მოდიფიცირებული ადსორბენტის დამზადების მეთოდოლოგია სასმელი წყლის მაღალი ხარისხის უზრუნველსაყოფად - ნ. გელაძე, ლ. კლიმიაშვილი PDF

n. gelaZe, l.
klimiaSvili
modificirebuli adsorbentis
damzadebis meTodologia sasmeli
wylis maRali xarisxis
uzrunvelsayofad
`teqnikuri universiteti”@
saqarTvelos teqnikuri universiteti
n. gelaZe, l. klimiaSvili
modificirebuli adsorbentis
damzadebis meTodologia sasmeli
wylis maRali xarisxis
uzrunvelsayofad
damtkicebulia stu-s
saredaqcio-sagamomcemlo
sabWos mier
Tbilisi
2009
monografiaSi ZiriTadad ganxilulia bunebrivi mdinareebis
dabinZurebis problemebi da maTi aRmofxvris teqnologiuri pro-
cesebi.
ukanasknel wlebSi ganviTarebulma teqnologiebma mkveTrad
Secvala Cveni qveynis ekologiuri saxe. gaizarda garemos dabinZurebis
SesaZleblobebi.
teqnologiuri procesebis Sedegad gadamuSavebuli narCenebis
intensiurma Cadinebam mdinareebSi gamoiwvia mdinareTa toqsikuri
dabinZureba, sxvadasxva qimiuri narCenebiT. qimiuri narCenebis gar-
da mdinareTa dabinZurebas iwvevs sxvadasxva organuli da araor-
ganuli nivTierebebi.
mdinareebis damaWuWyianebel nivTierebaTa Soris mZime meta-
lebTan erTad, adgili ukavia humusur nivTierebebs.
naSromSi ganxilulia bunebrivi wylebis gawmendisa da gaufe-
rulebisaTvis efeqturi adsorbentis damzadeba, romelic ganapi-
robebs mdinareTa mavne Sedegebis ganeitralebas.
recenzentebi: t.m.d. sruli prof. z. cixelaSvili,

t.m.d. sruli prof. n. bokuCava
© sagamomcemlo saxli ,,teqnikuri universiteti’’, 2009

ISBN 978-9941-14-456-1
http://www.gtu.ge/publishinghouse/
yvela ufleba daculia. am wignis arc erTi nawili (iqneba es teqsti, foto,
ilustracia Tu sxva) aranairi formiT da saSualebiT (iqneba es eleqtronuli Tu
meqanikuri), ar SeiZleba gamoyenebul iqnas gamomcemlis werilobiTi nebarTvis
gareSe.
saavtoro uflebebis darRveva isjeba kanoniT.
S e s a v a l i
Uukanasknel wlebSi ganviTarebulma teqnologiebma

mkveTrad Secvala Cveni qveynis ekologiuri saxe. gaizarda
garemos dabinZurebis SesaZleblobebi, magram amave dros
daiwyo intensiuri muSaoba masze, raTa SesaZlebeli
yofiliyo garemos ekologiuri problemebis mogvareba da
Sesustebuliyo damabunZureblebis zemoqmedeba, rogorc
haerze, aseve wylebze, rac adrindeli periodisaTvis
SedarebiT rTuli iyo. problematuri xasiaTi miiRo
wonasworobis rRvevam hidrosferoze mzardma anTropo-
genulma zemoqmedebam. teqnologiuri procesebis zrdam,
sxvadasxva mcire Tu wvrili sawarmoebis momravlebam
gaarTula garemos usafrTxoebis uzrunvelyofa. samrewvelo
da sameurneo kompleqsebis funqcionirebam safrTxe
Seuqmnes bunebrivi wylebis da wyalsatevebis ekologiur
mdgomareobas.
teqnologiuri procesebis Sedegad gadamuSavebuli
narCenebis intensiurma Cadinebam mdinareebSi gamoiwvia
mdinareTa toqsikuri dabinZureba, sxvadasxva qimiuri
narCenebiT. qimiuri narCenebis garda mdinareTa
dabinZurebas iwvevs sxvadasxva organuli da araorganul
nivTierebaTa Cadineba, romlebic ganapirobeben wyalsatevis
ferianobis cvlad.
mdinareebis damaWuWyianebel nivTierebaTa Soris mZime
metalebTan erTad didi adgili ukavia humusur nivTie-
rebebs, romlebic Tavisi SedgenilobiT maRalmoleku-
3
luri nivTierebebia. isini gamoirecxebian axlos mdebare
niadagidan an miiRebs sxva da saxis wyalmcenareebidan.
amasTan erTad mdinareTa da wyalsacavebis ferianoba
damokidebulia humusis speqtralur xasiaTsa da
Semadgenlobaze.
humusi warmoadgens organuli SenaerTis rTul
kompleqss, romelic warmoqmnilia organuli narCenebis
gardaqmnis fiziko-qimiuri da biologiuri procesebis
Sedegad.
humusebi Tanamedrove warmodgeniT aris sustad
gamoxatuli mJave Tvisebebis polieleqtrolitebi.
humusuri mJaveebi warmoadgenen im nivTierebaTa jgufs,
romlebic niadagidan gamoaqvs tutes (an sxva
gamxsnelebs) meti an naklebi muqi feris xsnaris (humatebi
K, Na, NH4) saxiT da romlebic ileqeba mJaveebiT
amorfuli naleqis – gelis saxiT.
dReisaTvis mecnierTa mizania Seiqmnas wylis gawmendis
iseTi teqnologiebi, romelic ganapirobebs mdinareTa mavne
Sedegebis ganeitralebas. aseTi teqnologiuri procesebis
Seqmna Zalzed rTulia da mniSvnelovani.
4
Tavi 1. humusuri nivTierebebis, romlebic
ganapirobeben bunebrivi wylebis fers
mZime metalebis kationebTan
urTierTqmedebaSi, fiziko-qimiuri
gamokvleva da analizi
1.1. humusuri nivTierebebis Semadgenloba, agebuleba da

fiziko-qimiuri Tvisebebi, romlebic ganapirobeben
bunebrivi wylebis fers
bunebrivi wylebis fers ZiriTadad, ganapirobebs,

maRalmolekuluri humusuri nivTierebebi, romlebic
gamoiricxeba wyalsacavebis axlos mdebare niadagidan an
miiReba wyalmcenareebidan. wylis feris intensiuroba da
misi speqtraluri xasiaTi damokidebulia wylaSi humusis
Semadgenlobaze.
wylis humusi warmoadgens organuli SenaerTis rTul
kompleqs, romelic warmoqmnilia organuli warmomavlo-
bis narCenebis gardaqmnis fizikur-qimiuri da biologiuri
procesis Sedegad. mcenareuli masalis gardaqmna
niadagSi mikroorganizmebis moqmedebis zegavleniT mimdi-
nareobs sam stadiad:
− organuli kompleqsebis sruli mineralizacia CO2,
H2O, NH3 martivi SenaerTebis da martivi marilebis
warmoqmnamde;
− axali organuli nivTierebebis sinTezi, romelic
Seicavs mikrobul sxeulebs (mikrobuli sinTezi);
− specifiuri humusuri nivTierebebis sinTezi ZiriTadi
Sualeduri produqtebis daSliT-humifikaciiT.
Tanamedrove kvlevebis Sedegad, humusur nivTierebebs
5
mivakuTvneben polieleqtrolitebs. sustad gamoxatuli
mJave TvisebebiT. humusuri nivTierebebis mJave Tviseba
ganpirobebulia maT struqturaSi karboqsiluri (COOH)
da fenilhidroqsiluri (OH) jgufebis arsebobiT.
humusuri nivTierebebis nawilakebi (asociatebi) didi
raodenobis Sekruli anionis (COO_) arsebobis meSveobiT
atareben Sejamebul uaryofiT muxts.
humusuri mJavebi im nivTierebaTa jgufs warmoadge-
nen, romlebic niadagidan gamoaqvs tutes, (an sxva
gamxsnelebs) meti an naklebi muqi feris xsnaris (humatebi
K, Na, NH4) saxiT da ileqeba mJavebis moqmedebis Sedegad
amorfuli naleqis – gelis saxiT.
humusur mJavebs, romlebic amoRebulia sxvadasxva
niadagidan, aqvT elementebis mixedviT Semdegi Semadgen-
loba: naxSirbadi - C_(50-62%); wyalbadi – H -(2,8-6%);
Jangbadi – O2 - (31-40%); azoti – N - (2-6%). isini warmoad-
genen gansazRvruli agebulebis arasimetriul maRalmo-
lekulur qimiur SenaerTebs (cxr. 1.1).
gamokvlevebis Tanaxmad, humusuri mJavebi Sedgebian
birTvisagan, xidisagan da funqcionaluri jgufebisagan.
calkeuli birTvebi SeerTebulia erTmaneTTan xidebiT,
romelic SeiZleba Sedgebodes erTi atomisagan (-O-, -N-)
an atomTa jgufisagan (-NH-,-CH2-). speqtroskopuli analizis
Sedegad gamokvleviT dadgenilia, rom humusuri mJavebis
aromatuli birTvi SeiZleba Seicavdes xuT-eqvs kondisi-
rebul benzolur rgols. humusuri mJavebis mole-kulaSi
karboqsiluri da fenolhidroqsiluri jgufebis raode-
nobis Sesaxeb zusti informacia dReisaTvis ar arsebobs.
6
cxrili 1.1.
wyalmcenareTa humusuri mJavebis daxasiaTeba
wyalmcenaris formula
saxeoba empiriuli funqcionaluri
⎧OCH 3
kompleqsur- ⎪
C86H71O33N12 C80 H 58O17 N 2 ⎨(OH )5
zedapiruli
⎪(COOH )
⎩ 5
⎧ (OCH )
3 3
⎪
islis C58H57O40N2 C52 H 44O25 N 2 ⎨(OH )5
⎪(COOH )
⎩ 5
⎧(OCH 3 ) 2
⎪
xis C65 H 61O28 N 3 ⎨(OH ) 4
C71H57O42N3 ⎪(COOH )
⎩ 4
⎧(OCH 3 ) 2
⎪
lerwmis C64 H 62O21 N 4 ⎨(OH ) 4
C70H75O35N4
⎪(COOH )
⎩ 4
humusuri mJavebis struqturuli rgoli moicavs

Jangbad-azot-gogirdis Semcveli heterociklebs da
navTobur ciklebs. birTvebs Soris kavSiri, romlebzec
mierTebulia alifaturi gverdiTi jaWvebi, xorcieldeba
Jangbadis xidebis meSveobiT an sxva hidrolizuri
kavSirebiT. humusuri mJavebi ganixileba rogorc hetero-
polikondensatebi. humusuri mJavebis damaxasiaTebeli
Tvisebebia maTi polidispersiuloba da heterogenuloba
(araerTgvarovneba). am Tvisebebis gamo molekuluri wonis
Sesaxeb monacemebi Zalzec sxvadasxvagvaria. samecniero-
teqnikur literaturaSi moyvanili molekuluri wonis
sidideebi meryeobs 400-dan 30 000-mde.
7
humusebis ZiriTadi jgufebi aris humusuri mJaveebi:
aluminuri mJava, humini, ulmini. fulvomJava, Tavis mxriv,
iyofa apokrenul da krenul mJavebad.
fulvomJavebi ewodeba yviTeli an wiTeli feris humusur
nivTierebebs, romlebic rCebian xsnarSi.
iseve rogorc humusuri mJavebi, fulvomJaveebi
warmoadgenen maRalmolekulur SenaerTebis agebulobis
msgavs jgufebs.
fulvomJavebSi elementebis Semadgenloba gansxvavdeba
humusuri mJavebis elementebis Semadgenlobisagan C da N-
is naklebi SemcvelobiT, da O da H meti SemcvelobiT,
rac Cans qvemoT moyvanili monacemebisagan: naxSirbadi (C)
_44-49%; wyalbadi (H) –3,5-5%; Jangbadi (O) _44-49%; azoti (N)
-2-4%.
fulvomJavis funqcionaluri jgufis ricxvSi aris
karboqsiluri (COOH) da fenolhidroqsiluri (OH) jgufebi.
iseve rogorc humusur mJavebSi, fulvomJaveebSic aris
aromatuli da alifaturi jgufebi, rac damtkicebulia
infrawiTeli speqtroskopiis meTodiT. humusuri mJave-
bisagan gansxvavebiT fulvomJavebSi molekulis aroma-
tuli nawili naklebia, rac, aixsneba birTvis naklebi
kondinsirebiT. fulvomJavebis birTvis naklebi konden-
sireba metyvelebs maT ufro naTel Seferilobaze, amitom
mas ufro naklebi optikuri simkvrive aqvs.
fulvomJavebis molekuluri wonis sididis Sesaxeb
sakiTxi jer arasakmarisad aris Seswavlili da misi
gadawyveta warmoadgens imave sirTules, rac aris humu-
suri mJavebisaTvis.
8
fulvomJavebi wyalSi aris koloidurad xsnadi. es
niSnavs, rom fulvomJavebi aris sakmaod Zlieri
organuli mJavebi da SeuZliaT damangrevelad imoqmedon
Tixis mineralebze. fulvomJavebis marili (pH neitraluri
mniSvnelobis dros) tutemiwovan metalebTan xsnadia
wyalSi. pH>8 dros es marilebi ileqebian da qmnian
kompleqsur SenaerTebs.
cxrili 1.2
wyalmcenareebis humusuri mJavebis Semadgenloba
jgufebis
elementaruli
Semadgenloba,
mJavebi Semadgenloba, %
mg, eqv/g
(hn fraqciebi)
-OCH3 -COOH -OH
C H N
humusuri 57,12 5,16 2,85 0,56 2,55 3,62
himatomelanuri 62,75 6,57 2,42 1,91 2,61 3,18
fulvomJavebi:
-fraqcia, romelic ar
ixsneba eTerSi (krenu-
li mJaveebi 47,77 5,59 3,54 2,56 4,26 4,68
-fraqcia, romelic ixs-
neba eTerSi (apokrenu-
li mJaveebi) 50,19 6,12 1,86 4,96 2,75 4,71
rogorc mkvlevarebi aRniSnaven, fulvomJavebi da

humusuri mJavebi rigi Tvisebebis mixedviT – urTierT-
dakavSirebuli SenaerTebia, romelTa principuli gansx-
vaveba mdgomareobs imaSi, rom fulvomJavebisaTvis
damaxasiaTebelia sustad gamoxatuli aromaturi nawilis
arseboba, vidre humusur mJavebSi, romelic Sedgeba
alifaturi jgufebagan.
aseve himatomelanuri mJaveebis buneba naklebad
Seswavlilia. erTni miuTiTeben, rom es aris huminmJavebis
9
tutis hidrolizis produqti, sxvebi ganixilaven mas
rogorc fisiani mJavebis tips huminmJavebis daJangvis
produqts, warmoebuli huminmJavebis naerTs, organuli
narCenebis daSlis produqts. i. tiurini Tvlida, rom
himatomelanurimJavebi warmoadgenen nivTierebebis rTul
naerTs, romelnic arian warmoebuli huminmJavebisagan.
aseTive azrs eyrdnoba m. mkononanovic da, Tvlis, rom
himatomelanurimJavebi – ar aris humusuri nivTierebebis
damoukidebeli jgufi, aramed igi aris huminmJavebis
spirtiani xsnaris fraqcia.
uamravi mkvlevaris mier damtkicebulia humusuri
nivTierebebis reaqciuli unaris, gansakuTrebuli Tvisebebi
ionis cvlisadmi tute da tutemiwaTa metalebis
kationebTan. yvelaze reaqciaunariani funqcionaluri
jgufebia – karboqsiluri (COOH) da fenolhidroqsiluri
(OH) jgufebi. ionis cvlis dros funqcionaluri jgu-
febis wyalbadi enacvleba tute da tutemiwaTa metalebis
kationebs _ humatebis warmoqmniT. karboqsaluri jgufebis
wyalbadi gansxvavdeba fenolhidroqsilurisagan, Canacv-
lebis unariT, e.i. Caenacvleba metalis kations neit-
raluri reaqciis drosac, rodesac fenolhidroqsiluri
jgufis wyalbadi icvleba – mxolod tute reaqciis
dros. huminmJavis molekulaSi karboqsiluri da
fenolhidroqsiluri jgufebis raodenobis Sesaxeb zusti
monacemebi jerjerobiT ar arsebobs. Tumca l.
aleqsandrovi, iyenebda ra meTilirebis meTods, miiRo
karboqsiluri da fenolhidroqsiluri jgufebis raodenobis
Semdegi monacemebi, romelic warmodgenilia cxrilSi 1.3.
10
cxrili 1.3
humusur mJavebSi funqcionaluri jgufebis raodenoba
(l. aleqsandrovas mixedviT)
humusuri mJavebis warmoqmnis Tanxa OCH3

COOH OH
dros sawyisi masala %
mg-eqv 100 g-ze
samyuras fesvebi, romelic
ixrwneboda 4 Tve 132 421 553 5,52
samyuras fesvebi, romelic

ixrwneboda 12 Tve 214 318 532 3,71
kordis – eweriani niada- 341 273 614 2,71

gebi Savmiwa niadagi 362 202 564 0,32
COOH jgufis wyalbads naklebi mimocvlis unari aqvs

OH jgufis H-ze, igi Caenacvleba erTi an orvalentiani
metalebis kationebs da gansazRvravs kationebis xsnarSi
gadasvlis xarisxs, romelic damaxasiaTebelia huminmJave-
bisaTvis da SeiZleba aRwevdes 650 mg-ekv-s 100 g mSral
nivTierebaze.
huminmJavebis marilebi da erTvalentiani Ftuteebi K, Na,
Li warmoqmnian muqadSeferil naleqs. huminmJavebis
marilebi or da samvalentian kationebTan, romelTac humatebi
da fulvatebi ewodebaT, wyalSi uxsnadia da imyofebian
gelis mdgomareobaSi.
humatebis da fulvatebis warmoqmnis procesi orva-
2+
lentian kationebTan (magaliTad Mg ) SeiZleba gamov-
saxoT Semdegi gantolebiT:
11
(COO)2Mg
2+
R − (COOH ) n + Mg ⎯
⎯→ R +2H+
(COOH)n_2
MgO
R − (OH ) n + Mg 2 + ⎯
⎯→ R +H+.
(OH)n_1
humusuri nivTierebebs – aqvT unari warmoqmnan komp-
leqsuri organomineraluri naerTebi rkinasTan, alumin-
Tan, spilenZTan da sxva naxevarvalentur kationebTan. es
unari ZiriTadad ganisazRvreba humusur mJavebis
molekulebSi hidrofiluri jgufebis arsebobiT. fulvo-
mJavebs aqvs didi unari kompleqswarmoqmnisaken.
mkvlevarebis mier damtkicebulia, rom ionis cvlis
procesi mimdinareobs ara marto huminmJavebis wyalbadeb-
sa da kationebis Soris, aramed humatebsa da kationebs
Sorisac. humatebSi kationebis cvla – aris Seqcevadi
procesi. kationuri cvlis wonasworoba, magaliTad, K+ da
Ca2+-ze gacvlis SemTxvevisaTvis SeiZleba ase gamovsaxoT
→ Hum(1 2Ca ) + K + ,
Hum( K ) + 1 2 Ca 2+←
sadac Hum – aris Sesabamisi kationis humati. kationis
Mg2+ da Ca2+-ze mimocvlis SemTxvevaSi procesi mimdina-
reobs Semdegi formulis mixedviT
Hum( Mg ) + CaCl2 →Hum(Ca ) + MgCl2 .
←
rogorc naSromSia aRniSnuli, tolvalentiani ionebis
mimocvlis procesi ar aris damokidebuli temperaturaze.
huminmJavebSi ionmimocvlis wonasworobis gamokvlevisas,
dadginda, rom huminmJavebi da humatebi ionis mimocvlis
unariT axlos dganan susti mJavebis kationebTan, rac
12
ganapirobebs maT seleqciis unars.
wyalmcenareebis huminmJavebis magaliTze Seswavlilia H-
is Canacvlebis unari Li+, Na+, NH4+, K+, Mg2+, Cu2+, Ca2+, Al3+
ionebTan mimarTebaSi. huminmJavebis kationebis STanTqma
xorcieldeba nimuSebis zedapirze metalis qloridis
xsnarebis kontaqtirebiT maTi sxvadasxva koncentraciisas.
gamokvlevebma aCvenes, rom araorganuli kationebi
huminmJavebis mier STanTqmis Canacvlebis unaris mixedviT
ganlagdebian Semdegi rigis mixedviT: Cu2+>Al3+>Co2+>Ca2+>
>Mg2+>Na+>K+>Li+. kationebis STanTqmis arCeviTi xasiaTi, ar
SeiZleba aixsnas huminmJavebis forisebri struqturis
TaviseburebebiT, radganac nimuSebi iJRinTeba wyalSi.
garda amisa, kationebis sorbirebis es rigi aRmoCenilia
ara marto myari huminmJavebis nimuSebisaTvis, aramed wylis
gelebisaTvisac. calkeuli kationebis sorbirebis sxva-
dasxvaoba axsna ar SeiZleba mxolod maTi hidrataciis
TaviseburebebiT wlis xsnarebSi. warmodgenili rigi ki
asaxavs ionebis Canacvlebis unars huminmJavebSi.
huminmJavebSi kationebis cvlis asaxsnelad, saWiroa
gaviTvaliswinoT Semdegi faqtorebi: karboqsilur ionebs
aqvs ioli polarizebis unari, vidre wylis molekulebs.
amitom adsorbentis arCeviTobis Sefasebis dros
yuradReba unda gavamaxviloT arahidratuli kationebis
radiusebze. huminmJavebSi orvalentiani kationebis
aqtiuri Canacvlebis unari erTvalentianTan SedarebiT,
SeiZleba H-is aqtiurobis koeficientis mniSvnelovani Semci-
rebiT. Tumca es kanonzomiereba ar SeiZleba misadage-
buli iyos mxolod ormuxtiani ionebis Zlieri eleqt-
13
ruli urTierTqmedebiT huminmJavebis polikationebTan.
Sidakompleqsuri SenaerTebis warmoqmna mimdinareobs
ionsawinaaRmdego da karboqsaluri narCenebis koordi-
naciul kavSirebs Soris.
huminmJavebSi tute metalebis kationebis susti
Canacvleba, unda davukavSiroT wyalbadis atomebs,
radganac imyofebian monogenuri jgufebis kovalentur
kavSirSi maT gaaCniaT mimocvlis unari, tute metalebis
ionebis kavSiri am jgufebTan erTi SexedviT SeiZleba
ganvixiloT rogorc eleqtrovalenturi, amitomac humin-
mJavebSi karboqsilur jgufebs aqvT mniSvnelovnad didi
msgavseba protonebTan, vidre tute metalebis ionebTan.
huminmJavebiT tute metalebis kationebis Canacvlebis
xasiaTi ganpirobebulia marilebis hidrataciis Tavise-
burebebze. aq mniSvnelovania, rom tute metalebis
kationebi urTierTqmedeben sorbentis funqcionalur
jgufebTan ara uSualod, aramed wylis polarizebuli
molekulebis meSveobiT.
humatebi warmoiqmneba – huminmJavebis marilebis (mkveTri
feris bunebrivi wyali) wyalTan urTerTqmedebis Sedegad
magniumis qloridis damatebiT. eqsperiments vatardebdiT
Semdegnairad. 100 g granulirebuli kembris Tixas (granu-
lebis zoma 1-2 mm) vaSrobT mufelSi 5000C temperaturaze
da Semdeg vaTavsebdiT kolbaSi 100 ml 5% magniumis
qloridis xsnarTan erTad 1 saaTis ganmavlobaSi, xsnarSi
MgCl2 gaxsnamde. kolbaSi arsebuli granulirebuli Tixis
masalas vamatebdiT mkveTri feris wyals 250 ml
raodenobiT da frTxilad vanjRrevT periodulad yoveli 8
14
saaTis Semdeg. 8 saaTiani kontaqtis Semdeg nawilobriv
gauferulebuli wyalSi warmoqmnili wablisferi gelis
msgavsi naleqi gadavasxiT da gavfiltreT „lurji
lenta“-s qaRaldis filtris meSveobiT. gafiltruli
naleqi qaRaldis filtrTan erTad gamovaSreT saSrob
karadaSi t=1000C temperaturaze. gamoSrobili naleqi
gavacalkeveT qaRaldis filtrisgan, Semdeg umatebdiT
spirts sanam ar miviReT Txevadi comis msgavsi suspenzia.
miRebul pastimagvar masas CautareT speqtra-lur analizi.
speqtralur analizs vatardebdiT speqtrografSi 400-
dan 1700 sm-1-mde sixSireTa intervalSi nax. 1.1, miRebuli
speqtrograma gviCvenebs, rom Seesabameba naerTs Mg-R,
sadac R – aris huminmJavis narCeni. speqtograma warmodge-
nilia nax. 1.1.
araorganuli kationebiT gajerebis mixedviT humatebis
wylis xsnarebi TandaTan cvlian koloiduri naerTis
qimiur Tvisebebs da agregatiul mdgomareobas. poliva-
lenturi kationebis Seyvanisas (Fe3+, Mg2+, Ca2+) huminuri
mJavebi iZlevian dispersiebs, romelTa agregatuli
mdgomareoba hidrofiluris garda aris agreTve hidro-
fobulic romelic iwvevs nawilakebis agregacias da
myari karkasuli struqturebis warmoqmnas.
laboratoriuli gamokvlevebis Sedegad dadginda,
2+ 2+
eleqtrolitebSi Mg da Ca kationebis arsebobiT,
natriumis Tixa-wyali-humatis sistemaSi warmoiqmneba
dispersiuli fazis kidev erTi komponenti – tutemiwaTa
metalebis praqtikulad wyalSi uxsnadi humatebi.
15
koagulirebuli humusuri nivTierebebis naleqis infrawiTeli speqtroskopiis
Sedegebi, romelic ganapirobebs bunebrivi wylebis Seferilobas
16
gamtaroba, %
sixSire, sm-1
nax. 1.1.
Tavi 2. bunebrivi wylebis filtraciis procesiT
gasufTavebis (gauferulebis) Sesaxeb
2.1. bunebrivi wylebis gauferuleba filtris

