STEEPLE Framework of LAKSHADWEEP

About lakshadweep -
 Lakshadweep formerly known as the Laccadive, Minicoy, and Aminidivi
Islands  is a group of islands in the Laccadive sea 200 to 440 km (120 to 270 mi)
off the southwestern coast of india.
 The archipelago is a Union territory and is governed by the union government of
india. They were also known as Laccadive Islands, although geographically this
is only the name of the central subgroup of the group.
 The islands form the smallest union territory of india: their total surface area is
just 32 km2 (12 sq mi). The lagoon area covers about 4,200 km2(1,600 sq mi),
the territorial waters area 20,000 km2 (7,700 sq mi) and the exclusive economical
zone area 400,000 km2(150,000 sq mi).

Demographical aspects-

 Population-
As per details from Census 2011, Lakshadweep has population of 64 Thousands,
an increase from figure of 60 Thousand in 2001 census. Total population of
Lakshadweep as per 2011 census is 64,473 of which male and female are 33,123
and 31,350 respectively. In 2001, total population was 60,650 in which males
were 31,131 while females were 29,519. 

The total population growth in this decade was 6.30 percent while in previous
decade it was 17.19 percent. The population of Lakshadweep forms 0.01 percent
of India in 2011. In 2001, the figure was 0.01 percent.

 Urban Population -
Out of total population of Lakshadweep, 78.07% people live in urban regions. The
total figure of population living in urban areas is 50,332 of which 25,880 are
males and while remaining 24,452 are females. The urban population in the last
10 years has increased by 78.07 percent. 

Sex Ratio in urban regions of Lakshadweep was 945 females per 1000 males. For
 child (0-6) sex ratio the figure for urban region stood at 911 girls per 1000 boys.
Total children (0-6 age) living in urban areas of Lakshadweep were 5,440. Of total
population in urban region, 10.81 % were children (0-6). 

Average Literacy rate in Lakshadweep for Urban regions was 91.92 percent in
which males were 95.84% literate while female literacy stood at 82.41%. Total
literates in urban region of Lakshadweep were 41,265.

 Literacy Rate -
Literacy rate in Lakshadweep has seen upward trend and is 91.85 percent as per
2011 population census. Of that, male literacy stands at 95.56 percent while
female literacy is at 87.95 percent. In 2001, literacy rate in Lakshadweep stood
at 86.66 percent of which male and female were 92.53 percent and 80.47
percent literate respectively. 

In actual numbers, total literates in Lakshadweep stands at 52,553 of which

males were 28,023 and females were 24,530.

 Density-
Total area of Lakshadweep is 30 sq. km. Density of Lakshadweep is 2,149 per sq
km which is higher than national average 382 per sq km. In 2001, density of
Lakshadweep was 1,895 per sq km, while nation average in 2001 was 324 per sq
km.

 Sex Ratio
Sex Ratio in Lakshadweep is 946 i.e. for each 1000 male, which is below national
average of 940 as per census 2011. In 2001, the sex ratio of female was 948 per
1000 males in Lakshadweep.

Educational level-
The islands have been by leaps and bounds since independence. In 1951 the literacy
percentage was 15.23 and now it is 87.52 % occupying the third position in the country.
Up to 1956 there was only one graduate. Now there are about 5200 matriculates, more
than 350 graduates, 70 postgraduates, 120 Engineers, 95 doctors and scores of
students studying in other disciplines. Now all children of school going age have access
to schools and out of the total student population 47% are girls.

