Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Module-76A: Basic Unit Processes and Operations For Water Treatment. Drinking Water Standards, Water Requirements
Module-76A: Basic Unit Processes and Operations For Water Treatment. Drinking Water Standards, Water Requirements
MODULE- 76A
Basic unit processes and operations for water treatment. Drinking
water standards, water requirements
___________________________________________________________________________
Basic unit processes and operations for water treatment:
1. Screening
2. Plain sedimentation
3. Sedimentation with coagulation
4. Filtration
5. Disinfection
6. Aeration
7. Softening
8. Miscellaneous processes like fluoridation, de-salination, Re-carbonation and liming
Screening: To remove large size particles like debris, trees, animals etc. There are two type
of screens called coarse and fine screens.
Plain sedimentation: Generally particles in moving water coil will settle down due to high
specific gravity. This is the principle of sedimentation. The basin in which the flow of water
is retarded is called sedimentation tank. The theoretical average time for which the water is
detained id tank is called detention period.
Stokes law:
. ( )
JH ACADEMY Page 1
SUB: ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING MODULE-76A
( )
= . d
= g(G-1)
∴ =
( )
( )
D=diameter of particle
A=sp.gr. of solids
ϑ=kinematic viscosity.
⁄
= = =
V
RR H
Usually H=3 to 4.5m. = = Over flow rate. Generally over flow rate 12-18
JH ACADEMY Page 2
SUB: ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING MODULE-76A
%particles removed
50 = (100- )+ [ ∆ + ∆ +……… ]
V
Detention period: Average time for which water is detained in tank.
t= = = =
⁄
Circular tank:
Dia = D
H V = H+ . .
1:12 = [0.785H+0.011D]
By adding coagulants to water floc will from. The very fine colloidal particles present in
water get attracted and absorbed on these flocs forming the bigger sized flocculated particles.
Chemicals used in coagulation are alum and iron salts like ferrous sulphate, ferric chloride.
These chemical are most effective when water is alkaline.
JH ACADEMY Page 3
SUB: ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING MODULE-76A
1. Alum: A ( ) 18 O
Copperas is generally added to raw water in conjunction with line. Lime may be added
either to copperas or vice versa.
1. FeS 7 O+Ca( ) aS + ( ) +7 O
and
N A +CaC + 2 NaCl
N A +CaS CaA +N
JH ACADEMY Page 4
SUB: ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING MODULE-76A
Filtration:
The process of passing water through the beds of granular material is known as filtration.
Filtration may help in removing color, odour, turbidity and some pathogenic bacteria from
water. There are two kinds of filters
The slow sand filters are almost 30 times slower than rapid sand filters.
Theory of filtration:
1) Mechanical straining: Particles of size more than voids will be filtered out.
3) Biological metabolism: - The bacteria present in sand particles will consume algae and
produce harmless substance. These products forms a layer called “schmutzdecke”. (Dirty
layer) or (Dirty skin) which further helps in absorbing impurities.
4) Electrolytic changes: The charges of sand grain and impurities are opposite in nature.
They get neutralize and the character of water will change. So sand needs to be
replaced frequently.
JH ACADEMY Page 5
SUB: ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING MODULE-76A
1. Enclosure tank: Open water-tight rectangular tank made of concrete. The bed
slope is 1 in 100 towards the central drain. The depths vary from 2.5m to 3.5m
the plan area very 100 to 2000 sq.m.
2. Filter media: Sand layers about 90 to 110cm in depth placed over gravel
support. Varies from 0.2 to 0.4 mm. Cu varies from 1.8 to 3.0 finer media
kept at top and coarser at bottom.
3. Base material: It is gravel and it supports the sand. Generally three to four layers
each of 15-20 cm depth are used. The coarsest gravel is used in the bottom most
layers and the first gravel is used in the topmost layer. Size varies from 3mm to
65mm
4. Under drainage system: The gravel support is laid on the top of an under
drainage system. It consists of a central drain and lateral drains
5. Inlet and outlet arrangements: Inlet chamber is to not disturb the sand layers. In
order to maintain a constant discharge through the filter, an adjustable
telescopic tube is used.
Operation and clearing: Telescopic tube should be adjusted to get uniform discharge, due to
head loss changes frequently. Cleaning is done by back washing. The top surface is removed
by 1.5 to 3cm. after washing water will not be pure for 24 to 36 hrs. To form schmutzdecke
minimum time 2 to 3days is required.
