PROPAGATION MODES OF ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES.

WILMER HERNAN GUTIERREZ

Grupo: 203058_45

National Open and Distance University UNAD

CEAD José Acevedo y Gómez
telecommunications engineering
Course: Electromagnetic Theory and Waves
Bogota, 11 of April 2018

Activities to develop
 1. Explain how refraction and reflection phenomenon could be used in transmission
systems.

Fiber optic is interesting because it takes a very old concept that is the manipulation of
light, it is nothing more than that, the controlled manipulation of light. This is the most
important thing of the cable, since it is the means by which the information is transmitted. It
can be silicon (glass) or highly processed plastic. Here the physical phenomena of
reflection and refraction occur. The purity of this material is what makes the difference to
know if it is good to transmit or not. A simple impurity can divert the beam of light,
causing it to be lost or not reach its destination.

2. Explain the Snell law, the critical angle and practical applications where it could be
used.

Snell's Law states that the sine of the incident light angle maintains a constant relationship
with the sine of the angle of the refracted light for a given transparent substance. For a
refractive medium in air, the sine of the angle of incidence divided by the sine of the
refractive angle is the refractive index of that medium. The angles are measured with
respect to the perpendicular raised at the point of incidence. When the angle of incidence of
the light beam is greater than the value of the so-called critical angle, the light is reflected
internally completely. In the application this phenomenon is observed when we observe
fish swimming through the water.

3. Explain the physics behind lenses for optical diseases.

A lens is a piece made of a transparent material and limited by two curved surfaces, or a
flat and a curve. Its operation is based on the laws of refraction, since it varies the direction
of the light rays through medium changes.

It shows the direction that light rays take when passing through a converging lens (positive
lens). The rays that come parallel to the optical axis are refracted towards the focus of the
lens.
It shows the trajectory of the rays when refracted in a divergent lens. Notice that the rays
are refracted as if they came from the focus, which is said to be virtual.

4. What is the importance of the index of refraction?

This phenomenon of refraction is useful as for example in refractometers are relevant

instruments in the food industry, since they are used in the analysis of liquid products and
in the control of operations during the processing of various foods.
1,8°Bx = 1°Be 0,2°Bx = 1°Oe
Therefore, when the light passes through a denser medium, the beam will approach the
perpendicularity drawn on the dividing surface at the point of incidence. This phenomenon
is fundamentally due to the fact that the speed of light changes, that is, it becomes slower
the more dense the medication passes.

5. Is it possible that a single light beam be refracted into several beans? Explain.

Yes, as long as the white light of origin is composed of multiple colors with different
oscillations. And when that light crosses a crystal its output will be divided into several rays
of light.

6. How is it possible to use the Brewster angle in practical applications?

Angle of Brewster, corresponds to the angle of incidence of light, on a surface, which
cancels the component with polarization parallel to the plane of incidence. In the practical
field it can be observed through the use of optical fiber.

BIBLIOGRAPHY
https://www.fibraopticahoy.com/fibra-optica-que-es-y-como-funciona/
https://www.informacionopticas.com/ley-de-snell-refraccion/
http://webs.ucm.es/info/giboucm/Download/angulo_critico.pdf
https://www.fisic.ch/contenidos/ondas-y-la-luz/lentes-delgadas/
http://www.hannainst.es/blog/indice-de-refraccin-y-sus-aplicaciones-en-la-industria-
alimentaria/