Lakshadweep People And Culture-

Lakshadweep might not be covering a huge in terms of area; but the diversity of life one gets to see in
this group of small islands, often leaves them bewildered and gasping for more. Most of the tourists
visit Lakshadweep to savor the exquisiteness of golden sand beaches, shimmering blue lagoons and
scores of adventure activities. However, it is only on their arrival that they come to know, there is
more to Lakshadweep than meets the eye. Lakshadweep is an archipelago of 36 islands, only few of
them are inhabited, and only fewer are open for tourism. The closest state to Lakshadweep on the
Indian mainland is Kerala. And the culture of these two places are unmistakably similar to each other.
Most of the people here are the followers of Islamic religion. So all the major festivals that are
celebrated here are Muslim festivals. However, the slight percentage of people of other religion are not
left out and are an equal part of the celebrations here.
Tribes of Lakshadweep-
 The major communities that reside in Lakshadweep are Aminidivi, Koyas, Malmis and Malacheris.
Aminidivis are believed to be the first group of people to have started inhabiting these islands. They
started living in an island named Amini and today it is teeming with Aminidivi people. They are most
well known for their handmade crafts. They are also acknowledged for their different rituals and unique
way of celebrating festivals making their festivals a grand affair. Melacheris are considered to be the
main working community on the island. Their main profession is to gather nuts from coconut trees.
Koyas are the land owners of Lakshadweep and Malmis are the one who work for them. Malayalam is
the most commonly used language in Lakshadweep.
Lakshadweep Cuisine-
Two most abundant items on Lakshadweep islands are fishes and coconut and you will find both of
them being used abundantly in the dishes here. In cuisine as well, one can find a huge influence of
Kerala dishes in both vegetarian and non-vegetarian dishes. Although some dishes in Lakshadweep are
unlike any other. The restuarants here, apart from serving local cuisine, offer numerous inter-
continental cuisine as well. The spicy and tangy delicacies will surely give you another reason to visit
Lakshadweep islands again and again.
Arts And Crafts-
In Lakshadweep, arts and crafts have always been an activity to kill time. However, in recent times,
the arts and crafts of this sedate union territory has got a splendid boost since tourism has picked up
in Lakshadweep. The unique handicrafts have started seeing the outside world by the way of tourist
taking them to all corners of the globe. Items made up of coir are the most widely made and used
items on the island. Lakshadweep is a conglomeration of corals, shells and oysters. These items are
beautifully crafted and used in decorative items and in jewelery. You can buy these handicraft items
from any street side stall or small shops set on the beaches itself.

Technology –
The Lakshadweep Information Technology Services Society is formed to assist the IT
department in the implementation of the IT policy declared by Government of India and
Administration of the Union Territory of Lakshadweep, initiate efforts at e-Governance
by providing effective and citizen friendly government interfaces, promotion of the
Union Territory as an IT destination for industries and use of ICT as a tool to upgrade the
standard of living of people in all walks of life, shall be carried out by the proposed
Society. The Society is registered under the Societies Registration Act of 1860.
The objects to be pursued by the Society are:
o Promotion and development of Information Technology in the Union Territory of
Lakshadweep.
o Co-ordination of UT Administration initiatives in the Information Technology
sector.
o Implementation of Government policies relating to Information Technology
sector.
o Formulation and implementation of procurement policies for Information
Technology related investments in the Administration of the Union Territory of
Lakshadweep and sub-ordinate organizations.
Economic condition-
 Lakshadweep Economy is a simple 1 but it is an open economy for there is a
great development scope here. This is due to the fact that this part of India has
wealth that has not yet been exploited. The Economy of Lakshadweep depends
mainly on the agricultural, fishing, industrial, and tourism sectors. The gross
domestic product of Lakshadweep amounted to US$ 60 million in 2004.

 The Economy of the union territory of Lakshadweep depends for its revenue on
the agricultural sector. The main products that are cultivated in Lakshadweep are
coconut and coir. The major crop in the union territory is coconut with the
cultivation of almost 26.5 million in 1994- 1995. The coconut production in the
islands are increasing each year and the agricultural department exports it all
over the country. The other agricultural products cultivated in the union territory
are jaggery and vinegar. In Lakshadweep, the total area that is used for
cultivation is around 27.50 sq km. The agricultural sector has contributed a great
deal to the growth of the Economy in Lakshadweep.
The Economy in the union territory of Lakshadweep also depends for its revenue
on the fishing sector for the productivity of the sea around the island is very high.
Lakshadweep's fish availability per capita makes it stand 1st in the whole of
India. The total production of fish in the island stood at 10000 MTs in 1996. In
Lakshadweep, many processing and canning factories, mechanized boats for
fishing, and yards for boat- building has been set up. This sector has helped the
Economy of Lakshadweep to grow.

The Economy in Lakshadweep depends for its revenue on the industrial sector.
The main industry in the islands is the extraction of coconut fiber and its
conversion into fiber products. In the coir sector there are 7 government factories
for coir fiber, 4 units for fiber curling, and 7 coir centers for production and
demonstration. These units manufacture coir fiber, coir yarn, corridor mat, curled
fiber, and matting. All these products are sold all over the country and thus this
sector generates a lot of revenue for the Economy of Lakshadweep.

