Pring, Justine Jayne P.

12 – St. Lawrence

● Due Process of Law - a fundamental principle of fairness in all legal matters, both civil
and criminal, especially in the courts.
● Warrant of Arrest - a judge's order to law enforcement officers to arrest and bring to jail a
person charged with a crime.
● Search Warrant - a written order by a judge which permits a law enforcement officer to
search a specific place and identifies the persons (if known) and any articles intended to
be seized.
● Communication and Correspondence - Correspondence refers to communication by the
exchange of letters. It also means the letters written or received. On the other hand,
Communication law is a branch of the law that focuses on regulating the transfer of
information through the computer, Internet, cable, satellite, telephone, and wireless
communication.
● Evidence - every type of proof legally presented at trial (allowed by the judge) which is
intended to convince the judge and/or jury of alleged facts material to the case.
● Liberty of Abode - includes the right to choose one's. residence to leave it whenever one
pleases, within the. limits prescribed by law, to travel where one wills, and to. return to
his place of residence, except in the interest of. national security, public safety, and
health.
● National Security - National security is the requirement to maintain the survival of the
state through the use of economic power, diplomacy, power projection and political
power.
● Public Safety - refers to the welfare and protection of the general public. It is usually
expressed as a governmental responsibility.
● Information - An information is tantamount to an indictment in that it is a sworn written
statement which charges that a particular individual has done some criminal act or is
guilty of some criminal omission.
● Documents - A written or printed instrument that conveys information. The term
document generally refers to a particular writing or instrument that has a bearing upon
specific transactions.
● Unions - A defined group of employees formed for the purposes of representing those
employees with the employer as to the terms of a collective contract of employment.
● Associations - any group of people who have joined together for a particular purpose,
ranging from social to business, and usually meant to be a continuing organization.
● Just compensation - refers to compensation individuals receive when their property gets
seized by the government for public use.
● Obligation of Contracts - is the legal duty of the contractors to fulfill the promise stated in
the contract.
● Quasi-judicial bodies - It is an entity such as an arbitrator or tribunal board, generally of a
public administrative agency, which has powers and procedures resembling those of a
court of law or judge, and which is obliged to objectively determine facts and draw
conclusions from them so as to provide the basis of an official action.
● Courts - A judicial tribunal established to administer justice. An entity in the government
to which the administration of justice is delegated.
● Commission of an Offense - The act of doing or perpetrating an offense or immediate
flight after doing an offense is called commission of an offense.
● Investigation - A full investigation refers to the careful search or examination with an
intension to discover facts. This may include questioning of witnesses, forensic
examination and investigation of financial records.
● Counsel - A counsel or a counsellor at law is a person who gives advice and deals with
various issues, particularly in legal matters.
● Intimidation - Intimidation means to make fearful or to put into fear.
● Torture - The intentional infliction of pain or suffering on an animal or a person and as
for the latter, even if for the purpose of obtaining information such as a confession or the
names of accomplices, or as a punishment for crime.
● Detention Places - Detention is a short period of custody, often occurring while the police
are deciding whether or not to arrest you. In order to detain you, the police are supposed
to have a reasonable suspicion that you’re involved in a crime.
● Penal Sanctions - Sanction can be used to describe tacit or explicit approval. Used in this