JH ACADEMY Page 6
SUB: ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING MODULE-76A
Filter media: varies from 0.35 to 0.55 and Cu varies from 1.3 to 1.7. Thickness is about
60 to 90 cm depth.
Base material: 60 to 90cm thick gravel of different sizes gravel size various from 3mm to
40mm.
Disinfection:
Minor methods: a) Boiling (b) treatment with lime c) treatment with zero d) treatment with
iodine and bromine e) treatment with U.V.rays f) treatment with potassium permanganate g)
treatment with silver called Electro-katadyn process
C + O HOCl ↓ + HCl
The hypochlorous acid is unstable and may break into hydrogen ions and hypochlorite
ions
+OC
Free available chlorine: The sum of hypochlorous acid and hypochlorite ions and molecular
chlorine. Out of all forms of free available chlorite the hypochlorous acid is the most
destructive, being about 80 times more effective than the hypochlorous ions. For this reason
PH value of water during chlorination is generally maintained less than 7.
The chloramine so formed are stable and are found to possess disinfecting properties. They
can also remove odour from water but only to a certain extent.
JH ACADEMY Page 7
SUB: ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING MODULE-76A
Free chlorine: - When the added chlorine has consumed all the ammonia available in water
then it would present as free chlorine.
Combined chlorine: -The chlorine with ammonia in the form of chloramines is called the
combined chlorine and is much less effective in causing disinfection compared to the free
chlorine, being about 25 times less effective.
The free chlorine as well as combined chlorine will cause germicidal action on bacteria and
pathogens. The free chlorine will instantaneously kill the pathogens, while the combined
chlorine will provide long term germicidal effect.
Chlorine demand: The chlorine consumed in oxidation of organic matter and in formation of
chloramines is called chlorine demand of water. When once it gets satisfied, the chlorine will
appear as a free chlorine or residual chlorine.
1. Liquid chlorine
2. Bleaching powder
3. Chlorine tablets
4. Chlorine di-oxide
5. Chloramines.
Ca( ) +2OC
OC + HOC
Type of chlorination:
1. Plain chlorination: - This term is used to indicate that only the chlorine treatment and no
other treatment has been given to the raw water. Dose: 0.5mg/lit
3. Past chlorination: This also called simply chlorination is the normal standard process of
applying chlorine in the ends when all other treatments have been completed.
4. Double chlorination: The pre-chlorination and post chlorination are generally used in
double chlorination.
JH ACADEMY Page 8
SUB: ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING MODULE-76A
45
45
5
C (Break point)
5
A
The point C is the point beyond which any further addition of chlorine will appear equally as
free chlorine. This point is called the break point. The addition of chlorine beyond break
point is called break point chlorination.
The drop from B to C is due to inorganic matter. The deviation from 4 in AB portion is
due to bacterial killing.
6. Super chlorination it indicates the addition of excessive amount of chlorine to water. This
may be required in special cases of highly polluted water or during epidemics of water
diseases.
1. Orthotoldine test: In this test 10ml of chlorinated sample of water is taken after the
required contact period in a glass tube. To this add 0.1 ml of Orthotoldine solution. The color
formed as noted after 5sec and 5min. Comparing this yellow color with standard colors gives
free chlorine and combined chlorine available in water.
2. D.P.D test: In the test palin’s DPD reagent is used. (Diethyl-Phenylene- Diamine).
Compare the red color with standard color.
3. Chlorotex test: Chlorotex reagent is used. The immediate development of a color will
indicate the presence of chlorine. Based on color concentration is decided.
4. Starch – iodine test : Pottasium iodine is used. By adding this blue color will form. To
remove blue color adds sodium thiosulphate and calculates chlorine.
JH ACADEMY Page 9
SUB: ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING MODULE-76A
Softening: -
a). Boiling.
2. Permanent hardness:
Non-carbonate hardness of Ca
(vi) CaS +N co Ca C ↓ +N
Z= N ( ) .( i )
JH ACADEMY Page 10
SUB: ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING MODULE-76A
( ) ( )
N Z+ { { + *
JH ACADEMY Page 11
SUB: ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING MODULE-76A
JH ACADEMY Page 12