Lakshadweep Economy also gets its revenue from the tourism sector for the
islands are fast emerging as a hot tourists destination. This has helped to bring in
a lot of revenue for the Economy of Lakshadweep.

Lakshadweep Economy has been growing and there is still a lot of scope for
development.
Economic Profile-
Livelihood: Coconut is the dominating agricultural crop in the district. There is
potential for introducing fruits and vegetables, medicinal plants and also
promoting value addition. The uses of chemical Lakshadweep Action Plan on
Climate Change 2012 xv fertilizers are practically banned in the islands, on
ecological consideration. Animal husbandry in the islands mainly consists of
poultry and goat rearing, with cattle coming thereafter. Owing to the scarcity
of grazing lands and traditional factors, household farming of cattle is being
practised instead of organised farming. The fishery resources of the islands
inhabiting the reefs and numerous lagoons play a vital role in the economy of
the islands. Lakshadweep has been declared as a “No Industry District” of the
country in view of the fragile ecology of the islands. Industrial activity in
Lakshadweep centres on coir and fish and has declared tourism also as an
industry. Transport: As the islands lie scattered in the Arabian Sea, and
whenever a natural calamity occurs, the lifelines of these islands viz.
communication and transportation are disrupted and the link between
mainland and islands becomes non-functional. Mid-sea embarkation and
disembarkation of passengers and cargo is very risky, especially in monsoon
period (high sea, high speed wind) and therefore landing barges are urgently
required. All the inhabited islands of Lakshadweep are serviced by all-
weather cement concrete roads (main road and branch routes), providing at
least the main connectivity within each island. Each island is serviced by a
main road and branch routes. Energy: Electricity generation is mainly through
diesel generators. Diesel comes from the mainland, making it expensive and
the process of transportation cumbersome. The transportation of high speed
diesel oil to the islands is difficult and expensive. In order to meet monsoon
requirements of the Diesel Generator sets, diesel oil is stored well in advance.
The storage of diesel oil for long periods not only results in wastage of the
diesel oil through leakage but also affects the ecological condition of these
islands. Moreover, as the soil in these islands is highly porous, the seepage of
oil from diesel generators as well as during transportation at various places
such as loading and unloading locations, jetty, powerhouse, etc. and
supply/storage in damaged leaky barrels pollute the water and the soil.
Lakshadweep has decided to extend the use of renewables in the islands, so
that at least 20% of the total power demand is met by these alternate energy
sources initially and then progress to 100% electrification through renewable
energy. Solar energy has a lot of potential in Lakshadweep. There are 11
Solar Power Voltaic (SPV) plants established with capacity of one megawatt.
Geographical location, ecological considerations and energy demand pattern
of Lakshadweep make solar energy one of the most appropriate options to
meet the energy demand of the island. The main limitation for the application
of solar-based technology in these islands is the large land area requirement
for setting up the solar photovoltaic power plants. The situation in the islands
of Lakshadweep is favourable for wave power generation, even as a stand-
alone system considering the non-availability of other sources and high cost
of diesel power generation. Climate Change Impacts and Vulnerability The
open sea coral islands of Lakshadweep are one of the low lying small groups
of islands in the world. The low level of the islands of Lakshadweep makes
them very sensitive to sea level rise and therefore Lakshadweep Action Plan
on Climate Change 2012 xvi the foremost future threat to these island chains
is potential global climate change. The IPCC Report (2007) predicts a global
sea level rise of at least 40 cm by 2100 that shall inundate vast areas on the
coast, and up to 88 per cent of the coral reefs, termed the “rainforests of the
ocean”, may be lost. Researchers have warned that in India, the region most
vulnerable to inundation from accelerated sea level rise is the Lakshadweep
archipelago. Available data on the topography of Kiltan, Kavaratti, Kadmat,
Kalpeni-Cheriyam and Agatti-Bangaram islands suggest that the predicted
sea level rise scenario value of 1 m may be responsible for 19, 11, 19, 21 and
18% (respectively) land loss in these islands. Low-lying islands are at greater
risk from sea-level rise. Andrott, Kalpeni and Minicoy lie in a cyclone belt. The
remaining islands are subject to the Southwest and Northeast monsoons
causing heavy damages to coconut crops, seashore land, sheds and dwelling
houses that are not able to withstand cyclonic winds or in areas subject to
flooding. There is no significant change in rainfall and temperature data for
last 30 years recorded in Lakshadweep. Specific Lakshadweep Action Plan on
Climate Change 2012 xvii abundance in the lagoons of the Lakshadweep
islands, are facing a threat to their existence. In sea grass communities,
warming ocean temperatures are likely to result in distribution shifts,
changes in patterns of sexual reproduction, altered growth rates,
metabolism, and changes in their carbon balance. It is suggested that the
