Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Bilal Shabbir
(MUST/FA16-MPE-006/AJK)
Session 2016-2018
1
DESIGN OPTIMIZATION AND PERFORMANCE
EVALUATION OF GRID CONNECTED SOLAR
PHOTOVOLTAIC SYSTEMS
By
Bilal Shabbir
(MUST/FA16-MPE-006/AJK)
MASTER OF SCIENCE
In
ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
Session 2016-2018
I hereby undertake that this research is an original one and no part of this thesis
falls under plagiarism. If found otherwise, at any stage, I will be responsible for the
consequences.
Certified that the contents and form of thesis entitled “Design Optimization and
Performance Evaluation of Grid Connected Solar Photovoltaic Systems”
submitted by “Bilal Shabbir” have been found satisfactory for the requirement of
the degree.
Supervisor: ____________________________
Co-Supervisor: _________________________
Chairperson: _____________________
Dean: ___________________________
Text
(TNR)
CONTENT PN
CHAPTER 01
INTRODUCTION
1.1 SOLAR CELL OPERATING PRINCIPLE
1.2 VOC, ISC AND MPP
1.3 GENERAL REVIEW OF SOLAR PHOTOVOLTAIC SYSTEMS
1.4 PAKISAN’S ENERGY POTENTIAL
1.5 OBJECTIVE OF THE PROJECT
1.6 RENEWABLE ENERGY TREND IN DEVELOPED COUNTRIES
1.7 CONCLUSION
CHAPTER 02
LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 ON-GRID SOLAR PV SYSTEMS IN PAKISTAN
2.2 ON-GRID AND OFF GRID SOLAR PV SYSTEMS
2.3 SOLAR RADIATION INTENSITY IN PAKISTAN
2.4 TILT ANGLE THEORIES
2.5 BEAM DIFFUSE AND REFLECTED RADIATION
2.6 MEASUREMENT OF DURATION OF SUNSHINE
2.7 OPTIMIZATION TECHNIQUE FOR ON-GRID PV SYSTEM
2.7.1 NUMERICAL METHOD
2.7.2 COMPUTER AIDED METHOD
2.7.3 PARTICLE SWARM OPTIMISATION
2.8 MAXIMUM POWER POINT TRACKING (MPPT)
2.9 TECHNIQUES TO FIND MAXIMUM POWER POINT
2.9.1 INCREMENTAL CONDUCTANCE
2.9.2 PERTURB AND OBSERVE
2.9.3 FUZZY LOGIC CONTROL
2.10 PV SYSTEM CONFIGURATION
2.10.1 CENTRAL INVERTER
2.10.2 STRING INVERTER
2.11 NET METERING
2.11.1 NET METERING VARIATIONS
2.12 INSTALLATION LOCATIONS OF PV
2.13 CONCLUSION
CHAPTER 03
SYSTEM DESCRIPTION
3.1 LOAD PROFILE
3.2 GRID CONNECTION
3.3 INVERTER
3.4 PV MODULE
3.5 PV STRING SIZE CALCULATION
3.5.1 MINIMUM STRING SIZE
3.5.2 MAXIMUM STRING SIZE
3.6 CONCLUSION
CHAPTER 04
DISCUSSION AND RESULTS
4.1 SPACING BETWEEN ROWS
4.2 SOLAR RADIATION ON THE PLAN OF THE ARRAY
4.2.1 ISOTROPIC DIFFUSE MODEL
4.2.2 HDKR MODEL
4.3 SYSTEM COST ANALYSIS
4.4 METHOD FOR COST ANALYSIS
4.4.1 NET PRESENT COST
4.4.2 TOTAL ANNUALISED COST
4.4.3 CAPTIAL RECOVERY FACTOR (CRF)
4.4.4 COST OF ENERGY
4.5 SIMULATION SOFTWARE
4.6 OPTIMIZATION RESULTS
4.7 SYSTEM BALANCES
4.8 LOSSES
4.9 ENERGY USE
4.10 NORMALIZE PERFORMANCE COEFFICIENTS
4.11 Iso-SHADING CURVE
4.12 TECHNICAL INVESTIGATION
4.13 ECONOMIC ANALYSIS
4.14 ENVIORNMENTAL ANALYSIS
4.15 EMISSION OF GREENHOUSE GASSES DURING
MANUFACTURING OF SOLAR PANELS AND WIND TURBINES
4.16 RESIDENTIAL SOLAR SYSTEM PAYBACK PERIOD
CHAPTER 05
FUTURE PROSPECTS
5.1 POLICY RECOMMENDATIONS
5.2 INCENTIVE AND FRAMEWORK
5.2.1 FINANCIAL INCENTIVE SCHEME & REGULA FRAMEWORK
5.2.2 REGULATORY FRAMEWORK FOR PV GRID INTEGRATION
5.3 MARKET TRANSFORMATION
5.3.1 GLOBALLY ACCEPTED STANDARDS AND CODES
5.3.2 PROMOTE NEW INVESTMENT AND BUSINESS MODELS
5.3.3 SKILLED PV WORKFORCE
5.4 DEVELOPMENT OF TECHNOLOGY AND R&D
5.4.1 ASSURED LONG-TERM R&D FUNDING
5.4.2 DEVELOP SMART GRIDS & ENERGY STORAGE TECH
0
REFERENCES
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure No. Page No.
