Magno-a, a. great, superior. Manantial, sm. spring, source, foun-
Mahomet, sub. prop. m. Mahomet, tain, beginning.
the founder of the religion fol- Manca, F. Mancar, ind. pres. 3s.
lowed by the Musselmans. lames, maimes.
Majestad, sf. majesty, grandeur, Mancebo, sm. young man, youth.
sovereignty. Mancha, sf. stain, spot.
Majia, sf. magic. Mancha, sub. prop, f Mancha, a
Majiscatzin, sub. prop. m. Magis- province of Spain.
224 •
 ;

MAN MAR
Manda, F. Mandar, ind. pres. 3s. Mansedumbre, sf meekness, gen-
orders. tleness, peacefulness.
Mandaban, F. Mandar, ind. impf. Mansion, sf. mansion, abode, house.
Sp. they commanded. Manso-a, a. gentle, tame.
Mandado, F. Mandar, part, com- Manta, sf. blanket.
manded, ordered. Mantener, inf. va. to maintain, to
Mandando, F. Mandar, ger. order- support, to feed, to persevere.
ing. Mantengo, F. Mantener, ind. pres.
Mandar, inf. va. to command, to Is. I maintain.
order, to bequeath, to send. Mantenimiento, sf maintenance,
Mandate, sm. command, order, in- sustenance, subsistence,, allow-
junction, trust. ance.
Mando, F. Mandar, ind. pres. Is. I Manto, sm. veil, cloak, mantel
order. piece.
Mando, F. Mandar, ind. pret. 3s. Mantuviera, F. Mantener, subj. impf
ordered. 1 or 3s. would maintain.
Manecilla, sf. small, pretty hand, Mantuvieron, F. Mantenerse, ind.
dim. of Mano. pret. Sp. maintained themselves.
Manejais, F. Manejar, ind. pres. Manuel, sm. prop. Emanuel, a man's
2p. ye or you manage. name.
Manejar, inf. va. to transact, to Manufactura, sm. ware, manufac-
carry on, to manage. ture, workmanship.
Manejas, F. Manejar, ind. pres. 2s. Manzana, sf. apple, pommel.
thou inanagest. Maila, sf. dexterity, artifice.
Manera, sf. manner, custom ; a ma- Man ana, ad. to-morrow ; s. morn
nera de, like, as. ing ; de man ana, early.
Manga, sf. sleeve, water-spout. Maquina, sf. machine, engine,
Maniatado-a, adj. manacled, hand- crowd.
cuffed. Mar, sm. the sea, ocean ; mar oceano,
Manifestando, F. Manifestar, ger. the great sea.
manifesting, discovering. MaraviHa, sf. wonder, admiration
Manifestar, inf. va. to manifest, to ind. 3s. it astonishes.
discover, to declare. Maravillado-a, F. Maravillar, a.
Manifestaron, F. Manifestar, ind. astonished.
pret. Sp. they manifested, Maravillan, F. Maravillar, ind. pres.
Manifestemos, F. Manifestar, subj. Sp. they astonish.
pres. \p, may manifest, let us Maravillar, inf. pres. vn. to wonder,
manifest. to be astonished; va. to admire.
Manifesto, F. Manifestar, ind. pret. Maraviilo, F. Maravillar, ind. pres.
3s. manifested, told. Is. I wonder.
Manifesta, F. Manifestar, ind. pres. Maraviiloso-a, a. wonderful, as-
3s. manifests. tonishing.
Manjar, sm. dainty, dish, food, meal, Marca, sub. prop, f the name of a
viand. place in Italy.
Mano, sf. hand, pestle. Marca, sf. sign, mark, scar.

225
 )

MAT MED
Marcado, F. Marcar, part, marked Materia, sf matter, materials, sub-
branded, noted. ject, occasion.
Marcclo, sub. prop. m. Marcellus, a Material, s?n. ingredient, material,
famous Roman general. importance.
Marchar, inf. va. to march, to walk, Material, a. material (not spiritual,)
to go. important, ungenteel.
Marcial, a. martial, warlike. Matiz, sm. shade, mixture, (of
Mariana, (Juan de) sm. prop. Ma- colours.)
riana, one of the greatest histo- Matiza, F. Matizar, ind. pres. 3s.
rians Spain produced. Born in decks, adorns, or beautifies.
Talavera, Toledo, in 1536, died, Mato, F. Matar, ind.pret.3s. killed.
1623. Maton, sm, bully.
Mar i do, sm. husband, spouse, con- Mairimonio, sm. matrimony, mar-
sort. riage.
Marino, sm. a seaman, mariner. Mayo,
sub. prop. m. May, the fifth
Manno-a, a. marine, naval. month of the year.
Mario, sub. prop. m. Marius, a Mayor, comp. of grande, greater,
Roman consul. eldest, largest, chief.
Mariposa, sf. butterfly, rush-light. Mayordomo, sm. steward, major-
Mariscal, sm. marshal, farrier, black- domo.
smith. Me, F. Yo, pron. per. s. o. me, to,

Marjen, sm. margin, border, ed^e. from, on, with me.

Marlota, sf a Moorish dress. Mecanico-a, sub. a mechanic, me-
Marmol, sm. marble; epitaph, in- chanical ; mean.
scription. Mece, F. Mecer, ind. pres. 3s. stirs,
Marques, s/n. a marquis ; sf. mar- rocks.
quesa, marchioness. Mecer, inf. va. to stir, to agitate, to
Marquesado, sf marquisate (the jumble, to rock, to shake.
seignory or territory of a marquis. Mecido, F. Mecer, part, stirred,
Marquesito, sm. young marquis, agitated.
dim. of Marques. Media, sf. stocking.
Martires, sm. p. martyrs. Medicina, sf. medicine, physic.
Martirio, sm. martyrdom, tortures, Medicinal, a. medicinal, curative.
hardships. Medico, sm. physician.
Martirizado, F. Martirizar, part. Medido-a, adj. measured, circum-
martyred, tortured. spect.
Mas, more; but, except; que Medida, sf measure, mensuration,
ad.
mas, what else. height, proportion, moderation.
Masa, sf. mass, dough, mortar. Medio, sm. means, way, middle,
Mataban, F. Matar, ind. impf. Sp. centre.
they killed. Medio-a, a. half; en medio, in the
Matar, inf. pres. va. to kill, to mur- midst.
der, to slay, to extinguish, to vex. Mediocridad, sf. competency; me-
Matar an, F. Matar, subj. imp. Sp. diocrity, small degree.
would kill. Mediodia, sm. noon, mid-day, south.

226
 ;

MEN MEZ
Medir, inf. va. to measure, to com- Mensajero, sm. messenger.
pare, to moderate. Mente, sf. mind.
Meditacion, sf. meditation, profound Mentecato-a, a. silly, foolish, stu-
thought, contemplation. pid s. a stupid person.
;

Medroso-a, a. fearful, terrible, hor- Mentira, sf falsehood, lie, error.

rid. Mentiroso-a, a. lying, erroneous,
Mejor, a. comp. better. incorrect s. a liar. ;

Mejorar, inf. va. to better, to im- Menudo-a, a. small, worthless, vul-

prove, to meliorate. gar.
Melancolia, sf. melancholy, gloomi- Mercader, sm. a trader, shop-keeper,
ness, depression. dealer.
Melancolico-a, a. melancholy, Mercadena,
sf. merchandise, goods,
gloomy, depressed. elfects.
Melendez Valdes, sm. prop. Me- Merced, sf. a benefit, favour; merced
lendez Valdes, one of the greatest a, thanks to.
lyric poets of Spain. Eorn 1754, Merced, sf. worship su merced, ;

died 1817. his worship.

Memorable, a. memorable. Merece, F. Merecer, ind. pres. 3s.
Memoria, sf. memory, remembrance, deserves.
glory, record, monument. Mereced6r-a, a. deserving, worthy,
Memorial, sm. memorial, petition meritorious.
memorandum-book. Merecen, F. Merecer, ind. pres. Sp.
Mendfgo-a, a. mendicant, venal, they deserve.
mercenary s. a beggar.
; Merecer, inf. va. to deserve, to be
Menester, sm. necessity, want, em- indebted for.
ployment, what is necessary. Merecia, F. Merecer, ind. impf. 3s.
Menguado-a, a. diminished, im- deserved, merited.
paired pusillanimous, weak.
;
Meridional, sm. southern.
Menor, a. comp. less, smaller; el, Merito, sm. merit, desert.
la, menor, the least. Mero-a, a. mere, nothing but.
Menos, ad. less ; except, excepting Mesa, sf. table, boarding.
save. Mesias, sm. Messiah (the Redeem-
Menoscaban, F. Menoscabar, ind. er.)
pres. Sp. they destroy. Metal, sm. metal, strength of voice.
Menoscabar, inf. va. to destroy, to Meten, F. Meter, ind. pres. Sp. they
impair, to deteriorate. put.
Menospreciador-a, s. detester, de- Meter, inf. va, to put, to include., to

spiser, contemner. occasion, to stake.

Menosprecian, F. Menospreciar, Meter gorra, va. and n. to sponge.
ind. pres. Sp. they despise. Metido-a, F. Meter, part. abs. beina
Menospreciando, F. Despreclar, ger. put, included, induced, strained.
despising, disdaining. Metio, F. Meter, ind. pret. 3s. put,
Menospreciar, inf. va. to despise, to did put, was putting.
depreciate, to contemn. Mezclando, F. Mezclar,ger. mixing,
Menosprecio, sm. contempt, scorn, mingling.
disregard.

227
 MIR MIT
Mezclar, inf. va. to mix, to mingle. Miraban, F. Mirar, ind. impf. 3p.
Mezclaran, F. Mezclar, subj. 1 impf, they looked at.
Sp. they should mix. Mirad, imp. pres. 2p. see, know,
Mi F. Yo.pron.per. s.o.to me, me. mind, take care.
s

Mi, pron. pos. like Mio; my, mine. Miran, F. Mirar, ind. pres. 3p. they
Midiendo, F. Medir, ger. measuring. look, see.
Mi; do, sm. fear, apprehension. Mirando, F. Mirar, ger. seeing,
Miente, sf. mind; v. lies. looking at.
Mi en ten, F. Mentir, ind. pres. 3p. Mirar, inf. va. to look, to see, to
they lie, speak falsely. mind, to behold, to respect.
Miento, F. Mentir, ind. pres. Is. I Miras, F. Mirar, ind. pres. 2s. thou
lie, speak falsely. regardest, seest.
Mientra, or Mientras, ad. whilst, Mirasteis, F. Mirar, ind. pret. 2p.
in the mean time. you or ye looked at.
Miguel, sub. prop. in. Michael, a Mire, F. Mirar, imp. pres. 3s. let,
man's name. look.
Mil, a. num. one thousand, a thou- Mire, F. Mirar, subj. pres. 1 or 3s.
sand. mav look.
Milagro, sni. miracle, prodigy, Miren, F. Mirar, subj. pres. 3p.
wonder. they may look.
Militar, a. military, warlike ; s. a Mirhido-a, a. affected, consequen-
soldier; v. to militate. tial.

Millon, s. num. a million. Miro, F. Mirar, ind. pres. Is. I look.

Mina, sf. mine; spring. Miro, F. Mirar, ind. pret. 3s. looked.
Mineral, a. mineral s. a mineral. Miron, sm. observer, gazer.
;

Minimo-a, a. super, least, smallest. Mis, pron. pos. p. n. or o. my, mine.

Ministerio, sm. office, ministry. Miserable, a. poor, miserable, un-
Mimstran, F. Ministrar, ind. pres. fortunate ; wretch.
Sp. serve. Miseria, sf. misery, calamity, cove-
Ministrar, inf. va. to serve, to per- tousness.
form the functions. Misericordia, sf. mercy, pity, com-
Ministro-a, sm. minister, officer, miseration.
magistrate. Misero-a, a. miserable, wretch, dis-
Minorar, inf. pres. va. to lesson, to tracted, poor, indigent.
reduce, to decrease. Mismo-a, a. the same, equal, self.
Minoro, F. Minorar, ind. pret. 3s. Misterio, sm. mystery, machination,
reduced. artifice.
Mio-a, pron. pos. s. n. or o. my, Misterioso-a, a. mysterious, dark,
mine. obscure.
Mira, sf. view, object; attention. Mitad, sf. the half, one-half.
Mira, F. Mirar, ind. pres. 2s. be- Mitigaba, F. Mitigar, ind. impf. 1
hold, or mind thou, see. or 3s. mitigated.
Mira, F. Mirar, ind. pres. 3s. looks, Mitigando, F. Mitigar, ger. miti-
sees, minds. gating, assuaging.
Mir aba, F. Mirar, ind. impf. 3s. Mitigar, inf. va. to mitigate, to as-
looked, saw, minded. suage, to soften, to quench
228
 MON MOR
Mitigo, F. Mitigar, ind. pret. 3s. Monipodio,
m. Monipo- sub. prop.
mitigated. dio, bad
a celebrated fictitious
Moda, sf. fashion, custom; a la character in the Novelas Ejem-
moda, fashionable. plares Monitory Tales of Cer-
Modelo, sm. model, example, copy, vantes, the author of D. Quixote.
pattern. Monstruosamente, ad. monstrously.
Modera, F. Moderar, ind. pres. 3s. Montana, sf. mountain, rock.
moderates. Montar, inf. va. to mount; vn. to
Moderacion, sf. moderation, tempe- go on horse-back, to amount.
rance, frugality. Monte, sm. mount, wood.
Moderan, F. Moderar, ind. pres. Bp. Montezuma, sub. prop. m. Monte-
they moderate. zuma, the last Indian emperor of
Moderar, inf. va. to moderate, to Mexico.
regulate, to adjust. Montiel, sub. prop. m. Montiel, a
Moderar, inf. vr. to become mode- place in Spain.
rate, or temperate. Monro, F. Montar, ind. pret. 3s.
Moderno-a, a. modern, recent, late. mounted.
Modernos, sm. p. the moderns. Monton, sm. pile, heap.
Modestia, sf. modesty, decency. Mora, (Jose Joaquin de) sm. prop.
Modesto-a, a. modest, unassuming, Mora, the name of a highly cele-
pure, chaste. brated living Spanish writer. He
Modo, sm. manner, mode ; de modo, is distinguished for his admirable
or de modo que, so that. Spanish version of Sir Walter
Mof ado, part, scorned, scoffed. Scott's Ivanhoe and The Talis-
Mofador, sm. scoffer, scorner. man.
Mohatra, sm. usurer, impostor. Morada, sf. habitation, abode, resi-
Mojado-a, F. Mojar, part, wet, dence.
moistened. Morado-a, a. violet colour.
Molde, sm. mould, model. Morador, sm. inhabitant, dweller.
Molesta, F. Molestar, ind. pres. 3s. Moral, sm. morality mulberry- ;

troubles. tree; a. moral.

Molestar, inf. va. to harass, to mo- Mordian, F. Morder, ind. 1 impf.
lest, to vex, to trouble. Sp. they bit.
Molestia, sf molestation, injury, More, sub. prop. m. More, a very
trouble. distinguished English statesman.
Molestisimo-a, a. super, most trou- Moreno, a. brown, dark, swarthy.
blesome, most vexing. Moribundo-a, adj. dying.
Molientes, a. grinding. Morir, ind. pres. vn. to die, to per-
Molina, sub. prop. m. Molina, a ish, to become extinct.
personage in Gil Bias. Morirla, F. Morir, subj. imp. 3s.
Momento, sm. moment, conse- would die.
quence, importance. Moro-a, a. Moorish, Moor; Mora,
Monarca, sm. monarch. Moorish lady, woman.
Monarquia, sf. monarchy, kingdom. Mortal, a. mortal, subject to death.
Moneda, sf money, coin. Mortificacion, sf. mortification,
grief, sorrow.
20 229
 ;

MUD MUT
Mostraba, F. Mostrar, ind. impf. 1 Muera, F. Morir, imp. pres. 3s. let
or 3s. showed. it, him, or her die.

Mostraban, F. Mostrar, ind. impf. Muera, F. Monr, subj. pres. 1 or 3s.

Hp. they showed. she may die.
Mostrando, F. Mostrar, ger. show- Muere, F. Morir, ind. pres. 3s. dies.
ing, pointing out. Muero, F. Morir, ind. pret. Is. 1
Mostrado, F. Mostrar, part, shown, die.
proved, demonstrated. Muerte, sf. death, assassination.
Mostrar, inf. va. to show, to exhi- Muerto, sm. corpse, a dead body.
bit, to establish, to explain. Muerto-a, a. dead, faded.
Mostraron, F. Mostrar, ind. pret. Sp. Muestra, sf. sign, manifestation
they showed. pattern, specimen, model, exam-
Mostro, F. Mostrar, ind. pret. 3s. ple.
showed. Muestra, F. Mostrar, irid. pres. 3s.
Motejando, F. Motejar, ger. cen- shows.
suring, ridiculing. Muestran, F. Mostrar, ind. pres. Sp.
Motejar, inf. va. to ridicule, to they show.
censure. Muestras, F. Mostrar, ind. pres. 2s.
Motejaron, F. Motejar, ind. pret. thou showest.
Sp. they censured. Muestre, F. Mostrar, subj. pres. 3s.
Moviiniento, mi. movement, mo- may show.
tion, disturbance, revolt. Mui, ad. very, much, very much.
Movio, F. Mover, ind. pret. 3s. Mujer, sf. woman, wife.
moved or excited. Mulatero, sm. jockey, mule-driver.
M6zo-a, a. young; s. mozo, a young Mullido-a, a. beaten up.
man ; moza, a young woman. Mundano-a, adj. worldly, of the
Muchaca, sf. girl. world.
Muchedumbre, sf. multitude, abun- Mundo, sm. world, manners.
dance, plenty. Murio, F. Morir, ind. pret. 3s. died.
Muchisimo-a, a. super, very much, Murmuracion, sf. murmur, calum-
extremely. ny, slander.
Mucho, ad. and a. much, very Murmur ar, inf. vn. to murmur, to
abundant, numerous, long. backbite, to censure.
Mucho, s. great quantity, great dis- Murmures, F. Murmurar, subj. pres.
tance, long time. 2s. thou mayest murmur.

Mudable, a. changeable, fickle, va- Muro, sm. wall, rampart.

riable. Mustio-a, a. sad, sorrowful, with-
Mudanza, sf. change, alteration, ered.
levity. Mutuamente, ad. mutually.
 NAT NEG

N
Nacarado-a, a. pearl-coloured, set Naufrajio, S7n. shipwreck, miscar-
with pearls. riage, disappointment.
Nace, F. Nacer, ind. pres. 3s. is Nausea, sf nauseousness, disgust,
born, or rises. displeasure.
Naced, F. Nacer, imp. 2p. Navarra, sub. prop,
arise Navarre, a f
spring up (ye.) province of Spain.
Nace is, F. Nacer. ind. pres. 2p. ye Navarro, sm. native of Navarre.
or you are born, or rise. Navegacion, sf. voyage, passage,
Nacen, F. Nacer, ind. pres. Bp. they navigation.
are born, or rise. Navio, sm. vessel, a ship of the
Nacer, inf. vn. to be born, to rise, to line, a man of war.
blossom, to bud, to spring. Necesario-a, a. necessary, indispen-
Naci, F. Nacer, ind. pret. Is. I was sable, requisite.
born. Necesidad, sf. necessity, need, co-
Nacido-a, a. born, risen, issued; gency.
part, been born. Necesitais, F. Necesitar, ind. pres.
Naciente, part. pres. rising, coming 2p. you want.
into existence. Necesitan, F. Necesitar, ind. pres.
Nacieron, F. Nacer, ind. pret. Sp. 3p. they want.
they were born. Necesitar, inf. vn. to want, to be in
Naciese, F. Nacer, subj. 3 impf. 2s. want of, to need.
should be born. Necesitaron, F. Necesitar, ind. pret.
Nacimiento, sm. birth, nativity, 3p. they wanted.
commencement, origin, rising. Necesitasen, F. Necesitar, subj. 3
Nacio, F. Nacer, ind. pret. 3s. was impf. 3p. they should, could, or
born. would want.
Nada, sf. non-existence; Necesito, F. Necesitar, ind. pres.
nothing, Is.

ad. by no means. I want, need.

Nada, F. Nadar, ind. pres. 3s. Necio-a, a. and s. foolish, stupid,
swims. nonsensical.
Nadar, inf. pres. vn. to float, to Negar, inf. pres. va. to deny, to re-
swim, to be loose, to abound. fuse; vr. to abstain.
Nadie, pron. indef no one, nobody. Nego, F. Negar, ind. pret. va. denied.
Nardo, sm. spikenard. Negociaba, F. Negociar, ind. impf
Nariz, sf. nose, nostril. 1 or 3s. traded.
Natural, a. native, natural tem- Negociaban, F. Negociar, ind. impf.
; s.

per, disposition. 3p. they traded.