gamoyenebiT
filtraciiT wylis gasufTaveba – aris Zalzed rTuli,

teqnologiuri procesi, bunebrivia rTuli procesia
meqanizmis Seswavla da misi maTematikuri aRwera.
dRevandel pirobebSi filtriT bunebrivi wylebis
gasufTavebis procesi ganixileba rogorc ori meqanizmis
moqmedebis Sedegi: gadatana da miwebeba. pirveli,
iTvaliswinebs marcvlovan zedapirze wylidan nawilakebis
miwodebas, meore – marcvlebis zedapirze nawilakebis
miwebebas, amasTan nawilakebi unda damagrdes ise magrad,
rom winaaRmdegoba gauwios wyvetili nakadis hidrodi-
namiur Zalebs. Tu gadatanis meqanizmi umTavresad
damokidebulia fenis struqturaze da mfiltravis Catvir-
Tvis parametrebaze (marcvlebis sidide, fenis sisqe,
araerTgvarovnobis xarisxi), maSin miwebeba ganisazRvreba
mfiltravi masalis zedapiruli TvisebebiT, dambinZureb-
lebis fiziko-qimiuri TvisebebiT da wylis reagentuli
damuSavebis meTodebiT.
filtraciiT bunebrivi wylebis gasufTavebis Teoriis
SemuSavebaSi yvelaze didi wvlili Seitanes cnobilma
samamulo da sazRvargareTelma mkvlevarebma – d. minci,
s. Subarti, i. Saxmatovi, v. kliaCko, v. klanovi, l.kulski,
17
k. aivesi, v. mackrala, t. ivasanki, r. eliaseni, k. debi,
k.larki, agreTve – r. aukaevi, v. venicianovi, m.Jurba da
sxvebma.
fundameturi gamokvlevebi mciredkoncentrirebuli
suspenziebis filtrirebis Teoriuli safuZvlebis Semu-
Savebis dargSi ekuTvnis d. mincus.
marcvlovani CatvirTvebiT suspenziebis gafiltvris
ganxilvisas is gamodioda varaudidan, rom gauferulebis
efeqti aris CamoTvlili procesebis moqmedebis Sedegi:
− wylidan amoRebuli nawilakebis filtris zedapirze
mitana;
− msxvili minarevebis dakaveba, romelic CatvirTvis
zemo fenis foris zomisxelaa;
− ufro wvrili nawilakebis miwebebas CatvirTul mfilt-
ravis marcvlebze fiziko-qimiuri urTierTqmedebis
Sedegad;
− wyalSi didi wonis nawilakebis zedapirze patara
nawilakebis adsorbcias, romlebic uSualod mfilt-
ravis marcvlebzea miwebebuli;
− zeda fenebSi adre mikrobili nawilakebis mowyvetas
CatvirTuli marcvlebidan, maTi qveda fenebSi
gadatanis da Sekavebis CatvirTvis dros wylis
moZravi nakadis Zalebis zegavleniT;
− filtrSi daSlili naleqis da mdgradi nawilakebis
gamotana, romlis Sekaveba ar xdeba gafiltvris dros.
swrafi gafiltvris pirobebSi ar unda xdebodes
nawilakebis gamotana filtratiT, Tumca nawilakebi,
18
romlebic warmoiqmneba naleqis daSlisagan, gadaitaneba
fenidan fenaSi filtris SigniT.
d. mincma daadgina, rom nawilakebis miwebebis
intensivoba ar aris damokidebuli, gafiltvris siCqa-
reze. nawilakebis mowyvetis intensivoba ganisazRvreba
miwebebis ZaliT, marcvlebis fenis forebSi siCqareebiT
da wylis reagentuli damuSavebis meTodiT. nawilakebis
SeRwevis siCqare filtris siRrmeSi izrdeba filtraciis
siCqaris gazrdiT, filtrSi marcvlis zomisa da wyalSi
dambinZureblebis sawyisi koncentraciis mixedviT. naleqi,
romelic grovdeba filtrSi arsebuli foris sivrceSi
suspenziis gafiltvris dros, cvlis forisebri garemos
geometrias. am cvlilebis xasiaTi damokidebulia naleqis
struqturaze. daleqvis Semdeg forebSi nawilakebi
erTiandebian, romlebic qmnian naleqis masas da mas geli
ewodeba. rac metia naleqis simkvrive, miT ufro nakleb
moculobas ikavebs marcvlovani fenis forebSi. naleqis
moculobiTi masa, romelic warmoiqmneba filtrSi wylis
gauferulebis dros, cvlis wylis fiziko-qimiur Tvisebebs
da ionur Semadgenlobas.
mravalricxovani eqsperimentuli da Teoriuli gamokv-
levebis safuZvelze d. mincis mier SemoTavazebulia
gafiltvris dros dabalkoncentrirebuli suspenziebis
diferencialuri gantolebebi, romlebic diferencialur
formaSi aRweren wylis gauferulebis process filtris
sisqis mixedviT x, t droSi, agreTve naleqis warmoqmnis
gajerebis simkvrives miTiTebuli parametrebis mixedviT,
am gantolebebs Semdegi saxe aqvs:
19
∂ 2c ∂c ∂c
+ a + b = 0; (2.1)
∂x∂t ∂x ∂t
∂ ρ
2
∂ρ ∂ρ
+a +b = 0, (2.2)
∂x∂t ∂x ∂t
sadac t – aris moculobis koncentracia gauferulebul
wyalSi, mg/l;
c –aris gafiltvris parametri, romelsac axasia-
Tebs filtris marcvlebisagan dabinZurebis
mocilebis intensivoba hidrodinamuri Zalebis
urTierTqmedebis zegavleniT, sT-1;
b – aris gafiltvris parametri, romelsac axasia-
Tebs filtris marcvlebisagan dabinZurebis
mocilebis intensivoba hidrodinamuri Zalebis
urTierTqmedebis zegavleniT, sT-1;
ρ – naleqis warmoqmnis gajerebis simkvrive, e.i.
naleqis masa, romelic grovdeba drois
mocemul momentSi gafiltvris elementaruli
fenis moculobis erTeulSi, g/sm3.
gantoleba (2.1) SeiZleba CavweroT ganusazRvrel
kriteriumSi:
∂ 2Y ∂Y ∂Y
+ + = 0, (2.3)
∂X∂T ∂X ∂T
sadac
c
Y= , X = bx, T = at.
c0
C0 – aris wyalSi moculobis koncentracia, mg/l;
X, T – ganusazRvreli sidideebi, romlebic gansxvav-
debian x da t-sagan mxolod masStabiT da
romlebsac ewodeba msgavsebis kriteriumebi.
20
gantoleba (2.3) aris saerTo bunebrivi wylebis
gasufTavebis procesebi gafiltvris dros, e.i. masSi ar
Sedian uSualod filtris parametrebi a da b, romelic
axasiaTebs procesis konkretul pirobebs. ganusazRvreli
cvladebi X da T adgenen wylis gasufTavebis procesis
mimdinareobis sxvadasxva formebis msgavsebas.
Tu d. mincis mixedviT suspenziis gayofis procesi
aris gasafiltravSi arsebuli dabinZurebis nawilakebis
miwebebis erTdrouli moqmedebis da daSlis faqtorebis
Segedi, fenidan gamoyofili naleqis gamotaniT iqamde,
manam naleqis foris sivrcis gajereba miaRwevs maqsimums,
i. Saxti Tvlis, fenidan adre dakavebuli nawilakebis
dabinZurebis mowyvetis da gamotanis albaTobas nulis
tolia manamde, sanam gajereba daleqviT iqneba kriti-
kulze ufro dabali. gafiltvriT wylis gasufTavebis
procesis kinetika aRwerilia diferencirebuli ganto-
lebiT
∂δ ⎛ δ ⎞
= b⎜ c − a ⎟, (2.4)
∂t ⎜ δ np ⎟
⎝ ⎠
sadac δ – aris gamfiltravi CatvirTvis foris sivrcis
gajereba moculobiT;
b – kinetikuri koeficienti;
a – parametri, romelic dgindeba eqsperimentiT
da damokidebulia qviSis marcvlebis mocu-
lobis diametrebis urTierTSefardebaze;
δpr _ mfiltravi CatvirTvis foris sivrcis ukidu-
resi gajereba naleqiT;
21
C _ suspenziaSi moculobiTi koncentracia.
suspenziaSi naleqs moculobis koncentracia Catvir-
Tvis sisqisa da drois mixedviT ganisazRvreba Semdegi
gamosaxulebiT
⎛ k
⎞
c = c0 ⎜ 1 − e u ⎟ , (2.5)
⎜ ⎟
⎝ ⎠
sadac C0=const – aris sazRvarze wonis moculobiTi kon-
centracia x = 0;
k – koeficienti, romelic axasiTebs forebiani
garemos Tvisebebs;
x
u= − ganusazRvreli kompleqsi, romelic damoki-
t ⋅v
debulia filtrirebis gzebis sigrZeze x,
gafiltrvis droze t da filtrirebis siC-
qareze v.
gantoleba (2.4) iTvaliswinebs procesis or stadias –
gafiltvris dros da gauferulebis hidrodinamiurobis
pirobebis cvlilebas.
gafiltvris procesis fiziko-qimiuri bunebis Seswav-
lam saSualeba mogvca Segvefasebina filtris ZiriTadi
samuSao elementi – mfiltravis struqturuli maxasiaTeb-
lebi. suspenziis gayofis procesSi gamfiltravi masalis
fiziko-qimiuri da struqturuli maxasiaTeblebis Teoriul
gamokvlevas eZRvneba r. aukaevis naSromebi. gafiltvris
procesis efeqturobis Sefasebis obieqtiuri kriteriume-
bis miRebis mizniT, SemuSavebulia maRalinformatiuli
aparati Tavisi kriterialuri damokidebulebis gansazRv-
22
riT da saSualebas iZleva kompleqsurad SeviswavloT
procesis msvleloba. procesis parametrebis kriterialuri
Sefaseba saSualebas iZleva optimalurad SemuSavdes
varianti wylis gamasufTavebeli filtrebis muSaobis,
gasafiltri xsnaris da gafiltvris reJimis Tvisebebis
regulirebis safuZvelze.
gafiltvriT wylis gasufTavebis procesis maTemati-
kuri aRwerilobis sirTule mdgomareobs naleqis forisebri
garemos geometriuli struqturis sirTuleSi hidrodi-
namikuri Zalebis gauCerebli cvlilebis Sedegad fenebSi.
e. venicianovi da m. seniavini Tvlian, rom suspenziis
gafiltvris dros warmoqmnili naleqi miiReba gamorecx-
vadi da gamourecxvadi nawilakebis saxiT. varaudi
naleqis or formaSi arsebobis Sesaxeb, ganpirobebulia
orive formaSi naleqis warmoqmniT da misi kinetikis
aRweris aucileblobiT. aqtiuri formisTvis (gamorecxvadi)
kinetikis gantoleba xazovani izoTermis SemTxvevaSi
gamoisaxeba Semdegi saxiT:
∂ρ a ⎡ ρ ⎤
= β a ⎢c − a ⎥ , (2.6.)
∂t ⎣ Γa ⎦
sadac Γa = ρa0 c0 –aris aqtiuri zonis fardobiTi tevadoba,

romelic miiReba aqtiuri zonis xazovani
izoTermisTvis, ρa – aris naleqis aqtiuri
(gamorecxvadi) nawilis koncentracia, C –
aris suspenziaSi wonis koncentracia, ρa0 −
aqtiur zonaSi filtris dabinZurebis tevadoba;
β a – Sidadifuziuri koeficienti.
23
filtris pasiuri (gamourecxavi) formis procesis
kinetikis gantoleba Semdegnairad gamoisaxeba:
∂ρ 0
= βn ⋅ c . (2.7)
∂t
kinetikuri gantolebis Sedgenisas navaraudebi iyo,
rom naleqis warmoqmnis procesi atarebs Sida difuziur
xasiaTs.
saukeTeso gasafiltri Tvisebebi, aqvT zedapiruli
muxtis niSnis mqone filtrebs, romelic suspenziis
nawilakebis muxtis niSnis sapirispiroa. mkvlevarebis
azriT, Teoriis srulyofa unda eyrdnobodes suspenziis
fiziko-qimiuri Tvisebebisa da gafiltvris parametrebis
CatvirTvis kavSirs. amasTan mizanSewonilia suspenziis
gafiltvrisas gauferulebis procesis analogiis gaTva-
liswineba heterogenul sistemebSi upirvelesad, sorbciis
dinamikasTan.
gamokvlevebma, romelic Caatara m. Jurbam daadastura
mniSvnelovani wvlili, wylis gasufTavebis procesSi
forisebri garemos geometriul struqturis da gamfilt-
ravi masalis marcvlebis zedapiris fiziko-qimiur
Tvisebebis. kvlevis sagani iyo gafiltvriT bunebrivi
wylis reagentuli da arareagentuli gasufTavebis
teqnologiuri procesis damuSaveba.
saerTo jamSi gafiltvris procesi maTematikurad
aRiwereba miznobrivi funqciis saxiT:
( )
h, CΦ = Φ1 v, t , x, C0 , S , T , ЗΓ , Зф, x , (2.8)
24
( )
Φ v , tΦ , x, C0 , S , T , ЗΓ , Зф, x = 0, (2.9)
aq h – aris dawnevis sruli dakargva;

CΦ – filtratSi Semavali nivTierebebis koncentracia;
Φ1; Φ2 – miznobrivi funqciebi;
v – gafiltvis siCqare;
t – gafiltvis dro;
x – filtratis sisqe;
C0 – sawyis wyalSi Semavali nivTierebebis koncent-
racia;
S – faqtori, romelic iTvaliswinebs marcvlovan fenaSi
gafiltvris procesis cvlilebas;
T – faqtori, romelic iTvaliswinebs gafiltvris teqno-

logiur sqemas;
ЗΓ – gamfiltravi CatvirTvis geometriuli struqturis
faqtori;
ЗΦ , x –faqtori, romelic iTvaliswinebs gamfiltravi masa-
lis fizikur-qimiur Tvisebebs.