global climate change has the potential to eliminate the production of male
turtle offspring if mean global temperatures increase Water Resource: It has
been estimated that a 10 percent reduction in average rainfall by the year
2050 could produce a 20 percent reduction in the size of the freshwater lens
on small islands. A reduction in the size of the island, resulting from land loss
accompanying sea-level rise, is likely to reduce the thickness of the
freshwater lens on atolls by as much as 29%. Studies conducted for small
island atolls showed that a 50 cm rise in sea level accompanied by a
reduction in rainfall of 25% would reduce the freshwater lens by 65%. Health:
Climate-sensitive health outcomes of concern in small islands include
malaria, dengue, cholera and other diarrheal diseases, heat stress, skin
diseases, acute respiratory infections and asthma. Rise in temperature will
increase incidents of heat stress whilst projections for reduced rainfall, for
instance, will reduce the amount of available freshwater for human use and
consumption, leading to the increased risk of disease. Flooding associated
with increased rainfall and high sea levels coupled with increased surface air
temperature is likely to cause higher incidences of vector- and water-borne
diseases. Harmful algal blooms (HABs) produce toxins that can cause human
diseases, mainly by consumption of contaminated shellfish. Warmer seas
may thus contribute to increased cases of human shellfish and reef fish
poisoning (ciguatera) and poleward expansions of these disease distributions.
Energy: The energy infrastructure is very vulnerable to these extreme
climatic events. For example, under strong winds with speeds over 100km/hr,
electric wires and other electricity distribution components can easily
collapse. With conventional and renewable technologies inherently reliant on
climate, changes will result among other things in, altering availability of
natural energy resources; changes in the quantity and timing of renewable
resource extraction potential; and changes in operational performance of
energy production systems. The proposed renewable energy sources (once
implemented) viz., wave, tidal, or ocean thermal energy in Lakshadweep is
also prone to climate change impacts. Tourism: Climate changes will affect
the tourism industry through increased infrastructure damage, additional
emergency preparedness requirements, higher operating expenses (e.g.,
insurance, backup water and power systems, and evacuations). Changes in
water availability, biodiversity loss, reduced landscape aesthetic, altered
agricultural Lakshadweep Action Plan on Climate Change 2012 .production,
increased natural hazards, coastal erosion and inundation, damage to
infrastructure and the increasing incidence of vector-borne diseases will all
impact tourism to varying degrees. Tourism in small islands like Lakshadweep
is also vulnerable to climate change through extreme events and sealevel
rise leading to transport and communication interruption. Transport Sector
and Infrastructure: Challenges have been identified that will confront the
transportation sector as a result of climate variability and change. These
include closure of roads, airports and bridges due to flooding and landslides,
and damage to port facilities. The resulting disruption would not be confined
to the transportation sector alone, but would impact other key dependent
sectors and services including tourism, agriculture, health care delivery,
clean water, food security and market supplies. The main infrastructure of
the islands consists of houses, roads, buildings, ports and harbours, airports
and helipads, boats, crafts and catamarans, automobiles and vehicles,
communication facilities etc. As the islands lie scattered in the vast ocean,
whenever a natural calamity occurs, the communication and transportation
get crippled and people cannot move to other places as it is the case in
mainland. Thereby the link between mainland and islands becomes non-
functional. Moving away from traditional housing have increased vulnerability
 to thermal stress and slowed housing reconstruction after storms and
flooding. Livelihood Vulnerability: Coconut plantations are the first and the
most affected causality of any cyclone surge. The loss of ripe coconuts and
the uprooting of trees put an immediate pressure on the basic source of
livelihood of the majority of the population. Traditionally it is said that the
loss of crop in one season leads to poor harvest in the next season also. So,
the farmers are basically affected for two consecutive years due to loss of
coconut harvest. Uprooting of coconut trees, loss of standing coconut crops,
limited tourism operations and fishery activity will slow down the economy
and loss of livelihoods options for people. The number of fishermen engaged
in fisheries sector constitutes about 25% of the total working population. In
the longer run, losses to physical and social infrastructure further hamper
development. Lakshadweep has limited scope for industrial development on
account of ecological and economic reasons. Hence, the prospects for
economic growth will have to focus mainly on agriculture, fisheries and allied
activities. Tourism and small scale .
Environmental-
One of the biodiversity-rich uninhabited islands part of Lakshadweep has
vanished due to coastal erosion and another four such territories in the sea
are shrinking fast, says a new study.

