ENCULTURATION AND SOCIALIZATION
enables the content to be given to person
SOCIALIZATION
-life long process of social interaction
- “central process” of social life ;; process of
member recruitment and replacement
-enables the person to gradually become a
self-aware and knowledgeable human being
and learn the ways, values, rules and culture
of his/her society
-influenced by the context of their respective
society, and the social groups that they
interact
POLITICAL SOCIALIZATION – enables the
development of citizen to function effectively
within a particular political system
VIEWED IN THE CONTEXT OF
INTERNALIZATION
Process of accepting the social norms,
attitudes, roles and values; society is the
primary factor responsible for how individuals
learn to think and behave
ASPECTS OF SOCIALIZATION
SOCIAL CONTEXT – particular
circumstances of a society; consist of its
culture, language and the social structures
that define social class, ethnicity and gender
CONTENT AND PROCESS
CONTENT – ideas, beliefs, behaviour and
other info that are passed by members of the
society to indiv
PROCESS – methods of interaction that IMITATION STAGE – first 2 years, imitates
gestures and sounds
undergoing socialization
PLAY STAGE – child assumes the roles of
RESULTS – outcomes of the socialization; others; playing they learn what is acceptable
evident when indiv begin to practice the n not
behaviors, attitudes and values
GAME – child assumes the roles not just the
SIGNIFICANT RESULT OF person; learn that people behave the way they
SOCIALIZATION do bec of a role; also children learn that not all
roles are equal
SELF IDENTITY – establishment of a unique
sense of identity; awareness of how it relates
to their society n world
IDENTITY FORMATION – development of an
individual’s distinct personality, regarded as a
persisting entity in a particular stage of life
GEORGE HERBERT MEAD
SELF CONCEPT – the sum of a being’s
-is regarded as one of the founders of social
knowledge and understanding of themselves
psychology; what has come to be referred to
(components: physical, psychological and
as the Chicago sociological tradition
– social attributes)
FOUR STAGE PROCESS OF SELF
CULTURAL IDENTITY – one’s feeling of
DEVELOPMENT
identity or affiliation with a group or culture
IMITATION
ETHNIC IDENTITY – identification with a
PLAY – child takes different roles they certain ethnicity, usually on the basis of a
observe in adult society presumed common genealogy or ancestry
GAME – child must take the role if everyone NATURAL IDENTITY – is an ethnical and
else; organization begins and definite philosophical concept where humans divided
personalities start to emerge into groups NATION
THE GENERALIZED OTHER – individual RELIGIOUS IDENTITY – set of beliefs and
understands what kind of behavior is practices generally held by an individual
expected or appropriate in different social involving adherence to codified beliefs and
settings rituals
MEAD’S 3 STAGES NORMS AND VALUES
NORMS – rule that guides the behabior of the
members of a society or group
NORMAL – refers to conforms to norms
NORMATIVE – refers to what we perceive as
normal, what we think should be normal;
-refers to beliefs that are expressed as
directives/value of judgement
ENCULTURATION
-process of being socialized into a specific
culture, indivs learn cultural symbols, norms,
values, and language by observing and
interacting with fam, friends, n rest of d society
DEVIANCE AND CONFORMITY
DEVIANCE
DEVIANCE depends on…
-TIME – fashion and grooming change
-PLACE – where behavior occurs
-SITUATION – takes precedence over
place in determining appropriateness of
actions
-CULTURE – most influential in defining
deviance
-if a particular behavior is considered deviant,
it means that it violates the values and norms
or a particular group, not that it is inherently
wrong
-literature, deviance focuses on crime and
how diff cultures define very diff behaviors as
criminal or not
-most serious crime in US – punished by
imprisonment
UNDERCONFORMITY “negative deviance”
-behavior that underconforms to social
experiments people either reject, misinterpret
, or unaware of the norms
-ex. Obesity, unmotivated students
THEORIES OF DEVIANCE
FUNCTIONALISTS – argue that deviance
serves a positive social function by clarifying
moral boundaries and promoting social
cohesion
CONFLICT THEORY – society’s inequalities
are reproduced in its definitions of deviance
MERTON’S STRUCTURAL STRAIN
THEORY – argues that the tension or strain
between socially approved goals and an
indiv’s ability to meet those goals

- violation of social norms; Other forms of Punishment

-a behavior, trait or other characteristics that -shunning

violates a norm and causes a negative
-total banishment from a community
reaction
-corporal punishment
ex. Homosexuals, prostitutes, drug addicts,
criminals

TYPES OF DEVIANCE

DEVIANCE ACROSS CULTURES OVERCONFORMITY “positive deviance”

-it is important to remember when sociologist
use the term “deviant” , they are making a
social judgement, never a moral one.