No table of figures entries found.
LIST OF TABLES
THE DATA AND RESULTS REPORTED IN THE TEHSIS HAS NOT BEEN
PUBLSIHED OR SHARED YET AND PROTECTED BY COPY RIGHTS
OWNED BY UNIVERSITY AND PROHABITED TO USE FOR ANY
PRUPOSE WITHOUT PERMISSION.
Acknowledgments
β Tilt Angle
Kᴛ Hourly Clearness index
ρ ground reflectance
f Modulating Factor
beamradiation on a tilted surface
Rв Geometric Factor = beamradiation onthe horizontal surface
γ Surface Azimuth
γs Solar Azimuth
Gc Total Radiation Received on a Horizontal Surface
Tʙ Atmospheric Transmittance for Beam Radiation
Tᴅ Ratio of Diffuse Radiation to the Extraterrestrial
(Beam)
Radiation on the Horizontal Plane
A Altitude of Observer in Kilometers
I Hourly Total Radiation on a Horizontal Surface
H Daily Total Radiation on a Horizontal Surfaces
Ho Daily Extraterrestrial Solar Radiation
Iʙ Diffuse Solar Radiation
Iᴅ Beam Solar Radiation
Io Hourly Extraterrestrial Solar Radiation
Iʜ Hourly Global Radiation
Ĥo Monthly Average Daily Extraterrestrial Radiation
Ĥ Monthly Average Daily Radiation
Iᴛ Total Solar Radiation on a Tilled Surface
ABSTRACT
This research inspects the viability of installing a 25-kW grid connected solar
photovoltaic system for supplying the energy need of households in the
Islamabad the capital city of Pakistan. Solar radiation model is examined by
anisotropic or Hay, Davies, Klucher, Reindl model, optimum tilt angle of the
solar PV array has been calculated for summer and winter adjustment. And then
system performance will be evaluated in terms of designing criteria, losses,
economics and environmental aspects (GHG emission) through simulation
software PVsyst.
Tilt angle significantly effects the power output of solar PV system. For winter
the optimum tilt angle comes out to be 60 degree, similarly for summer it’s 12
degree. To avoid self-shading 4.32 meters of array spacing is computed. Several
power losses and Performance ratio is also calculated. Simulation result shows
that by using 72 modules of Trina solar 340 kWp (18 in series & 4 strings) with
the combination of 4 MPPT 30 kW ABB inverter 37.5 MWh/year of energy is
generated. Performance ratio comes out to be 76.5%. Array and system losses
are estimated around 1.21 kWh/kWp/day and 0.09kWh/kWp/day. Estimated
energy cost is USD 0.10/kWh. The proposed system will also be avoiding
189.716 tons of CO2 along with other flue gasses to enter in the atmosphere. .
Payback period is calculated to be 10 years.
Chapter 01
INTRODUCTION
Power plants consuming fossil fuels for their operation are the main cause of the
emission of carbon contents which is disturbing the environment of the earth.
Carbon dioxide emitted by these plants is responsible for trapping excess heat in
the atmosphere. This is resulting in the increase in the average temperature of earth,
which is responsible for climate change. While on the other hand, there is a
continuous increase in the energy consumption which results in the depletion of
fossil fuel reserves. Thus, there are two main causes of paradigm shift towards
Green Energy. The only way to coup these problems is to generate electricity via
Renewable Energy Resources [1]. The fast depleting conventional sources of
energy and continuously increasing demand of alternative sources of energy
encourages towards the development of Solar Photovoltaic systems. The efficiency
and performance of solar Photovoltaic systems particularly depends on the
operating conditions on solar irradiance, partial shading, temperature, partial
shading, aging [2]
N-LAYER
P-LAYER
AkT I˪ (1.1)
Voc=
q
ln
I₀(+1 )
Isc=I ˪ (1.2)
The maximum power is generated by the solar cell at a point of the current-voltage
characteristic where the product VI is maximum. This point is known as the MPP
and is unique, as can be seen in Figure 1.2.