formulebSi (2.8) da (2.9) simboloebs zemoT xazi
aRniSnavs faqtoris saSualo mniSvnelobas ciklis ganmav-
lobaSi.
m.g. Jurba gvTavazobs aRvweroT Semdegi gamosaxu-
lebiT gafiltvris procesis xasiaTi, marcvlovani
filtrebis muSaobisas:
Φ з = K x ⋅ C0 , (2.10)
sadac Φ3 aris marcvlovani filtrebis muSaobis
msgavsebis kriteriumebi;
25
K K x – aris maxasiaTebeli koeficienti.
filtraciis procesis aRsawerad sazRvargareTeli
mkvlevarebisagan SeTavazebuli iyo ramodenime maTemati-
kuri modeli, romelTa umravlesoba eyrdnoboda models,
romelic Seqmnilia ivasakis mier. modelSi homogenuri
suspenzia mudmivi siCqariT ifiltreba filtris erT-
gvarovani Sris meSveobiT. masalis nawilakebis kon-
centracia _ C icvleba fenis sisqis mixedviT dawyebuli
zedapiridan, Semdegi saxiT:
∂C
− = λ ⋅ C, (2.11)
∂L
sadac λ aris filtris koeficienti, romelic zomavs
gafiltvris efeqturobas t=0 droSi
C = C0 ⋅ e − λ L , (2.12)
sadac C0 aris sawyis wyalSi wonis koncentracia;
L L _ aris CatvirTvis fenis sisqe.
am modelSi varaudoben, rom sawyis mdgomareobaSi,
roca gamfiltravi masala sufTaa, misi yvela Sre
erTianad efeqturia suspenziidan nawilakebis amoRebaSi.
aqve ivaraudeba, rom suspenzia erTgvarovnad dispersu-
lia filtris yovel elementarul SreSi. gasafiltri
suspenziis wonis koncentaciis Semcireba gamfiltravis
CatvirTvis yovel SreSi unda udrides forebSi wonis
nawilakebis danaleqis moculobis zrdas. mocemul
SemTxvevaSi nivTierebis balansis gantolebas aqvs
Semdegi saxe:
∂C 1 − f ∂σ
− = ⋅ , (2.13)
∂L v ∂t
26
sadac v aris gafiltvris siCqare, m/sT;
f – naleqis forianoba;
σ – naleqis moculoba gamfiltravi CatvirTvis mocu-
lobis erTeulze.
balansis gantolebis ufro saerTo saxe SemoTavazebuli
iyo gercigis mier, romelmac gantolebaSi Semoiyvana
suspenziis koncentraciis cvlilebis siCqare filtris
sisqis da nawilakebis difuziuri nakadis mixedviT:
∂σ ∂ (εc) ∂c ∂ 2c
+ = −v +D 2 , (2.14)
∂t ∂t ∂L ∂L
sadac ε aris naleqis saSualo forianoba;
D – aris brounovskis difuziis koeficienti.
k. vaom da sxvebma warmoadgines CatvirTvis calkeuli
marcvlis Teoria, rom raodenobrivad SeefasebinaT
nawilakebis moZraoba filtraciis procesSi. maT aCvenes,
rom 1 mkm naklebi diametris nawilakebi gadaadgildeba
difuziis gziT, xolo daleqva damaxasiaTebelia ufro
didi zomis nawilakebisaTvis.
k. aivaso Tvlis, rom gafiltvriT wylis gasufTa-
vebis process aqvs ori stadia – gadatanis stadia da
miwebebis stadia. gadatanis stadiisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia
Semdegi meqanizmebi: inerciuli dajaxebebi, kontaqturi
mitaceba, gravitaciuli daleqva, difuzia, hidrodinami-
kuri Zalebis zegavlena. Tumca avtori varaudobs, rom
gafiltvris procesis fizikuri mxare ar daiyvaneba
mxolod gadatanis meqanizmamde, xolo inerciuli
dajaxebis efeqti saerTod ugulebelyofilia miwodebis
sxva saxeobebTan SedarebiT. mitacebis, daleqvisa da
27
difuziis movlenis Seswavlisas, is mivida daskvnamde,
rom gafiltvris efeqturoba izrdeba mitacebis
d
parametriT I = (sadac d da D aris wonis da marcv-
D
lebis Sesabamisad CatvirTuli nawilakebis diametri),
gravitaciuli danaleqis – G da difuziis koeficientis
B zrdasTan erTad, romelic ganisazRvreba stoks-Steinis
gantolebiT
K ⋅T
B= , (2.15)
3⋅π ⋅ μ ⋅ d
sadac K aris bolcmanis konstanta (1.38.10-23 j/grad K0);
T _ temperatura, 0K.
avtoris azriT, gadatanis da mikrobis meqanizmebi Tu
iqneba kombinirebuli, yoveli maTganis wvlili damoki-
debulia nakadis moZraobis pirobebze, forisebri garemos
geometriuli struqturaze, wonis da gamfiltravi
masalis nawilakebis bunebaze. gafiltvris procesis
kinetika k. aivesis mier aRwerilia gantolebiT:
∂C0
− = λ ⋅ C0 ; (2.16)
∂L
λ = λc + C ⋅ σ − Φσ 2 ( f − σ ) ; (2.17)
∂C 1 ∂σ
− = ⋅ , (2.18)
∂L v ∂t
sadac C0 aris sawyis suspenziaSi wonis koncentracia;
L L – aris CatvirTvis fenis sisqe;
λ – xazovani filtraciis dros filtris koefi-
cienti;
λc – sufTa CatvirTvis dros filtris koeficienti;
28
σ – naleqis moculoba CatvirTvis moculobis
erTeulze;
Φ – filtris dabinZurebis procesis mudmiva;
f – sufTa CatvirTvis marcvalTSoriso forianoba;
v – gafiltvris siCqare;
t _ gafiltvris dro.
aivesis mier SemoTavazebulia gafiltvris procesis
kinetikis gantolebebi, romlebic iTvaliswineben wylidan
feris mocilebis xarisxis zrdas. aivesis monacemebis
Tanaxmad, feris nawilakebma, romlebmac miaRwies
marcvlebis zedapirs, miewebebian mas manamde, sanam
nakadis tangencialuri hidrodinamikuri Zalebi iqneba
marcvlebis zedapiris mimarT dambinZurebeli nawilakebis
adgeziis Zalebze naklebi. am Zalebis tolobis dros
feris nawilakebis miwebeba granulebis zedapirze wydeba
da iwyeba gamotana filtridan.
kaufmanis azriT, nawilakebis mikroba gamfiltravi
masalebis marcvlebze SeiZleba ganpirobebuli iyos ori
saxiT: eleqtronuli Zalebis da van-der-vaalsis Zalebis
urTierTqmedebiT da marcvlebis zedapirTan nawilakebis
qimiuri kavSirebiT. magaliTad, naklebad koncentrire-
buli qviSiT Tixis suspenziis gafiltvis dros 1,5 mm/w
siCqariT, man miiRo gasufTavebis efeqturoba 20%-ze meti,
xolo suspenziis gafiltrvis dros, romelic winaswar
aris damuSavebuli koagulantiT, gasufTavebis efeqtma
SeiZleba gadaaWarbos 95 %-s. avtoris azriT, es miuTi-
29
Tebs nawilakebis zedapiris mdgomareobis did gavlenaze.
pirvel SemTxvevaSi, maRalia stabiluri nawilakebis
procenti, meore SemTxvevaSi – nawilakebis didi nawili
aris dastabilizebuli.
cnobilia, rom Txevad garemoSi nebismieri nawila-
kebis zedapirze (dambinZureblebis, marcvlebis, gamfilt-
ravi masalis nawilakebis), Cndeba eleqtruli muxti. o.
meliasa da krapsis azriT amis mizezi SeiZleba iyos
Semdegi movlenebi: nawilakebis zedapirze ionebis diso-
ciacia, gauswonasworebadi eleqtruli muxtebis arseboba
kristalebis struqturis defeqtis Sedegad, suspenziis
zogierTi saxis ionebTan qimiuri urTierTqmedeba kavSire-
bis warmoqmniT, suspenziis ionebis fizikuri adsorbciiT,
izomorfuli SenacvlebiT kristalur struqturaSi,
kontaqtiT zedapirze myari faza – muxtiT, romelic
upirispirdeba myari sxeulis muxts da miRebul Sres
ewodeba `kompaqturi~, xolo ionebis dispersiul Sres
`difuziuri~ Sre ewodeba.
ormagi eleqtruli Sre romelic xasiaTdeba cnebiT
dzeta-potenciali, masSi ganzidvis Zalebi warmoqmnis
erTi niSniT damuxtul nawilakebs Soris suspenzias.
potencialis sidide, damokidebulia nawilakebs Soris
manZilze da qimiur Semadgenlobaze. dispersiul nawila-
kebs zedapiruli muxtebis niSnebis mixedviT fenebs
Soris mivyavarT urTierTqmedebidan urTierTmizidvamde, an
urTierTganzidvamde. kerZod, qviSis marcvlebis zedapirze
30
uaryofiTi dzeta-potencialis arseboba iwvevs miwebebis
sapirispirod binalur eleqtronul Sreebs Soris urTierT-
qmedebas, mikrobis. atomebs da molekulebs Soris
urTierTmizidulobis Zalebi, romelic gamoTvlilia van-
der-vaalsis mier da misi saxeli ewodeba, gamowveulia
molekulebis dispersiulobiT da qaosuri moZraobiT,
0
romlebic ara umetesi 500 A manZilze moqmedeben.
ormagi Sris modelis gamoyeneba, suspenziis nawila-
kebis gamfiltravi masalis marcvlebze mikrobis aRweris
Tanaxmad efuZneba rig winapirobebs.
a) faqtori, romelic gansazRvravs metalis daJangvis
upiratesobas, maT Soris SiO2, Al2O3, Fe2O3-s aris wyalbadis
maCvenebeli –pH, pH sididis SecvliT, SeiZleba SevcvaloT
zedapiris potencialis sidide, nawilakebs Soris ganzi-
dulobiTYda energiis damokidebulebis cvlilebiT. Cveu-
lebriv, pH>2 siliciumis orJangis dros, qviSis
marcvlebis ZiriTadi Semadgeneli nawili damuxtulia
uaryofiTad, maSin rodesac izoeleqtruli wertilebi,
Al2O3, Fe2O3 koagulantebisa, miiRweva neitralur da
tutovan garemoSi, amasTan van-der-vaalsis Zalebi iwyebs
dominirebas im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac nawilakebi imyofeba
Tavisi izoeleqtruli wertilebis siaxloves.
b) suspenziis ionuri koncentraciis gazrda amcirebs
difuziur Sres, rasac mivyavarT ganzidvis energetikuli
barieris Semcirebamde erTnairad damuxtul nawilakebs
Soris. amgvarad, damuxtuli nawilakebi, romlebsac
31
erTnairi muxti aqvT, eleqtrolitis damatebiT mcirdeba
zedapiruli potenciali da sustdeba ormagi Sre, rac
xels uwyobs erTnari muxtebis mqone nawilakebis
erTmaneTze miwebebas.
g) hemokeris konstantas sidide, damokidebulia nawi-
lakebis fizikur Tvisebebze, romlebic wyalSi, ganisaz-
Rvreba rigiT 10-21-10-19, ZiriTadad, awonili nawilakebis
simkvrive izrdeba konstantis gazrdis SemTxvevaSi, rac
Sesabamisad zrdis mizidulobas da amcirebs energe-
tikul bariers.
mkvlevarebis umravlesoba samarTlianad miuTiTebs,
gafiltvriT bunebrivi wylis gasufTavebis efeqturobaze
arsebiT zegavlenas axdens gamfiltravi masalis fiziko-
qimiuri Tvisebebi da marcvlovani fenis struqtura.
amJamad dagrovilia mniSvnelovani Teoriuli mtkicebu-
lebebi sxvadasxva, gamfiltravi masalebis gamoyenebis
praqtikul gamocdilebaze, romlebic arsebiTad gansxvav-
deba tradiciuli kvarcis qviSisagan gawmendis teqnikur
maCveneblebisagan.
antracitis CatvirTvis upiratesoba kvarcis qviSasTan
SedarebiT naCvenebi aqvs v.papinas, n. lebedevas da sxvaTa.
kargi Sedegebia agreTve miRebuli somxeTis vulkanuri
Slakebis gamfiltravi masalis saxiT gamoyenebisas.
mravali naSromi mieZRvna gamfiltravi mowyobilobebSi
CatvirTvis saxiT danawevrebuli keramzitis gamoyenebas.
danawevrebuli keramzitisagan fenis gamfiltravi maxasia-
32
Teblebis yovelmxrivma gamokvlevam mecnierebs saSualeba
misca rekomendacia gaewiaT am gamfiltravi masalis
farTo gamoyenebisaTvis wylis gasufTavebis praqtikaSi.
ukanaskneli wlebis ganmavlobaSi gamfiltrav mowyo-
bilobebSi masalad gamoyenebulia danawevrebuli
pungiziti, keramikuli nafxveni, granodioriti da sxv.
yvela es gamfiltravi masalebi, romlebic gamoiyeneba
damoukideblad mravalSrian filtrebSi, saSualebas
gvaZlevs ama Tu im doniT gavzardoT gamfiltravi
mowyobilobis dabinZurebis tevadoba.
rogorc ukve aRniSnuli iyo, bunebrivi wylis gasufTaveba
(gansakuTrebiT maRalferovani) moiTxovs aluminis koagu-
lantis did dozas. wylis dabali temperaturis dros,
koagulantis hidrolizis reaqciebi Senelebulia, koagu-
laciis procesi mimdinareobs nela da araefeqturad.
amasTan koagulirebul wyalSi warmoiqmneba humusuri
nivTierebebis aluminTan kompleqsuri naerTebebi, romlebic
zrdian mis xsnadobas. miRebuli naerTebi arasasurvelia
da saSiSic ki adamianis janmrTelobisaTvis, radganac
grovdeba ra organizmSi aluminium-ioni damRupvelad
moqmedebs centralur nervul sistemaze da Tavis tvinze.
wyalsatevSi wylis gamasufTavebul mowyobilobaSi
aluminis Semcveli naleqis Cagdeba ekologiurad saSiSia.
rogorc Cans, gauferulebis efeqtis misaRebad ara-
reagentuli gafiltvris dros saWiroa iseTi gamfilt-
ravi masalebis Seqmna, romelTa zedapiruli Tvisebebi
33
saSualebas miscems bunebrivi wylebis minarevebs
intensiurad Segrovdes gamfiltravi masalis marcvlebze.
sxvadasxva avtoris mravalricxovani eqsperimentuli
gamokvlevebiT dadgenilia, rom, gafiltvriT bunebrivi
suspenziebis gasufTavebis ZiriTadi kanonzomierebebi wylis
reagentuli damuSavebis dros praqtikulad arareagen-
tuli gafiltvris kanonzomierebebis identuria. suspenziis
arareagentuli gauferulebis efeqti aixsneba wonis nawi-
lakebis TviTkoagulaciiT gamfiltravi masalis marcvlebis
zedapirze. wyalSi uxsnadi minarevebis Tviseba Secvalos
Tavisi fizikur-dispersiuli mdgomareoba, marcvlebis
zedapirTan kontaqtis dros qmnis wylis gasufTavebis
winapirobebs arareagentuli gafiltvris saSualebiT.
unda aRiniSnos, rom gamokvlevebis absoluturi
umravlesoba arareagentuli gasufTavebis Sesaxeb gamoi-
yeneboda amRvreuli wylebisaTvis misi gauferulebis
dros. bunebrivi wylis arareagentuli gauferulebis
cdebs arc qviSis da arc keramzitis CatvirTvis dros
warmateba ar qonia, radganac am problemis gadawyveta
dakavSirebulia mniSvnelovan siZneleebTan, rac ganisazRv-
reba humusuri nivTierebebis koloidebis agregatuli
mdgradobiT da maRali dispersiulobiT.
Cvens qveyanaSi da sazRvargareT farTodaa gavrce-
lebuli wylidan organuli nivTierebebis moSoreba
filtraciiT, aqtiuri naxSiris gamoyenebiT. radganac
bunebriv wyalSi organikis ZiriTad nawils Seadgens
34
humusuri nivTierebebi, aqtiur naxSirze sorbcias mivya-
varT wylis nawilobriv gauferulebamde. gafiltvra
aqtivirebuli naxSiris CatvirTvis meSveobiT, rogorc
wesi, gamoiyeneba gasufTavebis wina stadiaze. organuli
nivTierebebis mJangavis saxiT wyalsacav sadgurebSi
gamoiyeneba qlori da ozoni. amasTan miiRweva wylis
feris ramdenadme Semcireba. qloris mniSvnelovani dozis
gamoyeneba bunebrivi wylis damuSavebisaTvis, romelic
Seicavs humusuri nivTierebebis did raodenobas, mivya-
varT qlororganuli nivTierebebis warmoqmnamde, romelic
ar aris saSiSi janmrTelobisTvis. ukanasknel wlebSi
bunebrivi wylis gauferulebis teqnologia ozonirebisa
da granulirebuli aqtiuri naxSiris gamoyenebiT.
damakmayofilebeli sawyisi wylisTvis 60-80 gradis
SeferilobiT da amRvreulobiT 2 mg/l-mde. avtorTa
azriT, wylis ufro meti Seferilobis dros da 5 mg/l-ze
meti amRvreulobisas saWiroa gasufTavebis pirveli
safexuri – reagentuli damuSaveba, kontaqtur gamauferuleb-
lebze. wylis gamauferuleblebze am meTodiT naxseneb
SezRudvebs kidev, unda mivakuTvnoT ZviradRirebuli da
deficituri mfiltravis – aqtiuri naxSiris gamoyeneba.
sainteresoa Catarebuli eqsperimentuli gamokvlevebi
naklebadmRvrie bunebrivi wylebis gauferulebaze, sawarmoo
ultragamfiltrav membranebze. avtorTa azriT, am meTodis
gamoyeneba SesaZlebelia ekonomikurad bunebrivi wylis
120 gradamde Seferilobis da 5 mg/l amRvreulobis dros,
35
wylis gamasufTavebeli sadguris warmadoba dRe-RameSi
50 m3-mde. gamoqveynebuli monacemebis safuZvelze jerje-
robiT Znelia gavakeToT daskvna wylis gauferulebis am
meTodis gamoyenebis praqtikuli Rirebulebaze.
dReisaTvis bunebrivi wylidan organuli nivTierebe-
bis gamosayofad sul ufro met gavrcelebas poveben
ceolitebi da makroforiani anionitebi. samamulo sawarmos
mier gamoiSveba sinTezirebuli sxvadasxva modifikaciis
makroforiani anionitebi. gauferulebis meTodad filtris
gamoyeneba, makroforiani anionitebis meSveobiT uzrun-
velyofs bunebrivi wylebis gauferulebis efeqturobas.
rTulad da araefeqturad mimdinareobs makroforiani
anionitebis regeneracia.
SemuSavebulia fxvnilismagvari magnetitis (rkinis
madani) meSveobiT bunebrivi wylebis gawmendis meTodi,
romelic winaswar aris damuSavebuli natriumis hidroq-
sidis dadebiTi muxtis warmosaqmnelad filtris nawila-
kebis zedapirze. pH-is Semcirebuli mniSvnelobis dros,
am meTodis daxmarebiT SeiZleba nawilobriv gavauferuloT
wyali. gauferulebis efeqti maRldeba dasamuSavebel
wyalSi polieleqtrolitebis kationebis SeyvaniT. am
meTodis praqtikuli mniSvneloba araefeqturia, romelic
moiTxovs rTul aparaturas magnetitis regeneraciisaTvis
da kausturi sodis didi raodenobiT gamoyenebas. (magnetiis
1 moculobze 10 moculobamde). aRniSnuli meTodi
erTjeradia.
36
moyvanili monacemebi adastureben, rom filtriT
bunebrivi wylis gauferuleba koagulantebiT winaswari
damuSavebis gareSe sasmeli wylis momzadebaSi rCeba erT-
erT useriozules problemad.
Tixis (aluminosilikaturi) gamfiltravi masalebis
SemuSavebisas idga amocana migveRo maRali zedapiruli
efeqturobis mqone masala, romlis gamoyeneba saSualebas
mogvcemda migveRo wylis gauferulebis maRali efeqti
misi koagulantebiT winaswari damuSavebis gareSe. amJamad
aseTi masala miRebulia. modificirebadi safuZvlis
saxiT gamoyenebulia bunebrivi kaoliniti (kaolini),
modificirebadi maaqtivirebeli danamatis saxiT –
magniumis naklebad xsnadi marilebi. magneziti, dolomiti
da magniumis fuZe karbonati. cdebis safuZvelze miRebuli
modifikaciis Seswavlam, aCvena yvelaze maRali gauferu-
lebis efeqti, romelic warmoadgenda Cveni kvlevis sagans,
xolo Sedegebis safuZvelze SesaZlebloba mogveca misi
gamoyeneba sawarmoebSi damzadebisa da moxmarebisaTvis.
37
Tavi 3. bunebrivi wylebis gafiltvrisaTvis
adsorbentuli Tvisebebis mqone
masalebis damzadeba, gamoyeneba
3.1. kaolinituri da montmorilonituri jgufis

Tixovani mineralebis (alumosilikatebis)
struqturis Taviseburebis analizi
Tixovani mineralebi, romlebsac Cveulebrivi meoreu-

li mineralebi ewodeba, dedamiwis zedapirze warmoiqmna
pirveladi mineralebis gardaqmnis Sedegad klimaturi da
bioqimiuri faqtorebis zemoqmedebisas.
dsT-Si muSavdeba aseTi Tixis ramdenime msxvili sabado:
saqarTveloSi _ askanis da gumbrinis Tixa, TurqmeneTSi _
oglandilis da jembeskis Tixa. analogiuri Tixa aris
azerbaijanSi, ukrainaSi, belorusiaSi (sabadoebi gorodokSi
_ gomelisa da Juravlevo _ brestis olqi). Tixebidan
ganvixiloT montmorilonituri Tixis Tvisebebi da
struqturuli Sedgeniloba.
montmoriloniti aris samSriani minerali anu mis
gisosSi or tetraedrul kaJJangbadovan Sreze modis erTi
alumin-Jangbad- hidroqsiluri oqtaedruli Sre (nax. 3.1).
montmorilonitis struqtura Seesabameba formulas
AA2Si4O10(OH)2wnH2O an AA4Si8O20(OH)4wnH2O, sadac nH2O pake-
tebis gamyofi wyalia.

izomorfuli Canacvlebebis Sedegad Sreebis Sedgeni-
loba mudmivi ar aris. tetraedrebis kaJbadi SeiZleba
nawilobriv Caanacvlos aluminma an rkinam, xolo
38
oqtaedrebSi SeiZleba iyos AA, Mg da sxva atomebi.
montmorilonitis Tixis qimiuri Sedgeniloba warmodge-

nilia 3.1 cxrilSi.
nax. 3.1. montmorilonitis struqturis sqema
montmorilonitis jgufis mineralebi xasiaTdeba im

wylis maRali SemcvelobiT, romelic Sreebs Sorisaa
ganTavsebuli, ris gamoc sibrtyeebs Soris manZili
hidrataciis mixedviT matulobs. amrigad, montmorilo-
nitis gisosi moZravia. montmorilonitis jgufis minera-
lebis hidrofiloba ganpirobebulia ara marto agebu-
lebis TaviseburebiT, aramed maRali dispersiulobiTac.
montmorilonitSi <0,001 mm fraqciis Semcveloba aRwevs
60-80%-s da ufro metsac, koloiduris _ 40%-mde.
struqturis da dispersiulobis Taviseburebis gamo
montmorilinitisTvis kationebis STanTqmis tevadoba 100-
120 mg. ekv-s aRwevs mineralis 100 g-ze.
39
cxrili 3.1.
montmorilonitis Tixebis qimiuri Sedgeniloba
Tixis tipi SiO2 Al2O3 Fe2O3 CuO MgO K2O Na2O

montmorilonitis Tixa
(askaniti), saqarTvelo 64,7 20,8 5,0 2,0 5,7 0,64 1,75
(askangeli), saqarTvelo 65,0 21,9 4,08 0,23 5,64 0,24 0,09
(askanTixa), saqarTvelo 65,2 24,1 4,64 0,29 5,96 0,33 0,05
(gumbrini), saqarTvelo 72,1 18,7 2,17 2,64 3,24 0,30 0,12
bendelitis Tixa kievis olqi 56,1 27,8 12,4 2,10 1,49 0,60 0,07
(gorodikis sabado belorusi) 51,3 25,8 4,06 0,6 2,69 0,55 0,33
3.2. alumosilikaturi Tixuri masalebis iongacvliTi
Tvisebebis da maTi dispersiuli garemosTan
urTierTqmedebis analizi gaaqtiurebisas da
modificirebisas
Tixuri mineralebis zedapiris energetikuli ujeroba

ganapirobebs dispersiul garemoSi, molekulebis misken
intensiur mizidvas, monomolekuluri fenis warmoqmniT,
aseve warmoiqmneba polimolekuruli fenebi. Tumca
pirvel fenis zedapiri bevrad ufro myarad akavebs
molekulebs. ama Tu im Tixuri mineralis zedapiris
adheziuri Tvisebebi raodenobrivad SeiZleba SevafasoT
dasvelebis siTbos kuTri zedapiris sididis da
zedapiruli daWimulobis sididiT.
_ kavSirebis rRveva AA-Si-jgufebis kideebze, iwvevs
arakompensirebuli muxtebis gadidebas, romelic adsorbi-