-involves behavior that overconforms to social
expectations (leads to imbalance &
perfectionism; can be as harmful as negative
deviance)
-ex. Anorexia, body builder, perfect students
Do you follow socially accepted means and
goals? CONFORMIST
Doing the bare minimum? RITUALIST
If you’re like WorldCom CEO Bernard Ebbers
and want to earn big rewards but have few
scruples about how you reach them.
INNOVATOR
You’re a RETREATIST if u reject all means
and goals of society.
You’re a REBEL, if u not only reject social
means and goals but also want to destroy
society itself.
SYMBOLIC INTERACTIONISM – focus on
how interpersonal relations and errday
interactions shape definitions of deviance
DIFFERENTIAL ASSOCIATION THEORY –
states that we learn to be deviant through our
associations with deviant peers
LABELING THEORY – claims that deviance
is consequence of external judgements, or
labels
STIGMA
ERVING GOFFMAN’s term for any physical
or social attribute that devalues a person or
group’s identity and may exclude those who
are devalued from normal social interaction
3 TYPES OF STIGMA
PHYSICAL – physical or mental impairments
MORAL – moral signs of flawed character
TRIBAL – tribal membership in a discredited
or oppressed group
MANAGING STIGMA
PASSING – one strategy analyzed that
stigmatized indiv use to negotiate everyday
interaction
IN-GROUP ORIENTATION – stigmatized
individuals follow an orientation away from
mainstream society and toward new
standards that value their group identity
DEVIANCE AVOWAL – a process by which
an individual self-identities as deviant and
initiates his or her own labeling process
ECONOMY
-social institution organized around
production, consumption and distribution of
goods n services
-revolves in 5
PRODUCTION (Hess n Associates, 1992).
-taking directly from earth (nature) – hunting,
gathering, farming n mining
-making something from raw materials –
pottery, automobiles, or nuclear weapons
-providing assistance n info – covers activities
from baby-sitting to international banking, to
sports n entertainment.
DISTRIBUTION. Rules:
-Reciprocity. Giving of gives obligates the
recipient to return sumthing
-Retribution. ‘value added taxes’; require
centralized government with its rulers to
collect taxes
-Free Market System. Worth any item
depends on how much others are willing to
pay for it
TRANSFERS.
-Banking. Moving funds among 2 or more
accs held by same/diff indiv
-Real Estate. Conveyance of title to a property
from the seller to d buyer through deed of
transfer
-Securities Trading. Delivery of stocks
certificate by the seller’s broker to the buyer’s
broker
MARKET TRANSACTION
-exchange of goods n services through a
market
-set of market transactions taking place in d
economy is most important in terms of
measuring gross domestic product (GDP)
MARKET N STATE
-relationship between the material n relational
dynamics of society
-d state contains mechanisms that r essential
to d existence of markets themselves, n these
mechanisms r not “natural” given
HOW ECONOMISTS UNDERSTANDS
ECONOMIC PROCESSES?
DEMAND. Product lies on d consumer’s
willingness to buy a large quantity at a low
price n very little at a high price.
SUPPLY. Producer’s willingness to produce n
market a large quantity when d price is high n
less when d price is low.
GOODS VS SERVICES.
GOODS. Products needed, desired n wanted.
SERVICES. Activities which r performed in
order to benefit someone.
CULTURE, SOCIETY, POLITICS AND
ECONOMICS RELATIONSHIPS
RELATION. When sociologists look at
economic activity, they ask ques which r
broader n less technical. Usually focus on less
“Rational” aspect of economic behavior
(Smelser, 1991). To sociologists, economic
org is a set of status n power relations.