Figure 1.2 Important points in the characteristic curves of a solar panel [3]
Load dispatch strategy will be such that it ensures the energy supplied on cheaper
rates. By using the grid facility on monthly net metering basis, high demand of
energy can easily be catered when the generation of the designed plant will not be
enough. Therefore, in this research work i will model an on-grid solar photovoltaic
system to cater the load demand. On-grid solar photovoltaic system block diagram
is shown in figure 1.4.
The renewable energy ongoing growth along with its geographical expansion is
because of the continuous decline in the renewable energy technologies cost, solar
and wind in particular. Solar PV and On Shore wind power plants are now the
competitors of new fossil fuel plants due to decline in its component prices and
increased efficiency. Cost of off-shore wind plants also decreased significantly.
Weighted average LCOE was USD 0.05 /kWh globally from new hydroelectric
projects in 2017. Similarly, it was USD 0.06/kWh for onshore wind and for
geothermal and bioenergy plants, it was 0.07/kWh. Similarly, in 2017 new
commissioned projects globally weighted LCOE of solar energy has fallen to 73%,
to USD 0.10/kWh [9]
1.7 CONCLUSION
In a nutshell, On-Grid Connected Photovoltaic System is a cheap and clean
source of renewable resource and it is of such nature that generation of electricity
through this source will not only decrease the load shedding dilemma of Pakistan
but also helps the economy and industry of Pakistan to rise up. As the
environmental impacts of On-Grid Connected Photovoltaic System are also far
better than environmental impacts of electricity produce by fossil fuel plants, so
this system will also save environment by avoiding harmful gasses entering into
the atmosphere.
Chapter 02
LITERATURE REVIEW
According to Global Climate Risk Index 2018 release by public policy group
Germanwatch, Pakistan is among 10 countries affected most by climate change.
With the growing industrialization and population, Pakistan may quadruple its
emission in the next decade. Hence it is very important for the government to focus
on resources of renewable energy for the future energy resource planning in the
country [11].
Electricity peak demand of Pakistan in 2016 was about 33 GW and the generation
were almost 24 GW which is 30% less than the total demand. Afterward generation
capacity of the country is set to increase to 59 GW between 2018-2022. Mostly
new electricity generation plants would base on coal, natural gas and hydroelectric
energy. Contribution of wind and solar will be 5% and 3% respectively. Electricity
peak demand is expected to increase to 113 GW by 2030 because of growing
industrialization and population according to government’s calculation. Because of
international agreements like COP21, it’s not allowed for any country to keep
generating power from sources of fossil fuel following the year 2022 to meet its
energy requirements. Fossil fuel generation sources not only are detrimental for the
environment but also increases the fuel import bill to excessive amounts as many
fuel types like coal, oil and natural gas are to be imported [12].
Figure 2.1 Pakistan’s Estimated Different sources of Renewable Energy potential for
electricity production, 2010–2050 [7]
Start
Measure Vt , It
Calculate Power Pt
Pt > P(t−1)
NO YES
NO YES NO YES
If the power increases, the perturbation be kept in the same direction and if there is
decrement in power, then the next perturbation ought to be in the opposite
direction. Until the MPP is reached this process is repeated. Then the operating
point oscillates around the maximum power point [3].
inputs=V (t ) , I ( t )
NO YES
ΔV =V ( t )−V ( t− Δt )
ΔI =I ( t )−I ( t− Δt )
NO NO
ΔV =0
YES NO YES NO
ΔI / ΔV >−I / V ΔI > 0
ΔV =V ( t )−V ( t− Δt )
ΔI =I ( t )−I ( t− Δt )
Figure 2.6 Flowchart of Incremental Conductance Algorithm [23]
Return
2.9.3 FUZZY LOGIC CONTROL
The fuzzy logic consists of three stages: fuzzification, inference system and
defuzzification. Fuzzification comprises the process of transforming numerical
crisp inputs into linguistic variables based on the degree of membership to certain
sets. Membership functions, like the ones in figure shown below are used to
associate a grade to each linguistic term. The number of membership functions
used depends on the accuracy of the controller, but it usually varies between 5 and
7.