sense, the term usually is used in assigning liability to a party who was not actively
involved in wrongdoing but who did nothing to prevent it.
● Civil Sanctions - refers to a fine assessed for violation of a statute or regulation. It can be
fines or surcharges imposed by governmental agencies for enforcing regulations.
● Rehabilitation - The process of rehabilitating a witness involves restoring the credibility
of the witness following Impeachment by the opposing party. Rehabilitating a prisoner
refers to preparing him or her for a productive life upon release from prison.
● Reclusion Perpetua - is a crime sentence similar to life imprisonment. A person sentenced
to reclusion perpetua must serve a jail term of at least 30 years and face additional
penalties.
● Conviction - The formal decision of a criminal trial which finds the accused guilty.
● Habeas corpus - s a law that states that a person cannot be kept in prison unless they have
first been brought before a court of law, which decides whether it is legal for them to be
kept in prison.
● Bail - is the money a defendant pays as a guarantee that he or she will show up in court at
a later date.
● Criminal Offense - This is the offense that will be tried in a criminal court and not a civil
court.
● Prosecution - used to refer to the government attorneys who initiate and maintain a
criminal action against an accused defendant.
● Accused - A person to whom a formal information containing an allegation of a criminal
offense has been delivered, or a person arrested for a criminal offense.
● Arraignment - A criminal proceeding at which the defendant is officially called before a
court of competent jurisdiction, informed of the offense charged in the complaint,
information, indictment, or other charging document, and asked to enter a plea of guilty,
not guilty, or as otherwise permitted by law.
● Trial - the examination of facts and law presided over by a judge (or other magistrate,
such as a commissioner or judge pro tem) with authority to hear the matter (jurisdiction).
● Rebellion - The taking up arms traitorously against the government and in another, and
perhaps a more correct sense, rebellion signifies the forcible opposition and resistance to
the laws and process lawfully issued.
● Disposition - 'disposition' has two distinct legal meanings: when used in the context of
litigation it refers to a court's final determination of a case or issue; when used in relation
to property it refers to the act of transferring or relinquishing of that property to another's
care or possession usually by deed or will.
● Judicial - The term judicial means relating to the formal administration of justice using
the judicial branch of government (courts and judges).
● Quasi-Judicial - A quasi-judicial power refers to the power vested in the commissions
established by law, administrative officers, or bodies to determine the rights of those who
appear before it
● Servitude - The state of a person who is subjected, voluntarily or involuntarily, to another
person as a servant.
● Heinous Crimes - Heinous means hateful or shockingly evil. A grossly wicked or
reprehensible action is called heinous act. The term is mostly used to refer to crimes.
● Detainee - a person who is detained especially : a person held in custody prior to trial or
hearing.
 ● Poll Tax - also called a per capita tax, or capitation tax, is a tax that levies a set amount
per individual.
● Jeopardy - A person is in jeopardy when he or she is placed on trial before a court of
competent jurisdiction upon an indictment orinformation sufficient in form and substance
to uphold a conviction, and a jury is charged or sworn.
● Acquittal - In criminal law, the legal finding, by judge or jury, that an accused person is
not guilty of the crime he is charged with. Once the acquittal is reached, the defendant
may not be prosecuted again for the same criminal act or transaction.
● Ex post facto law -A law that makes illegal an act that was legal when committed,
increases the penalties for an infraction after it has been committed, or changes the rules
of evidence to make conviction easier.
● Bill of Attainder - A legislative act that singles out an individual or group for punishment
without a trial.