SOCIETY DEVELOPED N ECONOMIC
SYSTEM
1. PRE-INDUSTRIAL SOCIETIES
1.1 HUNTING – GATHERING
SOCIETIES – relies for food on
hunting animals n gathering food
grows in natural environment; ppl r
nomadic; kinship ties r basic
1.2 PASTORAL SOCIETIES – ppl
domesticate/raise animals for food;
ppl look grazing land for their
livestock; tend to b nomadic, facilitates
trade n warfare w other grps
1.3 HORTICULTURAL SOCITIES – ppl
started to raise plants; less nomadic;
work specialization developed;
political system is pursued
1.4 AGRARIAN SOCIETIES – based in
farming n cultivating d soil to make it
fertile; animals r used in greater
productivity; money economy n trade
developed
2. INDUSTRIAL SOCIETIES.
Industrialization refers to the process in
which an economy based primarily on
energy supplied by animals n human
beings – energy such as stem engine to
electricity
2.1. Economy based on mechanical
sources of energy
2.2. Division of labors highly specialized
2.3. Automation is introduced
2.4. Increase the GNP expected n
indicates relative wealth of a country
FIVE REVOLUTIONARY CHANGES
BROUGHT BY D INDUSTRIAL
REVOLUTION
1. NEW FORMS OF ENERGY. James
Watt applied steam engine to d
production of material goods in 1765;
steam power surpassed muscle-
power tech
2. SPREAD OF FACTORIES. Steam
power n large equipment n machines
cottage industries operated by human
beings; work became impersonal n
fam life became alienated
3. SPECIALIZATION. When a nation /
indiv concentrates its productive
efforts on producing limited variety of
goods; division of labor was adopted
4. DIVISION OF LABOR BY AGE.
Elderly ppl are expected to contribute
much food; older men n women play
essential role in spiritual matters;
elders w the past experiences r
considered as repositories of
knowledge n wisdom
5. PATTERN OF LABOR.
– a. Cooperative Labor. If d effort
involves d whole community,
festive spirit permeates d work
(bayanihan)
b. Craft Specialization. Greater
diversity of specialized task to be
performed
c. Wage Labor. Ppl became wage
laborers under d supervision of a
factory staff; supervision became
routine n intense
3. POST INDUSTRIAL SOCIETIES.
3.1 decentralization of production
3.2 use of renewable energy
3.3 de-urbanization
3.4 work at home
3.5 merging of roles producer n consumer
FOUR EMERGING INDUSTRIES(still post in)
- Space industry
- Industry in d depth of oceans
- Genetic industry
- Electronics industry
TYPES OF PRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
PRIMARY SECTOR (Toffler, 1980)
-agricultural spcieties;
-emphasizes d use of what nature provides n
adapting it to human use
SECONDARY SECTOR
-industrial societies;
-transforms raw materials into manufactured
goods w d use of machines n complex division
of labor
TERTIARY SECTOR
-post-industrial societies;
-focuses on the provisions of services
ECONOMIC SYSTEM
1. Capitalism
2. Communism
3. Socialism
CAPITALISM. System under which resources
n means of production r privately owned,
citizens r encouraged to seek profit for
themselves n success/failure of an enterprise
determined by free market competition.
STATE CAPITALISM. System under which
resources n means of production r privately
owned, but closely monitored n regulated by d
gov.
ADAM SMITH.
Father of Modern Economics n Founder of
Capitalism. ;; Author of “An Inquiry into d
Nature n Causes of the Wealth of Nations”
(1776) which was considered magnum opus n
first modern work of Economics. ;; laid the
foundations of free market economic theory.
KARL MARX.
Father of Communism n Socialism. Wrote
“Communist Manifesto” (1848), one of the
world’s most influential political docs. Believed
that workers were being treated badly by d
capitalist n should rise up n demand for
classless society.
FRIEDRECH ENGLES.
Collaborator of Communism n Socialism.
Closest collaborator of Karl Marx in foundation
of modern communism. Coauthored the
Communist Manifestp n Engels edited d
second n third vol of Das Kapital (1867) after
Marx’s death. In Das Kapital, Marx proposes
that motivating force of capitalism is in d
exploitation of labor.
COMMUNISM. System of political n economic
org in which properly owned by d community
n all citizens share in d enjoyment of d
common wealth.
SOCIALISM. System under which resources
n means of production r owned by d society
as a whole, rights to private property are
limited.
HOW SOCIETY IS ORGANIZED
GROUPS. Smaller units that compose a
society; unit of interacting personalities w an
interdependence of roles n statuses existing
between societies.
Importance of Groups.
