EXPERIMENT 3: SPECIFIC GRAVITY OF SOLIDS

OBSERVATION:
The experiment was done to determine the specific gravity of ordinary solids.
Specific gravity is a unit-less expression of a ratio of density of substance in interest
relative to the reference substance. By knowing the density of a substance, specific
gravity can be determined. Being a ratio of densities, specific gravity is a dimensionless
quantity. Reference and sample must be compared at the same temperature and
pressure or be corrected to a standard reference temperature and pressure.
Substances with a specific gravity of 1 are neutrally buoyant in water. Those with SG
greater than 1 are denser than water and will, disregarding surface tension effects, sink
in it. Those with an SG less than 1 are less dense than water and will float on it. . In
scientific work, the relationship of mass to volume is usually expressed directly in terms
of the density (mass per unit volume) of the substance under study. It is in industry
where specific gravity finds wide application, often for historical reasons.

CONCLUSION:
The specific gravity of certain liquids and solids can be determined by various laboratory
and experimental methods. In line with this, the researchers gathered as much data as
possible by using the different laboratory equipment in determining the specific gravity
of substances. The researchers accumulated precise results through different work
medium.

EXPERIMENT 4: SURFACE TENSION

OBSERVATION:
At a given temperature and pressure, a body of liquid does work against the
cohesive forces in the interior in order for the molecules to make a transfer into the
surface and increase the surface area. As a result, the free energy tends to become
greater in the surface than in the bulk of the liquid. The measure of free energy of the
surface per unit area is known as surface tension. It is also the work required to expand
the surface per unit area. Surface tension has several known practical applications
which include its use in the study of macromolecular chemistry. Surface-tension
measurements are also applied in biological sciences, such as bacteriology.

CONCLUSION:
In addition to the capillary rise method used in this exercise, there are several
other methods used for the determination of γ including the ring method, drop-weight
method, bubble drop method and many others.
 The measurement of surface tension has been found to be of many practical
uses including its use in the study of some aspects of chemical and biological sciences.

EXPERIMENT 5: CAPILLARY RISE

OBSERVATION:
Capillary action the ability of a liquid to flow in narrow spaces without the assistance of,
and in opposition to, external forces like gravity. It occurs because of intermolecular
forces between the liquid and surrounding solid surfaces. If the diameter of the tube is
sufficiently small, then the combination of surface tension (which is caused by cohesion
within the liquid) and adhesive forces between the liquid and container act to lift the
liquid. In short, the capillary action is due to the pressure of cohesion and adhesion
which cause the liquid to work against gravity.

CONCLUSION:
Capillary rise is observed in the three glass capillary tubes and it is observed that the rise of
liquid in the capillary tube of smaller bore is the highest. The relation between height of the
column and the bore size is verified

EXPERIMENT 6: VISCOSITY OF VARIOUS FLUIDS

OBSERVATION:
The purpose of this experiment was to determine the dynamic viscosity of a given fluid.
The largest shortcoming for this experiment is human error. Because the starting and
stopping of the timing device is performed by a human, it is expected that some error
will be present. Also, the distance across which the sphere is travelling is measured by
the human eye, which accounts for more error. Also, in this experiment, the assumption
is made that both the fluid through which the sphere is travelling and the sphere itself
are perfectly homogenous materials with uniform densities. This is not likely to be the
case due to the fact that all of the bearings and all of the shampoo were not likely to
have come from one batch of materials which would allow for less variation in material
properties.

CONCLUSION:
The terminal velocity of two spheres having different diameters would not be identical.
Assuming that both spheres are made of the same material, the difference in diameter
would cause a change in the geometry such that the weight of the spheres would be
significantly different. This change in size and weight would change all three forces
listed in Equation 1 above. The weight would increase proportionately to the buoyancy
force due to the fact that the buoyancy force is directly related to the mass of fluid which
is being displaced. The change in size would also cause a change in drag force due to
the increase in surface area of the sphere. This increase in drag force would not be
enough to counteract the relatively large increase in the net downward force created by
the weight minus the buoyancy force. Due to this, the terminal velocity of the larger
sphere would be significantly higher than that of the smaller sphere. The viscosity found
for two different size spheres should, theoretically, be the same due to the fact that
viscosity is a property of the fluid through which the sphere is moving and not a property
of the sphere itself.

EXPERIMENT 7: HYDROSTATIC PRESSURE IN COMMUNICATING TUBES

OBSERVATION:
To achieve the objectives of this experiment is to determine the hydrostatic pressure in
communicating tubes. The Hydrostatic Pressure apparatus has been designed to study
on the hydrostatic of an object immersed in fluid. It will enable students to measure the
static thrust exerted by a fluid on a submerged surface while allowing them to compare
the magnitude and direction of the force with theory.
The pressure which the force acting over a unit face area and varies linearly with depth.
This fact enables us to describe the pressure distribution over a submerged surface.
When the pressure is uniform over a surface, such static pressure on a horizontal
surface, the resultant force is equal to area times the pressure and acts through the
centroid of the area.
In order to get the accurate value, the water level must be let to be really stable. Thus, a
patient is needed in order to run this experiment successfully because sometimes the
way the experiment is conduct may influence the result of the experiment.

CONCLUSION:
From this experiment, it can be conclude that the water filled in should be equivalent to
the water drained out, and then the result will be more accurate.

EXPERIMENT 8: HYDROSTATIC PRESSURE IN HYDROSTATIC BENCH

OBSERVATION:
The Hydrostatic Pressure apparatus has been designed to study on the hydrostatic of
an object immersed in fluid. It will enable students to measure the static thrust exerted
by a fluid on a submerged surface while allowing them to compare the magnitude and
direction of the force with theory.
The pressure which the force acting over a unit face area and varies linearly with depth.
This fact enables us to describe the pressure distribution over a submerged surface.
When the pressure is uniform over a surface, such static pressure on a horizontal
surface, the resultant force is equal to area times the pressure and acts through the
centroid of the area.

CONCLUSION:
From this experiment, it can be conclude that the water filled in should be equivalent to
the water drained out, and then the result will be more accurate.

EXPERIMENT 9: FLUID PRESSURE MEASUREMENT IN AN OPEN

MANOMETER
OBSERVATION:
From the result obtained through this experiment, it is been observed that when
the pressure difference increase, the flow rates of the water increase and thus the
velocities also increase for both convergent and divergent flow. The result show a rise
at each manometer tubes when the pressure difference increases. As fluid flows from a
wider pipe to a narrower one, the velocity of the flowing fluid increases.
Pressure head is a term used in fluid mechanics to represent the internal energy of a
fluid due to the pressure exerted on its container. It may also be called static pressure
head or simply static head (but not static head pressure).

CONCLUSION:
It can be concluded that pressure measurement using manometers is a very widely
used technique and gives us accurate results. The technicians have seen from our
readings that the expected values and the obtained values were very much similar and
small differences could be attributed to experimental errors.

EXPERIMENT 10: DIFFERENTIAL MANOMETER: PRESSURE HEAD

MEASUREMENT
OBSERVATION:
The technicians observed that the height of a given liquid in the manometer with rubber
tubing that has a funnel covered with rubber is different when there is nothing attached to the
manometer. Just like the previous experiment, the different liquids (Oil, Water, and Kerosene)
don’t mix together.
CONCLUSION:
The technicians therefore conclude that the relationship between the elevation and pressure of
fluids is; the higher the difference in elevation the higher the pressure will be on the closed
surfaced.