ARTICLE III

BILL OF RIGHTS

Section 1. No person shall be deprived of life, liberty, or property without due process of
law, nor shall any person be denied the equal protection of the laws.

Section 2. The right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers, and
effects against unreasonable searches and seizures of whatever nature and for any
purpose shall be inviolable, and no search warrant or warrant of arrest shall issue
except upon probable cause to be determined personally by the judge after examination
under oath or affirmation of the complainant and the witnesses he may produce, and
particularly describing the place to be searched and the persons or things to be seized.
Section 3. (1) The privacy of communication and correspondence shall be inviolable
except upon lawful order of the court, or when public safety or order requires otherwise,
as prescribed by law.

(2) Any evidence obtained in violation of this or the preceding section shall be
inadmissible for any purpose in any proceeding.

Section 4. No law shall be passed abridging the freedom of speech, of expression, or of

the press, or the right of the people peaceably to assemble and petition the government
for redress of grievances.

Section 5. No law shall be made respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting

the free exercise thereof. The free exercise and enjoyment of religious profession and
worship, without discrimination or preference, shall forever be allowed. No religious test
shall be required for the exercise of civil or political rights.

Section 6. The liberty of abode and of changing the same within the limits prescribed by
law shall not be impaired except upon lawful order of the court. Neither shall the right to
travel be impaired except in the interest of national security, public safety, or public
health, as may be provided by law.

Section 7. The right of the people to information on matters of public concern shall be
recognized. Access to official records, and to documents and papers pertaining to
official acts, transactions, or decisions, as well as to government research data used as
basis for policy development, shall be afforded the citizen, subject to such limitations as
may be provided by law.

Section 8. The right of the people, including those employed in the public and private
sectors, to form unions, associations, or societies for purposes not contrary to law shall
not be abridged.

Section 9. Private property shall not be taken for public use without just compensation.

Section 10. No law impairing the obligation of contracts shall be passed.

Section 11. Free access to the courts and quasi-judicial bodies and adequate legal
assistance shall not be denied to any person by reason of poverty.

Section 12. (1) Any person under investigation for the commission of an offense shall
have the right to be informed of his right to remain silent and to have competent and
independent counsel preferably of his own choice. If the person cannot afford the
services of counsel, he must be provided with one. These rights cannot be waived
except in writing and in the presence of counsel.

(2) No torture, force, violence, threat, intimidation, or any other means which vitiate the
free will shall be used against him. Secret detention places, solitary, incommunicado, or
other similar forms of detention are prohibited.

(3) Any confession or admission obtained in violation of this or Section 17 hereof shall
be inadmissible in evidence against him.

(4) The law shall provide for penal and civil sanctions for violations of this section as
well as compensation to and rehabilitation of victims of torture or similar practices, and
their families.

Section 13. All persons, except those charged with offenses punishable by reclusion
perpetua when evidence of guilt is strong, shall, before conviction, be bailable by
sufficient sureties, or be released on recognizance as may be provided by law. The right
to bail shall not be impaired even when the privilege of the writ of habeas corpus is
suspended. Excessive bail shall not be required.
Section 14. (1) No person shall be held to answer for a criminal offense without due
process of law.

(2) In all criminal prosecutions, the accused shall be presumed innocent until the
contrary is proved, and shall enjoy the right to be heard by himself and counsel, to be
informed of the nature and cause of the accusation against him, to have a speedy,
impartial, and public trial, to meet the witnesses face to face, and to have compulsory
process to secure the attendance of witnesses and the production of evidence in his
behalf. However, after arraignment, trial may proceed notwithstanding the absence of
the accused provided that he has been duly notified and his failure to appear is
unjustifiable.

Section 15. The privilege of the writ of habeas corpus shall not be suspended except in
cases of invasion or rebellion when the public safety requires it.

Section 16. All persons shall have the right to a speedy disposition of their cases before
all judicial, quasi-judicial, or administrative bodies.

Section 17. No person shall be compelled to be a witness against himself.

Section 18. (1) No person shall be detained solely by reason of his political beliefs and
aspirations.

(2) No involuntary servitude in any form shall exist except as a punishment for a crime
whereof the party shall have been duly convicted.

Section 19. (1) Excessive fines shall not be imposed, nor cruel, degrading or inhuman
punishment inflicted. Neither shall the death penalty be imposed, unless, for compelling
reasons involving heinous crimes, the Congress hereafter provides for it. Any death
penalty already imposed shall be reduced to reclusion perpetua.

(2) The employment of physical, psychological, or degrading punishment against any

prisoner or detainee or the use of substandard or inadequate penal facilities under
subhuman conditions shall be dealt with by law.

Section 20. No person shall be imprisoned for debt or non-payment of a poll tax.

Section 21. No person shall be twice put in jeopardy of punishment for the same
offense. If an act is punished by a law and an ordinance, conviction or acquittal under
either shall constitute a bar to another prosecution for the same act.

Section 22. No ex post facto law or bill of attainder shall be enacted.