rebuli kationebiT gawonaswordeba;
Tixuri mineralebis zedapirze da fiziko-qimiur
Tvisebebze sakmaod SesamCnev gavlenas axdens maTi
qimiuri urTierTqmedeba dispersiul garemosTan.
qimiur gaaqtiurebis yvelaze gavrcelebuli meTodebia:
_ mJaviT damuSaveba HCA, H2SO4, H3PO4 an CH3COOH-is
gamoyenebiT;
_ tutiT gaaqtiureba NaOH, Na2CO3, Ca(OH)2-is gamoye-
nebiT.
_ Znelad xsnadi marilebis gamoyenebiT (CaCO3, MgCO3),
romlebic Seereva TixaSi suspenziebad sxvadasxva
temperaturaze;
_ damuSaveba iseTi marilebis xsnarebiT, romlebic
urTierTqmedebisas zedapirze warmoqmnian Zneladxsnad
naerTebs;
_ araorganuli marilebis xsnarebiT damuSaveba Tixis
kation-Canacvlebuli formebis warmoqmniT;
_ organuli nivTierebebiT (disocirebadi) damuSaveba
organoTixebis warmoqmniT.
mJaviT gaaqtiurebisas adgili aqvs gisosis uaryofiTi
muxtis protonebiT kompensacias Si-OH kavSirebis war-
moqmniT, agreTve dasvelebis siTbos da ξ- potencialis
sididis Semcirebas.
Tixuri mineralebis xanmokle (6 saaTamde) damuSaveba
cxeli mJavebiT (980C), magaliTad H2SO4-is 25%-iani
xsnariT, iwvevs maTi katalizuri da adsorbciuli unaris
mkveTr momatebas.
hidratuli garsis arqonis gamo, romelic aqvs tute
da tutemiwa liTonebis ionebs, H+-s kavSiri Tixuri
mineralis matricasTan sustia, amitom tute liTonebis
kationebis adsorbirebadoba Tixis H+ formaze erTi
xarisxiT, xolo tutemiwa liTonebis ori xarisxiT ufro
maRalia, vidre Tixis AA+-formaze. amitom Tixis zeda-
piris winaswar mJavuri gaaqtiureba SeiZleba gamoviyenoT
42
marilebis xsnarebiT Tixis modificirebis procesis
Semdgomi intensifikaciisTvis.
tutiT gaaqtiurebisas iyeneben iseT tuteebs, rogoricaa
Na(OH), Ca(OH)2 da KOH.
Tixis gaaqtiurebisaTvis SesaZlebelia iseTi
marilebis xsnarebis gamoyeneba, romlebic Tixur
masalasTan da erTmaneTTan urTierTqmedebisas iwveven
zedapirze Zneladxsnadi naerTebis warmoqmnas. es ki xels
uwyobs Tixuri mineralebis nawilakebis erTamenTTan
moWidebas aseTi minarevebis gamoyeneba ara marto cvlis
zedapiris fiziko-qimiur Tvisebebs, aramed aadvilebs
process saWiro simtkicis mfiltravi masalebis
miRebisaTvis gamowvis dabali temperaturebis pirobebSi.
magaliTad, iaponeli teqnologebi am miznebisaTvis iyeneben
natriumis silikatis xsnars keramzitis kazmis
mosamzadeblad, am dros keramzitis gamowvis temperatura
Seadgens sul 400-7000C-s. am kompoziciur masalas axasia-
Tebs maRali aqtiuroba bunebrivi da Camdinare wylebidan
simRvrivisa da rkinis ionebis mocilebis.
Tixuri mineralis aqtivaciisgan gansxvavebiT, Tixuri
minerali iTvaliswinebs sxvadasxva naerTebiT damuSavebisas
Tixis zedapiris Tvisebebis mniSvnelovan cvlilebas misi
Tavdapirveli struqturis cvlilebis gareSe. Tixuri
nedleulis modifikacia araorganuli naerTebiT mimdina-
reobs iongacvliTi meqanizmiT, igi kargad aris Seswav-
43
lili, xelmisawvdomia da sainteresoa Tixis zedapiris
Tvisebebis farTo cvlilebis TvalsazrisiT.
modificirebuli Tixuri masalebis Tvisebebi mniSvne-
lovnad aris damokidebuli STanTqmuli kationis bune-
baze. amasTan, saWiroa yuradReba mivaqcioT imas, Tu ra
formaSi imyofeba Sesayvani kationi. Tu ionis formaSia,
maSin polivalenturi kationebis xsnaridan sorbentebiT
adsorbciisas xdeba sibrtyeebis `gadakereba~ valenturi
kavSirebiT da kationi masSi xidis rols asrulebs. am
SemTxvevaSi zogjer SeiniSneba dispersiulobis xarisxis
momateba. xolo, Tu Tixur mineralSi kationi imyofeba
Jangis hidratis saxiT, maSin ar unda moxdes nawilakis
zomebis gazrda.
dadgenili, rom modificirebuli Tixis dispersiu-
lobis xarisxis Semcireba dakavSirebulia STanTqmuli
kationis valentobis zrdaze, rac dasturdeba eleqtro-
nuli mikroskopis saSualebiT gamokvlevuli monacemebiT.
Jangis hidratebis arseboba gavlenas axdens Tixuri
mineralebis kationCanacvlebuli formebis sorbciulo-
bis unarze. Tu Tixis nawilakebis zomebis momateba
Sesayvani kationis valentobis zrdasTan erTad,
ganpirobebulia polivalentuli kationebis qimiuri bmiT
Tixis OH-jgufTan, maSin aseTi kavSiri ar irRveva
dispersiuli garemos zemoqmedebiT. es iwvevs ufro mtkice
agregatebis warmoqmnas ufro fxvieri SefuTviT, rac
dadebiT gavlenas axdens arapolaruli garemodan arapo-
44
laruli nivTierebebis adsorbciaze (anu modificirebuli
Tixis saSualebiT organuli nivTierebis seleqciuri
gamoyofaze).
cxrili 3.2
kalciumisa da magniumis desorbcia sxvadasxva
Tixebidan
Ca Mg
mTeli raodenoba %-Si
mTeli raodenoba %-Si

I amonatumbSi, madanSi
I amonatumbSi, madanSi
sul madanSia, mg-ekv.
sul madanSia, mg-ekv.
I aminatumbSi, mg-ekv.
I amonaqaCSi, mg-ekv.
madani g
obieqti
kaolini, gajerebuli 100 2,0 0,23 1,15 5,7 1,11 5,6

kaolini, gajerebuli 100 0,23 0,24 1,163 5,64 1,12 5,4
askanati, bunebrivi 100 2,64 0,25 1,22 5,36 1,22 5,3
askaniti, bunebrivi 100 2,10 0,26 1,24 3,24 1,24 5,5
3.2 cxrilidan Cans, rom Mg+2 ufro advilad desor-

birdeba, vidre Ca+2, pirvel amotumbvaSi, yvela SemTxve-
vaSi ufro meti procenti Mg gadadis, vidre Ca. amave
dros mineralebs Soris Tanamimdevroba erTnairi rCeba
orive kationisaTvis. SesamCnevad meti moZraobis unari
aqvs kaolinis (kaolinitis) Ca da Mg, askanitis (mont-
morilonitis Semcveli Tixebi) kationebTan SedarebiT. am
45
sxvaobis sakmaod safuZvliani axsna SeiZleba Semdeg-
nairad STanTqma kaolinitSi xdeba mxolod nawilakebis
gare zedapirze da, wonasworoba maszed moqmed xsnarTan
ufro advilad myardeba, vidre montmorilonitis jgufis
mineralebSi, romlebisTvisac kationebis umetesi nawili
STainTqmeba kristaluri gisosis fenebs Soris.
kationebis moZraobis unarze did gavlenas axdens
mocemuli ioniT mineralis gajerebis xarisxi.
Tixis kationebis gajerebis SemcirebasTan erTad,
mcirdeba am ionebis moZraobis unaric.
TandaTanobiT gamotutvisas, rogorc laboratoriaSi,
aseve bunebaSic, Tixa jer kargavs yvelaze moZrav,
naklebad mtkiced mimagrebul ionebs, darCenili ionebi
ufro Zlierad rCeba mimagrebuli. amrigad, ara marto
sxvadasxva Tixis STanTqmul kationebs, aramed erTsa da
imave Tixis kationebis calkeul fraqciebs sxvadasxva
moZraobis unari aqvs. kationiT Tixis gajerebis xarisxi
xSirad aris ZiriTadi momenti, misi moZraobis unaris
gansazRvrisaTvis.
STanTqmuli kationis kavSiris simtkice Tixovan mine-
ralTan garkveul pirobebSi imdenad didi SeiZleba iyos,
rom kationebi gaucvleli xdeba anu ar gamoidevneba
neitraluri marilebis kationebiT.
gaucvleli STanTqma an fiqsacia SeiZleba ganicados
TixaSi arsebulma yvela kationma, magram maqsimaluri
gamoxatva aqvs H+ da NH 4+ fiqsacias, romlebic
46
gansxvavdeba Tavisi didi da erTmaneTTan miaxloebuli
zomebiT (H+ radiusi 1,33A0, NH 4+ radiusi 1,43A0), sxva
kationebTan SedarebiT: Ca, Mg, Na (Sesabamisad 1,06 A0;

0,78A0 da 0,98A0 radiusebiT).
imis gamo, rom yvela zemoT moyvanili kationidan
yvelaze naklebi radiusi aqvs Mg2+-s magniums eqneba
Tixuri mineralis kristalur struqturaSi gaucvlelad
Camagrebis yvelaze naklebi unari.
3.3. granulirebuli alumosilikatis adsorbentebis

damzadebis xerxis mizanmimarTuli Ziebis
ZiriTadi principebi wylis sorbciuli
gauferulebisTvis
bunebrivi wylebis gauferulebisTvis saWiro efeq-

turi adsorbentebis damzadebis ZiriTadi amocanebia:
_ maRali xarisxis maCveneblebis mqone masalebis
Seqmna;
_ xarisxis TiToeuli maCveneblis stabilurobisa da
saimedobis uzrunvelyofa adsorbentebis rogorc
damzadebisas, aseve eqspluataciisas (gamoyenebisas).
granulirebuli adsorbentebis ZiriTad xarisxobriv
maCveneblad miRebulia maTi gamauferulebeli aqtivoba.
amave dros uzrunvelyofili unda iqnes sakmarisi
meqanikuri simtkice, qimiuri medegoba da adsorbentis
ekologiuri vargisianoba. adsorbentis xarisxianobis
maCveneblebis rTuli kompleqsi unda ganixilebodes rogorc
47
erTiani obieqti. rogorc mizanmimarTulad funqcionire-
badi sistema, romlis qceva Sefasdeba misi gamoxmaurebebis
– yj M sidideebis mixedviT, romelic qmnis sistemis
qcevis M-ganzomilebian veqtors da icvleba Semdeg
intervalSi.
48
granulirebuli adsorbentebis xarisxis marTvis sistema
Xi nedleulis komponentebis YT -(gamauferule- X*_filtratis

X*
xarisxis parametrebi beli aqtivoba) marilSemcveloba
YC_struqturul-
meqanikuri maCve- XH_wylis ionuri
modifikaciis parametri XH
XM neblebi (forov- namravli (pH)
(danamatis saxeoba) Y noba,meqanikuri
simtkice)
Xu_gamokvlevis
Xu
pirobebis
komponentebs Soris Yγ_xarisxis alba-
Xρ Tanafardoba (receptura)
parametrebi
Turi
gardamavali procesebis
Xп.п
reJimis parametri
(gamowvis t0C)
nax.3.2
formirebis reJimis Xi_Sesavali parametri (faqtori)
Xϕ parametri (gamowvis Yi_gamosavali parametri (gamoxmaureba)
xangrZlivoba)
y j min ≤ y j ≤ y j max (j = 1,...,B M)
qcevis yM veqtoris funqcionirebadi sistemis mizanmi-

marTuli cvlileba xorcieldeba gamosavlebis an
faqtorebis xj doneebis marTvis xarjze, romlebic qmnis
K-ganzomilebian veqtors. es veqtori SeiZleba Seicvalos
im faqtoruli sivrcis monakveTis SigniT, romlis
sazRvrebi xi min ≤ xi ≤ xi max (i = 1," , K ) ganisazRvreba
TiToeuli faqtoris obieqturi SesaZleblobebiT.
Sesavali xi da gamosavali yi gamoiyofa jguf-qvesis-
temebSi. nax. 3.2 nax-ze naCvenebia granulirebuli alumo-
silikaturi adsorbentis xarisxis (gamauferulebeli
aqtivobis) blok-sqema, rogorc rTuli sistema, romelSic
gamoyofilia xuTi receptorul-teqnologiuri da sami
eqspluataciuri faqtori.
3.4. uhfyekt,bc vtmfybrehb cbvnrbwbc ufvjrdktdf ufvjodbc

ntvgthfnehbc lf [fyuh'kbdj,bc vb[tldbs
lblb .ehflqt,f tsvj,f uhfyekbht,ekb vabknhfdb vfcfkbc

vfhwdkt,bc vtmfybreh cbvnrbwtc htfutynekb vtsjlt,bc
ufvj.tyt,bcfc& 'bhbsflb odkbkb abknhfwbekb ufovtylbc
tatmnehj,fib itfmdc vabknhfdb vfcfkbc ajhjdfyb ufhtvjc
utjvtnhbfc^ cnhemnehfc& epheydtk.jabkb eylf b.jc
ajhjdfyb cnhemnehbc cnf,bkehj,f uhfyekt,bc vbybvfkehb
lfyfotdht,bc^ wdtsbc lf uflfdkt,bc [fh]pt ~cathek
ajhvfvlt`^ cfabknhb yfut,j,bc tmcgkefnfwbbc [fyuh'kbdb
gthbjlbc ufyvfdkj,fib&
,eyt,hbdb lf xfvlbyfht o.kt,bc cjh,wbekb vtsjlbc
ufvj.tyt,bs^ ehtfutynj ufovtylbcfc^ vfqfkb ptlfgbhekb
fmnbehj,bc vmjyt uhfyekbht,ek vfcfkbc^ uhfyekt,bc
vtmfybreh cbvnrbwtc gbhdtk[fhbc[jdfyb vybidytkj,f fqfh
tybzt,f& &\\ cfereytib ufv[lfhb.j .dtkfpt gjgekfhekb
flcjh,tynb^ hjvtkbw ufvjb.tyt,jlf o.kbc ufovtylbcfsdbc&
o.kbc cjh,wbekb ufovtylbcfc ghjwtcbc tatmnehj,fpt
uflfvo.dtnb ufdktyf fmdc fhf vfhwdkbc ajhvfc^ fhfvtl vbcb
ptlfgbhbc abpbrj-mbvbeh sdbct,t,c lf ajhjdfy cnhemnehfc^
fctdt iblf ajht,bc [fcbfscf lf vjwekj,fc&
vfuhfv flcjh,tynbc uhfyekt,b eylf frvf.jabkt,ltc
o.fkvtltuj,bc vjs[jdyt,c^ fldbkfl fh eylf lfbifkjc
htutythfwbbc lhjc lf fh eylf bmytc ufnfybkb cfabknhb
yfut,j,bc afhukt,c ufhts ufvhtw[ o.fksfy lf lfveifdt,ek
cfhtutythfwbj [cyfht,sfy thsfl& tc^ egbhdtktc .jdkbcf^
trjyjvbehfl fhf[tkcf.htkbf^ hflufy vabknhfdbc xfndbhsdbc
itcfdct,fl cfzbhj bmyt,f f[fkb flcjh,tynbc vybidytkjdfyb
hfjltyj,f&
flcjh,tynbc uhfyekt,bc vtmfybrehb cbvnrbwbc ufycfpqdhbc
tmcgthbvtynekb rdktdt,b^ vjbwfdlf ufvjwlt,bc jh tnfgc% gbhdtk
tnfgpt ufybcfpqdht,lf flcjh,tynbc uhfyekt,bc vtmfybrehb
cbvnrbwt ufvjodbc ntvgthfnehbc vb[tldbs^ 1 cffsbc ufvjodbc
[fyuh'kbdj,c itvs[dtdfib* vtjht tnfgpt ufybcfpqdht,jlf
uhfyekt,bc vtmfybrehb cbvnrbwt ufvjodbc [fyuh'kbdj,bc
vb[tldbs t = 900°C ntvgthfnehfpt&
flcjh,tynbc uhfyekt,b^ sthvekb lfveifdt,bc xfnfht,bc
lf itvlujv vtmfybrehb lfveifdt,bcsdbc bwlt,jlf fqothbk
tmcgthbvtynek uhfyekfnjhib& fkevbyjcbkbrfnbc flcjh,ty-
nbc bv uhfyekt,bc vtmfybrehb cbvnrbwbc ufycfpqdhfpt^
51
hjvkt,bw lfvpflt,ekb b.j rfjkbybcufy^ ljkjvbnbc
lfyfvfnbs rfjkbybc vfcbc 5 ojybsb ghjwtynbc jltyj,bs&
fkevbyjcbkbrfnbc flcjh,tynbc ufvjwlbc itltut,
vj.dfybkbf 3&3 lf 3&4 w[hbkt,ib&
w[hbkb 3&3
fkevjcbkbrfnehb flcjh,tynbc uhfyekt,bc vtmfybrehb
cbvnrbwbc lfvjrblt,ekt,f ufvjodbc ntvgthfnehfpt
sthvjlbyfvbrehb lfveifdt,bc τ = 1 cs [fyuh'kbdj,bcfc
ufvjodbc vtmfybrehb cbvnrbwt
ntvgthfnehf^ wdtsflj,f^ ) lfyfotdht,flj,f^ )
yjhvbc yjhvbc
t0C afmnj,hbdb
vb[tldbs
afmnj,hbdb
vb[tldbs
700 9^62 0^5 3^1 4^0
750 5&67 0^5 5^7 4^0
800 3^54 0^5 4^3 4^0
850 1^83 0^5 3^9 4^0
900 1^65 0^5 3^7 4^0
950 0^78 0^5 3^3 4^0
1000 0^74 0^5 2^9 4^0
w[hbkb 3&4
fkevjcbkbrfnehb flcjh,tynbc uhfyekt,bc vtmfybrehb
cbvnrbwbc lfvjrblt,ekt,f sthvjlfveifdt,bc [fyuh'kbdj,fpt
ufvjodbc 9000C ntvgthfnehbcfc
ufvjodbc vtmfybrehb cbvnrbwt
ntvgthfnehf^ wdtsflj,f^ ) lfyfotdht,flj,f^ )
yjhvbc yjhvbc
t0C afmnj,hbdb vb[tldbs afmnj,hbdb vb[tldbs
15 1^62 0^5 4^35 4^0
30 1^26 0^5 4^1 4^0
45 1^14 0^5 3^9 4^0
60 1^08 0^5 3^8 4^0
90 1^02 0^5 3^76 4^0
120 0^95 0^5 3^71 4^0
itybidfyf% * _ yjhvfnbdb vbsbst,ekbf rdfhwbc mdbibcsdbc&
52
hjujhw 3&4 w[hbkib ofhvjlutybkb tmcgthbvtynt,bc
vjyfwtvt,b udbxdtyt,c^ flcjh,tynbc uhfyekt,c ufvjodbc 700-
8000C ntvgthfnehbcfc fhfcfrvfhbcb cbvnrbwt fmdc^ ufycfres-
ht,s wdtsflj,bc v[hbd& ufvjodbc ntvgthfnehbc mdtlf pqdfhb _
7000C bv vbptpbs b.j fqt,ekb^ hjv v[jkjl 680-7000C
ntvgthfnehfpt bo.t,f MgCa(CO3 ) 2 -bc lfikf yf[ibhjh;fyubc _
CO2 byntycbehb ufvj.jabs* ufvj.jabkb yf[ibhjh;fyub [tkc
eo.j,c flcjh,tynbc uhfyekt,bc ajhjdfyb cnhemnehbc
itmvyfc&
3.5. dasamzadebeli adsorbentebis vargisianoba,

aqtiurobis dasabuTeba da SerCeva
yvelaze gavrcelebuli aluminosilikaturi mineralebis

_ kaolinitisa da montmorilonitis struqturuli da
iongacvliTi Tvisebebis analizi, saSualebas gvaZlevs
CavTvaloT, rom aluminosilikaturi adsorbentebis
dasamzadeblad da gaaqtiurebisaTvis yvelaze efeqturi
nedleulia kaoliniti. regeneraciis Sedegad adsorbentis
sorbciuli Tvisebebis, gamauferulebeli aqtivobis da
aRdgenadobis SedarebiTi Sefaseba, gviCvenebs kaolinis
upiratesobas monmorilonitTan da Cveulebriv kembriul
TixasTan SedarebiT da adasturebs gaaqtiurebuli
aluminosilikaturi adsorbentis SerCevis marTobulobas.
analizis safuZvelze aRniSnuli gvaqvs, rom humusuri
nivTierebebi tutemiwa liTonebis (Mg2+ da Ca2+) kationeb-
Tan urTierTqmedebis Sedegad qmnian kalciumisa da
53
magniumis humatebis wyalSi uxsnad koloidur struqtu-
rebs. yvelaze susti kavSiri mineralis struqturasTan
(gansakuTrebiT kaolinitis) aqvs magniumis kations. sxva
sityvebiT, magniumis kationebi yvelaze moZravia: isini
sakmaod advilad Sedian mineralis struqturaSi da aseve
advilad producirdebian wyalxsnarebSi.
amgvarad, aqtiuri minarevis saxiT Tixur nedleulSi,
kaolinSi, romelic miRebulia, rogorc nedleulis ZiriTadi
saxeobad aluminosilikaturi adsorbentebis dasamzadeblad,
unda gamoviyenoT magniumis an kalciumis Semcveli wyalSi
uxsnadi marilebi.
adsorbentis damzadebis erT-erTi teqnologiuri
stadiaa TermodamuSaveba. t>6000C gamowvis temperaturisas
xdeba magniumisa da kalciumis karbonatebis daSla
magniumisa da kalciumis oqsidebad da naxSirorJangad,
daSlis procesi mTavrdeba daaxloebiT 8000C temperatu-
raze. gamoyofili gazi aRwevs Tixuri mineralis
struqturaSi, zrdis mis forianobas da kuTr zedapirs.
aqtivatorebad magniumisa da kalciumis karbonatebis
gamoyeneba ufro xelsayrelia, vidre amave liTonebis
arakarbonatuli naerTebi. amitom, ufro efeqturia
laboratoriul da samrewvelo pirobebSi, adsorbentebis
dasamzadeblad magniumisa da kalciumis karbonatebis
gamoyeneba magnezitis _ MgCO3, magniumis fuZe karbonatis
_Mg(HCO3)2 da dolomitis _ CaMg(CO3)2 damatebiT.
54
3.6. aluminosilikatis nedleulis granulirebuli
masalis gaaqtiurebis gamokvlevis Catarebis
meTodika
mocemul paragrafSi moyvanilia sami faqtoris