Naturaleza, sf. nature, virtue, pro- Negocian, F. Negociar, ind. pres.
pensity. 3p. they trade.
Naturalidad, sf. nature, candour, Negociante, sm. merchant, trader,
simplicity. dealer.
Nataralmente, ad. naturally, hu- Negociar, inf. vn. to trade, to nego-
manly. tiate.

231
 ;

n6b NUE
Negociaron, F. Negociar, ind. pret.\Nobleza., sf. nobility.
Sp. they traded. iNoche, sf. night, darkness.
Negociasen, F. Negociar, subj. 3 Nombnido, F. Nombrar, part, ap-
impf. Sp. they should trade. pointed, nominated, called.
Negccio, sm. affair, business, com- Nombre, sm. name, noun.
merce. Nonajenario-a, a. and sub. ninety
Negro-a, a. black. years old.
Neron, snb. prop. m. Nero, a Roman Norma, sf. model, standard, rule.
tyrant. Norte, and
s. northern, the North.
a.
Nerva, sub. prop. f Nerva, a place Norte, sm. rule, guide, star.
in Sweden. Nos, F. Nosotros, or Nos, pron. per.
Nervio, sm. nerve, artery. p. o. we, us ; to, for, in, us.

Nervado, F. Nevar, part, snowed Nosotros-as, pron. per. n. p. we.

Ni, conj. neither, nor; not; ni siqui- Nosotros, pron. per. p. o. us, to us.
era, not even. Nota, F. Notar, imp. 2s. remark
Nido, sm. nest, abode, residence. thou, note.
Niega, F. Negar, ind. pres. 3s. de- Nota, F. Notar, ind. pres. 3s. re-
nies. marks.
Niegan, F. Negar, ind. pres. Sp. Notado-a, a. remarkable, noted.
they deny. Notado, F. Notar, part, remarked,
Niego, F. Negar, ind. jwm\ Is. I observed.
deny. Notan, F. Notar, ind. pres. Sp. they
Nieremberg, (Juan Eusebio) sm. remark.
prop, a Spanish classic writer. Notar, inf. va. to remark, to observe,
Born in Madrid, in' 1595; died to note, to take notes.
1638. Noticia, sf news, information,
JVieto, sm. grandson; nieta, grand- knowledge, advice.
daughter. No to, F. Notar, ind. pres. Is. I re-

Nieve, sf. snow, extreme whiteness.mark.

Ni nfa, sf nymph. Noto, F. Notar, ind. pret. Ss. re-
Ningun-a, pron. indef no, nobody, marked.
no person. Novedad, sf. novelty, admiration,
Ninguno, pron. indef. nobody, not new s. r

one, not any body. Novela, sf novel, romance, fiction.

Nineria, sf. puerility, childishness, Noventa, a. num. ninety.
gewgaw. No via, sf. bride.
Ninez, sf childhood. Novio, sm. bridegroom.
Nino-a, sub. child; a. young, child- Nube, sf cloud, film, shade.
ish. Nubecilla, sf. small cloud, dim. of
No, ad. no, not ; nothing no mas,
; Nube.
nothing else ; no ya, not only Nublado, sm. cloud, darkness, per-
not. turbation.
Nobilisimo-a, a. super, most noble, Nudo, sm. joint, contraction ; knot.
very noble. Nuestro-a, pron. pos. o. or n. our,
Noble, a. noble, illustrious ; s. no- ours.
bleman. Nuevamente, ad. newly, recently.
232
 !

OBR OBT
Nuevo-a, new, repaired, Defin- Numantino-a, a. Numantine, re-
a.

ing ; de nuevo. anew. lating to Numantia.

Numancia, sub. prop. f Numantia, Numero, sm. number, cypher, mul-
a city of Spain, distinguished in titude, harmony.

ancient times by the valour of its Numeroso-a, a. numerous, harmo-

inhabitants. nious, melodious.
Numantino-a, s. i^umantine, a na- Nunca, ad. never.
tive of Numantia. Nupcial, a. nuptial, any thing per-
taining to marriage.

o
6, conj. or, either ; inter, oh 6bran, F. Obrar, ind. pres. 3p. they
Obcecado-a, adj. dazzled, blinded. labour.
Obedeceis, F. Obedecer, ind. pres. Obrar, inf. pres. va. to work ; to
2p. ye or you obey. perform ; to act.
Obedecen, F. Obedecer, md. pres. 6bras, F. Obrar, ind. pres. 2s. thou
Sp. they obey. labourest.
Obedecer, inf. va. to obey, to sub- Obrase, F. Obrar, subj. 3 impf 1

mit to, to yield to. or 3s. should labour.

Obediencia, sf. obedience, submis- Obscurecer, inf. va. to darken, to
sion, precept, docility. denigrate, to grow dark.
Obispo, sm. bishop. Obscuridad, sf. obscurity, darkness,
Objeto, sm. object, view, end, de- confusion.
sign. Obscuro-a, a. obscure, unintelligi-
^

Obligacion, sf. obligation, duty; ble, dark, gloomy, confused.

contract, provision-office. Observaban, F. Observar, ind. imp
Obligar, inf. va. to oblige, to com- Sp. observed.
pel. Observancia, sf. observance, respect,
Obligas, F. Obligar, ind. pres. 2s. reverence, careful obedience.
thou obligest. Observando, F. Observar, ger. ob-
Obligue, F. Obligar, subj. pres. 3s. serving, remarking.
may oblige. Observar, inf. va. to observe, to at
6bra, F. Obrar, ind. pres. 3s. la- tend to, to obey, to execute.
bours. Observas, F. Observar, ind. pres
6bra, sf. deed, work, labour, writ- 2s. thou observest.
ing ; en obra, in practice, accom- Obstinacion, sf. obstinacy, stub
+ plished, inflicted. bornness, obduracy.
Obraba, F. Obrar, ind. impf. 1 or Obstinado-a, part, or adjec. deter
3s. laboured. mined, obstinate having resolved
;

Obrad, F. Obrar, imp. pres. 2p. Obtendra, F. Obtener, ind. fit. 3s

labour you. shall, will obtain.
Obrado, F. Obrar, part, manufac- Obtener, inf. va. to obtain, to ac-
tured, executed, constructed. quire, to preserve, to maintain.

20* 233
 OFI 6IG
Dcasion, sf. occasion, opportunity, Oficio, sm. occupation, business,
season, cause, motive. trade, profession, official letter.
Ocasionaba, F. Ocasionar, ind. impf. Oficioso-a, a. officious, attentive.

3s. occasioned, caused. Ofrece, F. Ofrecer, ind. pres. 3s.

Ocasionar, inf. va. to cause, to oc- oilers.

casion, to excite, to endanger. Ofrecer, inf. va. to offer, to present,

Oceano, sm. ocean; mar oceano, the to manifest to consecrate.
great sea. Ofreci, F. Ofrecer, ind. pret. Is. I
6cho, a. num. eight. offered.
6cio, sm. laziness, indolence, lei- Ofrecia, F. Ofrecer, ind. impf. 1 or
sure. 3s. offered.
Ocioso-a, a. idle, indolent, lazy. Ofreci an, F. Ofrecer, ind. imp. Sp.
Octajenario-a, a. and s. eighty years they oliered.
old. Ofreciendo, F. Ofrecer, ger. offer-
Octavo-a, a. num. eighth, the eighth. ing, presenting.
Ocultar, inf. va. to conceal, to hide, Ofrecieron, F. Ofrecer, ind. pret.
to disguise, to keep secret. 3p. they offered.
Oculto-a, F. Ocultar, part, conceal- Ofrecimiento, sm. promise, offering.
ed, hidden. Ofrecio, F. Ofrecer, ind. pret. 3s.
Ociilto, F. Ocultar, ind. pres. Is. offered.
I conceal. Ofrenda, sf. offering, oblation, ho-
Ocupaban, F. Ocupar, ind. impf. mage.
Sp. they occupied. Ofuscado-a, part, blind, dazzled.
Ocupacion, sf. occupation, employ- Ofuscando, F. Ofuscar, ger. blind-
ment, profession. ing, dazzling.
Ocupado-a, part, or adj. occupied, Ofuse an, F. Ofuscar, ind. pres. Sp.
employed, engaged, disturbed. disturb.
Ocupar, inf. va. to occupy, to en- Oh, inter, oh.
gage, to fill. Oi, F. Oir, ind. pret. Is. I heard,
O-cuparse, vn. r. to be engaged, to listened to.
be busy. Oido, F. Oir, part, heard, listened
Ocurrencia, sf. occurrence, event, to ; s. ear.

incident. Oiga, F. Oir, imp. pres. 3s. let

6dio, sm. hatred, detestation. hear.

Odiosisimo-a, a. super, most or very 6iga, F. Oir, subj. pres. 1 or 3s.
odious, detestable, hateful. may hear.
Odorifero-a, a. odoriferous, fragrant, 6igan, F. Oir, subj. pres. Sp. may
perfumed. hear.
Ofende, F. Ofender, ind. pres. 3s. 6igas, F. Oir, subj. pres. 2s. thou
oifends. may est hear.
Ofender, inf. va. to oifend, to make Oigo, F. Oir, ind. pres. Is. I hear.
angry, to injure. Oir, inf. va. to hear, to perceive, to
Ofendido-a,^ar£. adjec. offended, af- understand, to listen to.

fronted, vexed, injured, displeased. Oira, F. Oir, ind. fat. 3s. will or
Oficial, sm. journeyman, officer, shall hear.

clerk, magistrate.
234
 OPE 6RD
Oiste, F. Oir, ind. pret. 2s. thou Operacion, sf. operation, action,
heardst. conduct.
Ojaza, aug. of Ojo, sm. large, big Operan, F. Operar, ind. pres. Sp.
eye. they operate.
Ojeada, sf. glance, glimpse. Operar, inf. va. to operate, to act,
Ojete, dim. of Ojo, sm. little, small to have agency.
eye. Opinion, sf. opinion, judgment, re-
r
Ojo, sm. eye ; sight, lather. putation, character.
Ojuelo, sm. small, pretty eye, dim. Opone, F. Oponer, ind. pres. 3s.
of 0/o. opposes.
Ola, sf. wave, billow. Oponen, F. Oponer, ind. pres. Sp.
Olanda, sf. cambric, linen. they oppose.
Olavides (Pablo) sm.prop. Olavides, Oponer, inf. va. to oppose, to con-
Count of Pilo. Born in Lima, tradict, to object.
Peru, 1740, died in Spain, 1803. Opongan, F. Oponer, subj. 2ires. Sp.
He is distinguished for his perse- they may oppose.
cutions, for his ill-requited spirit Oportunidad, sf. opportunity, occa-
of improvement, for his talents as sion, convenience.
a writer, and for being the author Oportuno-a, a. opportunely, be-
of "El Evanjelio en Tfiunfo," times, seasonable, convenient.
The Gospel in Triumph. Oposicion, sf. opposition, contra-
Olor, sm. smell, odour, hope. diction, competition.
Oloroso-a, a. odoriferous, smelling, Opresion, sf. oppression, calamity,
fragant. tyranny.
Olvidaba, F. Olvidar, ind. impf 1 Opresivo-a, adj. oppressive, tyran-
or 3s. forgot. nical.
Olvidais, F. Olvidar, ind. pres. 2p. Oprimen, F. Oprimir, ind. pres. Sp.
you or ye forget. they oppress.
Olvidando, F. Olvidar, ger. forget- Oprimir, inf. va. to oppress, to
ing, neglecting. crush, to overpower.
afflict, to

Olvidar, inf. pres. va. to forget, to Oprobio, sm. opprobrium, ignominy,

neglect to omit. calumny, shame.
Olvidas, F. Olvidar, ind. pres. 2s. Opuesto-a, a. opposite; contrary,
thou forgettest. adverse.
Olvides, F. Olvidar, subj. pres. 2s. Opulencia, sf opulence, wealth,
thou mayest forget. riches.
Olvido, sm. oblivion, forgetfulness. 6ra, conj. now, whether, whether it

Omitir, inf. pres. va. to omit, to be.

neglect, to pass over in silence. Oraba, F. Orar, ind. impf. 3s.
Omnipotente, sm. Omnipotent, Al- prayed.
mighty. Oracion, sf prayer, supplication,
Ondeando, F. Ondear, ger. undula- petition.
ting, fluctuating. Orador, sm. orator, panegyrist, en-
Ondear, inf. va. to undulate, to wave. comiast.
Opera, F. Operar, ind. pres. 3s. Orar, inf. vn. to pray, to supplicate
operates. heaven, to ask, to harangue.
235
 osc 6ye
6rden, sf. order, precept. Oscuridad, sf. obscurity, darkness,
Ordena, F. Ordenar, ind. pres. 3s. confusion.
ordains. Oscuro-a, a. obscure, dark, unin-
Ordenado-a, part, adjec. ordered, telligible.
commanded, ordained. Ostentacion, sf ostentation, out-
Ordenanza, sf. method, order, law, ward show, vain display.
ordinance. Ostentado, F. Ostentar, part, de-
Ordenar, inf. va. to ordain, to order, monstrated, bragged, praised.
to command, to direct. Ost.entado-a, a. ostentatious, fond
Ordeno, F. Ordenar, ind. pret. 3s. of display.
ordained. Ostentan, F. Ostentar, ind. pres. 3p.
Ordinario-a, a. ordinary, coarse; de they brag of.
ordinario, usually. Ostentar, inf. pres. va. to show, to
Orgullo, sm. pride, arrogance, demonstrate, to boast, to brag, to
haughtiness. make a display, a show.
Orgull6so-a, a. proud,
haughty, Ostentes, F. Ostentar, subj. pres. 2s.

brisk, active. thou mayest display.

Orijen, sm. origin, source, motive, Ostento, F. Ostentar, ind. pret. 3s.
birthplace. it, he, or she displayed.

Orilla, sf. bank (of a river,) border, Ostento, sm. show, spectacle, pro-
limit, edge, footpath. digy.
Ornad, F. Omar, imp. pres. 2p. or- Otero, sm. hill, eminence.
nament you. Otoinano-a, sub. Ottoman, Turk.
Ornar, inf. pres. va. to ornament, Otomano-a, a. Ottoman, relating
to to
adorn, to embellish, to decorate. the Turkish empire.
Ornato, sm. ornament, dress, deco- Otoinan, sub. Ottoman, Turk.
ration. Otoman, a. Ottoman, Turkish.
6ro, sm. gold, riches, trinket. 6tro-a, a. another, other; next;
Ortiz, sm. prop, a late Mexican next one.
writer. Otrosj, ad. in the same manner,
Os, F. Vos, or Vosotros, pron. per. also, besides, further.

p. o. you, ye; to you, to ye. Oveja, sf. ewe, flock.

Osaba, F. Osar, ind. impf. 1 or 3s. 6ye, F. Oir, ind. pres. 3s. it, he, or
I, it, he, or she dared. she hears.
Osaban, F. Osar, ind. impf. 3p. 6ye, F. Oir, imp. pres. 2s. hear thou.
they dared. Oyen, F. Oir, ind. pres. 3p. they hear.
Osadia, sf. courage, intrepidity, Oyendo, F. Oir, ger. hearing, per-
zeal, ardour. ceiving.
Osar, inf. pres. vn. to dare, to ven Oyente, sm. hearer, auditor.
ture, to be so bold as, to fancy. Oyentes, sm. p. audience.
Osa.se, F. Osar, subj. 3 impf 1 or Oyeron, F. Oir, ind. pret. 3p. heard,
3s. I or he should dare. listened to.
Osasen, F. Osar, subj. 3 impf 3p. Oyes, F. Oir, ind. pres. 2s. thou
they should dare. nearest.
 PAL PAR

Pablo, sub. prop. m. Paul, a man's Palpa, F. Palpar, ind. pres. 3s. he,

name. she, or it feels.

Padecen, F. Padecer, ind. pres. 3p. Palpablemente, ad. evidently, clear-

they suffer.
Padecer, inf. pres. va. to suffer, to Paipar, inf. pres. va. to feel, to

sustain an injury, to be liable to. touch, to search by feeling in the

Padeci, F. Padecer, ind. pret. 3s. I dark.
suffered. Pan, sm. bread, support.
Padeciendo, F. Padecer, ger. suffer- Pantalia, sf. discharge.
ing. Papa, sm. Pope, the Pontiff.
Padezcan, F. Padecer, subj. pres. Papel, sm. paper; figure; show,
Sp. they may suffer. eclat; standing.
Padre, sin. father, parent ; ancestor, Par, sm. pair, equal ; sin par, match-
origin. less, without equal a la par a ;

Paga, F. Pagar, ind. pret. Bs. it, he, par, both at once de par en par, ;

or she pays. a-jar, (speaking of a door.)

Pagado-a,_par/. and a. pleased, paid, Para, prep, for, to, towards, to the
discharged, atoned, rewarded. end ;
para con, in regard to, re-
Pagan, F. Pagar, ind. pres. Sp. they specting.
pay- Para, F. Parar, ind. pres. 3s. stops,
Pagar, inf. pres. va. to pay, to atone, detains.
to please, to reward. Par ad, F. Parar, imp. pres. 2p. stop.
Pagaron, F. Pagar, ind. pret. Sp. Paraje, sm. place, residence, condi-
they paid. tion, disposition.
Pagas, F. Pagar, ind. pres. 2s. thou Paralelo, sm. parallel, comparison,
payest. match.
Pais, sm. country, nation, place. Parar, inf. va. to detain, to impede,
Paja, sm. straw, blade. to end, to happen, to stop.
Pajarillo, sm. small bird, dim. of Parar, inf. vn. to stop, to halt.
Pdjaro. Parche, sm. patch, plaster.
Paje, sm. page, domestic. Parece, F. Parecer, ind. pres. 3s.
Palabra, sf word, affirmation, pro- appears.
mise. Parece d, F. Parecer, imp. 2p. ap-
Palacio, sm. palace, castle, splendid pear.
house. Parecen, F. Parecer, ind. pres. Sp.
Paliadas, sf. fabulous virgins, con- they appear.
secrated to Jupiter, by the The- Parecer, inf. vn. to appear, to seem,
bans of Egypt. to resemble.
Paliado-a, a. deceitful, hypocritical, Parecer, sm. opinion, look ; al pa-
infamous. recer, to all appearances.
Palillo, sm. a small stick, tooth- Pareces, F. Parecer, ind. pres. 2s.
pick, rolling-pin. thou appearest, seemst.

237
 PAR PAS
Pared, F. Parecer, ind. pret. Is. I Partiendo, F. Partir, ger. departing,
appeared. setting out.
Parecia, F. Parecer, bid. impf. 1 or Partio, F. Partir, ind. pret. 3s. de-
3s. I, it, he, or she appeared. parted.
Parecian, F. Parecer, ind. imp/. Sp. Partir, inf. vn. to depart, to go off,

they appeared. to set out, to start.

Parecido-a, a. resembling, like, fa- Partir, inf. va. to divide, to separate,
vouring. to part, to resolve.
Parecido, F. Parecer, part, appear- Pasa, ind. pret. 3s. passes, spends.
ed, found out, approved. Pas aba, F. Pasar 9 ind. impf 1 or
Pareciendo, F. Parecer, ger. appear- 3s. passed.
ing. Pas ado, F. Pasar, part, passed,
^
Parecio, F. Parecer, ind. pret. 3s. it, pierced.
appeared. Pasais, F. Pasar, ind. ])res. 2p. ye
Pared, sf. wall, rampart. or you pass.
Parentesco, sm. kindred, consan- Pasan, F. Pasar, ind. pres. Sp. they
guinity, relationship, union, link. pass.
Pariente, sm. relation, kindred; a. Pasando, F. Pasar, ger. passing,
resembling. penetrating.
Parleria, sf. loquacity, garrulity, Pasar, inf. va. to pass, to cross, to
talking, chirping. run through, to exceed.
Paro, F. Parar, ind. pres. Is. I Pasar, inf. vn. to pass, to go, to call
stop. on, to die.
Parpado, sm. eyelid. Pasara, F. Pasar. subj. impf 1 or
Parroco, sm. curate, rector. &c. might or would pass.
3s. I, he,

Parroquia, sf. parish. Pasaron, F. Pasar, ind. pret. Sp.