In the figure below seven fuzzy levels are used: Negative Big, Negative Medium,
Negative Small, Zero, Positive Small, Positive Medium and PB (Positive Big). The
values a, b and c are based on the range values of the numerical variable [3].
NB NM NS ZE PS PM PB
The inputs of the fuzzy controller are usually an error E, and the change in the
error, ΔE. The error can be chosen by the designer, but usually it is chosen as
ΔP / ΔV because it is zero at the MPP. ThenEand ΔE are defined as follows
P ( k )−P(k −1)
E=
V ( k )−V (k −1)
The output of the fuzzy logic converter is usually a change in the duty ratio of the
power converter ΔD, or a change in the reference voltage of the DC-link, ΔV .
The rule base, also known as rule base lookup table or fuzzy rule algorithm,
associates the fuzzy output to the fuzzy inputs based on the power converter used
and on the knowledge of the user. Table below shows the rules for a three-phase
inverter, where the inputs are E and ΔE and the output is a change in the DC-link
voltage, ΔV [3].
Table 2.3 Rule Base
The last stage of the fuzzy logic control is the defuzzification. In this stage the
output is converted from a linguistic variable to a numerical crisp one again using
membership functions as those in Figure 2.6 . There are different methods to
transform the linguistic variables into crisp values. It can be said that the most
popular is the center of gravity method. However, the analysis of these methods is
beyond the scope of this thesis.
The advantages of these controllers, besides dealing with imprecise inputs, not
needing an accurate mathematical model and handling nonlinearity, are fast
convergence and minimal oscillations around the maximum power point.
Furthermore, they have been shown to perform well under step changes in the
irradiation [3].
Figure 2.10 PV curves of IEEE14 with PV generation (10% of total load) installed at
different locations [36].
2.13 CONCLUSION
A lot of research work has been done by researchers all around the world to
introduce new technologies for the optimization of solar photovoltaic systems.
There are software base approaches along with mathematical modeling and
numerical techniques that analyze the system fully to find out the optimality
conditions.
Most of the MPPT algorithms developed over the past years have been reviewed.
Some of them are very similar and use the same principle but expressed in different
ways, like the last three algorithms listed in the hill-climbing techniques. The most
popular MPPT algorithms according to the number of publications are P&O, In
Cond and Fuzzy Logic. It makes sense because they are the simplest algorithms
capable of finding the real MPP
The monthly average solar radiation intensity in Pakistan remains 136.05 to 287.36
W/m2. Average solar radiation intensity for 10 hour a day ranges from 1500
W/m2/day to 2750 W/m2/day in the country especially in southern Punjab, Sindh
and Baluchistan regions throughout the year. This vast amount of clean and cheap
renewable energy is needed to be utilized to cope up the scenario of load shedding
in some far-flung areas where transmission line distribution system is not practical.
Chapter 3
SYSTEM DESCRIPTION
PVsyst Software, which is being used for simulation and optimization requires
some of the input data with respect to the site. The complete detail of the system
inputs will be discussed in this chapter.
Table 3.1
Description of Devices Load kWh
LED Bulbs 30
1.5-ton inv AC 1000
ceiling fan 60
Fridge 90
Iron 1000
led tv/ Laptop/cell 90
Wash Machin 1200
Misc. 100
Geyser 1200
Heater 1200
Domestic Appliances 300
Table 3.2
Summer Load Winter Load Autumn Load Spring Load
kWh/month kWh/month kWh/month kWh/month
Jun-Aug Dec-Feb Sep-Nov Mar-May
3
3.2 GRID CONNECTION
In a grid connection system, grid act as a standby power component, means it
will supply power to the household customers when the demand is higher than the
electricity production from the solar system and it will inject power into the grid
power generation by the solar system is in excess amount than it is required. This
sale and purchase will be done on net metering base. When load demand is high,
energy will be purchased from the grid at the assumed rate of $0.09 /kWh while
excess energy will be sold to the grid and will be compensated in monthly energy
bill.
Grid connection is supposed to be available most of the time and a grid connected
inverter converts the DC output of the PV array to 230V or 400V 50Hz AC for
direct connection to the grid supply without the need for a battery. Figure 3.1
illustrates a typical grid connected PV system. The disadvantage of the system is
the need for the presence of the grid for the inverter to function; if the grid fails
then no energy is generated even at times of high irradiance [25].
The load dispatch strategy will be such that to meet the load demand, it provides
electricity at possible cheapest rates every hour. By using a load dispatch
controller, load demand is satisfied firstly by supplying power generated by solar
photovoltaic plant and if the demand increases than the energy will be purchased
from the grid.