(komponentebis Tanafardoba _ XP, gamowvis teqnologia _
XM.П., gamowvis xangrZlivoba _ Xφ) varirebis da gamocdis
meTodika, sakuTari xarisxobrivi maCveneblebis (gamauferu-
lebeli aqtivoba) mqone adsorbentis miRebis mizniT.
receptura (XP) laboratoriul pirobebSi modificire-
bul aluminosilikatur adsorbentebs vamzadebdiT Semdeg-
nairad: mSral mdgomareobaSi kaolinis fxvnils davamateT
erT-erTi aqtivatoris fxvnili da narevi guldasmiT
aurieT, aqtivatoris doza icvleboda kaolinis masis
wonis 5-30%-s SualedSi 5% farglebSi (anu 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30
won. %).
momzadebuli mSrali narevisgan movazadebT comi,
sadac myari fazis fardoba TxevadTan iyo woniT 2,7:1.
masalis granulirebas vaxdendiT comis gatarebiT
0,6×0,8 mm ujredis zomis sacerSi iseTnairad, rom
saceris meore mxridan masa gamosuliyo ara umetes 1 mm-
isa. Semdeg sacers vaSrobdiT t=90-1000C temperaturaze da
msubuqi dakakunebiT an plastmasis CxiriT viRebdiT
mSrali masalis granulebs, romlebic Semdeg iwveboda
mufelis RumelSi, temperaturis avtomaturi regulirebiT.
TermodamuSavebas vatarediT faifuris WurWelSi. gamomw-
vari granulebi gavatareT sacerSi daxarisxebis mizniT.
55
SedarebisTvis, amavdroulad mzaddeboda granulire-
buli adsorbenti, sufTa kaolinisagan, aqtivatorebis
damatebis gareSe.
gamowvis teqnologia (XM.П.). magniumisa da kalciumis
karbonatebis daSla TermodamuSavebiT mTavrdeba daax-
loebiT 8000C temperaturaze. Tu gaviTvaliswinebT, rom
adsorbentis granulebs unda hqondes sakmarisi
meqanikuri simtkice (xolo, rogorc cnobilia, igi
izrdeba gamowvis temperaturis matebasTan erTad),
gamowvis temperaturis qveda zRvari unda iyos t=7000C,
xolo zeda t=10000C. temperaturis ufro maRali mniSvnelobis
dros eqsperimentireba mizanSewonili ar aris ori mizezis
gamo. jer erTi, t>10000C-ze xdeba kaolinis struqturis
gadakristaleba da iongacvliTi tevadobis mkveTri
Semcireba. meore, ekonomiurad araxelsayrelia energore-
sursebis zedmeti danaxarjebis gamo.
gamowvis xangrZlivoba (Xφ). TermodamuSavebis xangrZli-
voba aiTvleboda mufelSi saWiro temperaturis miRwevis
momentidan faifuris WurWlis Rumelidan gamoRebis
momentamde, romelic mudmivi temperaturis reJimSi muSa-
obda. adsorbentis granulebis TermodamuSavebis xangrZ-
livoba varirebda 5-60 wT-is intervalSi (5, 10, 20, 30, 60).
adsorbentis damzadebisas icvleba ramdenime faqtori,
amitom maTi kompleqsuri da TiToeulis cal-calke gav-
lenis gansazRvris mizniT, miRebuli adsorbentis xarisxze
CavatareT eqsperimentis sami seria. xarisxis gansazRvri-
56
saTvis ZiriTadi kriteriumi yvela eqsperimentSi iyo
bunebrivi wylis gauferulebis efeqti (Э,%) da gaufe-
rulebul wyalSi wyalbadis maCvenebeli (pH).
cdebis pirvel seriaSi ganisazRvreboda aqtivirebis
minarevebis raodenobis (won. %) gavlena gauferulebis
efeqtze, TermodamuSavebis garkveul reJimSi adsorbentis
sami modifikaciisTvis:
1) kaolini + magnezia;
2) kaolini + magniumi ZiriTadi karbonati;
3) kaolini + dolomiti.
cdebis meore seriaSi adsorbentebis gamowvis tempera-
turis gavlena, xangrZlivobis Sesabamisad, TiToeul
modifikaciaSi danamatebis gansazRvruli da erTnairi
woniTi raodenobisaTvis.
cdebis mesame seriaSi ganisazRvreboda wylis gaufe-
rulebis efeqti adsorbentebis imave modifikaciebisaTvis
TermodamuSavebis xangrZlivobis gavleniT garkveul
temperaturaze.
xarisxis ZiriTadi kriteriumebi sxvadasxva modifika-
ciis adsorben-tisaTvis (gauferulebis efeqti, wyalbadis
maCvenebeli) ganisazRvreboda adsorbentis kontaqtisas
maRali Seferilobis wyalTan, statikur da dinamikur
(filtraciul) pirobebSi TermodamuSavebis reJimebisa-
Tvis.
adsorbentebis gamocda statikur pirobebSi xorciel-
deboda Semdegnairad: 20 g-is odenobis adsorbents
57
vyridiT kolbaSi, vavsebdiT 100 ml maRali Seferilobis
wyliT da periodulad vanjRrevdiT. gamoyenebuli
bunebrivi wylis Seferiloba Seadgenda 240 grads, pH=6,1.
adsorbentis wyalTan kontaqtis xangrZlivoba iyo 12
da 24 sT. miTiTebuli drois amowurvis Semdeg kolbidan
wyals viRebdiT vfiltravdiT, qaRaldis filtrSi
`lurj lentSi~ da vaanalizebdiT. gasaanalizebeli
maCveneblebi iyo narCeni Seferiloba da pH.
adsorbentebis dinamikuri gamocdisas sawyisi maRali
Seferilobis wyali ifiltreboda adsorbentis fenaSi
garkveuli siCqariT. gamocda tardeboda laboratoriul
safiltr danadgarze (nax. 3.3). danadgari Sedgeboda 10 l
tevadobis mariotis boTlisgan da d=28 mm da ℓ= 500 mm
minis safiltri svetisgan. gamosacdeli adsorbentis
fenis sisqe Seadgenda 300 mm-s, gafiltvris siCqare 2 m/sT-s.
gafiltvris siCqaris mudmivobas filtraciis ciklis
ganmavlobaSi vuzrunvelyofdiT filtratis maRali
gamosavlianobiT. gamocdisas gamoyenebuli wylis Seferi-
loba 240 gradi da pH=6 iyo.
CavatareT filtraciuli gamocdis 3 seria.
pirvel seriaSi gamoicada adsorbentis sami
modifikacia aqtivirebis danamatebis raodenobiT 10, 15, 20
da 25 woniTi % kaolinis masidan, TermodamuSavebis
0
garkveuli reJimis dros (t=900 C, T=10 wT.).
meore seriaSi gamocda gaiara igive modificirebulma
adsorbentma aqtivirebis danamatebis raodenobiT 15 woniTi
58
% kaolinis masidan, gamowvis temperaturiT 700, 800, 900,
10000C da Termuli damuSavebis xangrZlivobiT 10 wuTi.
nax. 3.3. eqsperimentuli danadgaris sqema adsorbentis mokle

Sreze gasafiltrad.
1 _ mariotis boTli, 2 _ onkani, 3 _ safiltravi sveti adsorbentiT,
4 _ filtratis maRali gamomyvani, 5 _ filtratis tevadoba.
mesame seriaSi gamocda gaiara adsorbentis igive

modifikaciebma danamatis raodenobiT 15 woniTi %,
kaolinis masidan t=9000C 5, 10, 20 da 30 wuTis ganmav-
lobaSi.
59
3.7. aluminosilikaturi masalisgan damzadebuli
granulirebuli adsorbentis gamauferulebeli
aqtivobis Sedareba sxvadasxva aqtivirebis
(modificirebis) danamatebisagan da miRebul
adsorbentebTan TermodamuSavebis reJimebis
gaTvaliswinebiT
adsorbentis sxvadasxva modifikaciis xarisxis Sefa-

sebis ZiriTad kriteriumebad miRebulia gauferulebis
efeqti da wyalbadis maCvenebli _ pH.
Catarebuli eqsperimentuli gamokvlevebis Sedegebi
warmodgenilia 3.5._3.15. cxrilSi da 3.5_3.10 nax-ze.
rogorc 3.5 da 3.8 cxrilSi da agreTve 3.4 da 3.9 nax-ze
Cans magniumisa da kalciumis karbonatebis sxvadasxva
saxeobis danamatebis Semcveli adsorbentebis sorbciuli
aqtivoba praqtikulad erTi da imave rigisaa, am
maCveneblis mixedviT magnezitis aqtivirebis danamats
garkveuli upiratesoba aqvs.
eqsperimentis Sedegebis grafikuli damuSaveba (nax. 3.4
da 3.8) aCvenebs, rom gauferulebis efeqti aqtivirebis
danamatis raodenobis mixedviT eqsponencialuri kanoniT
icvleba anu
p = c ⋅ exp( KЭ) , (3.2)
sadac P _ aqtivirebis danamatis raodenoba masidan, won. %;

C da K _empiriuli koeficientebi, romlebic axasiaTebs
eqsperimentis saxes;
Э _ gauferulebis efeqti, %.
60
cxrili 3.5
sxvadasxva modifikaciis axlad momzadebuli alumosilikatis adsorbentis wylis
gauferulebis efeqturoba statikur pirobebSi
adsorbentis wyalTan kontaqtis dro, sT
danamatis
Tixovani aqtivirebis Seferi- gauferu- Seferi- gauferu
raodenoba
nedleulis minarevis lobis lebis lobis lebis
saxeoba saxeoba
Tixis pH pH
Semcireba efeqti Semcireba efeqti
masis %
grad. % grad. %
5 235 52,4 9,4 248 56,3 9,3
10 278 63,2 9,0 292 66,4 9,4
15 295 67,0 9,7 315 71,6 9,5
kaolini magneziti
20 308 70,0 9,8 324 73,6 9,7
25 315 71,6 9,8 330 75,0 9,8
30 320 72,7 9,9 334 75,9 9,8
5 245 55,7 9,5 255 57,9 9,3
10 282 64,1 9,7 290 65,9 9,5
magniumis
15 295 67,0 9,8 310 70,4 9,6
kaolini fuZe
20 305 69,3 9,8 330 72,7 9,7
karbonati
25 310 70,4 9,9 329 74,7 9,7
30 315 71,6 10,0 331 75,2 9,8
5 247 56,1 262 59,5 10,1
10,2
10 282 64,1 295 67,0 10,7
10,9
15 305 69,3 318 72,3 10,9
kaolini dolomiti 11,1
20 314 71,4 328 74,5 11,1
11,2
25 320 72,7 335 76,1 11,2
11,3
30 320 74,0 340 77,2 11,3
kaolini _ _ 54 12,2 7,1 60 13,6 7,1
cxrili 3.6
wylis gauferulebis efeqturoba statikur pirobebSi adsorbentis sxvadasxva
modifikaciebiT gamowvis temperaturis mixedviT
adsorbentis wyalTan kontaqtis xangrZlivoba, sT
gamowvis 12 24
adsorbentis tempera- Seferilo-
Seferilobis gauferu- gauferu-
saxeoba tura bis Sem-
T0 C
Semcireba lebis pH lebis pH
cireba
grad. efeqti % efeqti %
grad.
700 252 72 9,1 259 74 9,0
kaolini + 800 274 84 9,4 297 85 9,3
magneziti 900 310 89 9,7 320 91 9,5
15 wona % 1000 280 80 10,0 287 82 9,8
1100 266 76 10,1 270 77 10,0
kaolini + 700 259 74 9,1 262 75 9,1
magniumis 800 287 82 9,4 290 83 9,4
fuZe 900 297 85 9,7 297 85 9,8
karbonati, 1000 273 78 10,0 280 80 10,0
15 wona % 1100 256 73 10,1 262 75 10,0
700 266 76 10,5 276 79 10,3
kaolini + 800 304 87 11,0 308 88 11,0
dolomiti, 900 315 90 11,4 322 92 11,6
15 wona % 1000 308 88 11,6 310 89 11,6
1100 280 80 11,7 290 83 11,5
62
cxrili 3.7
wylis gauferulebis efeqturoba statikur pirobebSi adsorbentis sxvadasxva
modifikaciebiT gamowvis temperaturis mixedviT
adsorbentis wyalTan kontaqtis xangrZlivoba, sT
gamowvis 12 24
adsorbentis tempera- Seferilo-
Seferilobis gauferu- gauferu-
saxeoba tura bis Sem-
T0 C
Semcireba lebis pH lebis pH
cireba
grad. efeqti % efeqti %
grad.
5 305 87 9,4 310 89 9,4
kaolini + 10 315 90 9,6 315 90 9,5
magneziti 20 320 91 9,6 325 93 9,7
15 wona % 30 305 87 9,7 305 87 9,7
60 290 83 10,1 297 85 10,0
kaolini + 5 305 87 9,6 305 87 9,6
magniumis 10 305 87 9,8 310 89 9,7
fuZe 20 308 88 9,9 310 89 10,0
karbonati, 30 295 84 10,0 297 85 10,0
15 wona % 60 295 84 10,2 297 85 10,0
5 310 89 11,1 320 91 11,0
kaolini + 10 320 91 11,3 322 92 11,3
dolomiti, 20 308 88 11,5 322 92 11,6
15 wona % 30 305 87 11,7 310 89 11,7
60 297 85 11,7 300 86 11,6
63
cxrili 3.8
wylis gauferulebis efeqturoba sxvadasxva
modifikaciis alumosilikatis adsorbentSi
danamatis saxeoba
dro filtraciis
kaolinis masis
dawyebidan, sT
gauferulebis
Seferiloba,
aqtivirebis
filtratis
nedleulis
raodenoba
danamatis
Tixovani
woniT %
saxeoba
efeqti
grad.
pH
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
kaolini magneziti 10 1 20 90 9,0
2 25 88 8,9
3 28 87 8,8
4 35 83 8,8
5 45 78 8,7
15 1 15 93 9,2
2 20 90 9,2
3 23 89 9,1
4 28 87 9,0
5 35 83 8,9
20 1 15 93 9,5
2 18 91 9,4
3 25 88 9,3
4 25 88 9,3
5 30 86 9,1
25 1 15 93 9,7
2 15 93 9,6
3 23 89 9,6
4 25 88 9,5
5 30 86 9,4
kaolini magniumis 10 1 20 90 9,2
ZiriTadi 2 23 81 9,1
karbonati 3 25 88 9,1
4 32 84 9,0
5 40 81 8,8
15 1 15 93 9,4
2 20 90 9,3
3 25 88 9,3
4 30 86 9,2
5 38 82 9,1
cxrili 3.8-is gagrZeleba
20 1 15 93 9,7
2 20 90 9,6
3 25 88 9,5
4 28 87 9,3
5 35 83 9,3
25 1 15 93 9,8
2 15 93 9,7
3 18 91 9,7
4 25 88 9,6
5 32 85 9,5
kaolini dolomiti 10 1 20 90 9,4
2 23 89 9,3
3 25 88 9,2
4 32 85 9,1
5 40 81 9,1
15 1 15 93 9,8
2 18 91 9,8
3 20 90 9,7
4 28 87 9,7
5 33 84 9,6
20 1 5 93 10,2
2 15 93 10,1
3 20 90 10,1
4 23 89 10,0
5 25 88 9,9
25 1 15 93 10,5
2 15 93 10,4
3 20 90 10,4
4 23 89 10,3
5 25 88 10,2
65
cxrili 3.9
wylis gauferulebis efeqturoba gamowvis sxvadasxva
temperaturaze damzadebuli alumosilikatis
adsorbentSi gafiltvriT
Seferiloba, grad.
danamatis saxeoba
dro filtraciis
kaolinis masis
dawyebidan, sT
gauferulebis
aqtivirebis
filtratis
nedleulis
raodenoba
danamatis
Tixovani
woniT %
saxeoba
efeqti
pH
kaolini magneziti, 700 1 22 89 8,7

kaolinis 2 30 86 8,6
masis 15 3 35 83 8,6
won. % 4 45 78 8,4
5 50 76 8,2
800 1 20 90 8,8
2 25 88 8,7
3 32 85 8,5
4 38 82 8,5
5 43 79 8,3
danamatebis woniTi raodenobis momatebasTan erTad

matulobs gauferulebuli wylis wyalbadis maCvenebelic
(pH) (nax. 3.4 da 3.7). Tanac pH maqsimaluri mniSvneloba
aqvs wyals da filtrats, kaolinze dolomitis
danamatiT damzadebul adsorbentTan kontaqtisas.
rogorc Cans, adsorbentis granulebidan wyalSi
producirebul kaliumis kationebs SeuZliaT gazardon
pH ufro metad, vidre magniumis kationebs.
66
cxrili 3.10
aqtivirebis gauferu-
Tixovani gamowvis dro filtratis
danamatis lebis
nedleulis xangrZlivoba filtraciis Seferiloba, pH
saxeoba da efeqti
saxeoba wT dawyebidan, sT grad.
raodenoba %
kaolini magniumis 5 1 15 93 9,1
ZiriTadi 2 18 91 9,0
karbinati, 3 25 88 9,0
masis 5 38 82 8,7
15 won, % 10 1 15 93 9,2
2 15 93 9,0
3 25 88 9,0
4 27 87 8,0
5 33 84 8,7
20 1 15 93 9,1
2 18 91 9,1
3 20 90 9,0
4 27 87 8,0
5 30 86 8,7
30 1 15 93 9,1
2 15 933 9,0
3 20 90 9,0
4 25 88 8,8
5 30 86 8,8
cxrili 10-is gagrZeleba
1 2 3 4 5 6 6
kaolini dolomiti, 5 1 15 93 9,8
masis 3 23 89 9,6
15 won, % 4 30 86 9,6
5 38 82 8,5
10 1 15 93 9,8
2 15 93 9,8
3 22 90 9,6
4 25 88 9,6
5 36 86 9,5
20 1 15 93 9,9
2 15 93 9,9
3 23 89 9,7
4 25 88 9,6
5 30 86 9,4
30 1 15 93 9,8
2 18 91 9,7
3 25 88 9,7
4 30 86 9,5
5 35 833 9,5
68
100
wylis gauferulebis efeqti, %

80
60
40
20
nax. 3.4. wylis gauferulebis efeqturoba statikur pirobebSi

12-saaTiani kontaqtisas sxvadasxva modifikaciis
adsorbentTan aqtivirebis danamatis raodenoba, P
won. % kaolonidan
1. • _ adsorbenti kaolinisgan magnezitis danamatiT
2. Δ _ adsorbenti kaolinisgan magniumis ZiriTadi
karbonatis danamatiT
3. _ adsorbenti kaolinisgan dolomitis danamatiT
radgan gauferulebis da filtratis pH sidide,

axalmomzadebuli adsorbentis wyalTan kontaqtisas, 9-ze
metia, am maCveneblis mixedviT upiratesoba aqvs
magnezitisa da magniumis fuZe karbonatis danamatis mqone
adsorbentebs.
cxrili 3.5. da 3.8. monacemebis analizidan, gauferu-
lebis efeqtis da pH sididis gaTvaliswinebiT, SeiZleba
gavakeToT daskvna, rom aqtivirebis yvelaze racionaluri
raodenoba Seadgens 15-20%. danamatebis raodenobis 20%-ze
metad gazrda mizanSewonili ar aris, radgan am dros
gauferulebis efeqti _ Э TiTqmis ar icleba, pH ki
matulobs.
cxr. 3.4-3.5, 3.7-3.8 da nax. 3.6.-3.7, 3.10-3.11 monacemebi
mowmobs, rom TermodamuSavebis reJimi (gamowvis tempe-
ratura da xangrZlivoba) gavlenas axdens adsorbentis
gamauferulebel aqtivobaze. vidre TermodamuSavebis
100
80
60
40
20

24-saaTiani kontaqtisas sxvadasxva modifikaciis
adsorbentTan aqtivirebis danamatis raodenoba, P
won. % kaolonidan
2. Δ _ adsorbenti kaolinisgan magniumis ZiriTadi
70
wyalbadis maCvenebeli pH
gamowvis t°

12-saaTiani kontaqtisas adsorbentebTan gamowvis
temperaturis mixedviT wylis gauferulebis efeqti, %
↑↑ wyalbadis maCvenebeli pH, gamowvis temperatura, t°C→
2. Δ _ adsorbenti kaolinisgan magniumis fuZe
xangrZlivoba. rogorc cxrilebSi moyvanili monaceme-

bidan Cans, Э da pH gaTvaliswinebiT, TermodamuSavebis
yvelaze racionaluri parametrebia: gamowvis temperatura
_ 800-9000C TermodamuSavebis xangrZlivoba _ 10-20 wuTi.
gamowvis temperaturis da xangrZlivobis naklebi
mniSvnelobebi ar uzrunvelyofs adsorbentis sakmaris
71
gamauferulebel aqtiobas, TermodamuSavebis aRniSnuli
parametrebis meti mniSvnelobebi ki ekonomiurad araxel-
sayrelia, radgan iwvevs energomatareblebis gadaxarjvas.
gamowvis t°

24-saaTiani kontaqtisas adsorbentebTan gamowvis
temperaturis mixedviT wylis gauferulebis efeqti, %
↑↑ wyalbadis maCvenebeli pH, gamowvis temperatura,
t°C→
72
gamowvis xangrZlivoba

(12-saaTiani kontaqtisas) adsorbentis sxvadasxva
modifikaciebiT gamowvis xangrZlivobis mixedviT
wylis gauferulebis efeqturoba, % ↑ wyalbadis
maCvenebeli pH, gamowvis xangrZlioba, wT →
amrigad, eqsperimentuli monacemebis analizis da maTi

grafikuli damuSavebis safuZvelze SeiZleba gavakeToT
daskvna, rom principSi, samrewvelo masStabebSi SeiZleba
davamzadoT alumosilikatis adsorbenti yvela aRniSnuli
aqtivatorebis danamatiT (magneziti, dolomiti, magniumis
73
gafiltvris xangrZlivoba
nax. 3.9. wylis gauferulebis efeqturoba magnezitiT

aqtivirebul aluminosilikatur adsorbentSi
gafiltvriT wylis gauferulebis efeqturoba, % ↑
wyalbadis maCvenebeli pH, gafiltvris xangrZlioba,
wT →
1. • _ adsorbenti kaolinisgan magnezitis danamatiT,
kaolinis masis 10 mas. % raodenobiT,
2. × _ adsorbenti kaolinisgan magnezitis 15 mas. %
raodenobiT,
3. Δ _ adsorbenti kaolinisgan magnezitis danamatiT
20 mas. % raodenobiT,
4. _ adsorbenti kaolinisgan magnezitis danamatiT
25 mas. % raodenobiT
74
nax. 3.10. wylis gauferulebis efeqturoba dolomitiT

aqtivirebul aluminosilikatis adsorbentSi
gafiltvriT wylis gauferulebis efeqturoba, % ↑
wyalbadis maCvenebeli pH, gafiltvris xangrZlioba,
wT →
1. • _ adsorbenti kaolinisgan dolomitis danamatiT,
kaolinis masis 10 mas. % raodenobiT,
2. × _ adsorbenti kaolinisgan dolomitis 15 mas. %
raodenobiT,
3. Δ _ adsorbenti kaolinisgan dolomitis danamatiT 20
mas. % raodenobiT,
25 mas. % raodenobiT
75

aqtivirebuli aluminosilikatur adsorbentSi
gafiltvriT, gafiltvris xangrZlivobaze
maCvenebeli pH, gafiltvris xangrZlioba, wT →
1. • _ adsorbenti damzadebuli tgam.= 700°C
2. × _ adsorbentis damzadebuli tgam.= 800°C
3. Δ _ adsorbenti damzadebuli tgam.= 900°C
4. _ adsorbenti damzadebuli tgam.= 1000°C
76
gafiltvris xangrZlivoba sT-Si

1. • _ adsorbenti damzadebuli tgam.= 700°C
2. × _ adsorbentis damzadebuli tgam.= 800°C
3. Δ _ adsorbenti damzadebuli tgam.= 900°C
4. _ adsorbenti damzadebuli tgam.= 1000°C
77

1. • _ adsorbenti damzadebuli τgam.= 5 wT,
2. × _ adsorbentis damzadebuli τgam.= 10 wT,
3. Δ _ adsorbenti damzadebuli τgam.= 20 wT,
4. _ adsorbenti damzadebuli τgam.= 30 wT
78