Parte, sf. part, share ; some ; de they passed.
parte a parte, through. Pasas, F. Pasar, ind. pres. 2s. thou
Parten, F. Partir, ind. pres. 3p. passest.
they depart. Pasase, F. Pasar, subj. 3 impf. 1 or
Partia, F. Partir, ind. impf. 1 or 3s. 3s. he might, should, w ould pass. T

departed. Pasasen, F. Pasar, subj. 3 impf. Sp.

Participan, F. Participar, ind. pres. should, would, might pass.
Sp. they participate. Pasear, inf. vn. to w alk, to move r

Participo, F. Participar, ind. pres. slowly, to go, to take exercise.

Is. I participate. Paseado, F. Pasear, part, walked.
Particular, a. private, particular, moved.
peculiar, special, singular. Pasean, F. Pasear, ind. pres. Sp.
Particularmente, ad. particularly, they w alk.
r

especially. Pasmado-a, part, adjec. chilled, as-

Partida, sf quality, item, (in ac- tonished, enraptured.
count,) departure. Pasmar, inf. va. to astonish, to awe.
Partido, sm. measure, favour, pro- Pasmaron, (se) ind. pret. Sp. they
tection, contract ; match. wr ere astonished.
Partido, F. Partir, part, divided, Pasmaron, F. Pasmar, ind. pret.
departed. Sp. they astonished.
238
 ;

PED PEN
Paso, sm. step, passage ; al paso Pedis, F. Pedir, ind. pres. 2p. you
que, at the same time that. ask.
Paso, ind.pret. 3s. he went to, called Pedregoso-a, a. stony, cragged,
at. rugged.
Paso, F. Pasar, ind. pres. Is. I pass. Pedrena, sf. a collection of fine
Pastor, sm. shepherd, pastor. stones.
Pastora, sf. shepherdess. Pedro el Cruel, sub. prop. m. Peter
Pastorcillo-a, sub. dim. of Pastor. the Cruel, a tyrant of Spain.
Patavino, sm. a native of Padua, or Pelayo, sub. prop. m. Pelagius, the
Patavium, Italy. first Spanish hero that rose against
Patente, sf. patent, warrant, com- the Moorish yoke.
mission. Pelea, sf. fight, combat, struggle.
Patente, a. manifest, evident, plain. Peleado, F. Pelear, part, fought.
Paternal, a. paternal, fatherly. Pelear, inf. pres. va. to fight, to
Patio, sm. yard, court, pit. combat, to quarrel, to contend.
Patria, sf. native country, birth- Pelearon, F. Pelear, ind. pret. Bp.
place, country. fought.
Patron, pi. Patronos; sm. supporter; Peligro, sm. danger, risk, hazard;
guardian, saint. de peligro, dangerous.
Paves, sm. shield. Peligroso-a, a. dangerous, perilous,
Pavor, sm. dread, terror. venturous, hazardous.
Paz, sf. peace. Pel6so-a, a. hairy, covered with
Peca, F. Pecar, ind. pres. 3s. sins, hair.
transgresses. Pellejo, sm. skin, fur, hide.
Pecado, sm. sin, transgression, ex- Pena, sf punishment, pain, penal-
travagance. ty; grief, sorrow.
Pecar, be want- Pende, F. Pender, ind. pret. 3s. it,
inf. vn. to sin ; to
ing, to commit excess. he, or she hangs, or depends.
Pecaste, F. Pecar, ind.pret. 2s. thou Pendencia, sf quarrel, disagree-
sinnedst. ment, dispute.
Pececillo, sm. small fish, dim. of Pender, inf. pres. vn. to hang over,
Pez, or Pezcado. to depend, to be resolute.
Pecho, sm. breast, courage, bosom Pendiente, a. hanging, depending
;

heart. s. declivity.
Pecador-a, sub. sinner, offender, de- Penetra, F. Penetrar, ind. pres. 3s.
linquent. it, he, or she penetrates.

Pedazo, sm. piece, bit, selection. Penetrando, F. Penetrar, ger. pene-

Pedia, F. Pedir, ind. impf. 3s. trating.
asked, begged. Penetrar, inf. pres. va. to penetrate,
Pedian, F. Pedir, ind. impf. Sp. they to pierce, to be convinced, to un-
asked. derstand, to affect the mind.
Pedir, inf. va. to ask, to petition, to Peninsula, sm. a peninsula, or a
wish, to desire, to demand. portion of land almost surround-
Pedira, F. Pedir, ind. fat. 3s. will, ed by water ; hence Spain is fre-

shall ask. quently called the Peninsula.

£39
 PER PER
Penitencia, sf. atonement, penance, Perdi era, F. Perder, subj. 1 impf
privation. 1 or 3s. would lose.
Penoso-a, a. painful. Perdieron, F. Perder, ind. pret. Sjj.

Pensaba, F. Pensar, ind. impf. 1 or they lost.

3s. thought, was thinking. Perdiese, F. Perder, subj. 3 impf 1

Pensainiento, sm. thought, idea, de- or 3s. should lose.

sign. Perdio, F. Perder, ind. pret. 3s. lost.

Pensarnos, F. Pensar, ind. pres. \p. Perdiste, F. Perder, ind. pret. 2s.

we think. didst lose, lost.

Pensarnos, F. Pensar, ind. pret. \p. Perdonando, F. Perdonar, ger. par-
we thought. doning, excusing.
Pensando, F. Pensar, ger. thinking, Perdonar, inf. va. to pardon, to for-
believing. give, to beg leave, to exempt.
Pensar, inf. pres. va. to think, to Perdono, F. Perdonar, ind. pret. 3s.
imagine, to believe, to weigh. pardoned.
Pensativo-a, a. pensive, thoughtful, Perec er, inf. vn. to perish.
reflective, cautious. Pereceremos, F. Pereccr, ind. Jut,
Pensil, sm. pensile, a hanging gar- 1p. we shall, will perish.
den. Perecio, F. Perecer, ind. pret. 3s.
Peiia, sm. rock. perished.
Pequeiio-a, a. small, narrow, young. Peregrin ado, part, travelled, pere-
Pera, sm. pear, (a fruit.) grinated.
Perciben, F. Percibir, ind. pres. Sp. Peregrino-a, a. wandering, most
perceive, receive. beautiful; s. a pilgrim.
Percibido, F. Percibir, part, per- Perez (Antonio) sm. prop, an emi-
ceived, received. nent Spanish minister and distin-
Percibimos, F. Percibir, ind. pret. guished writer, persecuted by
\p. we perceived. Philip II. Born about the mid-
Percibio, F. Percibir, ind. pret. 3s. dle of the 16th century; died
perceived. 1611.
Percibir, inf. pres. va. to perceive; Pereza, sf. sloth, laziness.
to receive. Perezoso-a, a. slothful, lazy, indo-
Percibo, ind. pres. Is. I perceive, lent.
observe. Perfeccion, sf. perfection, excel-
Perder, inf. va. to lose, to miss, to lence, beauty, grace.
lavish, to misspend. Perfeccionar, inf. va. to perfect, to
Perdi, F. Perder, ind. pret. Is. I complete, to finish entirely.
lost. Perjuicial, a. prejudicial, hurtful,
Perdi a, F. Perder, ind. impf 1 or injurious.
3s. lost. Perjuicio, sm. prejudice, injury,
Perdian, F. Perder, ind. impf 3p. mischief.
they lost. Perla, sf. pearl.
Perdicion, sf. perdition, loss, prodi- Permita, F. Permitir, subj. pres. 3s.
gality, extravagance. may permit.
Perdida, sf. loss, detriment, da- Permitid, F. Permitir, imp. pres. 2p.
mage. permit ye.
240
 PER PIC

Permitieron, F. Permitir, ind. pret. Pertenecen, F. Pertenecer, ind. pres.

Sp. they permitted. Sp. they belong.
Permitir, inf. va. to permit, to Pertenecer, inf. vn. to belong to;
agree, to grant, to admit. tobehoove.
Permutaban, F. Permutar, ind. Pertenezca, F. Pertenecer, subj.

impf. Sp. exchanged, trucked. pres. 1 or 3s. may pertain, be-

Pernicioso-a, a. pernicious, mis long.
chievous, destructive. Pertrechos, sm. ammunition, arms,
Pero, prep, but ; except, yet. instruments.
Perpetuamente, adv. everlastingly, Perverso-a, a. perverse, stubborn,
forever. wicked.
Perpetuo-a, a. perpetual, eternal. Pesa, F. Pesar, ind. pres. Ss. it
Perrillo, sm. a little dog, dim. of grieved, sorry for.
Perro. Pesado-a, a. difficult, troublesome,
Perro, sm. dog, loss. fatiguing; heavy.
Perseguido-a, part, adjec. perse- Pesadumbre, sf sorrow, grief, af-
cuted, followed, pursued, ha- fliction.
rassed. Pesca, sf. fishing, fish, fishery.
Perseguir, inf. va. to persecute, to Pesar, inf. pres. va. and vn. to
pursue, to harass, to weaiy. weigh ; to be sorry for ;a pesar
Persia, sub. prop. f. Persia, an ex- de, in spite, notwithstanding.
tensive empire of Asia. Pesebre, sm. crib, manger, stable.
Persiguen, F. Perseguir, subj. pres. Pesimo-a, a. super, worse, extreme-
Sp. they may persecute. ly bad.
Persiste, F. Persistir, ind. pres. Ss. Peso, sm. weight, consequence, dol-
persists, insists. lar.
Persistir, inf. vn. to persist, to con- Pestanea, ind. pres. Ss. he views in-
tinue firm, to persevere, to insist. distinctly.
Persona, sf person, individual, per- Pestanear, inf. va. to move the eye-
sonage. lashes ; to view indistinctly.
Personaje, sm. character, person- Peste, sm. plague, pest.
age. Pestifero-a, a. pestiferous, mis-
Perspicaz, a. perspicacious, saga- chievous.
cious, acute. Pestilente, a. pestilent, pernicious.
Persuade, F. Persuadir, ind. pres. Peticion, sf. petition, memorial, re-
Ss. persuades. quest.
Persuadido-a, part, adjec. per- Peto, sm. breast-plate.
suaded, satisfied, convinced, sen- Piadoso-a, a. pious, merciful, com-
sible. passionate.
Persuadir, (se) inf. va. to persuade, Pic aba, F. Picar, md. impf. 1 or 3s.
to induce, to be persuaded. pricked, pushed.
Persuasivo-a, a. persuasive, pa- Picaban, F. Picar, ind. impf. Sp
thetic. they stung, pricked, pushed.
Pertenece, F. Pertenecer, ind. pres. Pi can. F. Picar, ind. pres. Sp. prick,
Ss. belongs. push.
Picante, a. sarcastic, cutting, hot.
21 241
 PIR POB
Picar, inf. va. to prick, to sting, to Pisar, inf. pres. va. to tread, to
itch, to spur, to be hot. stamp, to trample.
Picaron, sub. rogue, villain, rascal. Pise, F. Pisar, subj. pres. 1 or 3&.
Pide, F. Pedir, ind. pres. Bs. begs may tread.
asks. Piso, F. Pisar, imp. pres. Is. I tread;
Piden, F. Pedir, ind. pres. Sp. they s. story (of a house.)

beg. Pisto, sm. substance, juice.

Pidiendo, F. Pedir, ger. asking. Pis tola, sf. pistol.
begging. Pitagoras, sub. prop. m. Pythagoras,
Pidieron, F. Pedir, ind. pret. Sp. a celebrated philosopher of anti-
they asked. quity.
Pie, sm. foot, level ; a pie, on foot. Pizarro, sub. prop. m. Pizarro, a
Piedad, sf. piety, mercy, pity. Spaniard who conquered Peru.
Piedra, sf. stone. Placer, sm. pleasure, delight.
Pielago, sm. bottom, abyss, ocean, Planicie, sf. plain, evenness, even
sea. ground.
Piensa, F. Pensar, ind. pres. Bs. Planta, sf plant, sole (of the foot.)
thinks. Planta, F. Plantar, ind. Bs. plants,
Piensan, F. Pensar, ind. pres. Bp. sows.
they think. Plantado, F. Plantar, part, planted,
Piensas, F. Pensar, ind. pres. 2s. sown, fixed.
thou dost think. Plantar, inf. pres. va. to plant, to
Pierda, F. Perder, subj. pres. 1 or set up, to fix, to erect, to sow.
3s. may lose. Planto, F. Plantar, ind. pres. Is. I

Pierdas, F. Perder, subj. pres. 2s. plant.

thou mayest lose. Planto, F. Plantar, ind. pres. Bs.
Pierden, F. Perder, ind. pres. Bp. planted.
they lose. Plata, sf. silver, plate, wealth.
Pierdo, F. Perder, ind. pres. Is. I Playa, sf. shore, beach.
lose. Plaza, sf. town, place, square,
Pierna, sf. leg. fortress.
Pincel, sm. pencil, lead-pencil. Plazo, sm. credit, appointed time.
Pintado, F. Pintar, apart, painted, Plebeyo, sm. plebeian, vulgar.
adorned. Plegado, F. Plegar, part, folded,
Pintan, F. Pintar, ind. pres. Bp. doubled.
they paint. Plegue, F. Plegar, subj. Bs. may
Pintar, inf. va. to paint, to portray, it please, would that.
to describe, to delineate. Plinio, sub. prop. m. Pliny, an an-
Pintura, sf. picture; description; cient Roman natural historian.
painting. Pluma, sf. pen, feather, writer.
Piquen, F. Picar, subj. pres. Bp. Plutarco, sub. prop. m. Plutarch, an
they may peck. eminent ancient Greek biogra-
Pirineo-a, a. Pyrenean, relating to pher.
the Pyrenees. Poblacion, sf. population; town,
Pirineos, sub. prop. m. p. Pyrenees. city

242
 p6l pos
Poblado-a, F. Poblar, part, peopled, Pompa, sf. pomp, magnificence.
inhabited ; s. a town. Pomposidad, sf. ostentation, mag-
Pobre, a. poor, indigent, insignifi- nificent show, bombast.
cant ; s. a beggar. Pomposo-a, a. pompous, ostenta-
Pobreza, sf poverty, wretchedness, tious, magnificent, inflated.
misery. Pon, F. Poner, imp. pres. 2s. place,
Poco, s. ad. and a. little poco a or put.
;

poco, slowly, by degrees. Porcion, sf. portion, quantity.

Poder, sm. power, force, authority, Ponderar, inf. va. to exaggerate, to
might. weigh, to examine, to ponder, to
Poder, inf. va. to be able, to have dwell on.
energy. Pone, F. Poner, ind. pres. 3s. puts.
Poderoso-a, a. powerful, mighty, Ponen, F. Poner, ind. pres. Sp. they
wealthy, eminent. put.
Podeis, F. Poder, ind. pres. 2p. ye Poner, inf. va. to put ; to fix, to im-
may. pose vr. to set to, to begin.
;

Podemos, F. Poder, ind. pres. Ip. Pones, F. Poner, ind. pres. 3s. thou
we can. puttest.
Podia, F. Poder, ind. impf. 1 or 3s. Ponga, F. Poner, subj. pres. 1 or 3s.
I could. may put.
Podiamos, F. Poder, ind. impf. \p. Pongo, F. Poner. ind. pres. Is. I
we could. put.
Podian, F. Poder, ind. impf. Sp. Ponia, F. Poner, ind. impf. 1 or 3s
they could, were able. placed, put.
Podido, F. Poder, part, being able. Poniendo, F. Poner, ger. placing,
Podra, F. Poder, ind. fut. 3s. will putting.
be able. Poniente, sub. prop. m. west, west
Podre, F. Poder, ind. fut. Is. I shall, wind.
will be able. Pontifice, sm. Pope, Pontiff.
Podremos, F. Poder, ind. fut. \p. Ponzoiia, sf poison, venom.
we shall be able. Popular, a. popular.
Poesia, sf. poetry, poesy. Por, prep, by, for, through, on, in,
Poeta, sm. poet, bard. on account of.
Polibio, sub. prop. m. Polybius, an Por entre, comp. prep, between,
eminent warrior and historian of among, through.
antiquity. Porfia, sf obstinacy, vying.
Policia, sf police, politeness, clean- Porfiado-a, a. obstinate, stubborn.
liness, policy. Porque, conj. because, in order that
Politico-a, a. polite, courteous, po- why ? for what ?
litic. Porte, sm. carriage, postage, con-
Poltroneria, sf. supineness, idleness, duct, caliber.
laziness. Portero, sm. porter.
Polvareda, sf. cloud of dust, alter- Portico, sm. portico, piazza (porch
cation, dispute. supported by columns.)
Polvo, sm. powder, powders. Posada, sf lodgings, tavern, hotel,
Polvora sf. gunpowder. inn.
243
 PRE PRE
Posee, F. Poseer, ind. pres. 3s. pos- Precisar, inf. va. to compel, to
sesses. oblige, to force.
Pose en, F. Poseer, ind. pres. 3p. Precision, sf precision, purity, cor-
they possess. rectness, necessity, obligation.
Poseer, inf. va. to possess, to have, Preciso-a, a. necessary; precise,
to hold. clear.
Poseian, F. Poseer, ind. impf. Sp. Predecir, inf. va. to foretell, to anti-
they possessed. cipate, to predict.
Poseido, F. Poseer, part, possessed, Predijo, F. Predecir, ind. pret. 3s.
had. foretold, predicted.
Posible, a. possible. Preferible, a. preferable, eligible,
Positivamente, ad. positively, abso- worthy of preference.
lutely, certainly. Pregunta, sf. request, question, in-
Positivo-a, adj. positive. quiry.
Posta, sf. mail, post-office, one that Preguntaban, F. Preguntar, ind.
travels by the post. impf. Sp. they ask.
Postrar, inf. va. to prostrate, to hum- Preguntan, F. Preguntar, ind. pres.
ble, to debilitate, to exhaust. Sp. they inquire.
Postrar, inf. pres. vr. to prostrate Preguntando, F. Preguntar, ger.
one's self, to kneel. asking.
Potest ad, sf. power. Preguntar, inf. va. to ask, to ques-
Potestades, sfp. the heavenly spirits tion, to demand, to inquire.
of the sixth choir. Pregunte, F. Preguntar, ind. preU
Pozo, sm. well, whirlpool. Is. I asked.

Praderia, sf. meadow, mead, lawn, Pregunto, F. Preguntar, ind. pret*

prairie. 3s. demanded.
Prado, sm. meadow, prairie. Prelado, sm. prelate.
Preceder, inf. va. to precede, to go Preludio, sm. prelude.
before. Premia, F. Premiar, ind. pres. 3s.
Precedio, F. Preceder, ind.pret. 3s rewards.
preceded, went before. Premiar,
inf. va. to recompense, to
Precederan, F. Preceder, ind. fat. reward, to remunerate.
Sp. they will or shall precede. Premio, F. Premiar, ind. pret. 3s.
Preciado-a, a. valued, appraised, rewarded.
precious, conceited. Premio, sm. premium, reward.
Precio, sm. price, value. Prenda, sm. quality; accomplish-
Preciosidad, sm. preciousness, ex ment, pawn, talent.
cellence, worth, merit. Prendado-a, a. gifted, endued;
Precioso-a, a. precious, valuable, part, being delighted with.
excellent. Prendieron, F. Prender, ind. pret.
Precipicio, sm. precipice, destruc Sp. they took, they took root.
tiom Preocupacion, sf. prejudice.
Precipitar, inf. va. to precipitate, to Prepara, F. Preparar, ind. pres. 3s.
throw headlong. prepares.
Precipitaremos, F. Precipitar, ind. Preparar, inf. va. to prepare, to fit

fat. Ip. we shall, will precipitate. to get ready, to be disposed.

244
 PRE PRI
Preparas, F. Preparar, ind. pres. Presumido, F. Presumir, part, pre-
2s.

thou preparest. sumed, arrogated.

Preparativo, sm. preparation, prepa Presuncion, sf. presumption, con-
rative. jecture, confidence, suspicion.
Prerogativa, sf prerogative, power, Presuroso-a, a. hasty, prompt, light.
privilege. Pretende, F. Pretender, ind. pres.
Presa, sf. prize, spoil, capture. 3s. pretends, desires.
Prescindir, inf. va. to lay aside, to Pretender, inf. va. to pretend, to
cut off, to intercept. claim, to solicit, to attempt.
Prescribe, F. Prescribir, ind. pres Pretendes, F. Pretender, ind. pres.
3s. prescribes, commands. 2s. thou pretendest or attemptest.
Prescribir, inf. va. to prescribe, to Pretendiente, sm. candidate, suitor,
mark, to command. lover, solicitor.
Presencia, sf. presence, figure, de- Pretension, sf pretension, claim,
meanour. pretext.
Presenta, F. Presentar, ind. pres Pretestando, F. Pretestar, ger. al-
3s. presents. leging.
Presentaba, F. Presentar, ind. impf Pretestar, inf. va. to allege, to give
1 or 3s. presented. a pretext, to advance a pretence.
Presentaban, F. Presentar, ind. Pretiende, F. Pretender, ind. pres.

impf. Sp. they presented. 3s. solicits, pretends.