Parali I island, part of the Bangaram atoll, which was 0.032 square km in
1968 has been eroded to an extent of 100%, resulting in its inundation, says
RM Hidayathulla in his research work.

Hidayathulla, who is from Androth in Lakshadweep, was awarded PhD in July

this year by Calicut University in Kerala for his work Studies on Coastal
Erosion in Selected Uninhabited Islands of Lakshadweep Archipelago with
Special Reference to Biodiversity Conservation.

He conducted studies on assessment of the biodiversity confining to five

uninhabited islands --Bangaram, Thinnakara, Parali I, II and III, of which Parali
I has been inundated -- of Bangaram atoll in Lakshadweep, an archipelago of
36 islands in the Lakshadweep sea.

The studysaid the complete erosion and inundation of Parali I was pointing to
the gravity of issues associated with coastal erosion within the atoll.

Poltical-
Politics & government of Lakshadweep is dependent on the various bodies functioning
in accordance to the government of the union territory. Lakshadweep is the smallest
union territory of India. It is an archipelago consisting of thirty six islands. But people
have settled in only ten of them. 
Lakshadweep elects only one member to the Lok Sabha. Lakshadweep (ST) is the only
one Parliamentary constituency in Lakshadweep and is governed by an administrator
appointed by the President of India. The current administrator is H. Rajesh Prasad. He
has power as Inspector General of Lakshadweep Police receiving command and control
of the Lakshadweep Police.

Ten sub-divisions have been made of the territory. In the Minicoy and Agatti islands the
sub division is under a deputy collector while in the rest of the 8 islands, all
development activities are coordinated by the sub divisional officers. The Collector who
is also the District Magistrate and the Development Commissioner supervises all
matters which come under the district administration. The District Magistrate is
supported by 1 additional District Magistrate and 10 executive Magistrates regarding
enforcement of law and order. 

Executive of Lakshadweep
The district headquarter of this union territory is Kavaratti. The executive of
Lakshadweep comprises of the head of Lakshadweep, a union territory of India. Till
date, there have been 31 administrators appointed in the Executive of Lakshadweep.
The first administrator of the union territory was U.R. Panicker. He was appointed on 1st
November in 1956 and remained in office for only seven days. He was succeeded by S.
Mony. The active Administrator of Lakshadweep is Mr. H. Rajesh Prasad. He was
appointed on 7 November 2012 and is the 31st administrator of Lakshadweep. 

Judiciary of Lakshadweep
Judiciary of Lakshadweep is an important organ of government of Lakshadweep. The
work relating to judiciary is carried on from the three courts in Lakshadweep. There is
Munsiff-Magistrate Court in Amini and Androth. There is District and Sessions Court
located in Kavaratti. The High Court located in Ernaculam of Kerala, also functions as
the High Court of Lakshadweep. 

The area of jurisdiction under District and Sessions court of Lakshadweep is the islands
of the union territory. This court is the Principle civil court. The District and Sessions
court started functioning from 1997. Before this court was set up, the District and
Session Court of Kerala used to be Lakshadweep's district court. The Sub Jud-Cum-Chief
Judicial Magistrate Court located in Kavaratti was upgraded to function as a District and
Sessions Court. This court is an important part of the Judiciary of Lakshadweep.

The Munsiff Court of Androth was set up to deal with the civil matters arising in Androth,
Minicoy, Kavaratti and Kalpeni islands of Lakshadweep. The Munsiff of this court is given
the power to function as Lakshadweep's Chief Judicial Magistrate. The Munsiff Court of
Amini was set up in 1967. The islands of Lakshadweep that fall under its jurisdiction are
Amini, Kilthan, Chethlath, Kadmath, Agathi and Bitra. The Munasiff of this court like the
Munasiff of Court of Androth is given powers of the Judicial Magistrate of First Class. 