1. • _ adsorbenti damzadebuli τgam.= 5 wT,
2. × _ adsorbentis damzadebuli τgam.= 10 wT,
3. Δ _ adsorbenti damzadebuli τgam.= 20 wT,
4. _ adsorbenti damzadebuli τgam.= 30 wT
fuZe karbonati). magram, imis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom magnezitic

da dolomitic _ SedarebiT iafi bunebrivi mineralebia da
farTodaa gavrcelebuli ruseTis teritoriaze, gansakuT-
79
rebiT ki dolomiti, xolo magniumis fuZe karbonati _
qimiuri mrewvelobis produqtia, ufro Zviria da
deficituri, amitom aluminosilikaturi adsorbentebis
damzadebisas samrewvelo pirobebSi upiratesoba unda
mivaniWoT magnezits da dolomits.
3.8. adsorbentis damzadeba samrewvelo pirobebSi
sb[ehb ytlktekbc uhfyekbht,bc vtsjlt,b itb'kt,f

itvltuyfbhfl lfd.js%
_ s[tdflb afpblfy ~cecgtypbf` odtst,fl lbcgthcbht,bc^ fy
s[tdflb vfcfkbc ufahmdtdbs actdljufs[tdflt,ekb ihbc
yfobkfrt,bc ptlfgbhpt^ itvlujvb ufihj,bs lf ufvjodbs*
_ v.fhb afpblfy ~vihfkb a[dybkb` lfoyt[bs^ itvlujvb
ufvjodbs lf ,hbrtnt,bc lfa[dybs*
_ s[tdflb lf v.fhb afpbc yfhtdblfy ~vrdhbdb wjvb`
fukjvthfnt,bc uflfdkt,f^ fy cgtwbfkeh sdfkfrib^ fy cfwthib
tmcnhepbbs^ itvlujvb ufihj,bs lf ufvjodbs&
uhfyekbht,bc ghjwtcb uflfdkt,bc vtsjlbs vjbwfdc js[
cnflbfc% 1` a[dybkbc ithtdfc sb[ejb ytlktekbc lf
fmnbdbht,bc lfyfvfnt,bcufy* 2` uhfyekt,bc itmvyfc odhbkb
yfobkfrt,bcufy lf rjinbc lfa[dyfc* 3` uhfyekt,bc uflfdkt,f lf
ufvrdhbdt,f vbcb vjhtdbc itltufl fgfhfnbc ptlfgbhpt*
4`ofhvjmvybkb uhfyekt,bc ufihj,f&
uhfyekfnjht,b^ hjvkt,ibw [lt,f vfcfkbc uflfdkt,f^
ptlfgbhbc vj'hfj,bc nbgbc vb[tldbs fhbc hjnfwbekb^
ktynbfyb lf db,hfwbekb& sfdbc v[hbd^ hjnfwbekb fgfhfnt,b
80
b.jaf ljkbct,eh^ stait,bfy ~lbcrehb`^ wtynhblfyek lf
ahsbfy fgfhfnt,fl&
uhfyekfnjht,bc rjycnhemwbt,bc fyfkbpbcfc^ hjvkt,ibw
htfkbpt,ekbf yfobkfrt,bc uflfdkt,bc ghbywbgb^ eylf
fqbybiyjc^ hjv .dtkf fgfhfnc fmdc sfdbcb egbhfntcj,f lf yfrkb&
fvf se bv rjycnhemwbbc fhxtdf fkevbyjcbkbrfnehb flcjh,tynt,bc
uhfyekbht,bcsdbc 'bhbsflfl lfvjrblt,ekbf fgfhfnbc
lfvpflt,bcf lf vjynf;bc ntmybreh itcf'kt,kj,t,pt lf
ofhvjt,bc vpfl.jayfpt uhfyekfnjhbc cftmcgkefnfwbjl&
uflfdkt,bc vtsjlbs flcjh,tynbc lfvpflt,bc ntmyjkjubbc
yfrkc eylf vbdfresdyjs sb[ehb ytlktekbc vjvpflt,bc
ihjvfntdflj,f lf tythujntdflj,f^ hflufy sb[f ]th eylf
ufvjdfihjs cfihj, fgfhfnib^ itvltu lfdamdfs a[dybkfl lf
v[jkjl itvltu vjwtvekb ghjgjhwbbs itdehbjs fmnbdfnjhbc
a[dybkc& fv vtsjlbs vbbqt,f vc[dbkb uhfyekt,bc ~ d > 3 ru`
cfrvfjl lblb hfjltyj,f^ hfw lfvfnt,bs lfa[dyfc lf
lf[fhbc[t,fc vjbs[jdc&
uhfyekbht,ekb flcjh,tnt,bc lfoyt[bc vtsjlbs vbqt,bc
ntmyjkjubehb ghjwtcb itlut,f itvltub 'bhbsflb
cnflbt,bcufy% a[dybkbct,hb cfo.bcb vfcfkt,bc vbqt,f ~sb[ehb
ytlktekbcf lf fmnbdfnjhbc`^ a[dybkt,bc ithtdf^ lfcdtkt,f^
lfoyt[f ~a[dybkt,bc yfhtdbc ufukbydf`^ ufihj,f^ ufvjodf^
lfa[dyf lf ufwhf& vjwtvekb ntmyjkjubehb wbrkbc
ufyvcfpqdhtkb cnflbf fhbc eo.dtnb lfoyt[bc jgthfwbf^
hjvtkbw [fcbfslt,f a[dybkt,bc yfhtdbc ufvrdhbdt,bs cfo.bcb
yf.fhbc γ 0 cbvrdhbdblfy γ n cf,jkjjvlt& fv lhjc lfoyt[bkb
vfcfkf^ ufvj.tyt,ekb cfoyt[b vjo.j,bkj,bc cf[tj,bc vb[tldbs^
qt,ekj,c nf,ktnbc^,hbrtnbc fy ktynbc ajhvfc& qhvf
81
vfnhbwfib lfoyt[bc cfiefkj lhj ufybcfpqdht,f itvltub
sfyfafhlj,bs%
τ I = ( H − hτ )v n ~3&3`
cflfw H fhbc xf.hbkb a[dybkbc cfo.bcb cbvfqkt* hr _
lfoyt[bkb nf,ktnbc cbvfqkt ~,hbrtnbc`* v n _gefcjybc vj'hfj,bc

cbxmfht&
rjvgjpbwbehb yfhtdbcufy nf,ktnbc cf[bs lfoyt[bkb
ghjlemnbc vbcfqt,fl itb'kt,f ufvjdb.tyjs nf,ktnbht,bc
vfymfyt,b^ hjvkt,bw afhsjl ufvjb.tyt,f rfnfkbpfnjht,bc
ofhvjt,bcfc^ afhvfwtdnek vhtodtkj,fib&
sb[bc lf fmnbdfnjhbc a[dybkbct,hb yfhtdt,bc ,hbrtnbht-
,bcsdbc itb'kt,f ufvjdb.tyjs cfukbyb lf dfhwkbfyb oyt[t,b^
hjvkt,bw afhsjlff ufdhwtkt,ekb vtnfkehubek lf mbvbeh
vhtodtkj,fib^ fuhtsdt cfvityt,kj vfcfkt,bc ofhvjt,fib&
a[dybkbct,hb yfhtdt,bc ufcfvrdhbdt,kfl vfc [hf[ybfyb
xfvoyt[bs fodlbfy ltajhvfwbbc pjyfib^ cflfw boyt[t,f
thsvfytsbc itv[dtlhfl v,heyfd jh kbkdfrt,c ijhbc&
vbqt,ekb nf,ktnt,b lf ,hbrtnt,b vjbs[jdc itvlujv
lfa[dyfc lf lf[fhbc[t,fc^ fv lhjc flubkb fmdc vybidytkjdfy
lfyfrfhuc vndhbc cf[bs&
uhfyekbht,f cecgtypbbc ufahmdtdbs sfdbceafk vjwekj-
,fib ufycfresht,bs afhsjl ufvjb.tyt,f cfvityt,kj vfcfkt,bc
ofhvjt,fib cf.fkb,j a[dybkt,bc vbqt,bcfc^ itvlujvib
ithtekb rthfvbrbc yfrtsj,t,bc lfcfvpflt,kfl& uhfyekbht,bc
ghjwtcb [jhwbtklt,f vfqfk ~ H ≥ 10 v` rjirt,ib ~ufhyekfnj-
ht,ib`^ hjvkt,ibw cecgtypbbc xfvjdfhlybkb odtst,b iht,f
uf[eht,ekb ufpbc ~/fthbc` itv[dtlh yfrflib& cecgtypbbc
82
ufcfahmdtdfl b.tyt,ty e'hfd^ v,heyfd lf db,hfwbek lbcgth-
cbht,bc vjo.j,bkj,t,c& uhfyekbht,bc fv ghbywbgbs vjveifdt
fgfhfnt,c tojlt,f ufvahmdtdb cfihj,t,b& bcbyb c[dflfc[df
rjycnhemwbbcff&
vfhwdkjdfyb vfcfkbc #vleqfht@ ihtcsfy ufpt,bc
ehsbthsmvtlt,bc vtsjlb fctdt afhsjl ufvjb.tyt,f ntmybrfib&
vleqfht iht ~v&i&` ghbywbgib ofhvjflutyc itnbdnbdt,ekb ihbc
ths-ths cf[tj,fc& itnbdnbdt,ekb iht bvbs [fcbfslt,f^ hjv
v'bvt afpbc ojyf ~uhfyekbht,ekb vfcfkbc` ufojyfcojht,ekbf
ufpbc fqvfdfkb yfrflbc [f[eybs cecgtypbbc vfhwdkjdfy v.fh
ybdsbtht,t,sfy^ hjvtkbw it.dfybkbf itnbdnbdt,ek ihtib lf
yfobkj,hbd bktmt,f vfhwdkt,bc ptlfgbhpt& fv ybdsbtht,bc
~sb[ehb vbythfkbc` vtjht yfobkb mvybc lfvjerblt,tk
uhfyekt,c& v.fhb ybdsbtht,bc f[fkb yfobkfrt,b ofhvjbmvyt,f
flht ofhvjmvybkb uhfyekt,bc lfikbc itvs[dtdfibw^ hjujhw
vtmfybrehb^ fctdt cbs,ehb vtsjlt,bs& sb[ehb cecgtypbbc
eo.dtnb lf sfyf,fhb it.dfybc itltufl vfhwdkjdfyb vfcfkbc
itnbdnbdt,ekb ihbc ptlfgbhpt^ vbcb ahmdtdfyfsb ufahmdtdbc
cfiefkt,bs vfnekj,c ihbc vfcf& fvbnjv lhjbc ufhrdtekb
iefktlt,bc itvltu [lt,f ofhvjmvybkb ghjlemnbc uflvjn-
dbhsdf&
flcjh,tynbc itnbdnbdt,ek ~actdljufs[tdflt,ek` ihtib
uhfyekbht,bcsdbc ufvjb.tyt,f c[dflfc[df rjycnhemwbbc
fgfhfnt,b^ hjvkt,bw itb'kt,f b.jc wbkbylhekb^ rjyecehb^
wbkbylhek-rjyecehb^ rdflhfnekb^ vfhsres[f& fgfhfnbc
ajhvf ufycfpqdhfdc vbc /blhjlbyfvbreh sfdbct,eht,t,c&
'bhbsflb flubkb erfdbf vhfdfkrfvthbfy uhfyekfnjht,c& vfs
ijhbc cgtwbabrehb ufyc[dfdt,ff rfvtht,ib uhfyekbht,ekb
83
ybdsbtht,bc ~sb[bc` ufyfobkt,bcf& vhfdfkrfvthbfy uhfyekf-
njhbc ths-ths rfvthfib itb'kt,f xfnfhltc obyfcofh
lfuhfyekt,ekb vfcfkbc ufvjodf ~ t ≥ 800°C `&
sb[ehb ytlktekbc uhfyekbht,bc vtsjlt,c ijhbc
iefktlehfl itb'kt,f xfbsdfkjc sb[ehb cecgtypbbc ~gekgbc`
uhfyekbht,bc lf itvlujvb ufvjodbc vtsjlb /jhbpjynfkeh
v,heyfd qevtkt,ib^ hjvkt,bw afhsjl ufvjb.tyt,f rthfvpbnbc
lfvpflt,bcfc&
sb[ehb cecgtypbbc flcjh,tynbc uhfyekbht,bc vtsjlt,bc
yfrkjdfyt,t,c eylf vbdfresdyjs% cbs,ehb tythubbc lfvfnt,bsb
[fh]b uhfyekt,blfy o.kbc fjhsmkt,fpt^ uhfyekfnjht,blfy
ufvjcekb w[tkb ufpt,bc vtjhtekb ufvj.tyt,bc cbhsektpt^
vndhbc vfqfkb rjywtynhfwbfpt ufvjvfdfk ufpt,ib^ tc
erfyfcrytkb rb bodtdc vndhbc lfvzthb vjo.j,bkj,t,bc lf.tyt,bc
fewbkt,kj,fc&
sb[ehb cecgtypbblfy fkevbyjcbkbrfnbc flcjh,tynbc
uhfyekbht,bc egbhfntcj,f eylf vbdfybzjs v,heyfd qevtkib fy
fv cecgtypbbc wfhbtk vjwekj,fib ufahmdtdbc ~ufahmdtdbs
ufvjihj,f` vtsjlc lf #vleqfht@ ihbc ptlfgbhpt
~actdljufs[tdflt,ekb` uhfyekbht,bc vtsjlc& ]th thsb^
sb[ehb cecgtypbbc uhfyekbht,f ufvjhbw[fdc bcts .dtkfpt
ihjvfntdfl lf tythujntdfl jgthfwbt,c^ hjujhbwff sb[ehb
ytlktekbc ufihj,f^ lfa[dyf lf vihfkb rjvgjytynt,bc ithtdfc
yfhtdbc /jvjutyeh vlujvfhtj,fvlt& sb[eh cecgtypbfc ~gekgfc`
fvpflt,ty ytlkb rjinjdfyb sb[bcufy o.kbc ufhrdtekb
hfjltyj,bc lf a[dbthb fmnbdfnjhbc lfvfnt,bs^ itvltu
fsfdct,ty wbkbylhekb hrbyf,tnjybc fy kbsjybc ,tnjyvjv-
htdt,ib vfcbc fcfhtdfl& gekgbc ntybfyj,f^ hjvkbc lhjcfw
84
itcf'kt,tkbf vbcb ufahmdtdf ahmdtdfybc cfiefkt,bs^ itflutyc
50-55)-c& vtjht^ flcjh,tynbc cecgtypbc uhfyekbht,bcfc
'bhbsflfk vfhwdkbc pjvf 2 vv-pt yfrkt,bf^ [jkj uhfyekt-
,bcfc ufahmdtdbs ufihj,bc ufvj.tyt,bs 2 vv-pt vc[dbkb&
lfvfnt,bs lfa[dyfc vjbs[jdc #vleqfht@ ihbc ~v&i&` fgfhfnt,ib
vbqt,ekb uhfyekbht,ekb vfcfkbc v[jkjl evybidytkj
yfobkb&
ufhlf fvbcf^ vjwtvek yfihjvib lfflubybkbf^ hjv
lfea[dytkb odhbkfluhfyekbht,ekb flcjh,tynbc ~ d = 0,8 − 1,5
vv` cjh,wbehb ntdflj,f ~/evecehb ybdsbtht,t,bcsdbc` 30-40)-
pt vtnbf^ dblht bvfdt ntmyjkjubeh gbhj,t,ib^ vc[dbkb
uhfyekt,bc cf[bs ~ d ≥ 20 vv` lfvpflt,ek flcjh,tynbc
cjh,wbekb ntdflj,fpt^ hjvtkbw itvltu fhbc lfa[dybkb lf
lf[fhbc[t,ekb ~ d = 0,8 − 1,5 vv`&
ptvjsmvekbc cfae'dtkpt itb'kt,f ufdfrtsjs lfcrdyf^ hjv
vfuybevbs fmnbdbht,ekb fkevjcbkbrfnbc flcjh,tynbc
cfvhtodtkj ofhvjt,bcsdbc .dtkfpt vbpfyitojybkbf bctsb
vtsjlbc ufvj.tyt,f^ hjvtkbw bsdfkbcobyt,c sb[ehb cecgtypbbc
vjvpflt,fc vbcb itvlujvb uhfyekbht,bs /jhbpjynfkeh
v,heyfd qevtkib fy actdljs[tdflb ihbc fgfhfnib ~ufahmdtdbs
ufvjihj,f^ #vleqfht@ ihbc qevtkb`& vfuhfv .dtkfpt gthcgtm-
nbekfl dsdkbs flcjh,tynbc lfvpflt,fc bctsb vtsjlt,bs^
hjvkt,bw cfiefkt,fc b'ktdf uvjdhbw[js fy vbybvevfvlt
lfdb.dfyjs vc[dbkb uhfyekt,bc ofhvjmvyf^ hjvtkbw vjbs[jdc
itvlujv lfa[dyfc& tc^ gbhdtk hbuib^ fhbc uf,ytdbs ufvjihj,bc
lf #vleqfht@ ihbc vtsjlt,b&
vrdtshfl ufvj[fnekb ajhjdfyb cnhemnehbc uhfyekt,bfyb
85
flcjh,tynt,bcfsdbc ths-thsb vsfdfhb abpbrehb vf[fcbfst-
,tkbf yf.fhb vfcf&
flcjh,tynbc uhfyekt,bc cbvrdhbdtc^ vfs ijhbc fkevbyj-
cbkbrfnehbcfw^ ajht,bfyb cnhemnehbc ufvj^ ufhrdtekobkfl
gbhj,bsb [fcbfsb fmdc& eahj cojhb bmyt,jlf flcjh,tynbc fv
abpbrehb vf[fcbfst,kbcsdbc udtojlt,byf vjwekj,bsb cbvrdhbdt
fye uhfyekbc v.fhb ybdsbtht,bc cbvrdhbdt vbc vbth lfrfdt,ek
vjwekj,fib^ uhfyekbc ajht,bc bv vjwekj,bc ufvjrkt,bs^
hjvtkbw o.kbs bmyt,f itdct,ekb&
yf.fhb vfcbc lf vjwekj,bsb cbvrdhbdbc ufycfpqdhf
[jhwbtklt,f flcjh,tynbc jhb vjlbabrfwbbcsdbc^ sbsjtekb
vfsufybc uhfyekt,bc cfvb cblblbc itvs[dtdfib& rth’jl% _
flcjh,tynb^ lfvpflt,ekb rfjkbybcfufy vfuytpbnbc lfyfvfnbs
rfjkbybc 15 ojy^ )-bc jltyj,bs uhfyekt,bc cblblbs%
d saS = 0,75 vv& ~ d min = 0,5 vv^ d saS = 1,0 vv`^ d saS = 1,2 vv ~ d min = 1,0
vv^ d max = 1,4 vv`^ d saS = 1,7 vv ~ d min = 1,4 vv^ d max = 2,0 vv`*
_ flcjh,tynb^ lfvpflt,ekb rfjkbybcfufy ljkjvbnbc lfyfvfnbs
rfjkbybcfufy 15 ojy& )-bc jltyj,bs^ uhfyekt,bc cblblbs%
d saS = 0,75 vv^ 1^2 vv lf 1^7 vv&
yf.fhb vfcf& sbsjtekb ahfmwbbc flcjh,tync cfsbsfjl^
500 u jltyj,bs dfsfdct,lbs cfihj, rfhflfib lf dfihj,lbs
600C ntvgthfnehfpt 2 cs-bc ufyvfdkj,fib& flcjh,tynbc
ufvjvihfkb vfcblfy dbqt,lbs lf cfcojhpt dojyblbs 400u
jltyj,bc yf.fh vfcfc d.hblbs 500 vk ntdflj,bc cfpjv
wbkbylhib lf dpjvfdlbs flcjh,tynbc V vjwekj,fc& itvltu
wbkbylhbc acrthbc vfublfpt vce,emb lfrfreyt,bs dnrtgyblbs
flcjh,tync lf bctd dpjvfdlbs vbc vjwekj,fc wbkbylhib _ V2&
86
flcjh,tynbc yf.fhb vfcf u$cv3 ufvjbsdkt,f itvltub
ajhvekbs%
P P
γi = , γ2 = ,
V1 V2
cflfw P fhbc flcjh,tynbc vfcf^ u*

γ 1 − γ 2 _flcjh,tynbc yf.fhb vfcf lfnrtgyfvlt lf lfnrtgybc
itvltu^ u$cv3&
flcjh,tynbc .dtkf yf.fhb vfcbc ufpjvdbc itltut,b
ofhvjlutybkbf 3&11 w[hbkib&
w[hbkb 3&11
fkevjcbkbrfnbc flcjh,tynbc jhb vjlbabrfwbbc
yf.fhb vfcf
flcjh,tynbc uhfyekt,bc yf.fhb vfcf u$ cv3
cf[tj,f cblblt^ d saS vv
γ1 γ2
rfjkbyb + vfuytpbnb^ 0^75 0^87 0^96
rfjkbyb 15 ojy& ) 1^2 0^81 0^90
1^7 0^78 0^85
rfjkbyb + ljkjvfnb^ 0^75 0^81 0^90