Presentar, inf. va. to present, to Pretiendes, F. Pretender, ind. pres.

offer, to favour with a gift. 2s. thou pretendest.
Presentaron, F. Presentar, ind. Pretor, sm. Praetor, formerly one of
pret. Sp. they presented. the chief magistrates of Rome.
Presente, sub. present, gift. Prevaricador, sm. prevaricator, ca-
Presente, a. present. viller, shuffler.

Presente, F. Presentar, ind. pret. Is. Prevenir, inf. va. to prepare, to an-
I presented. ticipate, to prevent, to provide.
Presento, F. Presentar, ind. pret. 3s. Prever, inf. va. to foresee, to fore-
presented. know.
Preserver, inf. va. to preserve, to Previniendo, F. Prevenir, ger. cau-
defend from evil, to keep. tioning, arranging, preventing,
Preservo, F. Preservar, ind. pret. considering, ordering.
3s. preserved. Pre vino, F. Prevenir, ind. pret. 3s,
Preso, sm. a prisoner ;
part, taken, provided.
seized in prison. Priesa, sub. haste, hurry ; de priesa,
Preso, F. Tomar, part, taken, in haste, fast.
seized. Primer, a. num. first; chief, superio
Presteza, sf. quickness, prompti- Primeramente, ad. first, in the first

tude. place
Prestijio, sm. illusion, fascination. Primero-a, a. num. first ; chief.
Presto, ad. soon, directly. Primitivo-a, a. primitive, original.
Presumido-a, part, substan. pre- Primor, sm. nicety, delicacy.
sumptuous, bold, vain, or petu- Primoroso-a, ad. neat, elegant, ex
lant. quisite, pretty, dexterous.
21* 245
 pr6 FRO
Principados, sm. p. the heavenly Procura, F. Procurar, ind. pres. 3s.
spirits of the third choir endeavours.
;
princi-
pality, power, pre-eminence. Procuraban, F. Procurar f ind. impf
Principal, a. principal, noble, 3p. they endeavoured.
princely, of quality, rank. Procuramos, F. Procurar, ind. pres.
Principalmente, ad. principally, \p. we endeavour.
chieliy, mainly. Procurando, F. Procurar, ger. en-
Principe, sm. prince, king. deavouring.
Principiaba, F. Principiar, ind. Procurar, inf va. to solicit, to strive,
impf 3s. it was beginning, began. to endeavour,
Principiar, inf. va. to begin, to Procurare, F. Procurar, ind. fat. Is,
commence, to enter upon. I will endeavour.
Principio, F. Principiar, ind. pret. Procuremos, F. Procurar, subj.
3s. began. pres. or imp. \p. may, let .... .

Principio, sm. principle, beginning, endeavour.

motive, source. Procures, F. Procurar, subj. pres.
Prisa, a. and s. haste ; de prisa, in 2s. thou mayest endeavour.
haste, fast. Prodigalidad, sf prodigality, extra-
Prision, sf. prison, jail, captivity. vagance, abundance.
Prisionero, sm. prisoner, culprit. Prodigar, inf. va. to waste, to lav-
Priva, F. Privar, ind. pres. 3s. de- ish, to mis-spend, to bestow.
prives. Prodigado, F. Prodigar, part, lavish.
Priva, F. Privar, ind. pres. 3s. en- Prodijio, sm. prodigy, miracle, won-
joys the favour of. der.
Privacion, sf. privation, want. Produccion, sf. production, com-
Privando, F. Privar, ger. depriving. modity,
Privanza, sf. favour, protection. Produee, F. Producir, ind. 3s.
Privar, inf. pres. vn. to deprive of, produces.
to preclude from, to enjoy the Prodiicen, F. Producir, ind. pres
protection of. 3p. produce.
Privilejiado-a, a. possessing a privi- Producido, sm. proceeds.
lege or power. Producido, F. Producir, part, pro-
Probaban, (se) ind. impf 3p. they duced, brought forth, exhibited,
tried, experimented, proved. maintained.
Probar, inf. va. to try, to examine, Producir, inf. va. to produce, to
to prove, to taste, to attempt, bring forth, to engender.
Problema, sm. problem, question. Produjo, F. Producir, ind. pret. 3s
Proceder, sm behaviour, conduct,
produced.
manner of acting. Produzca, F. Producir, subj. pres.
Proceder, sm. manner of proceed- 3s. may produce.
ing, demeanour, management. Proferir, inf. va. to utter, to pro-
Procesion, sf procession, train. nounce, to proffer, to relate.
Proceso, sm. process, judicial pro- Profesamos, F. Prqfesar, ind. pres.
ceedings, suit. \p. we profess.
Procsimo-a, a. next; nearest, on Profesar, inf. pres. va. to profess, to
the verge of. exercise, to practise.
246
 PRO PRO
Profesion, sf. profession, trade, bu- Propiedad, sf. possession, propriety.,
siness, protestation. property, quality.
Profeta, sm. prophet, (one who tells Propio-a, a. peculiar to, own, pro-
future events.) per; sm. a messenger.
Profetiza, F. Profetizar, ind. pres Proponer, inf. va. to propose, to
3s. predicts. represent, to purpose.
Profetizar, inf. va. to prophesy, to Proporcion, sf proportion, symme-
predict, to conjecture. try, similarity.
Profiere, F. Proferir, ind. pres. 3s Proporcion ado, part, adjec. propor-
utters, says. tioned, adapted,
Profugo, sub. fugitive; part, runa- Proporcionar, inf. va. to proportion,
way. to adapt, to mitigate, to pro-
Profundamente, ad. profoundly, re- cure.
spectfully. Proporcionen, F. Proporcionar,
Profundidad, sf. profundity, depth, subj. pres. Sp. may proportion or
intensity, excellence. procure.
Profundisimo-a, a, super, most deep, Proposito, sm. purpose, design; d
most profound, most high. proposito, adapted to.
Profundo-a, a. profound, deep, Propuesta, sf. proposal, representa-
sound. tion, application.
Profusion, sf. profusion, lavishness. Propuso, F. Proponer, ind. pret. 3s.
Progresion, sf progression, pro it, he, or she proposed.
cess. Prorumpieron, F. Prorumpir, ind.
Prolijo-a, a. prolix, tedious, fati- pret. Bp. burst into.
guing, troublesome. Prorumpio, F. Prorumpir , ind. pret,
Prolongado-a, a. prolonged, ex- 3s. burst into.
tended, procrastinated, delayed Prorumpir, inf. pres. vn. to burst
Promesa, sf promise, offering. into, to burst forth.
Prometer, inf. va. to promise; to Prosa, sf. prose, verbiage, loquaci-
flatter one's self. ty, language.
Prometes, F. Prometer, ind. pres. Proseguid, F. Proseguir, imp. pres.
2s. thou promisest. 2p. continue, go on.
Prometi, F. Prometer, ind. pret. Is. Proseguir, inf. va. to continue, to
promised. follow, to pursue, to go on.
Prometo, F. Prometer, ind. pres. Is. Prosiguiendo, F. Proseguir, ger.
I promise. continuing, following.
Prontamente, ad. quickly, promptly. Prosiguio, F. Proseguir, ind. pret
Pronto, ad. soon, immediately. 3s. proceeded, continued.
Pronunciado-a, F. Pronunciar, part. Prosperidad, sf prosperity, success,
uttered. good fortune, luck.
Pronuncian, F. Pronunciar, ind. Prospero-a, a. prosperous, success-
pres. Sp. they pronounce. ful, fortunate.

Pronunciar, inf. va. to pronounce, Proteccion, sf. protection, favour,

to utter, to deliver. shelter, asylum.
Propiamente, ad. properly, regular- Protectora, sf protectress, benefac-
ly, orderly. tress.

247
 ;

PUB PUL
Protejer, inf. va. to protect, to pa- Publico-a, a. public, notorious,
tronize, to encourage. common ; S7n. the public.
Protervo, a. stubborn, arrogant, in- Pude, F. Poder, ind. pret. Is. I
solent. could.
Protesta, sf. protest, promise, asse- Pudiendo, F. Poder, ger. being
veration. able, or capable.
Protestacion, sf. protestation, pro- Pudiera, F. Poder, subj. 1 impf. 1
test, solemn declaration. or 3s. might, could.
Prove cho, sm. profit, gain, profi- Pudieramos, F. Poder, subj. 1 impf.
ciency, advantage, utility. \p. might, could.
Provechoso-a, a. profitable, benefi- Pudieran, F. Poder, subj. 1 impf
cial, advantageous. Sp. could.
Proveer, inf. va. to provide, to sup- Pudieron, F. Poder, ind. pret. 3p.
ply, to dispose, to decree. they could or were able.
Prove 1 a, F. Proveer, ind. impf. 1 or Pudiese, F. Poder, subj. 3 impf. 1
3s. provided. or 3s. might, could.
Provenir, inf. vn. to arise, to origi- Pudo, F. Poder, ind. pret. 3s. could,
nate, to proceed from. was able.
Providencia, sub. prop, f Provi- Pudor, sin. modesty, bashfulness.
dence. Pudrira, F. Pudrir, ind. fat. 3s.
Providencia, sf. providence, fore- shall decay, rot.
sight, order of things. Pueblo, sm. town, population, the
Proviene, F. Provenir, ind. pres. 3s. people nation.
;

arises, follows. Puede, F. Poder, ind. pres. 3s. can,

Provienen, ind. pres. 3p. they arise, may.
spring. Pueden, F. Poder, ind. pres. 3p.
Provincia, sf. province; country, they can, may.
territory. Puedes, F. Poder, ind. pres. 2s. thou
Provisor, sm. vicar-general, praetor. canst, mayest.
Proyecto, sm. project, scheme, plan, Puedo, F. Poder, ind. pres. Is. I
design. can, am able, may.
Prudencia, sf prudence, wisdom, Puente, sm. bridge.
temperance. Pueril, a. puerile, childish, foolish.
Prude nte, a. prudent, discreet, wise. Puerta, sf. door, gate.
Prueba, sf. proof, evidence. Puerto, sm. port, haven, harbour.
Prueba, F. Probar, ind. pres. Bs. Pues, or pues que, conj. then, since
proves. because.
Prueben, F. Probar, subj. pres. 3p. Puesto, sm. place, post, office part. ;

may prove. placed, put.

Psiquis, sub. prop. Psyche, the be- Puesto, or puesto que, conj. since.
loved of Cupid. Pujante, a. powerful, strong, push-
Publicando, F. Publicar, ger. pub- ing.
lishing, proclaiming, manifest- Pule, F. Pulir, ind. pres. 3s. polish-
ing. es, brightens.
Publicar, inf. va. to publish, to ma- Pulen, F. Pulir, ind. pres. 3p. they
nifest. polish.
248
 QUE QUE
Pulir, inf. va. to polish ; to civilize, Puee, F. Poner, ind. pret. Is. put,
to enlighten. placed.
Punta, sf. point, extremity. Pusieron, F. Poner, ind. pret. Sp.
Punto, sm. point, end, punctilio. set to, began, put.
Puntualinente, ad. punctually, ex- Pusiese, F. Poner, subj. 3 impf. 1
actly. or 3s. should place.
Puntuoso-a, a. briery, thorny, spi- Pusiesen, F. Poner, subj. 3 impf Sp.
rited, pointed. should place.
Purga, sm. purge, medicine. Pusilanime, a. pusillanimous, nar-
Purisimo-a, a. super, most or very row-minded, mean-spirited.
pure, chaste, uncontaminated. Puso, F. Poner, ind. pret. 3s. put,
Puro-a, a. pure, unmingled. placed.
Purpura, sf. purple, royal mantle.

Q
Que, pron. rel. that,which, who, Quedo, F. Quedar, ind. pret. 3s. re-
whom. mained, became.
Que, pron. rel. used absolutely, Queja, sf complaint.
what. Queja, F. Quejar, ind. pres. 3s.
Que, conj. than for, because, since.
; complains.
Quebrantado, F. Quebrantar, part. Que j an, F. Quejar, ind. pres. Sp.
broken. they complain.
Quebrantar, inf. va. to break, to Quejar, inf. vr. to complain, to la-
transgress. ment.
Queda, F. Quedar, ind. pres. 3s. re- Quejas, F. Quejar, ind. pres. 2s.

mains, is. thou complainest.

Quedaba, F. Quedar, ind. impf. 1 Quejo, F. Quejar, ind. pres. Is. I
or 3s. remained. complain.
Quedado, F. Quedar, part, remain- Quejo, F. Quejar, ind. pret. 3s. it,

ed, stopped. he, or she complained.

Que dan, F. Quedar, ind. pres. Sp. Que ma, F. Quemar, ind. pres. 3s. it,

they remain. he, or she burns.

Quedando, F. Quedar, ger. remain- Quemaba, F. Quemar, ind. impf 1
ing, staying. or 3s. burnt.
Quedar, inf. vn. to stay, to remain, Quemar, inf. va. to burn, to waste,
to continue, to last. to parch.
Quedarais, F. Quedar, subj. 1 impf Quemar, inf. vn. to burn, to be very
2p. ye or you would remain. hot, to fret, to be impatient.
Quedaron, F. Quedar, ind. pret. Sp. Queramos, F. Querer, subj. pres. lp
became, were, remained. we may be willing.
Quede, F. Quedar, subj. pres. 1 or Quereis, F. Querer, ind. pres. 2p.
3s. may remain. ye, or you wish.
Quedo, F. Quedar, ind. pres. Is. I Querer, inf. va. to wish, to be will-
remain, ing, to be fond of.

249
 QUI QUf
Queria, F. Querer, ind. impf. 1 or Quietiid, sf. quietude, tranquillity,
3s. wished, was willing, did want, undisturbed ease.
fond of. Quijote, sub. prop. m. Quixote, the
Querian, F. Querer, ind. impf. 3p. name of the most celebrated
they were willing. Spanish novel a ridiculous and ;

Querias, F. Querer, ind. impf 2s. extravagant man.

thou wert willing. Quince, a. num. fifteen.
Quen'do-a, sub. dear, darling, lover. Quintana, (Manuel Jose) sm. prop.
Querido, a. dear, beloved. Quintana, one of the most distin-
Querido. F. Querer, part, wished, guished Spanish poets and prose
desired, being willing. writers.
Queriendo, F. Querer, ger. desiring, Quisiera, F. Querer, subj. 1 impf
wishing, loving. 1 or 3s. should, would, (like.)

Querubin, sm, cherub (a celestial Qui si e ran, F. Querer, subj. 1 impf

spirit, next in order to the sera- 3p. would, might wish.
phim.) Quisieron, F. Querer, ind. pret. 3p.
Queve'do, (Francisco de) sub. prop. would, wished.
m. Quevedo, one of the greatest 'Quisiese, F. Querer, subj. 3 impf
Spanish prose and poetic writers, 1 or 3s. would, should.

and one of the most extraordinary Quiso, F. Querer* ind. pret. 3s. he
men the world has produced. loved, wished, desired.
Born in Madrid, in 1580; died Quita, F. Quitar, ind. pres. 3s. takes
1645. away.
Quiebra, sf failure, breaking. Quitado, F. Quitar, part, deprived,
Quiebra, F. Quebrar, ind. pres. 3s. taken, away.
he breaks. Quitado-a, part. abs. having taken,
Quien, pron. rel. that, who, which, having deprived of.
whom. Quitamos, F. Quitar, ind. pres.lp.
Quien, pron. indef. one, some, this. take, took away.
Quiera, F. Querer, subj. pres. 1 or Qui tan, F. Quitar, ind. pres. 3p.
3s. may be willing. take away.
Qui e ran, F. Querer, subj. pres. 3p. Quitar, inf. va. to take away, to de-
may please, may be willing. prive of, to separate, to leave.
Q.uieras,F. Querer, subj. pres. 2s. Quitaron, F. Quitar, ind. pret. 3p.
thou mayest be willing. took away.
Quiere, F. Querer, ind. pres. 3s. is Qui tas, F. Quitar, ind. pres. 2s. thou
willing quiere decir, it means.
;
takest away.
Quieien, F. Querer, ind. pres. Sp. Quitase, F. Quitar, subj. impf. 3s.
are willing. should take away.
Quieres, F. Querer, ind. pres. 2s. Quito, F. Quitar, ind. pres. Is. I
thou art willing, thou lovest. take away.
Quiero, F. Querer, ind. pres. Is. I Quito, F. Quitar, ind. pret. 3s. took
wish, I am willing. away.
Quieto-a, a. quiet, tranquil. Quiza, ad. probably, perhaps.

250
 .

REA REC

R
Rabia, sf. rage ; madness ; fury. Realzar, inf. va. to elevate, to
Rabioso-a, adj. furious, angry, heighten.
wrathful. Reanimar, inf. va. to reanimate, to
Racional, a. rational, humane, rea- cheer, to encourage.
sonable. Reanimo, F. Reanimar, ind. pret
Racionalidad, sf. encouraged.
reason, rationality, 3s.
or conformity with reason. Rebelde, sm. rebel.
Radiante, a. radiant, refulgent, re- Rebelde, a. stubborn, perverse, re-
splendent. bellious, contumacious.
Ragaz, sm. bosom, centre, boy. Rebosando, F. Rebosar, ger. glow*
Raiz, sf. root, origin, source. ing, overflowing.
Rama, sf. branch, shoot, rack. Rebosar, inf. va. to glow, to over-
Ramo, sm. germ, department, flow, to abound.
branch. Rebentar, inf. vn. to burst, to break
Rapidamente, ad. rapidly, intrepidly in pieces, to break loose.
Raro-a, a. rare, curious, uncommon, Rebento, F. Rebentar, ind. pret. 3s.
eccentric. burst.
Rasgado-a, a. rent, open, torn. Rebutido, F. Rebutir, part, filled
Rasgado, F. Rasgar, part, torn, up, stuffed, overcharged.
broken to pieces. Recado, sm. message, errand, pre-
Rasgando, F. Rasgar, ger. tearing, sent, gift.
rending. Recalcamiento, sm. extravagance,
Rasgo, sm. act, trait, action, dash. over-fulness.
Raso-a, a. plain, bare, open; pri- Recama, F. Recamar, ind. pres. 3s
vate. adorns or graces.
Rastrero-a, a. creeping, cringing, Recamado, part, embroidered, orna-
mean, vile. mented, variegated.
Rastro, sm. track ; smell ; vestige, Recatado-a, part, adjec. cautious,
sledge. guarded, prudent.
Rato, sm. while, a short time. Recelo, sm. suspicion, fear, dread,
Raudo, a. rapid, tremendous. mistrust.

Rayo, sm. thunderbolt, ray, beam. Rechazar, inf. va. to repel, to drive,

Razon, sf reason, right; tenia ra- to discharge, to contradict.

zon, he was right. Rechazo, F. Rechazar ind. pret. 3s.

Razonado, F. Razonar, part, rea- repelled.

soned, discoursed, talked, con- Recibido, F. Recibir,part. received*

versed. accepted, imbibed, experienced.
Razonamiento, sm. speech, ha- Recibio, F. Recibir, ind. pret. 3s.

rangue, argument, reasoning received.

reales, Recibir. inf. va. to receive, to ac-
Real, a. royal, real, true, los

royal quarters. cept.

Realmente, ad. really, effectually, Recien, ad. recently, newly, lately;

royally. a. recent, new.

251
 REC REF
Recientemente, ad. recently, late. Recordar, inf. pres. va. to remind,
Recinto, sm. precinct, district, cor- to put in mind.
ner. Recorrer, inf. va. to examine, to re-
Reciprocamente, ad. reciprocally, connoitre, to ravage.
mutually. Recreado, F. Recrear, pari, amused,
Reciproco-a, a. reciprocal, mutual. delighted, gratified, diverted.
Reclinado-a. F. Reclinar, part, ad- Recrear, inf. va. to amuse, to de-
jec. reclined, leaning upon. light, to gratify.
Reel u ta, sm. recruit, recruiting. Recreas, F. Recrear, ind. pres. 2s.
Recobrar, inf. pres. va. to recover, thou amusest.
to get back. Rectitud, sf. rectitude, uprightness.
Recojer, inf. va. to collect, to ga- Recto-a, a. right, straight, just.
ther, to receive. Recuerdan, F. Recordar, ind. pres,
Recojia, F. Recojer, ind. impf. 1 or Sp. remind.
3s. gathered. Recuestro, sm. declivity.
Recojido-a, part, adjec. collected, Recurso, sm. recourse, appeal, re-
gathered secluded.
; source, means.
Recompensa, sf. recom- Red, sf. net, grate, snare.
reward,
pense. Rededor, sm. environs al redeaor ;

Recompensar, inf. va. to recom- de, around.

pense, to reward. Redentor, sub. prop. m. the Re-
Recompensaron, F. Recompensar, deemer sm. redeemer. ;

ind. pret. Sp. they rewarded. Redil, sm. sheep-fold, cover.