One of the main pillars of Judiciary of Lakshadweep is the High Court of Kerala. It was
established in 1956. There is a Chief Justice and few judges to assist him. The Chief
Justice is vested with the power to distribute work of the court. The jurisdiction of the
High Court is divided into Appellate and Original.

Government Departments
The Lakshadweep government departments are set up for better functioning of the
union territory. Government of Lakshadweep, is divided into a number of departments.
Some of the important ones are discussed here. 

The Department of Electricity supplies power to the consumers residing in the islands of
Lakshadweep. This department is highly aware of the conservation of power. They use
solar power for various purposes. The Department of Environment is an independent
department. They take certain measures for conservation of the available natural
resources of the island. One of the most important resources of Lakshadweep is its
fishes. The economy of the union territory mainly depends on fishery. There are many
small scale industries in Lakshadweep. The Department of Industries looks after the well
being of these industries and supports the local people. The Department of Labour and
Labour Welfare helps the local people to secure employments. The Department of Legal
Metrology takes care of the laws related to consumer welfare. The Medical and Health
Department of Lakshadweep offers medical and doctor facilities to the local people.
They also take action during certain crisis in the islands, such as spreading of an
epidemic. 

Some of the other important Lakshadweep government departments are PWD, Port and
Revenue. The Department of Panchayat plays an important role in the rural
development in the territory. 

The education system in Lakshadweep is sound though the courses in the college level
are yet to commence. The Department of Education also has programs for spreading
literacy in the union territory. The Department for Social Welfare looks after the cultural
improvement of the islands. The Lakshadweep Government Departments looks after the
well being of the people of Lakshadweep.

Legal/regulatory-

Legal Services
In every human society, legal issues have always been there. The assistance of a learned
Legal Advisor will be necessary for obtaining advice or conducting the case. Towards the end
of page, you may find the name of legal institutions who are active in the public domain.

Instances were many in the recent past where the enthusiastic tourists to the Lakshadweep
were put to untold miseries and strain during the course of their trip to this exotic islands.

Such problems arose due to the sudden cancellation of resort/ship booking, allotting a lower
class instead of deluxe class accommodation in the ship, irregular ferry service between the
islands, irresponsible service pattern of the SPORTS management etc. In such situations, the
tourists will be very unsatisfied and furious. And it is quite natural too. They will, and they
must bring up the issue before the authorities. 

About the Legal Help Desk. This is a Joint collaboration of 'Maritime Networks' and 'Legal
Cell’ This cell will mainly deal with matters containing serious legal issues, where mediation
is required for amicable settlement out of court and if necessary, conducting litigation before
the courts or tribunals. The main aim of this newly formed cell, will be to expedite justice,
very economically and the aggrieved party will have the confidence that his or her complaint
is being looked into in the most professional manner.

Another point to be specifically mentioned here is that, advice and consultation will be free
of cost, while in cases where litigation is absolutely necessary, and if the aggrieved party
agrees to the suggested fee structure, only then will the cell start judicial proceedings. In
cases where immediate action is required, the cell will ensure that action is taken post
haste, by way of the telephones, fax or E-mail.
Right To Information Act - Help Desk
It is a known fact that the islanders of Lakshadweep are facing multiple problems in their life
due to geographical reasons on one side, which is multiplied many fold by the negative
actions and attitude of the officials who are entrusted with the important responsibility of
supporting the islanders and bring them up on par with those well educated, well cultured
and well settle people of the main land. The local people have no basic knowledge of
complaining before the appropriate offices or gathering information on any matter, that
have adversely affected them....

The LD Legal Services Authority, Legal Services in Lakshadweep.

The objective of KELSA is to provide legal services to the weaker sections of the society and
thereby ensure that opportunities for securing justice are not denied to any citizen due to
economic or other disabilities. KELSA also organize Lok Adalats to secure that the operation
of the legal system promotes justice on a basis of equal opportunity

COMMENCEMENT OF ACT

The Legal Services Authorities Bill, 1987, which was passed by both the Houses of
Parliament, received the assent of the President on 11th October, 1987 and soon thereafter
became an Act of Parliament under the short titles "The Legal Services Authorities Act,
1987" (39 of 1987).
The Act except chapter III came into force in the whole of India with effect from 9.11.1995 by
Notn. No. S.O. 893(E) dated 9.11.1995. Chapter III of the Act came into force in the State of
Kerala with effect from 6.2.1998 by S.O. 107 (E) dated, 6.2.1998
Ethical