1^2 0^75 0^83
rfjkbyb 15 ojy& )
1^7 0^72 0^78
hjujhw 3&11 w[hbkblfy xfyc^ flcjh,tynbc uhfyekt,bc

cblblbc vjvfnt,fcsfy thsfl vbcb yf.fhb vfcf evybidytkjl
rkt,ekj,c& sevwf^ bub fh fqtvfnt,f vfmcbvfkehfl lfcfidt,
vybidytkj,t,c ~ T ≤ 1,4 uh$cv3`^ flcjh,tynbc ntmybrehb gbhj-
,t,bc itcf,fvbcfl T 9 2163-001&
vjwekj,bsb cbvrdhbdt& flcjh,tynbc uhfyekt,bc vjwekj-
87
,bsb cbvrdhbdbc ufycfpqdhbc vtsjlb vlujvfhtj,c flcjh,tynbc
vfcbc^ lf xfndbhsdbc vbth ufvjltdybkb o.kbc lf uhfyekbc
ajhvt,bc itvdct,b o.kbc vjwekj,fsf c[dfj,bc sfyfafhlj,bc
ufycfpqdhfib& fkevjcbkbrfnbc flcjh,tynbc vjwekj,bsb
cbrdhbdbc ufycfpqdhfc itvltuyfbhfl df[ltys& sbsjtekb
vjlbabrfwbbc cfvb 250-uhfvbfyb cby]b obyfcofh ufhtw[bkb
flcjh,tynblfy ufvjiht,f^ fbojyt,f lf 30 oesbc ufyvfdkj,fib
bv.jat,f vleqfht o.fkib ~ajht,bc o.kbs itdct,bc vbpybs`&
leqbkbc itvltu sbsjtekb ybveib uflfudfmdc ‘f,hpt
vjsfdct,ek mfqfklbc abknhpt^ cfblfyfw dfreevbc mdti
vjwbklt,f zfh,b o.fkb& o.kbc vjwbkt,bc itvltu sbsjtekb
cby]b bctd fbojyt,f& itvltu 1000 vk& vjwekj,bc cfv cfpjv
wbkbylhib xfdfc[fds 500 vk lbcnbkbht,ek o.fkc 200C
ntvgthfnehfpt lf sbsjtek wbkbylhib ‘f,hbc cfiefkt,bs
vwbht ghjgjhwbt,fl xfd.hbs flcjh,tynbc vjvpflt,ek vfcfc&
/fthbc vskbfyfl vjwbkt,bc itvltu bcfpqdht,f xfndbhsdbc
itltufl ufvjltdybkb o.kbc vjwekj,f V, cv3&
flcjh,tynbc vjwekj,bsb cbvrdhbdt ufvjbsdkt,f itvltub
ajhvekbs%
P
σ = ^
P −P
V− 1
1
cflfw σ flcjh,tynbc vjwekj,bsb cbvrdhbdtf^ u$cv3*
P − flcjh,tynbc vihfkb cby]bc vfcf^ u*
P1 − flcjh,tynbc cby]bc vfcf fleqt,bc itvltu^ u*
V − xfndbhsdbc vbth ufvjltdybkb o.kbc vjwekj,f^ cv3*
ρ − okbc cbvrdhbdt^ u$cv3&
88
vjwekj,bsb cbvrdhbdbc ufycfpqdhbc itltut,b ofhvjlut-
ybkbf 3&12 w[hbkib&
w[hbkb 3&12
fkevbyjcbkbrfnbc flcjh,tynbc jhb vjlbabrfwbbc
vjwekj,bsb cbvrdhbdbc cblbltt,b
vjwekj,bsb cbvrdhbdt^ u$cv3

flcjh,tynbc cf[tj,f
d saS = 0,75 vv d saS = 1,2 vv d saS = 1,7 vv
rfjkbyb ljkjvbnbc
lfyfvfnbs^ rfjkbybc 15
ojy& ) jltyj,bs 2^08 2^02 1^90
rfjkbyb vfuytpbnbc
lfyfvfnbs^ rfjkbybc 15
ojy& )-bc jltyj,bs 1^97 1^92 1^85
hjujhw 3&12 w[hbkblfy xfyc^ flcjh,tynbc uhfyekt,bc

cblblbc vfnt,fcsfy thsfl^ vbcb vjwekj,bsb cbvrdhbdt
evybidytkjl vwbhlt,f& ljkjvbnbc uffmnbeht,ekb lfyfvf-
nbfyb rfjkbybcfufy lfvpflt,ekb flcjh,tynbc vjwekj,bsb
cbvrdhbdt hfvltyflvt fqtvfnt,f vfuytpbnbc lfyfvfnbfyb rfjkb-
ybcfufy lfvpflt,ekb flcjh,tynbc vjwekj,bs cbvrdhbdt&
reshb ptlfgbhb lf ibuf ajhbfyj,f vybidytkjdfyb
afmnjht,bf hfw ufycfpqdhfdc fkevbyjcbkbrfnbc flcjh,tynbc
fmnbdj,fc& ahbfl vybidytkjdfybf ajht,bc ufyfobkt,f pjvt,bc
vb[tldbs& rth’jl^ o.kbc ufeathekt,bc ghjwtcbcfsdbc
cfcehdtkbf udmjyltc flcjh,tynb vtpj – lf vfrhjajht,bc
cbzfh,bs^ hjvkt,bw itb’kt,f b.jc vfuybevbc vj’hfdb rfnbjyt,bc
89
vbojlt,bcsdbc^ uhfyekbc c[tekblfy vbcb ptlfgbhbcfrty& ufhlf
fvbcf^ flcjh,tynbc vfrhj – lf vtpjajhekb ptlfgbhb
ofhvjflutyc vfuybevbc /evfnt,bc rjkjblehb cnhemnehbc
ofhvjmvybc lf phlbc vjtlfyc& flcjh,tynbc ajhjdfyb cnhemnehbc
wjlyf^ fewbkt,tkbf ,eyt,hbdb o.kbc cjh,wbekb ufovtylbc
ghjwtcbc ghjuyjpbht,bcfsdbc&
fkevbyjvjcbkbrfnbc flcjh,tynbc ajhjdfyb cnhemnehbc
ufvjcfrdktdfl itdfhxbts vbcb vjlbabwbht,bc 5 ybveib%
_ rfjkbyb vfuytpbnbc lfyfvfnbs^ rfjkbybc vfcbc 15 ojy& )-
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_ rfjkbybc vfuybevbc jmcblbc lfyfvfnbs^ rfjkbybc vfcbc 15
ojy& ) –bc jltyj,bs^ tgam = 900°C ~ybveib =5`&
flcjh,tynbc sbsjtekb vjlbabrfwbbc ybveit,bc vfhwdkbc
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fkevbyjcbkbrfnbc flcjh,tynbc c[dflc[df vjlbabrfwbbc
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ufpjvdbc itltut,b ofhvjlutybkbf itcf,fvbcfl 3&13 lf 3&14
w[hbkt,ib&
90
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lfyfvfnbs
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flcjh,tynbc dthw[kbcodbs ajht,bc ufpjvdbc itltut,b
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ajht,bc ybveib =1 ybveib =2 ybveib =3 ybveib =4 ybveib =5
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rv$cv2
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lfyfvfnbs lfyfvfnbs rfh,jyfnbc
lfyfvfnbs lfyfvfnbs lfyfvfnbs
0,27 291000 5,46 - - - - -
0,41 192000 5,28 0,020 0,008 0,004 0,005 0,001
0,54 146000 5,16 0,025 0,013 0,010 0,010 0,005
0,68 116000 5,06 0,026 0,017 0,012 0,0133 0,008
0,82 96000 4,98 0,023 0,025 0,013 0,015 0,009
0,95 82800 4,92 0,030 0,023 0,014 0,019 0,010
1,69 72200 4,86 0,032 0,023 0,015 0,021 0,011
1,22 64500 4,81 0,032 0,024 0,016 0,024 0,011
1,29 61000 4,78 0,035 0,025 0,017 0,027 0,011
1,79 44000 4,64 0,035 0,026 0,017 0,027 0,011
2,29 34400 4,54 0,035 0,028 0,018 0,027 0,012
4,29 18300 4,26 0,037 0,029 0,018 0,035 0,012
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flcjh,tynbc ybveit,c^ dblht flcjh,tynbc ybveit,c^
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ξ -gjntywbfkbc ufphlbcfsdbc
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w[hbkb 4&1
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cnfnbr& _ _ _ _ _ _ 4^0 9^11 0^95

cnfnbr& _ _ _ _ _ _ 4^0 9^72 1^0
lbyfvbr& _ _ _ _ _ _ 4^0 30^73 4^75
lbyfvbr& _ _ _ _ _ _ 4^0 39^20 4^96
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fhfchek.jabkb [tkcfo.jt,bc ufvj.tyt,fcsfy^ fctdt tktmnhj-
kbnbc [cyfhbc oytdbc^ uflbyt,bc gjntywbfkbc lf reshb
tktmnhjufvnfhj,bc cojhfl ufpjvdbc fhfcfrvfhbc rjynhjk-
sfy^ vfhtubcnhbht,tkb [tkcfo.jt,blfy vfxdtyt,kbc [fyuh’-
kbdb lf fhfthslhjekb fsdkbc itltut,sfy&
94
ufhlf fvbcf^ epheydtk.jabkb fh fhbc fmnbehb vabknhfdb
vfcfkt,bc tktmnhjrbytnbrehb gjntywbfkbc ufpjvdf^ [cyfhbc
lhjib wdfkt,flb reshb tktmnhjufvnfhj,bs^ ptlfgbhekb
ufvnfhj,bs lf uflbyt,bc gjntywbfkbs&
fvbnjv b.j vwltkj,f ufudtpfhlf ufpjvdbc cbpecnt^
ufudtsdfkbcobyt,byf ξ -gjntywbfkbc ufvjsdkbcfsdbc cfzbhj
gfhfvtnht,bc thslhjekb lf fdnjvfnehb htubcnhfwbbc
itcf’kt,kj,f&
lfcf[ekb vbpfyb vbqotekbf cgtwbfkehb cfpjvb e]htlbc
cfiefkt,bs^ hjvtkibw vabknhfdb vfcfkbc ihbc ptvjs lufdty
tktmnhjkbnbc [cyfhbc reshb tktmnhjufvnfhj,bc cfpjv
uflfvojlc^ [jkj vabknhfdb vfcfkbc ihbc mdtvjs _
abknhfnbc reshb tktmnhjufvnfhj,bc uflfvojlc^ ihbc
ibuybs rb – ptlfgbhekb ufvnfhj,bc cfpjv uflfvojlc& tktmn-
hjkbnbc [cyfhbc reshb ufvnfhj,bc^ ptlfgbhekb ufvnfhj,bc^
abknhfwbbc reshb tktmnhjufvnfhj,bc^ uflbyt,bc gjntywbf-
kbcf lf vbqt,ekb oytdbc ufpjvdf [lt,f& velvbdb sfyfvbv-
ltdhj,bc vjwtvekb bynthdfkbs bv uflfvojlt,bc ufvjrbs[dbs
hjvkt,bw rjvenfwbbc vjlekbc ufdkbs vbthst,ekbf
fyfkjueh – wbahek ufhlfvmvytksfy& htubcnhfwbf fuhtsdt
vbvlbyfhtj,c [esfh[bfy sdbsxfvotht,pt& yfxdtyt,bf vtwybthsf
vbth itveifdt,ekb tktmnhjrbytnbrehb gjntywbfkbc cfpjvb
vjo.j,bkj,f&
4&1 yf[-pt cmtvfnehflff yfxdtyt,b tktmnhjrbytnbrehb
gjntywbfkbc cfpjvb vjo.j,bkj,f& vjo.j,bkj,f itbwfdc% rjvg
_ 1^ lfcfoytj fdpc 2^ oytdbc htlemnjhc #xtvc itvltu@ 3^
zehzkbc tktmnhjkbnc [cyfhbs 4^ ufvpjv e]htlc 5^
95
1
20
19
yf[& 4&1& vabknhfdb vfcfkbc tktmnhjrbytnbrehb gjntywbfkbc

cfpjvb vjo.j,bkj,bc cmtvf
lbfahfuvfc 6^ vabknhfd vfcfkfc 7^ uflfvojlc 8 fcbvtnhbbc lf

uflbyt,bc gjntywbfkt,bc ufcfpjvfl^ uflfvojlc 9 tktmnhj-
kbnbc reshb tktmnhjufvnfhj,bc ufcfpjvfl vabknhfdb
vfcfkbc ufsdfkbcobyt,bs^ abknhfnbc reshb tktmnhjufvnf-
96
hj,bc^ oytdbc wdkbkt,bc uflfvojlc 10^ rdt,bc o.fhjc 11^
vf’kbtht,tkc 12^ rjvenfnjhc 13^ uflfvojlt,bc 9 sfyfvbv-
ltdhekfl uflfcfhsfdfl^ wdkflb ltybc [blc 14^ vf’kbtht,tkc
15^ fyfkjueh-wbahek ufhlfvmvytkc 16^ ghjwtcjhbc
vt[cbtht,bc vjo.j,bkj,fc 17^ wbahek-fyfkjueh ufhlfvmv-
ytkc 18^ sdbsxfvoth-htubcnhfnjhc 19^ ghjwtcjhbc
vt[cbtht,bc vjo.j,bkj,fib 17 ghjuhfvekb vfnfht,kbc
it.dfybc ,kjrc 20^ ufvjcfsdktkb vjyfwtvt,bc vt[cbtht,bc
,kjrc 21^ tktmnhjrbytnbrehb gjntywbfkbc ufvjsdkbkb
vybidytkj,t,bc ufvj.dfybc ,kjrc 22^ ufpjvdbc ghjwtcbc
lfvsfdht,bc cbuyfkbpfwbbc ,kjrbc rblehb vfhsdbc geknc 23^
o.kbc [fh]bc htuekbht,bc jyrfyc 24&
4&1& ufvjrdktdt,bc xfnfht,bc vtsjlbrf vabknhfdb

vfcfkt,bc ξ - gjntywbfkbc ufycfpqdhbcsdbc
vabknhfdb vfcfkbc tktmnhjrbytnbrehb gjntywbfkbc

ufpjvdf itvltuyfbhfl [lt,f& ufvjcfrdktd vabknhfd vfcfkfc
a[dybkbc cf[bs hfvltybvt lqt-qfvbc ufyvfdkj,fib fv.jat,ty
tktmnhjkbnhib^ fnfht,ty ltfthfwbfc vjhtdbc upbs^ itvltu
rb cfpjv e]htlpt fajhvt,ty lbfahfuvfc& e]htlbc
xfndbhsdbcfc .ehflqt,f eyf vbdfmwbjs bvfc^ hjv lbfahfuvfib
lf vbc mdti fh lfuhjdltc /fthbc ,einekt,b& fvbcfsdbc
vabknhfdb vfcfkbc tktmnhjkbnbc [cyfhib xf.hbcfc vfc
gthbjlekfl itfnbdnbdt,ty fqvfdfk yfrflib& lbfahfuvbc
c[tekbc ufcfvrdhbdt,kfl vfc lqt-qfvbc ufyvfdkj,fib oytdbc
mdti fv.jat,ty& fvbc itvltu^ cnfnbreh gbhj,t,ib pjvfdty
fcbvtnhbbc gjntywbfkc ~ ± E 0 ` lf [cyfhbc ntvgthfnehfc&
97
itvltu rjvghtcjhbcf lf htlemnjhbc cfiefkt,bs f.tyt,ty
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abknhfwbbc ghjwtcib^ rjvtnfwbbc vjlekbc lf rjvenfnjhbc
cfiefkt,bs f[ltyty uflfvojlt,bc vbvltdhj,bc ufvjrbs[dfc lf
xdtyt,t,bc xfothfc sdbsxfvoth [tkcfo.jpt^ hjvtkbw obyfcofh
nfhb,t,ekbf& vfxdtyt,kbc ufibadhbc itvltu tktmnhjrbyt-
nbrehb gjntywbfkbc ufvjsdkf [lt,f itvltub ajhvekbs%
4πη (± E ± E 0 )
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cflfw η fhbc tktmnhjkbnbc [cyfhbc lbyfvbrehb cb,kfynt^
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tktmnhjrbytnbrehb sdbct,t,bc ufvjrdktdf xfnfhlf
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fmnbdbht,bc lfyfvfnbfyb fkevbyjcbkbrfnbc flcjh,tynbc
xfsdkbs^ fuhtsdt itlfht,bcfsdbc rthfvpbnbc^ cfs,j,bc oblbcf
lf rdfhwbc mdbibcfsdbc&
4&2& fmnbdbht,ekb vabknhfdb vfcfkt,bc

ξ –gjntywbfkbc ufpjvdt,bc itltut,b lf fyfkbpb
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pjubthsb vabknhfdb vfcfkbcfsdbc vj.dfybkbf 4&2 w[hbkib&
98
w[hbkb 4&2
vabknhfdb vfcfkt,bc ξ –gjntywbfkbc vybidytkj,t,b
vabknhfdb vfcfkbc itlutybkj,f ξ , v3
lfa[dybkb rthfvnbpb -16^8
cfs,j,bc oblf -14^7
rdfhwbc mdbif -51^6
rfjkbyb + vfuytpbnb^ rfjkbybc 15 ojy&) + 12^4
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rfjkbyb + vfuybevbc ae’t rfh,jyfnb 20 ojy&) +5^8
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rfjkbybcfufy vbqt,ek flcjh,tync^ c[dflfc[df vfuybevbc – lf
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gjntywbfkbc ve[nbc lflt,bsb ybifyb^ bv lhjc^ hjltcfw .dtkf
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vybidytkj,bs .dtkfpt vtnb cblblt fmdc rdfhwbc mdbibc ξ –
gjntywbfkc& rthfvpbnbc^ cfs,j,bc oblbcf lf rdfhwbc mdbibc
ntmyjkjubehb vf[fcbfst,kt,bc itlfht,bcfc eylf fqbybiyjc
vfsb zez.ntdflj,bc gbhlfgbhb lfvjrblt,ekt,f ξ – gjnty-
wbfkpt& hjujhw wyj,bkbf^ fv cfvb vfcfkblfy .dtkfpt yfrkt,b
zez.ntdflj,f fmdc rdfhwbc mdbifc& ptvjsmvekblfy ufvjvlbyfht
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99
kbrfnbc flcjh,tynbc ξ– gjntywbfkbc lflt,bsb ybifyb
[tkcf.htk gbhj,t,c mvybc vjwtvekb vabknhfdb vfcfkbc
zez.ntdflj,bc vjvfnt,bcsdbc& hjujhw 4&2& w[hbkblfy xfyc^
cfertstcj tktmnhjrbytnbrehb vfxdtyt,kt,b fmdc flcjh,tynbc
vjlbabrfwbt,bc vfuytpbnbcf lf ljkjvbnbc lfyfvfnt,bs&
4&3& c[dflfc[df vabknhfdb vfcfkbc flutpbehb sdbct,t,bc

cfpjvb tmcgthbvtynekb lfyflufhbc fqothf
vabknhfdb vfcfkbc vfhwdkt,blfy zez.bc flutpbbc ‘fkbc

cfpjvb tmcgthbvtynekb lfyflufhbc cmtvf ofhvjlutybkbf 4&2-
yf[&-pt&
lfyflufhb itbwfdc wbkbylhc 1 vabknhfdb vfcfkbc
lbfahfuvbs 2^ zehzkt,c 3 lf 4 lfcnbkbht,ekb lf itathbkb
o.kbcsdbc^ sdbsxfvoth [tkcfo.jc 5^ abknhbc cbvqdhbdbc
uflfvojlc^ hjvtkbw itchekt,ekbf itnbdnbdt,ekb yfobkf-
rt,bc hfjltyj,bc fyfkbpfnjhbc cfiefkt,bs^ wbaht,bc cf,tzlb
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fyfkjubeh cbuyfkfl ufhlfvmvytkbs 8 lf lfrfdibht,ekbf
sdbsxfvoth [tkcfo.jcsfy 5^ itnbdnbdt,ekb cbs[bc abknhf-
wbbc cbxmfhbcfc uflfvojlb vf’kbtht,kbs 10^ hjvtkbw
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cbs[bc ntvgthfnehbc uflfvojlb 11 vf’kbtht,kbs 12 lfrfdib-
ht,ekb sdbsxfvoth [tkcfo.jcsfy 5^ fl/tpbbc ‘fkbc wbahekb
cfpjvb 13 wbaht,bc cf,tzlb [tkcfo.jsb 14 lf fl/tpbbc ‘fkbc
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lfrfibht,ekb itnbdnbdt,ekb yfobkfrt,bc hfjltyj,bc fyfkb-
pfnjhsfy 6 lf sdbsxfvoth [tkcfo.jcsfy 5^ uflfvojlt,bc
100
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flutpbbc ‘fkbc cfpjvb lfyflufhbc cmtvf
cbuyfkt,bc ufhlfvmvytkb 16^ ufabkndhbc cbxmfhbc 11 lf

itnbdnbdt,ekb ntvgthfnehbc ufhlfvmvytkb wbahek rjlib
lfrfdibht,ekb tktmnhjufvjvsdktkb vjo.j,bkj,fcsfy 18^
itnbdnbdt,ekb yfobkfrt,bc hfjltyj,bc fyfkbpfnjhsfy 8 lf
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cbuyfkt,bc utythfnjhsfy 17 lf sdbsxfvoth [tkcfo.jcsfy 5^
101
rdt,bc ,kjrb 20^ lfrfdibht,ekb ufabkndhbc cbxmfhbc
uflfvojlsfy 9^ vf’kbtht,kt,sfy 10 lf 12 lf cbuyfkt,bc
ufhlfvmvytkt,sfy 16&
zehztkib o.kbc vbcfojlt,kfl ufsdfkbcobyt,ekbf
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wbkbylhc 1 fmdc jyrfhb 24 lbcnbkbht,ekb o.kbc vbojlt,bc
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26 itathbkb o.kbc vbojlt,bc uflfcfrtnfl fyfkbpfnjhblfy
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lf jyrfybs 28 abknhfwbbc xfvjcfc[vtkfl&
4&4& flutpbbc ‘fkbc ufpjvdbc ufvjrdktdbc

xfnfht,bc vtsjlbrf
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flutpbbc ‘fkbc ufycfpqdhbc ufvjrdktdt,bc xfcfnfht,kfl
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ljkjvbnbc^ vfuybevbc ae’t rfh,jyfnbc lf vfuybevbc
/blhjjmcblbc fmnbdbht,bc lfyfvfnt,bs^ rfjkbybc vfcbc 5^10^15
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ufvjcfrdktdb vabknhfdb vfcfkbc /evecehb ybdsbtht,t,bs
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ubht,f&
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102
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fhxtdf&
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cfabknhyb cdtnt,bcufy& lfyflufhbc cmtvf yfxdtyt,bf 4&3 yf[-pt&
cfvbdt cdtnib xfbndbhsf flcjh,tynbc ths-thsb vjlbab-
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ufabkndhbc cbxmfht sbsjtek cdtnpt b.j 3^4 lf 5 v$cs&
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abknh-wbrkb^ cfo.bcb o.kbc itathbkj,bc cfvb vybidytkj-
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c[dflfc[df vjlbabrfwbbc^ flcjh,tynt,bs o.kbc ufeathe-
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'bhbsflb cthbbc xfnfht,bc itvltu xfnfhlf ufvjwlt,b o.kjdfy
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rfjkbybc vfcbc 15 ojy& )-bc jltyj,bs& ufabkndhbc cbxmfhtv
103
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pH=6,4&
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ufcfeathekt,kfl fkevbyjcbkbrfnbc flcjh,tynbc
vjrkt ihtib ufabkndhbs
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3 _ cfakbknhb cdtnb^ 4 _ flcjh,tynb iht^5 _ abknhfnbc
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ntdflj,f
104
4&5& c[dflfc[df vjlbabrfwbbc flcjh,tynbc
ufvfeathekt,tkb fmnbdj,bc tmcgthbvtynekb
ufvjrdktdbc itltut,b lf fyfkbpb
c[dflfc[df vjlbabrfwbbc fkevbyjcbkbrfnbc flcjh,tynbc