Recondito-a, a. recondite, secret,Redimi, F. Redimir, ind. pret. Is. I
concealed. redeemed.
Reconoce, F. Reconocer, ind. pres. Redimir, inf. va. to redeem, to res-
3s. acknowledges. cue, to succour, to relieve.
Reconoceis, F. Reconocer, ind. pres. Redobla, F. Redoblar, ind. pres. 2s
2p. acknowledge. redoubles.
Reconocen, F. Reconocer, ind. pres. Redoblar, inf. va. to redouble, to
Sp. acknowledge. clinch, to rivet.
Reconocer, inf. va. to recognize, to Redondo-a, a. round.
acknowledge, to examine. Reduce, F. Reducir, ind. pres. 3s.
Reconoces, F. Reconocer, ind. pres. reduces.
2s. thou acknowledgest. Reducia, F. Reducir, ind. impf. 1 or
Reconoci, F. Reconocer, ind. pret. 3s. reduced.
Is. I acknowledged. Reducido-a, part, adjec. reduced,
Reconoci an, F. Reconocer, ind. converted.
impf Sp. they acknowledged. Reducir, inf. va. to reduce, to les-
Reconocido-a, F. Reconocer, part, sen, to persuade.
abs. grateful; acknowledged. Redujo, F. Reducir, ind. pret. 3s
Reconociendo, F. Reconocer, ger. reduced.
acknowledging. Referir, inf. va. to relate, to say, tc
Reconocio, F. Reconocer, md. pret. report.
3s. acknowledged. Refiere, F. Referir, ind. pres. 3s
relates.
262
 KEG REM
Refiriendo, F. Referir, ger. refer- Rehusar, inf. va. to refuse, to de-
ing, relating, narrating. cline, not to accept.
Reflecsion, sf. reflection, considera- Rehusar e, F. Rehusar, ind. fut. Is.
tion, meditation. I shall refuse.
Reflecsionar, inf. va. to reflect, to Rei, sm. king reina, sf. queen.
;

think, to meditate. Reinan, F. Reinar, ind. pres. Sp.

Reflecsion ase, F. Reflecsionar, subj. reign, prevail, pervade.
imp/. 3s. should reflect. Reinar, inf. va. to reign, to prevail,
Refiejado-a, part, reflected (as the to govern, to command.
rays of light.) Reino, sm. kingdom.
Reflejo, sm. light reflected. Reir, inf. vn. to laugh, to smile, to
Reforma, sf. reform, reformation, sneer, to scoii.
amendment. Reja, sf. grate, ploughshare.
Reformado-a, part, adjec. reformed Rejion, sf. region, clime.
Refrena, F. Refrenar, ind. pres. 3s. Relacion, sf. relation, narration, ac-
curbs, checks. count.
Refrenar, inf. va. to curb, to check, Relampaguean, F. Relampaguear,
to refrain, to contain. ind. pres. Sp. they flash.
Refresco, sm. refreshment. Relampaguear, inf. vn. to flash, to
Refujiaron, F. Refujiar, ind. pret. lighten, to sparkle.
Sp. they took refuge. Relatar, inf. va. to relate, to nar-
Refujio, sm. refuge, general asylum, rate, to report, to say.
protection. Relijion, sf religion, piety, wor-
Llegado-a, a. watered, irrigated, ship.
sprinkled. Relijioso-a, a. religious; s. chap-
Regalado-a, a. pleasant, delicate, lain, monk, clergyman ; sf nun.
delicious ;
presented. Reliquia, sf. relic, remains, ves-
Regalar, inf. va. to present, to re- tage.
fresh, to entertain, to caress. Remate, sm. conclusion, the highest
Regalo, F. Regalar, ind. pret. 3s. bidding, vignette.
presented. Remedio, sm. remedy, reparation,
Regalo, sm. present, comfort, plea- resource, medicine.
sure, dainty, repose. Remendar, inf. va. to repair, to
Regar, inf. pres. va. to water, to be- mend, to correct.
dew, to sprinkle, to irrigate. Remiendo, sm. repair, amending.
Regla, sf rule, regulation, ruler. Remiendo, F. Remendar, ind. pres.
Regla, F. Reglar, ind. pres. 3s. he Is. I mend, repair.
rules. Remitir, inf. va. to send, to remit,
Regla, F. Reglar, imp. pres. 2s. re- to transmit, to refer.
gulate thou. Remordimiento, sm. remorse, pain
Reglar, inf. va. to regulate, to rule, of guilt.
to direct, to reform. Remozar, inf. pres. va. to render
Regocijan, F. Regocijar, ind. pres. younger; remozarse, vr. to be-
Sp. they rejoice. come younger.
Regocijo, sm. joy, pleasure, delight, Remozarian, subj. 2 impfl Sp. would
rejoicing. become younger.
22 253
 REP RES
Remozaron, ind. pret. Sp. became Reposamos, F. Reposar, ind. pres.
younger. \p. we repose.
Rencor, sm. rancour, animosity. Reposamos, F. Reposar, ind. pret.
Rendia, ind. impf. 3s. yielded, sur- \p. we reposed.
rendered. Reposar, inf. vn. to repose, to rest.
Rendimiento, sm. submission, hu- Reposar i a, F. Reposar, subj. 2 impf.
miliation, delivery. 1 or 3s. should, would repose.

Rendir, inf. pres. va. to yield, to Reposen, F. Reposar, subj. pres. Bp.
surrender, to subject, to subdue. may repose.
Rendir, inf. vr. to yield, to surren- Reposo, sm. repose, rest, tranquillity.
der, to be fatigued. Reprehende, F. Reprehender, ind.
Renglon, sm. line. pres. 3s. reprehends.
Renombre, sm. title, surname, re- Reprehenden, F. Reprehender, ind.
nown, glory, fame. pres. Sp. reprehend.
Renovo, F. Renovar, ind. pret. 3s. Reprehender, inf. va. to reprimand,
renewed. to reproach, to censure.
Renta, sf revenue, rent. Reprehensible, a. reprehensible,
Reo, sm, culprit, culpable, prisoner. censurable.
Reojo, sm. a look askance; double- Representa, F. Representar, ind.
eye. pres. 3s. represents.
Repara, F. Reparar, imp. 2s. ob- Representaba, F. Representar, ind.
serve. impf 1 or 3s. represented.
Reparte, F. Repartir, ind. pres. 3s. Representar, inf. va. to represent,
divides. to set forth, to play (on the stage.)
Repartir, inf. pres. va. to divide, to Represento, F. Representar, ind.
distribute, to assess taxes. pret. 3s. represented.
Repasan, F. Repasar, ind. pres. Sp. Represento, F. Representar, ind.
they look over. pres. Is. I represent.
Repasar, inf. va. to re-examine, to Reprimido-a, F. Reprimir, part.
revise. repressed, refrained, contained.
Repetido-a, a. repeated, reiterated. Reprimiendo, F. Reprimir, ger. re-
Repentino-a, a. sudden, subita- pressing, burying.
neous, unexpected. Republica, sf. republic, common-
Repite, F. Repetir, ind. pres. 3s. re- wealth.
peats. Repugnar, inf. va. to dislike, to be
Repetir, inf. va. to repeat, to say repugnant.
over, to reiterate. Repugne, F. Repugnar, subj. pres.
Replica, sf. answer, reply, repartee. 3s. may object, dislike.
Replicar, inf. vn. to reply, to an- Reponer, inf. pres. va. to reply; to
swer, to contradict. replace, to collocate.
Replico, F. Replicar, ind. pret. 3s. Repuso, F. Reponer, ind. pret. Ss
replied, answered. replied, placed.
Reposado-a, a. tranquil, peaceful, Reputacion, sf. reputation, fame,
quiet. character, credit.
Reposado, F. Reposar, part, reposed, Resbaladero, sm. a slippery place,
rested, settled. enticement.
254
 ,

RES RET
Resbaladizo-a, a. slippery. Responde, F. Responder, ind. pres.
Rescatar, inf. pres. va. to ransom. 3s. answers.
Reseco-a, a. dry, lean, emaciated. Responden, F. Responder, ind. pres.
Resentir, inf. pres. vr. to resent, to Sp. answer.
, express displeasure, to give way, Responder, inf. va. to answer, to
to fail; to feel, to commiserate, reply, to acknowledge.
to pity. Responderan, F. Responder, ind
Resienten, F. Resentir, ind. pres. fat. Sp. will, shall answer.
Sp. they pity. Respondia, F. Responder, ind. imp.
Resiste, F. Resistir, ind. pres. 3s. 1 or 3s. answered, did answer.
it, he, or she resists. Respondieron, F. Responder, ind.
Resiste ncia, sf resistence, opposi- pret. Sp. answered, did answer.
tion, defence. Respondio, F. Responder, ind.pret
Resistir, inf. vn. to oppose, to resist, 3s. replied.
to contradict, to tolerate. Respondisteis, F. Respona\r, ind.
Resolver, inf. va. to determine, to pret. 2p. you answered.
resolve ; dissolve. Respuesta, sf. answer, reply.
Resolvian, F. Resolver, ind. impf. Restaba, F. Resiar, ind. impf. Ss.
Bp. resolved, did resolve. remained, was left.
Resolvio, F. Resolver, ind.pret. 3s. Restante, part. pres. remainder,
it, he, or she resolved. residue.
Resonaba, F. Resonar, ind. impf 1 Restar, inf. vn.
and va. to remain,
or 3s. resounded, did resound. be left, to subtract.
to
Resonar, inf. pres. vn. to resound, Resto, sub. collec. the rest, remain-
to re-echo, to rebound. ing part.
Resorte, sm. spring means, cause, Resulta, sf. effect, result, vacancy.
;

medium. Resultar, inf. vn. to result, to follow,

Respecti vo-a, a. respective, relative. to remain.
Respecto, sm. respect, relation, con- Resultara, F. Resultar, ind. fat. 3s.
sideration ; ad. relative. will follow, result.
Respetable, a. respectable, honour- Resulto, F. Resultar, ind. pret. 3s.
able, worthy of consideration. arose, resulted.
Respeto, sm. respect, regard, vene- Retardar, inf. va. to retard, to de-
ration, attention. lay, to postpone, to defer.
Respiraba, F. Respirar, ind. impf. Retira, F. Reiirar, ind. pres. 3s. it,
1 or 3s. breathed. he, or she retires.
Respirar, inf. vn. to breathe, to rest, Retiraba, F. Retirar, ind. impf. lor
to animate. 3s. retired, did withdraw.

Resplandecen, F. Resplandecer, ind. Retirado, part withdrawn, retired .

pres. Sp. shine. a. secluded.

Resplandecer, inf. vn. to shine, to Retiran, F. Retirar, ind. pres. Sp.

glitter, to be brilliant. they retire.

Resplandicieron, F. Resplandecer, Retirar, inf. va. to retire, to with-

ind.pret. Sp. shone, did shine. draw, to decline, to retreat.
Resplandor, sm. splendour, brillian- Re tiro, F. Retirar, ind. pret. 3*.
cy, brightness. withdrew, retired.
255
 RIG ROD
Retiro, F Retirar, ind. pres. Is. I Riguroso-a, a. severe, rigorous,
retire ; s. retirement, asylum. strict, exact
Retorcer, inf. va. to twist; to turn Rijido-a, a. rigid, stern, inflexible.
Retorciendo, F. Torcer, ger. twist- Rincon, sm. corner, retirement.
ing, turning. Rio, sm. river.
Retostado, F. Retostar, part, toast- Rio, F. Reir, ind. pres. 3s. laughed
ed, baked. at.

Retrato, sm. portrait, copy, imita- Rinde, F. Rendir, ind. pres. 3s.
tion, likeness. yields, submits.
Reuniendo, F. Reunir, ger. uniting, Rinden, F. Rendir, ind. pres. Bp.
collecting. they yield.
Reunir, inf. va. to join, to unite, to Riqueza, sf. riches, wealth, fertility,
collect together. embellishments.
Revelacion, sf revelation. Riquisimo-a, a. super, most or very
Reverencia, sf. respect, veneration, rich, wealthy, excellent.
reverence. Risa, sf. laughter, pleasing emotion.
Reverenciar, inf. va. to venerate, to Risibilidad, sf. risibility, laughter.
reverence, to respect. Risible, a. risible, laughable.
Reverencie, F. Reverenciar, ind. Risueno-a, a. smiling, pleasing,
pret. Is. I reverenced. agreeable.
Reves, sm. back part, reverse; al Rito, sm. rite, tenet, worship.
reves, in a manner contrary to, on Riza, sf. desolation, ravage, havoc.
the wrong side. Roba, F. Robar, ind. pres. 3s. steals,
Revestido-a, a. invested with, ex- robs.
cited or elated by. Rob db an, F. Robar, ind. impf. 3p.
Revestido, F. Rev estir, part, dressed, stole, did rob.
repaired, swayed. Robado, F. Robar, part, robbed,
Revolucion, sf. revolution, change, plundered, stolen, swept away.
sedition, commotion. Roban, F. Robar, ind. pres. 3p.
Revolver, inf. va. to turn, to re- steal.

volve, to excite commotions. Robo, sm. robbery, theft.

Revuelven, F. Revolver, ind. pres. Robusto-a, a. strong, robust, vigor-
Sp. they revolve. ous.
Ribera, sf. bank, sea-shore. Rocinante, sub. prop. m. Rocinante,
Rico-a, a. rich, wealthy. a name given to Don Quixote's
Ridiculo-a, a. ridiculous, contemp- horse, the name of the hero of
tible, strange, despicable. a novel by Cervantes, a miserable
Rie, F. Reir, ind. pres. 3s. laughs. clown.
Riegan, F. Regar, ind. pres. 3p. Rocio, sm. dew ; divine inspiration.
they water. Rode a, F. Rodear, ind. pres. 3s.

Riegas, F. Regar, ind. pres. 2s. thou surrounds, encircles.

waterest. Rodeaban, F. Rodear, ind. impf. 3s.
Rienda, sf. rein, curb, bridle. they turned.
Riesgo, sm. danger, risk, hazard. Rodeado-a, F. Rodear, part, adjec.
Rigor, sm. severity, rigour. surrounded, encircled.

256
 HOP RuS
Rodean, F. Rodear, ind. pres. 3p. |Rosada, sf. frost, freezing weather,
they turn, surround, encircle. or frozen objects.
Rodear, inf. va. to encircle, sur- Rosal, sm. rose bush, a number of
round, to run about. rose bushes.
Rodela, sf shield, buckler, target. Rosicler, sm. rose colour, silver ore.
Rodeo, sm. turning, winding. Rostro, sm. countenance, face.
Rodilla, sf. knee de rodillas, kneel-
; Roto, F. Romper, part, broken.
ing on one's knees. R6to-a, part. abs. being broken,
Rogado, part, implored, entreated, ended.
prayed for. Rubicundo-a, a. reddish, rubicund.
Rogando, F. Rogar, ger. praying, Rubio-a, a. red, reddish, ruby.
asking, begging. Rubricado-a, part, adjec. ratified
Rogar, inf. va. to pray, to beseech, (by having a flourish annexed,)
to implore, to entreat. subscribed.
Rogo, F. Rogar, ind. pres. 3s. im- Rudeza, sf. roughness, asperity,
plored. stupidity, dulness.
Rojerio, sub. prop. m. Roger, a Riido-a, a. rude, vulgar, barbarous
man's name. Rue da, sf. w heel,
T
roller.

R6jo-a, a. red, ruby. Rue do, sm. rotation, circuit.

Roma, sub. prop.f Rome, a famous Ruega, F. Rogar, ind. pres. 3s. en
city in Italy ; in ancient times treats.
the capital of the Roman em- Ruegan, F. Rogar, ind. pres. Bp. en
pire. treat.
Romano-a, a. Roman. Ruego, sm. a prayer, petition, re-
Romero, sm. rosemary. quest.
Romper, inf. va. to break, to trans- Rufiano-a, sub. pander.
gress, to interrupt. Ruido, sm. noise, dispute.
Romp i an, F. Romper, ind. impf. Sp. Ruina, sf. ruin, ashes; destruction.
broke, did break. Ruindad, sf. meanness, baseness,
Rompio, F. Romper, ind. pret. 3s poverty, avariciousness.
broke, did break. Ruisenor, sm. nightingale.
Rompo, F. Romper, ind. pres. Is. I Rujido, sm. bellowing, roaring.
break. Rumbo, sm. course, point, way.
Ronda, sub. prop. f. Ronda, a very Rumor, sm. noise, rumour, whis-
romantic town of Spain, near pering.
Gibraltar, and belonging to the Rusiano, (more commonly Ruso,)
kingdom of Granada. sm. Russian, a native of Russia.
Rondante, a. wandering, travelling, Rusticidad, sf. rusticity, simplicity,
walking. asperity, rudeness.
Ropa, sf. clothes. Rustico-a, a. rustic, clownish.
Ropilla, S77i. coarse, or tattered Rustico-a, sub. clown, peasant, a
clothes. rustic person.

22* 257
 ;

SAC SAL

Saavedra Fajardo, (Diego) sub. Sacasen, F. Sacar, subj. 3 impf. Sp.

prop. m. Saavedra Fajardo, a very they should draw.
distinguished politician and moral Sacerdote, sm. clergyman, priest.
writer. His terse, polished, and Saco, F« Sacar, ind. pret. Ss. took
finished style is highly praised. out, drew, drew out.
Born 1584, in Aljezares, Murcia; Sacrificado, F. Sacrificar, part, sa-
died 1648. crificed, tortured, exposed, de-
Sabe, or Sabete, F. Saber, imp voted.
pres. 2s. know. Sacrificaron, F. Sacrificar, ind. pret.
Sabe, F. Saber, ind. pres. Ss. knows, 3p. immolated, sacrificed.
knows how. Sacrificio, sm. compliance, sacri-
Saben, F. Saber, ind. pres. Sp. they fice.

know. Sagacidad, sf. sagacity, acuteness,

Saber, inf. pres. va. to know, to be quickness of apprehension.
learned. Sagrado-a, a. sacred, consecrated
Saber, sm. knowledge, erudition execrable.
learning. Sagunto, s. prop. Saguntum, now
Sabes, F. Saber, ind. pres. 2s. thou called Murviedro, renowned for
knowest. the matchless defence of the inha-
Sabia, F. Saber, ind. impf. 1 or 3s. bitants against the Carthaginians.
I, it, he, or she knew. Sal, sf salt ; grace, elegance, wit.
Sabian, F. Saber, ind. impf. Sp. Salado-a, a. salted, cured ; witty.
they knew. Salamanca, sub. prop, f Salamanca,
Sabido, part, substan. m. a learned a city of Spain, renowned for its
or scientific man. university.
Sabido-a, F. Saber, part, known, Salario, sm. salary, wages.
learned, acquired, heard. Saldra, F. Salir, ind. fut. Ss. will,
Sabidor-a, a. acquainted with. shall go out.
Sabiduria, sf wisdom, knowledge, Sale, F. Salir, ind. pres. Ss. goes
prudence ; learning. out.
Sabiendo, F. Saber, ger. knowing. Salen, F. Salir, ind. pres. Sp. go out.
Sabio-a, a. erudite, learned; wise. Saiga, F. Salir, imp. pres. Ss. let
Sabroso-a, a. savoury, pleasing, pa- go out.
latable. Salgan, F. Salir, subj. pres. Sp. may
Sacado, F. Sacar, part, drawn, go out.
taken oft, extracted. Sali, F. Salir, ind. pret. Ss. went
Sacando, F. Sacar, ger. drawing, out.
plucking up. Sali a, F. Salir, ind. impf. 1 or 3s.
Sacar, inf. va. to take off, to draw, went out.
to extract. Sali an, F. Salir, ind. impf Sp. went
Sacara, F. Sacar, ind. fut. Ss. will, out.
shall draw. Salias, F. Salir, ind. impf. 2s. thou
wentest out.
258
 ;

SlL SAZ
SaKda, sf. sally, the act of going Salvo, co7)j. and a. safe, except ; s.

out. safety.
Sali do, F< Salir, part, gone out, Salvo (en,) ad. in safety; conj. ex-
issued, published. cept, save.
Salieron, F. Salir, ind. pret. 3p. they Samaria, sub. prop, f Samaria, a
went out. city and country in Palestine, fa-
Saliese, F. Salir, subj. impf. 1 or 3s mous in sacred history.
might come out, appear. Samaritano-a, a. Samaritan, rela-
Salio, F. Salir, ind. pret. 3s. went ting to Samaria.
out. Sancho, sub. prop. m. Sancho, the
Salir, inf. vn. to go out, to depart, second character in the novel
to appear, to extricate one's self. written by Cervantes, called Don
Salis, F. Salir, ind. pres. 2p. ye go Quixote, or Quijote.
out. Sangre, sf. blood, family.
Saltan, F. Saltar, ind. pres. Sp. they Sangriento, a. bloody, sanguinary.
jump. Santidad, sf sanctity, holiness.
Saltar, inf. vn. to leap, to jump, to Santisimo-a, a. super, most holy,
burst, to be obvious. most sanctified.
Salteador, sm. highwayman, robber. Santo-a, a. holy, sacred, grateful
Salud, sf. health, safety, good. s. a saint.
Saludaba, F. Saludar, ind. impf 1 Sana, sf. wrath, anger, passion.
or 3s. saluted. Saque, F. Sacar, imp. pres. 3s. let
Saludable, a. wholesome, healthful, it, him, or her take off.

salutary, healthy. Saque, F. Sacar, subj. pres. 1 or 3s

Saludado, F. Saludar, part, saluted, may take off.
greeted, fired a salute. Saquen, F. Sacar, subj. pres. Sp
Saludan, F. Saludar, ind. pres. Sp. they may take off.
they salute. Sastre, sm. tailor.
Saludar, inf. va. to salute, to greet, Satirico-a, a. satirical, censorious,
to express content. full of invectives.