3.4 PV MODULE
Table 3.3 PV module Specifications
Module (Si-mono) Trina Solar 340 Wp
Efficiency/Module area 17.52%
Ist/Voc 9.45A/46.5
Impp/Vmpp 8.9A/38.2V
72 unit of modules have been used in the system. The price of each unit is $231. 72 unit
modules will be priced $16632. Efficiency curve is shown in figure 3.3.
Where Module Vmp min = minimum module voltage expected at site high
temperature.
Vmp = rated module max power voltage [V]. Found on the module data
sheet.
Tmax = the ambient high temperature for the installation site [°C].
[(
Module Vmp min=38.2× 1+ (31+35−25 ) ×
¿ Inverter vmin
−0.39
100( ))]=38.04 v
Minimum string
Module vmpmin
(3.2)
¿ 200
Minimum string =5.25
38.04
(3.3)
Module Voc max=Voc ×[1+(Tmin−Tstc)× ( Tk100Voc )]
Module Voc max=Voc × ¿
¿ Inverter vmax (3.4)
Maximum string
Module Voc max
module width
solar elev angle Ɵ Height difference
Tilt angle β
Figure 4.1 array spacing and Segment of two rows of a multi-row collector array
Figure 4.2 Sun position on sky in different time zone with 135.7ᵒ azimuth
Typically, Equation (4.1), (4.2) and (4.3) are together usually utilized in a different
form for the calculation of heights and lengths of shadow in fixed, single & double
axis tracking PV field optimizations [27, 28]
Meteonorm software has a built in feature called horizon tool. You just need to put
the coordinates and elevation of the specific site location and the software takes
into account the surroundings and then it generates report for the peak sun-block
which is shown below in the figure with dotted lines. This diagram is called
horizon for the specific site. PVsyst does simulation by taking into account peak
sun-block file from meteonrom and then includes the shading loss due to it in the
final report.
Figure 4.3 Sun position with near shading effect
Circumsolar
diffuse
The total hourly radiation on the tilted surface according to HDKR model is given
by the following equation.
Iᴛ=(Iв+ IᴅAi )Rв+ Iᴅ (1− Ai)(1+cos β)/2 ¿¿ (4.6)
β degrees 30 45 60 65
Iᴛ HDKR MJ/m² 8.3
9.2 9.5 9.45
9
The above table indicates that by using four different tilt angles technique for
winter solstice now by HDKR model the tilt angle 60 degrees gives the highest
hourly solar radiation. So, it can be concluded that 60 degrees is the optimum tilt
angle. This tilt angle is then used in simulation. Different hours are taken for the
radiation calculation from 9-10 hours, 10-11 hours, 13-14 hours and 15-16 hours.
The optimum tilt angle by HDKR model for summer solstice comes out to be 12
degrees by the same technique of using different tilt angles for the maximum
hourly solar radiation and is then used in simulation. Different hours are taken for
the radiation calculation from 9-10 hours, 10-11 hours, 15-16 hours and 17-18
hours
Input Data
Technical Load Economic Equipment
Meteo Data
Data Profile Data characteristics
Simulation & Optimization
NO Start
NO
i=i +1 i=1
YES
If plan 1 is
i> N On lower NPC basis, sort feasible plan
feasible
uncertain parameters
Figure 4.9 Annual Sun path diagram with shading curve for PV power plant
Over the life time, average wind energy emission of CO2 are 34.11g/kWh
while it ranges from 0.4grams to364.8grams per kilowatt hours. While on
the other hand, average solar energy emission of CO2 is 49.91g/kWh with a
range of 1gram to 218grams per kilowatt hour. The higher range is due to
number of other factors that include resource input, locality and size of
plant, capacity of plant, technology and different methods to calculate these
estimated values.
Figure 4.11 Life cycle Emission of CO2 by Wind and Solar Plants [37]
On average, wind turbines and solar panels having larger life span have low life
cycle emissions per kilowatt hour as compared to the smaller ones. In a research
[38, 39], it was found that for a wind plant having life of 20 years results in an
average emission of 40.69g/kWh while same plant for 25 years emits at the rate of
28.53g/kwh. Same pattern is followed by solar panels too. Figure 4.12 shows
comparison of lifecycle emissions of different technologies too.
Figure 4.12 Comparison of life cycle emission of different technologies
loanduration∧rate=15 years∧7 %
29330/2857=10.2Years
Chapter 5
FUTURE PROSPECTS
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