ntmyjkjubehb ufvjwlt,bc itltut,b ofhvjlutybkbf 4&4
w[hbkib lf 4&4-4&6 yf[fpt,pt& vj.dfybkb vjyfwtvt,blfy
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se dbwbs o.kbc fvf se bv o.fhjc itathbkj,bc ahfmwbekb
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flcjh,tynib ufabkndhbcfc&
105
w[hbkb 4&3
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flcjh,tynbc vjlbabwbht,ek xfndbhsdfib ufabkndhbs cfo.bcb o.kbc c[dflfc[df itathbkj,bc
lf ufabkndhbc cbxmfhbcsdbc
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100 150 200
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-dhbc
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lfo.t,b- cblblt^ vv
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20 lfyfvfnbs rfjkbybc vfcbc 15) 0^20 0^35 0^43 0^25 0^40 0^43 0^28 0^29 0^34
30 jltyj,bs 0^25 0^40 0^50 0^28 0^48 0^52 0^33 0^38 0^50
60 0^35 0^48 0^60 0^45 0^50 0^63 0^38 0^50 0^63
120 0^45 0^60 0^70 0^54 0^66 0^70 0^54 0^62 0^69
180 0^54 0^70 0^75 0^62 0^78 0^79 0^63 0^70 0^73
240 0^64 0^74 0^80 0^69 0^80 0^81 0^72 0^82 0^82
300 0^72 0^78 0^81 0^74 0^81 0^82 0^77 0^83 0^84
360 0^75 0^79 0^82 0^76 0^82 0^83 0^78 0^83 0^85
420 0^76 0^80 0^82 0^78 0^83 0^84 - - -
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100 150 200
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v$cs
5 vabknhfdb vfcfkf 0^20 0^23 0^27 0^24 0^27 0^33 0^26 0^30 0^35
10 rfjkbybc cfae'dtkpt^ 0^23 0^25 0^31 0^25 0^30 0^35 0^30 0^36 0^37
20 ljkjvbnbc lfyfvfnbs 0^27 0^27 0^43 0^28 0^32 0^45 0^38 0^44 0^50
30 rfjkbybc vfcbc 15) 0^30 0^35 0^56 0^38 0^41 0^56 0^44 0^50 0^57
60 jltyj,bs 0^36 0^43 0^62 0^46 0^34 0^76 0^60 0^62 0^70
120 0^58 0^63 0^75 0^68 0^78 0^84 0^66 0^70 0^86
180 0^70 0^78 0^82 0^76 0^84 0^86 0^78 0^80 0^88
240 0^80 0^82 0^83 0^82 0^85 0^87 0^83 0^86 0^88
300 0^82 0^82 0^84 0^87 0^83 0^86 0^88 0^84 0^87
360 0^83 0^85 0^89 0^85 0^86 0^89 0^85 0^87 -
420 0^83 0^86 0^89 0^85 0^87 0^90 - - -
107
w[hbkb 4&3-bc ufuh’tkt,f
lhj cfo.bcb o.kbc

ufabknd itathbkj,f^ uhfl 100 150 200
hbc
lfo.t,bl xfndbhsdbc vfhwdkt,bc
cblblt^ vv 0^6 0^6 0^6
fy^ os
ufabkndhbc cbxmfht^ v$cs 3 4 5 3 4 5 3 4 5
5 vabknhfdb vfcfkf 0^20 0^23 0^29 0^22 0^24 0^32 0^26 0^28 0^32
10 rfjkbybc cfae'dtkpt^ 0^26 0^27 0^33 0^22 0^25 0^40 0^33 0^34 0^42
20 vfuybevbc ae’t 0^30 0^31 0^37 0^28 0^36 0^44 0^38 0^40 0^48
30 rfh,jyfnbc lfyfvfnbs 0^34 0^37 0^42 0^39 0^42 0^50 0^50 0^52 0^60
60 rfjkbybc vfcbc 15) 0^43 0^49 0^52 0^56 0^57 0^55 0^65 0^70 0^76
120 jltyj,bs 0^59 0^62 0^64 0^70 0^72 0^70 0^74 0^80 0^82
180 0^66 0^70 0^73 0^79 0^81 0^83 0^80 0^82 0^84
240 0^73 0^76 0^80 0^81 0^83 0^85 0^82 0^84 0^86
300 0^80 0^81 0^82 0^83 0^84 0^87 0^84 0^86 0^88
360 0^82 0^82 0^83 0^85 0^86 0^88 0^85 0^87 0^89
420 0^82 0^83 0^84 0^86 0^87 0^89 0^86 0^88 0^89
108
f`
,`
o.kbc ufeathekt,bc tatmnb
o.kbc ufabkndhbc cbxmfht^ cs-ib

u`
yf[& 4&4& o.kbc ufeathekt,bc lbyfvbrf fkevbyjcbkbrfnbc flcjh,tynbc

vjrkt ihtpt& flcjh,tynb rfjkbybcufy vtytpbnbc lfyfvfnbs&
f` ,` u` _ o.kbc itathbkj,f 100^ 150^ 200 uhflb*
1^ 2^ 3 _ o.kbc ufabkndhbc cbxmfht 3^ 4^ 5 v$cs&
f`

o.kbc ufeathekt,bc tatmnb ,`
u`

vjrkt ihtpt flcjh,tynb rfjkbybcufy ljkjvbnbc lfyfvfnbs&
110
f`
o.kbc ufeathekt,bc tatmnb

,`
u`

vjrkt ihtpt flcjh,tynb rfjkbybcufy vfuybevbc ae’t
rfh,jyfnbc lfyfvfnbs
4&6& fkevbyjcbkbrfnbc flcjh,tynbc cjh,wbekb
fmnbdj,bc fqlutybc ghjwtcbc cfbvtljj,bc
gbhj,t,bc ufvjsdkf
vabknhfdb xfndbhsdbc veifj,bc eyfhbc fqlutybc ghjwtcc

fk,fsehb [fcbfsb fmdc& abknhbc xfndbhsdbc cfbvtljj,bc
itcfafct,kfl htvjynbc eyfhbfyj,bc vfxdtyt,kfl vbqt,ekbf
fqlutybc cfiefkj lhj _ Tb lf fqlutybc byntycbdj,f _ μ &
vabknhfdb xfndbhsdbc fqlutybc cfiefkj lhj ofhvjfl-
utyc vbcb htutythfwbbc [fyuh'kbdj,bc itvs[dtdbsb cblblbc
vfstvfnbreh kjlbyc%
∞
TaRdg = M [ Pp ] = ∫ t p f p (t )dt ~4&1`
0
cflfw f p (t ) xfndbhsdbc htutythfwbbc lhjbc ufyfobkt,bc

cbvrdhbdtf&
ghfmnbrfib TaRdg -c ufycfpqdhbcsdbc tmcgthbvtynekb vjyf-
wtvt,bc itlutybc vb[tldbs^ vabknhfdb xfndbhsdbc htutyt-
hfwbbc [fyuh'kbdj,bc itcf[t,^ b.tyt,ty itvltu lfvjrblt-
,ekt,fc%
n
1
n i∫=1
TaRdg = tp ^ ~4&2`
cflfw t p flcjh,tynbc htutythfwbbc [fyuh'kbdj,ff&

vabknhfdb flcjh,tynbc htutythfwbbc [fhbc[b
ufyfgbhj,t,c fqlutybc byntycbdj,fc o.kbc ufvjhtw[dbc lf
htutythfwbekb [cyfht,bs lfveifdt,bc gthbjlbc vjwtvek
vjvtynib^ hjvtkbw itb'kt,f itvltub ajhvekbs ufvjbcf[jc%
112
f b (t )
μ (t ) = ~4&3`
1 − Fb (t )
cflfw μ (t ) ufyfobkt,bc gfhfvtnhbf^ Fb (t ) _fqlutybc ufyfob-

kt,bc aeymwbf&
ghfmnbrfib μ (t ) -c ufycfpqdhbcsdbc cnfnbcnbrehb vjyfwt-
vt,bc itltut,bc vb[tldbs^ vabknhfdb flcjh,tynbc htut-
ythfwbbc [fyuh'kbdj,bc itcf[t,^ b.tyt,ty itvltu lfvjrblt-
,ekt,fc%
1
μ (t ) = & ~4&4`
Tb
vabknhfdb flcjh,tynbc htutythfwbbc lhj vjwfdc gthbjlc
flcjh,tynbc lfvwfdb vjmvtlt,bc lfrfhudbc vjvtynblfy vbcb
cfveifj vf[fcbfst,kt,bc fqlutyfvlt ufvjhtw[dbc upbs&
vabknhfdbc htutythfwbbc [fyuh'kbdj,fc itvs[dtdbsb
[fcbfsb fmdc lf lfvjrblt,ekbf bcts afmnjht,pt^ hjujhbwff
ufvjhtw[dbc cbxmfht^ vabknhfdb flcjh,tynbc vfhwdkbc
cblblt^ ihbc cbvfqkt^ cfo.bcb o.kbc lf,by'eht,bc [fhbc[b^
cfhtutythfwbj [cyfhbc itlutybkj,f&
fvhbufl^ vabknhfdb flcjh,tynbc fqlutybc vfxdtyt,kt,b
itvs[dtdbsb cblbltt,bf lf lfvjrblt,ekbf vbcb htutythfwbbc
[fyuh'kbdj,bc ufyfobkt,bc rfyjypt&
vabknhfdc xfndbhsdbc fqlutybc lhjbc uyfobkt,bc rfyjybc
tvgbhbekfl xfnfhlf&
4&7 yf[-pt ofhvjlutybkbf vabknhfdb xfndbhsdbc fqlutybc
cb[ibhbc wdkbkt,bc mi lfvjrblt,ekt,f vbcb htutythfwbbc
[fyuh'kbdj,fpt ~+ vhelb`& uhfabrblfy xfyc^ hjv mi vhelc fmdc
rkt,flb tmcgjytynbc [fcbfsb lf^ vfifcflfvt^ xfndbhsdbc
113
fqlutybc ~htutythfwbbc` lhjbc ufyfobkt,bc cbvrdhbdbc ewyj,
aeymwbfc itvltub cf[t fmdc%
−t
1 tb
Φ (t ) = ⋅e & ~4&5`
Tb
28
26
24
22
20
18
16
14
12
10
yf[& 4&7& fqlutybc stjhbekb lf tvgbhbekb cb[ibhbc vabknhfdb xfndbhsdbc

htutythfwbbc [fyuh'kbdj,fpt lfvjrblt,ekt,bc uhfabrb
1 _ fqlutybc tvgbhbekb cb[ibht^ 2 _ fqlutybc stjhbekb cb[ibht
114
vabknhfdb flcjh,tynbc htutythfwbbc lhjbc vfxdtyt,kt,b
ufyfobkt,bc /bgjstpbc itvjovt,f itcheklf gbhcjybc
sfy[vj,bc rhbnthbevbc vb[tldbs lf ofhvjlutybkbf 4&4
w[hbkib&
w[hbkb 4&4
/bgjstpbc itvjovt,f vabknhfdb flcjh,tynbc htutythfwbbc
lhjbc tmcgjytywbfkehb rfyjybs ufyfobkt,bc itcf[t,
lhjbc
bynthdfkb mi wi wi′ mi′ χ i′
t i − t i +1
0-0^3 25 0^463 0^426 23 0^174
0^3-0^6 17 0^315 0^245 14 0^643
0^6-0^9 10 0^185 0^151 0 0^111
0^9-1^2 2 0^037 0^33 2 0
]fvb 54 1 χ kr
2
= 0,93
fk,fsj,bc stjhbekb vybidytkj,f lhjbc sbsjtekb

bynthdfkbcsdbc ufvjbsdkt,f itvltub ajhvekbs%
t i +1 ti +1 −t
1 Tb
Wi ′ = ∫ Φ(t )dt =
ti
∫
ti
Tb
⋅ e dt ю ~4&6`
mi′ stjhbekb vybidytkj,t,b ufybcfpqdht,jlf itvltub

ajhvekbs%
mi′ = mi ⋅ wi′ . ~4&7`
fkevbyjcbkbrfnbc flcjh,tynbc fqlutybc ~htutythfwbbc`
cb[ibhbc stjhbek mi′ lf cnfnbcnbreh mi′ cblbltt,c ijhbc
c[dfj,f χ i2 ufvjbsdkt,f itvltub ajhvekbs%
114
(mi − mi′ ) 2
χ i2 = & ~4&8`
mi′
4&4 w[hbkbc vjyfwtvt,bc sfyf[vfl^ gbhcjybc rhbnthbevbc
vybidytkj,f χ 2 =0^93&
w[hbkbc vb[tldbs ufybcfpqdht,jlf vfh]dtyf v[fhbc
rhbnbrekb fhbc rhbnbrekb othnbkb χ kr
2
(0,05;2) = 9,2 &
χ dam
2
< χ kr
2
vfifcflfvt^ gbhcjybc rhbnthbevb flfcneht,c
vbqt,ek /bgjstpfc fkevbyjcbkbrfnbc flcjh,tync htutythfwbbc
lhjbc tmcgjytywbfkehb rfyjybs ufyfobkt,bc itcf[t,&
vfxdtyt,kbfyb rfyjybc vb[tldbs ufyfobkt,ekb^ cfbvt-
ljj,bs δ = 0,9 ^ flcjh,tynbc htutythfwbbc cfiefkj lhjc
cblblbc bynthdfkehb itafct,bcsdbc udfmdc%
TbsaS 0,6
Tb min = = = 0,26 cs^
r1 2,29
TbsaS 0,6
Tb max = = = 1,0 cs
r2 0,6
cflfw r1 lf r2 itafct,bc cbpecnbc rjtabwbtynt,bf^ vbqt,ekb

tmcgjytywbfkehb ufyfobkt,bc cfbvtljj,bc bynthdfkt,bc
w[hbkbc vb[tldbs&
vabknhfdb flcjh,tynbc htutythfwbbc cfiefkj [fyuh'kb-
dj,f itflutyc 0^6 cs-c^ [jkj mdtlf lf ptlf cfpqdht,b
itcf,fvbcfl 0^26 lf 1 cs-c&
fkevbyjcbkbrfnbc flcjh,tynbc fqlutybc byntycbdj,f
μ (t ) = 1" 3,8 afhukt,ibf^ cfiefkj μ saS cblblt rb itflutyc 1^7-c&
cfbvtljj,bc stjhbbc ufvj.tyt,bs xfnfht,ekb tmcgthb-
vtynekb vjyfwtvt,bc fyfkbpb udbxdtyt,c^ hjv fkevbyjcbkb-
115
rfnbc flcjh,tynbc fqlutybc ~htutythfwbbc` lhj tvjhxbkt,f
itvs[dtdbsb vjdktyt,bc ufyfobkt,bc tmcgjytywbfkeh rfyjyc&
fkevjcbkbrfnbc flcjh,tynbc cjh,wbekb fmnbdj,bc
fqlutybc tmcgthbvtynekfl vbqt,ekb vfxdtyt,kt,b rfhufl
tvs[dtdf ufvjsdkbk vfxdtyt,kt,c^ hjvkt,bw vbqt,ekbf
fk,fsehb rhbnthbevt,bc ufvj.tyt,bs&
116
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121
s a r C e v i
Sesavali ............................................................................................................. 3
Tavi 1. humusuri nivTierebebis, romlebic
ganapirobeben bunebrivi wylebis fers
mZime metalebis kationebTan urTierT-
qmedebaSi, fiziko-qimiuri gamokvleva
da analizi
1.1. humusuri nivTierebebis, romlebic ganapi-
robeben bunebrivi wylebis fers, Semadgen-
loba, agebuleba da fiziko-qimiuri
Tvisebebi ........................................................................................... 11
Tavi 2. bunebrivi wylebis filtraciis procesiT
gasufTavebis (gauferulebis) Sesaxeb
2.1. filtris gamoyenebiT bunebrivi zedapi-
ruli wylebis gauferuleba ....................................... 17
Tavi 3. bunebrivi wylebis gafiltvrisaTvis
adsorbentuli Tvisebebis mqone
masalebis damzadeba, gamoyeneba
3.1. kaolinituri da montmorilonituri
jgufis Tixovani mineralebis (alumosi-
likatebis) struqturis Taviseburebis
analizi ............................................................................................. 38
3.2. alumosilikaturi Tixovani masalebis
iongacvliTi Tvisebebis da maTi
dispersiuli garemosTan urTierTqmedebis
analizi gaaqtiurebisa da modificirebisas 41
3.3. granulirebuli alumosilikatis adsor-
bentebis damzadebis xerxis mizanmimarTuli
Ziebis ZiriTadi principebi wylis
sorbciuli gauferulebisTvis ................................... 47
3.4. uhfyekt,bc vtmfybrehb cbvnrbwbc ufvjrdktdf
ufvjodbc ntvgthfnehbc lf [fyuh'kbdj,bc
vb[tldbs &&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& 49
3.5. dasamzadebeli adsorbentebis vargisianoba,
aqtiurobis dasabuTeba da SerCeva .................................... 52
3.6. alumosilikatis nedleulis granulirebuli
122
masalis gaaqtiurebis gamokvlevis Catarebis
meTodika ........................................................................................... 54
3.7. alumosilikaturi masalisgan damzadebuli
granulirebuli adsorbentis gamauferulebeli
aqtivobis Sedareba sxvadasxva aqtivirebis
danamatisagan da miRebul adsorbentebTan
reJimebis gaTvaliswinebiT .................................................... 59
3.8. adsorbentis damzadeba samrewvelo pirobebSi ......... 79
SFDB 4& UFFMNBEHT<EKB UFVABKNHFDB VFCFKT<BC

ξ -GJNTYWBFKBC UFCFPJVB TMCGTHBVTYNEKB
LFYFLUFHBC FQOTHF
4&1& ufvjrdktdt,bc xfnfht,bc vtsjlbrf vabknhfdb
vfcfkt,bc ξ - gjntywbfkbc ufycfpqdhbcsdbc &&&&&&&&&&&&&& 93
4&2& fmnbdbht,ekb vabknhfdb vfcfkt,bc ξ -gjntywbfkbc
ufpjvdbc itltut,b lf fyfkbpb &&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& 97
4&3& c[dflfc[df vabknhfdb vfcfkbc fl/tpbehb sdbct,t,bc
cfpjvb tmcgthbvtynekb lfyflufhbc fqothf &&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& 99
4&4& fl/tpbbc ‘fkbc ufpjvdbc ufvjrdktdbc xfnfht,bc
vtsjlbrf&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& 101
4&5& c[dflfc[df vjlbabrfwbbc flcjh,tynbc ufvfeathe-
kt,tkb fmnbdj,bc tmcgthbvtynekb ufvjrdktdbc
itltut,b lf fyfkbpb &&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& 104
4&6& fkevjcbkbrfnbc flcjh,tynbc cjh,wbekb fmnbdj,bc
fqlutybc ghjwtcbc cfbvtljj,bc gbhj,t,bc ufvjsdkf & 111
literatura .......................................................................................................... 117
123
ibeWdeba avtorTa mier warmodgenili saxiT
gadaeca warmoebas 01.05.2009. xelmowerilia dasabeWdad

05.05.2009. qaRaldis zoma 60X84 1/16. pirobiTi nabeWdi Tabaxi 8.
tiraJi 100 egz.
sagamomcemlo saxli `teqnikuri universiteti~, Tbilisi,

kostavas 77

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n. gelaZe, l.

recenzentebi: t.m.d. sruli prof. z. cixelaSvili,

© sagamomcemlo saxli ,,teqnikuri universiteti’’, 2009

Uukanasknel wlebSi ganviTarebulma teqnologiebma

1.1. humusuri nivTierebebis Semadgenloba, agebuleba da

bunebrivi wylebis fers ZiriTadad, ganapirobebs,

humusuri mJavebis struqturuli rgoli moicavs

rogorc mkvlevarebi aRniSnaven, fulvomJavebi da

humusuri mJavebis warmoqmnis Tanxa OCH3

samyuras fesvebi, romelic

kordis – eweriani niada- 341 273 614 2,71

COOH jgufis wyalbads naklebi mimocvlis unari aqvs

2.1. bunebrivi wylebis gauferuleba filtris

filtraciiT wylis gasufTaveba – aris Zalzed rTuli,

sadac Γa = ρa0 c0 –aris aqtiuri zonis fardobiTi tevadoba,

aq h – aris dawnevis sruli dakargva;

T – faqtori, romelic iTvaliswinebs gafiltvris teqno-

lis fizikur-qimiur Tvisebebs.

3.1. kaolinituri da montmorilonituri jgufis

Tixovani mineralebi, romlebsac Cveulebrivi meoreu-

AA2Si4O10(OH)2wnH2O an AA4Si8O20(OH)4wnH2O, sadac nH2O pake-

tebis gamyofi wyalia.

montmorilonitis Tixis qimiuri Sedgeniloba warmodge-

nax. 3.1. montmorilonitis struqturis sqema

montmorilonitis jgufis mineralebi xasiaTdeba im

Tixis tipi SiO2 Al2O3 Fe2O3 CuO MgO K2O Na2O

Tixuri mineralebis zedapiris energetikuli ujeroba

_ kavSirebis rRveva AA-Si-jgufebis kideebze, iwvevs

arakompensirebuli muxtebis gadidebas, romelic adsorbi-

_ mJaviT damuSaveba HCA, H2SO4, H3PO4 an CH3COOH-is

maRalia, vidre Tixis AA+-formaze. amitom Tixis zeda-

piris winaswar mJavuri gaaqtiureba SeiZleba gamoviyenoT

mTeli raodenoba %-Si

mTeli raodenoba %-Si

sul madanSia, mg-ekv.

kaolini, gajerebuli 100 2,0 0,23 1,15 5,7 1,11 5,6

3.2 cxrilidan Cans, rom Mg+2 ufro advilad desor-

gamoxatva aqvs H+ da NH 4+ fiqsacias, romlebic

zomebiT (H+ radiusi 1,33A0, NH 4+ radiusi 1,43A0), sxva

kationebTan SedarebiT: Ca, Mg, Na (Sesabamisad 1,06 A0;

3.3. granulirebuli alumosilikatis adsorbentebis

bunebrivi wylebis gauferulebisTvis saWiro efeq-

Xi nedleulis komponentebis YT -(gamauferule- X*_filtratis

qcevis yM veqtoris funqcionirebadi sistemis mizanmi-

3.4. uhfyekt,bc vtmfybrehb cbvnrbwbc ufvjrdktdf ufvjodbc

lblb .ehflqt,f tsvj,f uhfyekbht,ekb vabknhfdb vfcfkbc

3.5. dasamzadebeli adsorbentebis vargisianoba,

yvelaze gavrcelebuli aluminosilikaturi mineralebis

mocemul paragrafSi moyvanilia sami faqtoris

nax. 3.3. eqsperimentuli danadgaris sqema adsorbentis mokle

mesame seriaSi gamocda gaiara adsorbentis igive

adsorbentis sxvadasxva modifikaciis xarisxis Sefa-

sadac P _ aqtivirebis danamatis raodenoba masidan, won. %;

kaolini magneziti, 700 1 22 89 8,7

danamatebis woniTi raodenobis momatebasTan erTad

wylis gauferulebis efeqti, %

nax. 3.4. wylis gauferulebis efeqturoba statikur pirobebSi

radgan gauferulebis da filtratis pH sidide,

nax. 3.5. wylis gauferulebis efeqturoba statikur pirobebSi

nax. 3.6. wylis gauferulebis efeqturoba statikur pirobebSi

xangrZlivoba. rogorc cxrilebSi moyvanili monaceme-