Salustio, sub. prop. m. Sallust, an Satisfaccion, sf. gratification ; satis

eminent Roman historian. faction ; recompense.
Salva, F. Salvar, ind. pres. 3s. saves. Satisface, F. Satisfacer, ind. pres.
Salvado, sm. bran, (the husk of 3s. satisfies, gratifies.

wheat ground.) Satisfacer, inf. va. to satisfy, to

Salva'n, F. Salvar, ind. pres. Sp. they gratify, to pay.
save. Satisfagan, F. Satisfacer, subj. pres,
Salvar, inf. pres. va. to free from Sp. they may satisfy.
danger, to remove, to save, to Satisfecho, a. satisfied, expiated;
spare. content ; self-conceited.
Salvar, inf. vr. to escape from dan- Satisfizo, F. Satisfacer, ind. pret.
ger, to get over difficulties. 3s. satisfied.

Salvaremos, F. Salvar, ind. fat. \p. Sauce, sm. willow (a tree.)

we shall or will be saved. Sazon, sf maturity, taste, opportu-
Salve, sf. the Salve Regina; inter. nity, season.
hail!

259
 SEG SEN
Sazona, F. Sazonar, ind. pres. 3s. Seguido-a, a. continued, followed,
seasons. direct.
Sazonado-a, a. ripe, seasoned, time- Seis, a. num. six.
ly, convenient. Selecto-a, a. select, chosen.
Sazonar, inf. va. to season, to bring Selva, sf. forest, thicket.
to maturity ; vn. to ripen. Sellado-a, a. sealed, stamped, mark-
Se, pron. per. ref.ec. o. itself, him- ed.
self, herself, themselves ; each Sera ana, sf. week.
other. Semblante, sm. face, countenance,
Se, pron. per. o. to, in, frcm, with, appearance.
on, it, him, her, them, you. Sembrado, sm. ground, corn-field.
Se, F. Saber, ind. pres. Is. I know. Sembrado, F. Sembrar, part, sown,
Sc, F. Ser, imp. pres. 2s. be thou. planted.
Sea, F. Ser, subj. pres. Is. may be, Sembrando, F. Sembrar, ger. sow-
be, is. ing.
Seais, F. Ser, subj. pres. 2p. ye or Semejable, a. like, similar, resem-
you may be. bling.
Sean, F. Ser, subj. pres. Sp. may be. Semejan, F. Semejar, ind. pres. Sp.
Seas, F. Ser, subj. pres. 2s. thou resemble.
mayest be. Semejante, sm. fellow-being; a.
Sebastian, sub. prop. m. Sebastian such, as, like.
(a man's name.) Semejanza, sf. similitude, resem-
Secado, F. Secar, part, dried, de- blance, likeness.
cayed. Semejar, inf. vn. to resemble, to be
Secado, part, adjec. dry, lean, cool, like, to liken.
repugnant. Sencillamente, ad. plainly, inge-
Seco-a, a. dry, barren, on land. nuously, neatly.
Secretario, sm. secretary, clerk, Sencillo-a, a. simple, natural, slen-
confident. der, silly, neat.
Secreto-a, sm. secret, caution. Senda, sf. path, way.
Secreto-a, a. concealed, secret, hid- Seneca, sub. prop. m. Seneca, an
den. ancient philosopher.
Sectario, sm. sectarian, sectary, Seno, sm. bosom, centre.
worshipper. Sensacion, sf sensation, feeling,
Sed, sf. thirst, desire. sentiment.
Seda, sf. silk. Sensibilidad, sf. sensibility, quick-
Segliido, F. Seguir, part, followed. ness of perception.
Seguir, inf. va. to follow, to prose- Sensible, a. sensible, painful, easily
cute, to conform to. affected.
Segun, prep, according to, as. Sentado, F. Sentar, part, adjec.
Segundo-a, a. num. second, favour- seated, established.
able. Sentar, inf. va. to fix, to establish,
Seguramente, ad. surely, certainly, to set up to enter, to lay down,
without doubt. to agree with.
Seguro-a, sm. secure, sure, certain, Sentar, (se) inf. vr. to sit down, to

constant. take a chair, a seat.

260
 SEN SER
Sentencia, sf. sentence, judgment, Senoreaban, F. Senor ear, ind. impf
condemnation. commanded, governed.
1 or 3s.
Sentenciado-a, a. sentenced, con- Senoreando, F. Senor ear, ger. com-
demned, doomed. manding, ruling:.

Sentenciosamente, ad. sententious- Senorear, inf. pres. va. to overlook,

ly, concisely. command.
to rule, to govern, to
Sentia, F. Sentir, ind. impf. 1 or 3s. Senorio, sm. dominion, command,
felt. arrogance, self-control.
Sentido, sm. sense, reason, signifi- Senor ita, sf. a young lady, dim. of
cation, import; part, resented. Senora.
Sentimiento, sm. sentiment, feeling, Senorito, sm. a young gentleman,
perception; grief, resentment. dim. of Senor.
Sentir, inf. va. to feel, to perceive, Sepan, F. Saber, subj. pres. Sp. may
to be sorry for, to grudge. know.
Sentirse de, inf. vr. to resent, to be Separa, F. Separar, ind. pres. 3s.
moved by, to be angry for. separates.
Sentir a, F. Sentir, ind. fut. 3s. will Separaba, F. Separar, ind. impf 3s.
feel. separated.
Sentir an, F. Sentir, ind. fut. Sp. Separan, F. Separar, ind. pres. Sp.
will feel. separate.
Sento, F. Sentarse, ind. pret. 3s. sat Separar, inf. pres. va. to separate,
down. to divide, to part, to dissect, to
Sena, sf sign, mark, watchword. withdraw.
Senal, sm. sign, landmark, symp- Separas, F. Separar, ind. pres. 2s.
tom, seat. thou dividest.
Senalado-a, a. signalized, famous. Septuajenario-a, a. and sub. seventy
Senalado-a, F. Senalar, part, mark- years of age.
ed, stamped, determined, indica- Sepulcro, sm. sepulchre, tomb.
ted. Sepultado-a, F. Sepultar, part, bu-
Senalan, (se) F. Senalar, ind. pres. ried.
Sp. they assign; equalize them- Sepultarse, v. pas. to be buried.
selves ;
point out. Sepultura, sf. sepulchre, tomb,
Senalar, inf. va. to stamp, to point grave.
out, to mark, to demonstrate. Ser, ind. vn. to be, to exist, to be-
Senalaron, F. Senalar, ind. pret. long to, to occur.
Sp. they appointed. Ser, sm. being, existence.
Senalas, F. Senalar, ind. pres. 2s. Sera, F. Ser, ind. fut. 3s. shall or
thou assignest. will be.
Senalase, F. Senalar, subj. S impf. Serafin, sm. seraph, angel, extreme
1 or 3s. should point out. beauty.
Senalaste, F. Senalar, ind. pret. 2s. Seran, F. Ser, ind. fut. Sp. they
thou didst assign or appoint. shall or will be.
Senor, sm. Lord, gentleman, master, Seras, F. Ser, ind. fut. 2s. thou
sir; Mr. or master. shalt or wilt be.
Senora, sf. lady, madam; Mrs. or Sere, F. Ser, ind. fut. Is. I shall or
mistress. will be.
261
 SEV SIL

Seremos, F. Ser, ind. fat. \p. we Sevilla, sfprop. Seville, a renowned

shall be. city of Spain.
Serenidad, sf. serenity, presence of Si, pron. per. o. itself, himself, her-
mind, coolness. self, themselves, each other.

Serena, inf. pres. 3s. becalms, cheers Si, conj. if, though ; whether ; si
up, pacifies. bien, although.
Sereno, sm. evening dew; watch- Si, ad. yes, yea, truly, in reality,
man. without doubt.
Sereno-a, a. serene, calm, quiet. Sicilia, sub. prop, f Sicily, an
Sena, F. Ser, subj. 1 impf. 1 or 3s. island in the Mediterranean.
would or should be. Sicsto IV. sm. prop. Sixtus IV. a
Serf an, F. Ser, subj. 1 impf. Sp. Pope who sat on the Pontifical
they would be. Chair from 1474 to 1484. He
Serie, sf. series, chain, succession was remarkable for nothing great.
Seriedad, sf. gravity, sternness of His name was Francis de Albes-
aspect. cola.
Serio-a, a. serious, grand, undue. Sido, F. Ser, part. been.
Sermon, sm. sermon, censure, lec- Siempre, ad. always, ever.
ture. Sien, sf. temple (part of the head.)
Servia, F. Servir, ind. impf. 1 or 3s Siendo, F. Ser, ger. being.
served. Sienta, F. Sentir, subj. pres. 1 or
Servian, F. Servir, ind. impf Sp 3s. may feel.

served Sientan, F. Sentir, subj. pres. Sp.

Servicio, sm. service, favour, utility, may feel.

benefit. Siente, F. Sentir, ind. pres. 3s. feels.

Servido-a, part, served; pleased; Siente, F. Sentar, subj. 3s. it, he or
kind enough to. she may or will become.
Servidor, sm. servant. Sienten, F. Sentir, ind. pres. Sp. feel.
Servidumbre, sf. servitude, slavery, Sientes, F. Sentir, ind. pres. 2s.
bondage; servants. thou dost feel or perceive.
Servir, inf. vn. to serve; to suit; to Siete, a. num. seven.
tend. Siglo, sm. age, century; a long time.
Servir, inf. va. to serve, to do a fa- Signiffca, F. Significar, ind. pres.
vour, to occupy a station. 3s. signifies.
Servir, inf. vr. to be pleased, to Significar, inf. va. to signify, to de-
deign, to vouchsafe. clare, to be worth, to mean.
Serviran, F. Servir, ind. fut. Sp. Sigue, F. Seguir, ind. pres. 3s. fol-
will serve. lows.
Sesenta, a. num. sixty. Siguiendo, F. Seguir, ger. follow-
Severidad, sf. severity, rigour, aus- ing, prosecuting.
terity, punctuality. Siguiente, a. following, successive.
Severisimo-a, a. super, most or very Sijilo, sm. inviolable secrecy.
severe, rigorous. Silbaba, F. Silbar, ind. impf. Ss
Severo-a, a. severe, rigorous, grave, hissed.
punctual. Silbar, inf. vn. to whistle, to whiz,
to roar ; va. to hiss.
262
 ;

six SOB
Silencio, sm. silence, taciturnity, se- Situacion, sf situation, state, site,
crecy, reservedness. assignation.
Silvestre, a. wild, uncultivated, So, prep, under, beneath.
savage. Soberano, sm. the sovereign, the
Silla, sf. a chair, seat ; silla volante, king.
gig- Soberano-a, a. sovereign, delightful,
Sima, sf. gulf, deep cavern, gap. excellent.
Simple, a. simple, pure, plain. Soberbiamente, ad. proudly, arro-
Simplicidad, sf simplicity, plain- gantly, vainly.
ness. Soberbio-a, a. proud, haughty, arro-
Simplicisimo-a, a. super, most or gant soberbia, sf haughtiness.
;

very simple, foolish, brief. Soborno, sm. subornation, bribe, in-

Sin, prep, without ; sin par, match- ducement.
less. Sobra, ind. pres. 3s. there is, pos-
Sinceramente, adv. sincerely, really. sesses in excess.
Sinceridad, sf sincerity, candour, Sobraba, F. Sobrar, ind. impf. 3s.
frankness, purity of mind. had in excess.
Sincero-a, a. sincere, ingenuous Sobran, F. Sobrar, ind. pres. 3p.
honest. can spare.
Sincon, sub. prop. m. Chincon, a Sobrar, inf. va. to surpass, to ex-
town in Spain. ceed.
Singular, a. singular, extraordinary, Sobrar, inf. pres. vn. to have more
individual. than is necessary, to be more than
Siniestro-a, a. left, vicious, unlucky enough, to be able to spare.
s. left-hand. Sobre, prep, on, upon, over; be-
Sino, prep, but, except, only ; unless. sides, independently of.

Sintio, F. Sentir, ind. pret. 3s. he Sobrecejo, sm. frown, supercilious

felt. aspect.
Siquem, m. Sichem, a Sobrellevaban, F. Sobrellevar, ind.
sub. prop.
city that stood on Mount Ephraim, impf 3p. bore, did bear.
near Jerusalem. Sobrepujan, ind. pres. 3p. they ex-
Siquiera, conj. even, though, at ceed, surpass, excel.
least. Sobrepujasen, F. Sobrepujar, subj.
Sirena, sf. syren, a fabulous monster 3 impf. 3p. they should excel.
of the sea. Sobrepujemos, F. Sobrepujar, subj.
Sirva, F. Servir, subj. pres. may pres. \p. we may excel, or let us
serve, he instrumental in. excel, or be superior to.
Sirven, F. Servir, ind. pres. Bp. Sobresaltan, F. Sobresaltar, ind.
suit, serve, are used. pres. 3p. they frighten or surprise
Sirviendo, F. Servir, ger. serving. Sobresaltar, inf. va. to surprise, to
Sirviese, F. Servir, subj. imp. 3s. frighten ; vn. to be startled at, to
should tend. be astonished.
Sirvio, F. Servir, ind. pret. 3s. Sobrevenir, inf. vn. to happen, to
served. fall out, to come to pass.
Sitiado-a, adj. and sub. beseiged. Sobre viene, F. Sobrevenir, ind. pres
Sitio, sm. place, site, spot ; situation. 3s. happens to come.
263
 SOL SOR
Sobriedad, sf. sobriety, regularity, and one of our distinguished dra-
abstemiousness. matic writers. His prose style
Sociedad, sf. society, friendship, will not sutler from a comparison
union. with that of any ancient or mod-
Socorred, F. Socorrer, imp. pres. 2p. ern writer. Perhaps he is the
succour ye or you. greatest model, in that respect,
Socorrer, ind. pres. va. to succour, all things considered, that Spain
to aid, to administer relief. has produced. Born in Alcala
Socorri, F. Socorrer, ind. pret. 3s. I de Henares in 1610; died 1686.
succoured, or aided. Solo, ad. only, alone bereft ; a so-
;

Socorro, sm. succour, aid, salary. las, alone.

Sofoque, F. Sofocar, ind. pret. Is. 1 Soltais, ind. pres. 2p. you let go,
was excited or suffocated. drop.
Soi, F. Ser, ind. pres. Is. I am. Soltar, inf. va. to let loose, to set at
Sois, F. Ser, ind. pres. 2p. ye or liberty ; to shed.
you are. Soltura, sf. dexterity, nimbleness,
Sojuzgar, inf. va. to subjugate, to activity.
subdue, to conquer. Soma, sm. Soma, a Greek, eminent
Sol, sub. prop, and sub. sun. for his generosity.
Solamente, ad. only, alone, solely. Sombra, sf. shade; shelter; appear-
Soldado, sm. soldier, private. ance.
Soledad, sf. solitude, desert, conso- Sombrero, sm. hat, cap.
lation. Sombrio-a, a. cloudy, dark, shady.
Solemnidad, sf. solemnity, pomp, Soinete, F. Someter, ind. pres. 3s.
magnificence, formality. submits.
Solemnisimo-a, a. super, most or Somos, F. Ser, ind. pres. \p. we are.
very solemn, complete. Son, sm. sound.
Soler, inf. pres. vn. to be in the ha- Son, F. Ser, ind. pres. Sp. are, there
bit, to be wont, to be in the cus- are.
tom. Soneto, sm. sonnet, a poetical com-
Solia, F. Soler, ind. impf. 3s. was position.
in the habit. Sonoro-a, a. sonorous, agreeable,
Solian, F. Soler, ind. impf Sp. were harmonious.
wont. Sonrisa, sf. smile.
Solicita, F. Solicitar, ind. pres. 3s. Sonrojen, subj. pres. 3s. may be af-
solicits. fronted.
Solicitaban, F. Solicitar, ind. impf Sordo, sm. deaf, silent person.
Sp. solicited. Sordo, a. deaf, silent, callous.
Solicitar, inf. va. to desire, to soli- Sorprende, F. Sorprender, ind. pres.
cit, to importune, to entreat. 3s. surprises.

Solicito-a, a. solicitous, anxious, Sorprender, inf. va. to surprise, to

desirous, careful. deceive, to astonish.
Solio, sm. throne. Sorprendido-a, F. Sorprender, part.
Solis, (Antonio de) sub. prop. m. surprised.
Solis, the celebrated Spanish his- Sorprendieron, F. Sorprender, ind.
torian of the conquest of Mexico, pret. Sp. surprised.
264
 SUB SUJ

Sosegadamente, ad. quietly, calmly Suceder, inf. vn. to happen ; to suc-

Sose^ado-a, a. peaceful, quiet, tran- ceed.

quil ; being quelled, appeased. Sucedido, F. Suceder, part, hap-
Sosiego, sm. tranquillity, calmness pened, taken place, come to pass.
repose. Sucedieron, F. Suceder, ind. pret.
Soslayo, sm. cross look. Sp. succeeded ; came after.

Soslayo, ad. obliquely. Sucediese, F. Suceder, subj. 3 impf

Sostener, inf. pres. va. to maintain, 1 or 3s. should happen.

to support, to sustain, to feed. Sucedio, F. Suceder, ind. pret. 3s.

Sostiene, F. Sostener, hid. pres. 3s happened.
supports. Sueesivo-a, a. successive, follow-
Stockolmo, sm. prop. Stockholm, ing; s. future.
the principal city of Sweden. Suceso, sm. success, event, inci-
Su, pron. pos. n. or o. its, her, his, dent; occurrence.
their, your. Sucesor-a, sm. successor.
Suavidad, sf. suavity, softness, deli- Sucintamente, ad. succinctly, brief-
cacy. ly, shortly.
Sube, F. Subir, ind. pres. 3s. as- Suave, a. soft, smooth.
cends. Sueia, sf. sole, leather.
Suben. F. Subir, ind. pres. Sp. as- Sueldo, sm. wages, pay, salary.
cend. Suelen, F. Soler, ind. pres. Sp. are
Subia, F. Subir, ind. imp/. 1 or 3s apt, in the habit.
ascended. Sueio, sm. floor, ground, soil.

Sub i an, F. Subir, ind. impf. Sp. ran Suelta, F. Soltar, ind. pres. 3s. he
up, ascended. lets out.
Subido, F. Subir, part, ascended, Sueltan, F. Soltar, ind. pres. Sp.
walked up. they untie or let loose.
Subido-a, a. finest, most excel Sueiia, F. Sonar, ind. pres. 3s.
lent. dreams.
Sublime, a. sublime, magnificent Suenan, F. Sonar, ind. pres. Sp.
grand. dream.
Subiendo, F. Subir, ger. ascending, Sueno, sm. sleep, dream, vision.
mounting. Suerte, sf. fate, chance, lot.
Subio, F. Subir, ind. pret. 3s. as- Sufocar, inf. va. to suffocate, to
cended. smother, to harass, to molest.
Subir, inf. vn. to walk up, to as- Sufridor-a, sm, sufferer ; capable of
cend, to mount, to rise. enduring.
Subir, inf. va. to climb, to ascend, Sufre, F. Sufrir, ind. pres. 3s. suffers.
to lift up, to enhance. Sufria, F. Sufrir, ind. impf. 1 or 3s.
Subito, ad. immediately, directly, suffered.
suddenly. Sufrir, inf. va. to suffer, to endure,
Subito-a, a. quick, sudden. to bear, to tolerate.
Subsistencia, sf. subsistence, main- Sufrire, F. Svfrir, ind.
fut. Is. I
tenance, stability. shall suffer.
Substancia, sf. substance, matter, Sujerisron, F. Sujerir, ind. pret.
Sp.
nutriment. they suggested,
23 265
 TAC TAC
Sujerfr, inf. va. to suggest, to hint, Supieron, F.
Saber, ind. pret. 3p.
to intimate, to instigate. knew.
Sujetainos, F. Sujetar, ind. pres. Ip. Supiesen, F. Saber,
subj. 3 impf. 3p.
we subject. should know.
Sujetar, inf. va. to subject, to re- Suplica,
sf. petition, request, memo-
duce, to overcome. rial.
Sujeto, sm. person, individual; sub- Suplicar, inf. va. to
beseech, to sup-
ject, matter. plicate, to demand.
Suj^to-a, a. subject, liable, exposed. Suph'co, F. Suplicar,
ind. pres. Is.
Suma. sf sum, amount; en suma, I supplicate.
ad. in short. Suplique, F. Suplicar, ind. pret. Is.
Surname nte, ad. extremely, very, I beseeched.
very much. Supo, F. Saber, ind. pret. 3s.
Sumerjiendo, F. Sumergir, gcr. knew.
plunging into. Supremo, a. super, supreme, high-
Sumerjir, inf. va. to plunge into, to est.
sink, to embarrass. Sus, pron. dem. n. oro. its, her, his,
Sumia, F. Sumir, ind. pres. 1 or 3s. their, your.
was sinking. Suspiro, sm. sigh, breath, hissing.
Sumir, inf. vr. to be sunk, to be Sustentaba, F. Sustentar, ind.
impf
swallowed up, to sink under 1 or 3s. maintained.
ground. Sustentado, F. Sustentar, a. sup-
Sumira, F. Snmir, ind. fat. 3s. will ported, maintained, sustained.
sink, or be sunk. Sustentan, F. Sustentar, ind. pres.
Sumo, a. super, highest, loftiest. 3p. sustain.
Suntuoso-a, a. sumptuous, splendid, Sustentar, inf. va. to maintain, to
expensive. sustain, to support.
Superficie, sf. superficies, outward, Sustento, sm. food, sustenance,
exterior. maintenance.
Superior, sm. superior, elder. Susto, sm. fright, terror, fear.
Superior, a. comp. superior, higher, Susurrante, a. murmuring, whisper-
greater. ing, purling, whizzing.
Superioridad, sf. superiority, pre- Sutil, a. subtle, sharp, acute.
eminence, superior excellence. Suyo-a, pron. pos. o. or n. his, hers,
Supersticioso-a, a. superstitious, theirs, yours ; of him, her, them.
over scrupulous.

Tabla, sf. table, board, plot of earth. Tachan, F. Tachar, ind. pres. 3p.
Taburete, sm. stool, chair. they accuse, impeach, find fault.
Tacha, sf fault, imperfection, Tachar, inf. pres. va. to find fault,
way. to censure, to reprehend.
Tacha, F. Tachar, ind. pres. 3s. finds Tacito, sub. prop. m. Tacitus, a
fault. very eminent ancient historian.
266
 ;

TE TEN
Tacito-a, a. tacit, understood, im- Te, F. Tu, pron. per. s. o. thee, to
plied. thee.
Taciturno-a, a. silent, taciturn, re- Teatro, sm. theatre, play-house.
served, D.elancholy. Tejldo, sm. texture, stuff.
Tacto, sm. touch, sense of feeling. Tejido, part, adjec. devised, woven,
Tafetan, sm. riband. designed.
Tahali, sm. shoulder belt. Tema, F. Temer, imp. pres. 3s. let
Tajo, sub. prop. m. Tagus, a river it, him, or her fear.

in Spain. Tema, F. Temer, subj. pres. 1 or 3s.

Tal, ad. and a. such, such as ; cer- may fear.

tain ; tal vez, perhaps. Teme, F. Temer, ind. pres. 3s. fears

Talamo, sm. bride chamber, nup- Teraed, F. Temer, imp. pres. 2p.
tial bed. fear you or ye.
Talento, sm. talent (an ancient Temer, inf. va. to fear, to dread, to
piece of money,) talents, genius, reverence.
abilities. Temeridad, sf. rashness, temerity,
Tamano, sm. size, shape, stature. imprudence, excess.
Tarnbien, ad. also, likewise, in the Temeroso-a, a. fearful, timorous,
same manner. cowardly.
Tarnbien, conj. also, and. Temiesen, F. Temer, subj. 3 impf
Tampoco, conj. neither, nor. 3p. they should fear.
Tan, ad. as, so, as much. Terno, F. Temer, ind. pres. Is. I
Tanjer, sm. prop. Tangier, a town fear.

on the straits of Gibraltar, on the Temperamento, sm. temperature,

African side. temperament, constitution.
Tanto, ad. so much, as much, so Tempestad, sf. tempest, storm,
par lo tanto, therefore. commotion.
Tariendo, ger. playing on. Templado-a, a. tempered, mode-
Taiiido, sm. knell, melancholy rated, tuned, benign.
sound. Templanza, sf temperance, tempe-
Tapado-a, F. Tapar, part, covered, rature.
stopped. Templo, sm. temple, church.
Tarda, F. Tardar, ind. pres. 3s. de- Templo, F. Templar, ind. pret. 3s.
lays. he tempered or moderated.
Tardan, F. Tardar, ind. pres. 3p. Temor, sm. fear, terror.
delay. Ten, F. Tener, imp. 2s. hold, keep.
Tardar, inf. vn. to delay, to put off, Tender, inf. va. to extend, to stretch
to procrastinate. to spread, to distend.
Tarde, a. slow, tardy. Tender, inf. vn. to direct, to tend,
Tarde, ad. late, afternoon, past the to refer.
time. Tendi, F. Tender, ind. pret. Is. I
Tardo-a, sub. a slow person. extended.
Tarea, sf. labour, occupation, work. Tendia, F. Tender, ind. impf 1 or
Tasa, sf. check, bounds tax, rate. ; 3s. tended.
Te, sm. tea. Tendido, part, adjec. stretched, ex-
tended, lying down.
267
 ;

TER TIR
Tendremos, F. Tener, ind. fit. \p Terneza, sf. tenderness, softness,
we shall or will have. suavity.
Tenebroso-a, a. dark, obscure Ternura,
sf. tenderness, delicacy.
gloomy. Tertuliano-a, adj. and s. visiter.
Tened, F. Tener, imp. 2p. have. Tesoro, sm. treasure, wealth.
hold, consider. Testifican, F. Testificar, ind. pres.
Teneis, F. Tener, ind. pres. 2p. ye Sp. they attest.
have. Testigo, sm. witness, proof, evi-
Tenemos, F. Tener, ind. pres. Ip. dence.
we have, we keep, hold. Testimonio, sm. witness, testimony,
Tener, have, to hold, to
inf. va. to proof, attestation, copy.
possess, to maintain, to support, Ti, F. Tu, pron. per. s. o. thee,
to
to keep. thee.
Tenga, F. Tener, subj. pres. 1 or 3s. Tibieza, sf. indifference, careless-
I, it, he, or she may have. lukewarmness.
ness,
Tengan, F. Tener, subj. pres. Sp. Tiembla, F. Temblar, ind. pres. 3s.
they may have. he trembles.
Tengas, F. Tener, subj. pres. 2s. Tiempo, sm. time, weather, leisure,
thou may est have. opportunity.
Tengo, F. Tener, ind. pres. Is. I Tienda, sf. tent, shop.
have. Tiendecita, sf small shop, or store,
Tenia, ind. impf 3s. kept, had dim. of Tienda.
razon, he was right no tenia Tienden, F. Tender, ind. pres. Sp.
;

razon, he was wrong. they stretch or extend.

Teniamos, F. Tener, ind. impf. \p. Tiene, F. Tener, ind. pres. 3s. has;
we had. se tiene, considers himself.
Tenian, F. Tener, ind. impf
Tienen, F. Tener, ind. pres. Sp.
Sp.
they had. they have.
Tenido, F. Tener, part, held, had; Tienes, F. Tener, ind. pres. 2s. thou
kept; followed. hast.
Teniendo, F. Tener, ger. having, Tiernamente, ad. tenderly, affec-
possessing. tionately.
Tener, inf. va. to dye, to stain. Tierno-a, a. tender, affectionate,
Tentacion, sf temptation, instiga- delicate.
tion. Tierra, sub. prop, f the earth,
Teiiido-a, a. dyed, tinged, impreg- country, ground, land, soil.

nated with any colour. Tinieblas, sfp. darkness, obscurity.

Termas, sub. prop. m. Terrnas, a Tino, sm. judgment, prudence.
town in Spain. Tinta, sf ink, tint.
Terremoto, sm. earthquake. Tinto-a, F. Tenir, part. abs. being
Terreno, sm. place, space of ground. stained, tainted.
Terron, sm. clod of earth, lump. Tino, F. Tenir, part, dyed, stained.
Terso-a, a. clean, polished, beauti- Tirania, sf. tyranny, despotism.
ful. Tirano, sm. tyrant, despotic mo-
Termino, sm. term, termination, narch.
object, period. Tirano-a, a. tyrannical.
 t6m t6q
Tiro, sm. discharge, mark, shot. Tomaba, F. Tomar, ind. impf. 3s.

Tiro, F. Tirar, ind. pres. 3s. draw, took.

open. Tomad, F. Tomar, ind. pres. 2p.
Tito, sub. prop. m. Titus, the first take you or ye.
name of Livy, a Roman historian, Tornado, F. Tomar, part, taken,
born at Patavium, now called possessed of, understood.
Padua. Toman, F. Tomar, ind. pres. Bp,

Titulo, sm. title. they take.

Tivoli, sub. prop. m. Tivoli, a town Tomando, F. Tomar, ger. assuming,
in the territory of Rome. taking.
Tobillo, sm. ankle. Tomar, inf. va. to take, to assure,

Toca, sf. head-dress. tooccupy.

Toe aha, F. Tocar, ind. imp/. 3s. it Tomara, F. Tomar, subj. 1 impf
belonged to, it was his duty. would take.
Is. I

Tocar, inf. va. to touch, to feel, to Tomaron, F. Tomar,

ind. pret. 3p,

go deeply. they took.

Tocar, inf. vn. and a. to belong to, Tomas, F. Tomar, ind, pres. 2s.
to be his, hers, ours, theirs, mine, thou takest.
go to, fall to one's lot, to be one's Tomas, sub. prop. m. Thomas, a
turn. man's name.
Tocase, F. T&car, subj. 3 impf. it Tomasen, F. Tomar, subj. 3 impf
should touch, appertain or belong. Sp. they should take.
Toco, F. Tocar , ind. pres. Is. I Tome, F. Tomar, subj. pres. 1 or
touch, I am near. 3s. may take.
Toco, F. Tocar, ind. pret. 3s. it Tomen, F. Tomar, subj. pres. 3p.
touched, pertained, or belonged. they may take.
Todavia, ad. notwithstanding, yet, Tomo, F. Tomar, ind. pres. Is. I
still. take.
T6do-a, a. all ; entirely ; every kind Tomo, F. Tomar, ind. pret. 3s.
of; s. every thing; con todo
all, took.
notwithstanding; del todo, en- Tono, sm. tone, voice, manner,
tirely. tune.
Todopoderoso, sub. prop. m. Al- Top aba, F. Topar, ind. impf 3s.
mighty God. met with.
Toga, sm. gow n, toga, costume Top ado, F. Topar, part, met, run
T

worn by the Romans. against.

Tolerar, inf. pres. va. to tolerate, to Topar, inf. pres. va. to run against,
suffer, to permit, to indulge. tomeet with, to encounter.
Tolero, F. Tolerar, ind. pret. 3s. it, Topo, F. Topar, ind. pres. Is. I
he, or she tolerated. meet.
Toma, sf. taking, seizing, appre- Topo, F. Topar, ind. pret. 3s.
hension. met.
Toma, F. Tomar, imp. pres. 2s. Toque, F. Tocar, subj. pres. 1 or
take thou. 3s. may touch.
Toma, F. Tomar, ind. pres. 3s. Toque, sm. touch, ringing of bells,
takes. essay.
23* 269
 TRA TRi
Toquen, F. Tocar, suhj. pres. Bp Trabajo, sm. work, impediment,
they may touch. trouble, poverty.
Torcer, inf. va. to twist, to turn, to Trabajo so- a, a. laborious, hard,
deviate. painful, elaborate.
Torciendo, F. Torcer, ger. taking a Traductor, sm. translator.
wrong path. Trae, F. Traer, ind. pres. 3s. brings,
Torcieron, F. Torcer, ind. pret. 3p. or carries.
twisted, deviated. Traer, inf. va. to bring, to carry, to
Tormenta, sf. tempest, storm. take, to fetch, to attract.
Tormento, sm. torment, pain, an- Triifajo, sm. traffic, commerce,
guish, torture. trade.
Torna, and imp. returns Trafico, sm. traffic, commerce.
ind. pres.
to, return thou. Tragaron, F. Tragar, ind. pret. 3p.
Tornara, F. Tomar, ind. fat. 3s. they swallowed.
will return. Traje, sm: dress, costume, garb.
Torno, sm. wheel, circumvolution; Trajedia, sf. tragedy; any dreadful
en torno, arround. event.
Torpe, s. a clumsy, rough, or rude Trajeron, F. Traer, ind. pret. Sp.
person. brought.
Torpe, rude, clumsy, barbarous, Traia, F. Traer, ind. impf. 1 or 3s.
a.

libidinous. brought, wore.

Toro, sm. bull. Traian, F. Traer, ind. impf 3p.
Torre, sf. steeple, tower. they brought.
Torrente, sm. torrent, rapid stream, Traicion, sf. treason, treachery.
abundance. Traiga, F. Traer, imp. pres. 3p. let
Torreon, sm. a round tower. bring.
Tortura, sf. rack, torture, tortuosity. Traiga, F. Traer, subj. pres. Zs.
T6sco-a, a. rough, rude, unpolished, may bring.
ill-bred. Traigan, F. Traer, subj. pres. Bp.
Total, sm. the whole, sum, totality, may bring.
amount. Traigo, F. Traer, ind. pres. Is. I
Total, a. general, universal, total. bring.
Trabaja, F. Trabajar, ind. invpf. 3s. Trajo, F. Traer, ind. pret. 1 or 3s.
worked. brought.
Trabajamos, F. Trabajar, ind. pres. Tramposo, s. swindler.
lp. we labour. Tramposo-a, a. deceitful, swindling.
Trabajamos, F. Trabajar, ind. pret. Trance, sm. danger, perilous situa-
\p. we laboured. tion, the last stage of life.
Trabajando, F. Trabajar, ger. la- Tranquilamente, ad. tranquilly,
bouring, working. peacefully.
Trabajar, inf. va. to labour, to work. Tranquilo-a, a. tranquil, calm, quiet.
Trabajaremos, F. Trabajar, ind. Transferido, F. Transferir, part.
fat. lp. we shall work. transferred, transported.
Trabajaron, F. Trabajar, ind. pret. Transito, sm. distance, transition,
3p. they laboured. passage, way ; road.

270
 TRA TRO
Transparente, a. transparent. Travieso-a, a. oblique, turbulent,
Transportar, inf. va. to transport, to intemperate.
convey, to remove. Trayendo, F. Traer, ger. carrying,,
Transporte, F. Transpertar, subj. bringing.
pres. 1.9. I may transport. Traza, sf plan, scheme.
Transporte, sm. transport, transpor- Trecho, sm. space, distance, situa-
tation. tion, plight.
Tras, prep, behind, independently Tregua, sf repose, truce, cessa-
of. tion of hostilities.
Traslada, F. Trasladar, ind. pres. Treinta, a. num. thirty.
3s. it, he, or she translates. Trenticinco, a. num. thirty-five.
Trasladado, part, removed, trans Trenza, sf. braided hair.
lated, transcribed, copied. Tres, a. num. three.
Trasladar, inf. va. to translate, to Tretico-a, adj. melancholy, sombre,
remove, to transcribe. dark, gloomy.
Traspasado-a, part. abs. penetrated Tribunal, sm. tribunal, court (of
struck; run through. justice.)
Traspasar, inf. va. to pierce, to Tributo, sm. tribute, tax, contribu-
cross, to move to compassion. tion.
Traspasaron, ind. pret. Sp. they Trigo, sm, wheat.
pierced. Trinchera, sf. entrenchment
Trastornado-a, a. overthrown, up- Triste, a. sad, melancholy, dull,
set, deranged, entangled. doleful.
Trastornar, inf. pres. va. to subvert, Triste za, sf. sadness, grief, afflic-

to overthrow, to confuse, to per- tion, sorrow.

suade, to derange. Triunfando, F. Triunfar, ger. tri-
Trasudor, sm. sweat, perspiration. umphing, subduing.
Trata, F. Tratar, ind. pres. 3s. it, Triunfar, inf. vn. to triumph over,
he, or she treats. to conquer, to gain a victory.
Tiataba, (se) ind. impf. he intend- Triunfo, F. Triunfar, ind. pret. 3s.
ed, he fared. it, he, or she triumphed over.

Trataban, F. Tratar, ind. impf. Sp. Triunfo, sm. triumph, conquest,

treated, endeavoured to. trophy.
Tratan, ind. pres. Sp. set about. Trocado, F. Trocar, part, changed,
Tratando, F. Tratar, ger. treating, permuted.
touching, trading. Trocara, F. Trocar, subj. 1 impf
Tratar, inf. pres. va. to investigate, 1 or 3s. would exchange.

to intend, to have intercourse, to Tronco, sm. trunk; and also,

fare. branch.
Tr&tkron,. ind. pret. 3p. they treated, Tronera, sf hair-brained; loop-
thought of. hole.
Trato, F. Tratar, ind. pres. Is. I Trono, sm.. throne, royal seat,
wish. Tropa, sf troop, soldiers.
Trato, sm. intercourse, commerce, Tropel, sm. noise, hurry, bustle,
treatment, usage, fare. confusion.

27 i
 ;

tfLT tfNA
Tropel, pron. collec. a crowd, a Tulip an, sm. tulip (a flower.)
number of persons or things Tumba, sf. tomb, sepulchre.
heaped or confused together. Tumulto, sm. tumult, uproar, mob.
Tropezar, inf. pres. vn. to stumble, Tunante, sm. a cunning, crafty, or
to be detained, to wrangle, to sagacious rogue.
dispute. Turba, sf. crowd, multitude.
Tropieza, sm. stumble, obstacle, Turba, F. Turbar, ind. pres. Ss. dis-
error. turbs ; s. a crowd.
Trueca, F. Trocar ind. pres. Ss. he Turbacion, sf. perturbation, confu-
>

exchanges. sion, disorder.

Trucha, sf. trout. Turban, F. Turbar, ind. pres. Sp.
Trueno, sm. thunder, report of fire disturb.
arms. Turbando, ger. disquieting, disturb-
Trueque, sm. exchange a Tmeque, ing; inverting.
;

by the loss, provided, in order, Turbar, inf. va. to disturb, to alarm,

exchanging. to trouble, to surprise.
Tu, pron. per. n. s. thou. This Tus, pron. pos. p. n. or o. thy, your.
pronoun is used, in Spanish, only Tuviera, F. Tener, subj. impf. 1 or
by parents in addressing their 3s. would, might have.
children ; masters, their servants Tuvierais, F. Tener, subj. 1 impf.
and intimate friends, each other. 2p. you or ye should have.
Sometimes it is used also in ad- Tuviere, F. Tener, subj. fit. 1 or 3*.
dressing God, or any celestial es- should have.
sence. V. Vd. or Vmd. meaning Tuvieron, F. Tener, ind. pret. Sp.
Usted or Vuestra Merced, may be possessed.
said to be the pronoun in general Tuvieseis, F. Tener, subj. 3 impf.
use, in addressing ourselves to 2p. should have.
persons in general. Tuviesen, F. Tener, subj. 3 impf.
Tu, pron. pos. s. n. or o. thy, thine. Sp. should have.
Tubo, sm. tube. Tuvo, F. Tener, ind. pret. Ss. it, he,
Tucidides, sub. prop. m. Thucy- or she had felt.
dides, a celebrated ancient histo- Tuyo-a, pron. pos. o. or n. sub. thy,
rian. thine.

u
U, prep, or, either. Ultraje, sm. outrage, contempt, op-
Ufano-a, sub. proud, haughty, con- probrium.
ceited. Un, a num. one, a ; contraction of
Ufano, a. proud, arrogant, haughty, uno.
cheerful, joyful. Una, sf. nail, talon.
TJltimamente, ad. lastly, ultimately. Una, adj. fern, of uno, en una, or a
tjltimo-a, a. last, final, finished; una, conjointly, unitedly.
par ultimo, at last. Una, F. Unir, subj. pres. 1 or 3s.
may unite.
272
 V.M. VAL
Une, F. Unir, ind. pres. 3s. unites. Usaban, F. Usar, ind. impf Zp>

Unen, F. Unir, ind. pres. 3p. unite. used.

Unico-a, a. only, alone, singular, Usado-a, part, adjec. used,

worn
excellent. out, skilful, versed.

Unir, inf. pres. va. to join, to unite, Usan, F. Usar, ind. pres. Bp.
they
to mix, to incorporate. use.

Universal, a. universal, general. Usar, inf. va. to use, to employ, to

Universo, sm. universe, or the gene- exercise, to make use of.

ral system of created things. Uso, sm. usage, use, employment.

Uno-a, a. num, one, a, an some. Usted, s. you, or your worship.
;

Urbanidad, sf. politeness, urbanity, See V.

civility. Usurpa, F. Usurpar, ind. pres. 3s.
Urbano-a, a. polite, civil, courteous. it, he, or she usurps.

Urna, sf. urn, glass, case. Usurpadp, a. and part, usurped,

Utilidad, sf. utility, usefulness. taken away, robbed.
IJsa, F. Usar, ind. pres. 3s. uses. Util, a. useful, advantageous*

Usaba, F. Usar, ind. impf. 3s. used.

V. This letter stands in printed or tad, your majesty; and also of

written composition, as a contrac usted.

tion of usted, which is, in itse-lf, VV. read ustedes, s. p. you or your
another contraction of Vuestra worships.
Merced, 'your worship.' V, which Va, F. Ir, ind. pres. 3s. goes.
is also often written or printed Vac a, sf. cow, veal.
Vd. or Vmd. must invariably be Vaciedad, sf. emptiness, vacuity,
read usted, 'you,' or 'your wor- arrogant speech.
ship.' This pronoun is, in Span- Vacilando, F. Vacilar, ger. waver-
ish, almost universally used in ing, staggering.
addressing ourselves to others, Vacilar, inf. pres. vn. to vacillate,
instead of tu, or vos, and may to stagger, to waver.
therefore be said to be the equiva- Vacio-a, a. empty, unoccupied, dis-
lent of the English 'you.' As it engaged.
is in itself a pronoun of the third Vago-a, a. vagrant, restless, unea-
person, it requires that the verb sy, vague.
agreeing with it should also be in Vago-a, sub. vagabond, an unculti-
the third person ; although used vated piece of ground.
in regard to persons spoken to. Valde, sm. bucket de valde, ; gratis.
It is also because Vmd. is in the Vale, F. Valer, ind. pres. 3s. is
third person, that the objective worth.
pronoun le, stands for d vmd. 'to Valen, F. Valer, ind. pres. Sp. they
you,' or to 'your worship.' are worth.
V. M. contraction of vuestra majes- Valentfa, sf. valour, courage, spirit.

273
 VAR VEL
Valer, inf. pres. vn. to be worth, Vasallo, sm. subject, vassal, slave.
valuable ; to serve. Vaso, sm. vessel, vase, receptacle, I

Vaterosarnente, ad. valiantly, cour- tumbler.

ageously. Vastago, sm. stem, bud, shoot.
VaIer6so-a, a. valiant, courageous, Vasto-a, a. vast, grand, huge.
strong, powerful. Vaya, F. Ir, imp. pres. 3s. let it,

Valga, F. Valer, subj. pres. Bs. may him, or her go.

be worth. Vaya, F Ir, subj. pres. 1 or 3s. may
Valgan, F. Valer, subj. pres. Bp. go.
may be worth. Vayan, F. Ir, subj. pres. Bp. they
Valla, F. Valer, ind. impf. Is. I was may go.
worth. Vd. read usted, s. you or your wor-
Valido, sm. favourite, predilect ship. See V.
Valido, F. Valer, part, bee^ii worth. Vds. read ustedes,
s. p. you, or your

Valiendo, F. Valer, ger. taking ad- worships. See V.

vantage, being worth. Ve, F. Ir, imp. pres. 2s. go thou.
Valiera, subj. impf. would be worth; Ve, F. Ver, imp. pres. 2s. see, or
mas valiera, it would be better. look thou.
Valiente, a. valiant, courageous, Vea, F. Ver, imp. pres. Bs. see you,
strong ; s. a bully, a valiant man. or let him see.
Vaiiesen, F. Valer, subj. 3 impf. Bp. Vea, F. Ver, subj. pres. 1 or 3s. may
they should be worth. see.
Valor, sm. valour, value, income. Veas, F. Ver, subj. pres. 2s. thou
Vaiiado, sm. enclosure, paling. mayest see.
Valle, sm. ovf. valley, vale. Veais, F. Ver, subj. pres. 2p. ye or
Vamos, F. Ir, subj. pres. \p. come you may see.
on, let us go. Veamos, F. Ver, imp. pres. Ip. let
Van, F. Ir, ind. pres. Bp. go. us see.
Vanaglorioso-a, a. vain, boastful, Veamos, F. Ver, subj. pres. \p. we
vain-glorious, conceited, proud. may see.
Vanamente, ad. vainly. Veces, sf. office, purpose, station.
Vando, sm. edict, law, party. Ved, F. Ver, imp. pres. 2p. see, be-
Vanidad, sf. vanity, ostentation, hold, ye or you.
vain parade. Vega, sf. a plain, lawn, prairie.
Vano-a, a. vain, arrogant, empty, Vejez, sf. old age, decay, imbecility.
useless. Veia, F. Ver, ind. impf. 1 or Bs.
Varela (Felics) sub. prop. m. Vare- saw.
la, a distinguished living philo- Veian, F. Ver, ind. impf Bp. they
sophic writer; author of <Lec- saw.
ciones de Filosofia,* and other Veinte, a. num. twenty.
valuable works. Vela, F. Velar, ind. pres. Bs.

Variedad, sf. variety, variation, in watches.

constancy. Velad, F. Velar, imp. pres. 2p.
l
r
ario-a, a. various, changeable, watch ye or you.
vague, wild. Velamos, F. Velar, ind.' pret. \p.
faron, sm. man. we sat up.
274
 VEN VEN
Velando, F. Velar, ger. sitting up, of the Austrians. Its capital

watching. Venice, remarkable for its being

is

Velar, inf. vn. to sit, to watch, to built on 70 islets of the Adriatic

keep guard, to observe. sea, for its palaces, and the many
Velar, inf. va. to watch, to preserve, monuments of art it contains.

to keep, to attend. Veneciano-a, adj. or s. com. Vene-

Velo, sm. veil, pretence, curtain. tian, a native of Venice.
Velio, sm. down, soft hair, wool. Veneno, sm. poison, venom.
Venios, F. Ver, imp. pres. lp. let us Veneracion, sf veneration, respect,
see. worship.
Veuios, F. Ver, subj. pres. lp. we Venero, sm. flood, course, vein,
may see. root, source.
Ven, F. Venir, imp. pres. 2s. come Venga, imp. pres. 3s. let it, him, or
thou. her revenge, or come.
Vena, sf vein, artery, Venga, subj. pres. 1 or 3s. may
bandage.
Venal, a. venial, venal, avenge or come.
pardonable.
Vence, F. Veneer, impf pres. 3s. Vengad, F. Vengar, imp. pres. 2p.
conquers. avenge ye.
Vencedor, sm. conqueror. Vengan, subj. pres. Sp. they may
Vencen, F. Veneer, ind. pret. Bp. come, or avenge.
conquer. Venganza, sf. revenge, vengeance.
Veneer, inf. va. to conquer, to over- Vengar, inf. pres. va. to revenge,
come, to prevail upon. to avenge, to return an injury.
Vencldo-a, part, and a. conquered, Vengar, inf. pres. vr. to be revenged
overcome, subdued. on.
Vencimiento, sm. conquest, control, Vengaremos, F. Vengar, ind. fut.
victory. lp. we shall avenge.
Vencimos, F. Veneer, ind. pret. lp. Vengaremos, F. Vengar, subj. fut.
we conquered. lp. we should avenge.
Vende, F. Vender, Vengas, F. Venir, subj. pres. 2s.
ind. pres. 3s.

sells. thou mayest come.

Vender, inf. pres. va. to sell, to be- Vengas, F. Vengar, subj. pres. 2s.
tray, to deceive, to prostitute. thou mayest revenge.
Vender! ais, F. Vender, subj. 2 impf. Vengativo-a, a. revengeful, vindic-
2s. you would sell. tive.
Venderias, F. Vender, subj. 2 impf. Vengo, F. Venir, ind. pres. Is. I
Sp. would sell. come.
Vend i an, F. Vender, ind. impf. Sp. Vengo, F. Vengar, ind. pres. Is. I
sold. avenge.
Vendible, a. saleable, vendible. Ven i a, F. Venir, ind. impf. 1 or 3s.
Vendiendo, F. Vender, ger. selling, came.
vending. Ven i an, F. Venir, ind. impf. Sp.
Venecia, sm. prop. Venice, a terri- came.
tory in Italy, celebrated for its Venidero-a, a. next, future, com-
ancient power and splendour. It ing.
was a republic ; now a province
275
 ; ;

VER VIJ

Venido, F. Venir, part, come, ar- Verter, inf. va. to shed, to spill, io
rived. empty, to exceed, to divulge.
Venir, inf. come, to draw Vertiendo, F. Verter, ger. shedding,
vn. to
near, to happen, to become. spreading.
Venis, F. Venir, ind. pres. 2p. ye Ves, F. Ver, ind. pres. 2s. thou seest.
or you come. Vestido, sm. dress, suit, costume.
Ventaja, sf advantage, preference. Vestido-a, a. dressed, empowered.
Ventana, sf. window, balcony. Vestir, inf. va. to dress, to wear, to
r
\ entero, sm. innkeeper, landlord; adorn, to embellish.
a. scenting, (hunting.) Vez, sf. time una vez, once, once
;

Ventura, sf. fortune, success, luck, upon a time a veces, some times
;

casualty. tal vez, perhaps

en vez, instead. ;

Venturoso, a. lucky, successful, Vi, F. Ver, ind. pret. Is. I saw.

fortunate. Via, sf. street, way.
Veo, F. Ver, ind. pres. Is. I see.
Viaje, sm. voyage, journey.
Ver, inf. va. to see, to behold, to Viajero, sm. traveller, passenger.
observe, to judge. Viatico, sm. viaticum (the Holy
Veraces, a. p. true, real. Eucharist given or brought to
Verano, sm. summer. sick persons.)
Veras, F. Ver, ind. pres. 2s. thou Vicio, sm. vice, artifice, defect.
wilt or shalt see. Vicioso'-a, a. vicious, luxuriant,
Verdad, sf truth, reality, maxim abundant.
a la verdad, in truth, truly. Vicisitud, sf. vicissitude, change.
Verdaderamente, ad. truly, in fact, Victima, sf. victim, sacrifice.
indeed. Victoria, sf victory, triumph, con-
Verdadero-a, a. real, true, sincere, quest.
ingenuous. Vida, sf life, existence, livelihood.
Verde, a. green, young, raw, untu- Vidrio, sm. glass, vessel, pane.
tored. Viejo-a, a. old, antiquated, ancient.
Vere, F. Ver, ind. fut. Viendo, F. Ver, ger. seeing.
Is. I shall
or will see. Viene, F. Venir, ind. pres. 3s. comes.
Vergonzoso-a, a. shameful, shame- Vienen, F. Venir, ind. pres. Bp.
faced, modest. they come.
Vergiienza, sf. shame, diffidence. Vienes, F. Venir, ind. pres. 2s. thou
Verificar, inf. va. to realize, to ve- comest.
rify, to aifect, to accomplish. Viento, sm. wind, vanity.
Verifique, (se) subj. pres. 1 or 3s. Vientre, sm. belly, womb, body.
may, or shall be effected. Viera, F. Ver, subj. 1 impf. 1 or 3s
Verjel, sm. flower-garden, orchard. would see.
Verosimilmente, ad. likely, proba- Vieron, F. Ver, ind. pret. Sp. they
bly with verisimilitude.
; saw.
Versalles, sf. Versailles, a town of Vierta, F. Verter, subj. pres. 1 or 3s.
France, near Paris. may shed.
Verso, sm. verse, versification, a Vierte, F. Verier, ind. pres. 3s. sheds.
line of poetry. Vigor, sm. vigour, force, energy.
Vijilia, sf. vigil, watch, lucubration.
276
 . ^

VIR VfV

Vil, a. vile, base. Visaje, sm. visage, grimace, contor

Vileza, sf. baseness, vileness, mean- tion.

ness. Visible, a. visible, evident.

Villa, sf town. Visitado, F. Visitar, part, visited;

Villamayor, sub. prop. m. Villa- examined, frequented.

mayor, an eminent Spanish cha- Visitante, sm. visitor.
racter. Visitar, inf. va. to visit, to search
Villa.no, sm. clown, villain. (ships), to examine (
prisons
Villano-a, a. vulgar, rustic, wicked. Viso, sm. sight, prospect, conjeecuic
V( mos, F. Ver, ind. pret. \p. we saw. Vista, sf. sight, landscape, appari-
Vinculo, sm. tie, entail, charge. tion.

Viniendo, F. Venir, ger. coming. Viste, F. Vestir, ind. pres. 3s

Viniere, F. Venir, subj. fat. 3s. he dresses, wears.
should come. Viste, F. Ver, ind. pres. 2s. thou
Vinieron, F. Venir, ind. pret. sawest.
came. Vistieron, F. Vestir, ind. pret. Sp.
Viniese, F. Venir, subj. 3 impf. 1 dressed, wore.
or 3s. I or he should come. Vistio, F. Vestir, ind. pret. 3s. it,

Vino, F. Venir, ind. pret. 3s. came. he, or she dressed.

Vino, sm. wine. Visto, F. Ver, part. seen.
Vina, sf. vineyard, vine. Visto-a, part. abs. being seen, be-
Vio, F. Ver, ind. pret. 3s. saw. held.
Violaban, F. Violar, ind. impf. Sp. Vistoso-a, a. beautiful, delightful,
they violated. magnificent.
Violencia, sf. violence, compulsion, Viterbo, sub. prop. m. Viterbo, a
wrong. town in Italy.
Violentado-a, a. forced, violated, Vituperio, sm. vituperation, cen-
enforced, erroneously interpreted. sure, infamy, disgrace.
Violentamente, ad. violently, for- Vituperan, F. Vituperar, ind. pres
cibly. Sp. decry.
Violentando, F. Viuda, sf. widow.
Violentar, ger,
forcing, violating. Viudo, sm. widower.
Violentar, inf. pres. va. to force, to Viva, sm. cheer; inter, huzza 1

violate. hurrah!
Violento-a, a. violent, forced, iras- Viva, F. Vivir, subj. pres. I or 3*
cible. may live.
Violeta, sf. violet (a flower.)Viva, F. Vivir, imp. pres. 3s. let it,
Virjinal, a. virginal, uncontamina- him, or her live.
ted, pure. Vivamente, ad. with fervour; lively,
Virtelia, sub. prop. f. Virtelia, a in a brisk manner, quickly.
fictitious person in the works of Vivan, F. Vivir, subj. pres. Sp. may-
Gracian. live
Virtiid,sf virtue, efficacy, rectitude, Vivaz, a. lively, active.
quality. Vive, F. Vivir, ind. pres. 3s. lives.
Virtuoso-a, a. virtuous, powerful, Viven, F. Vivir, ind, pres. Sp. live.
vigorous. Viveres, sm.p. provisions, supplies.
24 277
 VOL VUE
Vives, F. Vivir, ind. pres. 2s. thou Volver, inf. vn. va. to return, to in-
livest. vert, to reflect.
Vivia, F. Vivir, ind. impf. 1 or 3s. Volvera, F. Volver, ind. fat. 3s. will
lived. retnrn.
Vivian, F. Vivir, ind. impf. Sp. Volveran, F. Volver, ind. fat. 3p.
lived. will return.
Vivid, F. Vivir, imp. pres. 2p. live Volvere, F. Volver, ind. fat. Is. I
ye or you. will return.
Viviendo, F. Vivir, ger. living, ex- Volvi, F. Volver, ind. pret. Is. I re-
isting. turned.
Vviere, F. Vivir, subj.fut. 1 or 3s. Volvian, (se) F. Volver, ind. impf
should live. Sp. they turned, return.
Viviese, F. Vivir, subj. 3 impf. 1 or Volviendo, F. Volver, ger. return-
3s. I should live. ing, coming or going back.
Vivir, inf. pres. vn. to live, to last, Volvieron, (se) F. Volver, ind. pret.
to be remembered. Sp. they returned.
Vivira, F. Vivir, ind. fat. 3s. will live. Volvio, F. Volver, ind. pret. 3s. it,
Viviremos, F. Vivir, ind, fat. Ip. he, or she returned.
we shall or will live. Vos, pron. per. n. you, ye. This
Vivisimo-a, a. super, most vivid, pronoun is generally used in our
most lively, most burning. addresses to the Divinity and
Vivo, sm. edging, forte. other celestial essences. Some-
Vivo-a, a. alive, lively, brisk, acute, times, although rarely, we find it

ingenious. employed in common conversa-

Vizcaino-a, a. Vizcayan, a native tion, instead of Vmd.; and others
of Biscay, Spain. in addresses to persons of high
V. M. contraction of vuestra majes- rank. The King generally uses
tad, your majesty. vos instead of Vmd. in his Royal
Vmd. read usted, s. you, or your provisions and commissions.
worship. See V. Voto, sm. vow, vote, opinion, exe-
Vmds. read ustedes, s. p. you, or cration.
your worships. See V. Voz, sf. voice, word, shriek, ex-
Voceador, sm. vociferator, perpetual pression.
talker. Vuela, F. Volar, ind. pres. 3s. it,
Voi, F. Ir, ind. pres. Is. I go, I am he, or she flies.

going to. Vuelan, F. Volar, ind. pres. Sp.

Voiaiv %nf. pres. vn. to fly, to vanish, they fly.
to nang over, to go rapidly. Vuelo, sm. flight, wing (of an edi-
Volaron, F. Volar, ind. pret. Sp. fice,) ruffle, leap.

they flew. Vuelta, sf. turn, repetition, lashing,

Vol 6, F. Volar, ind. pret. 3s. flew, excursion.
did fly. Vuelto, F. Volver, part, returned.
Voluntad, sf. will, affection, desire, Vuelva, F. Volver, imp. pres. 2s. let
disposition. him return.
Voluntario-a, a. voluntary, willing, Vuelva, F. Volver, subj. pres. 1 or
spontaneous. 3s. may return.
278
 ZAP ZOZ
Vuelve, F. Volver, ind. pres. 3s. Vulgar, sub. collec. m. the vulgar.
returns. Vulgar, a. common, vernacular,
Vuestra Merced, 5. you, your wor- vulgar.
ship. See. V. Vulgo, sub. collec. m. vulgar, popu-
Vuestro-a, pron. per. p. o. or n. lace, generality of people.
your, yours.

Yacer, inf. vn. to lie, to repose, to

or > conj and. be stretched out.

i. 5 Yedra, sf. ivy.
Ya, conj. already, now-a-days now, ; Yelmo, sm. helmet.
at one time, at another. Yendo, F. Ir, ger. going.
Yace, F. Yacer, ind. pres. 3s. lies. Yerba, sf. herb, grass.
Yacen, F. Yacer, ind. pres. 3p. they Yo, pron. per. s. n. I.
lie. Yugo, sm. joke

Zagala, sf. swain (a country girl.) Zaragoza, sub. prop, f Zaragossa,

Zagaleja, sf a little, pretty swain. a city in Spain.
Zamarra, sf shepherd's dress (made Zaragiiellos, sm. p. drawers,
of skins.) breeches.
Zampona, sf. bagpipe. Zarza, sf thorn, bramble.
Zapato, sm. shoe. Zozobra, sf uneasiness, anguish,
anxiety.

279
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