1. Transmitter of Culture
2. Means of Social Control
3. Socializes the Individual
4. Sources of Ideas
5. Trains d Indiv in Communication
SOCIAL GROUP. Is two or more ppl who
identify w n interact w one another (Macionis,
2012). Human beings come together in
couples, families, friends n large orgs. Made
up of ppl w shared experiences, loyalties n
interests.
CHARATERISTICS OF SOCIAL GROUPS.
Member should develop structure assumes a
specific status n adopts a particular role.
Certain orderly procedure n values r agreed
upon. Members of grp feel a sense of identity.
SOCIAL CATEGORY.
Shared social charac, like gender, race,
ethnicity, nationality, age, class etc. women,
homeowners, soldiers, skilled workers,
professionals, college grad.
NOT EVERY COLLECTION OF INDIV
FORMS A GROUPS
CROWD. Loosely formed collection of ppl in
one place.
SOCIAL AGGREGATE. Collection of ppl who
r in d same place at d same time, but do not
necessarily have anything in common.
FACTORS DAT INFLUENCE GROUPS.
1. Motivational base shared by indiv
2. Size of group
3. Type of group goals
4. Kind of group structure
SOCIAL ORGANIZATION. Process of
bringing order n significance into human
social life.
CHARACTERISTICS OF SOCIAL ORG
1. Differentiation in statuses n roles on
the basis of sex, age n ability
2. Repeated activities n behavior
3. System of norms n values govern
social activities
4. Control: some person control d
behavior of others; system of
sanctions maintain orderly behavior
Organized set of social institutions and
patterns of institutionalized relationships that
together compose society.
GROUPS W/IN SOCIETY
1. GROUPS ACCORDING TO TIES
a. Primary group
b. Secondary group
c. Intermediate group
2. GROUPS ACCORDING TO SELF
IDENTIFICATION
a. In-group
b. Out-group
c. Reference groups
d. Network
PRIMARY GROUP.
-families, factions, play groups, friendship
grps
-small, intimate n less specialized group;
share personal n long lasting relationship
-first grp we experience in life; members r
bound to others by emotion n loyalty
Characteristics PG.
+ spend a great deal of time 2gether
+ engage in a wide range of activities
+ feel that they know one another very well
SECONDARY GROUP.
-industrial workers; business associates;
faculty staff, company employees
-large n impersonal social group whose
members pursue a specific goal/activity
-weak emotional ties n little personal
knowledge of one another; includes many ppl;
couldn’t have a lasting relationship; exist for
only short time
INTERMEDIATE GROUP. Cross between
primary n secondary groups. Large scale
applies familial relationship. Family members
r separated bc of work, circumstances
IN-GROUP. Member can identify him/her
within that group n which indiv feel at home.
DISTINCT YET ABSTRACT. Ethnicity, race,
faith, common interests, ideology (indicator).
Being students of a school, employee of
company (v specific).
OUT-GROUP. Social unit which indiv do not
belong due to differences in social categories.
REFERENCE GROUPS. Groups which we
consciously/unconsciously refer when we
evaluate our life situations n behavior but to
which we don’t necessarily belong.
NETWORK. Series or web of social ties
involving ppl or grps of indiv connected to
each other. (friendship, family, acad
institutions)
FUNCTIONS OF SOCIAL NETWORKS
1. DIFFUSION. In networks info travel
fast like gossips n other breaking news
2. EXCHANGE. Information exchange,
material exchange like in multilevel
marketing
3. SOCIAL SUPPORT. Referral system
works well in networks in locating
someone, finding a job, seeking
advice n forming support groups
4. EXCLUSION. Outside the network r
excluded from d benefits
ACCORING TO PURPOSE.
1. Special interest groups
2. Task groups
3. Influence/Pressure groups
ACCORDING TO FORM OF ORG
1. FORMAL GROUPS. Goals r clearly
stated; deliberately formed n their
purpose n objectives r defined.
2. BUREAUCRACY. Administrative
structure aimed to enable members to
meet their goals; hierarchal
arrangement in large scale
3. INFORMAL GROUPS. Arises
spontaneously out of interactions of
two or more persons; unplanned; no
explicit rules n objectives
FAMILY, KINSHIP N MARRIAGE
FAMILY. Type of social institution that unites
ppl by blood, kinship or alliance
TYPES OF FAMILIES
1. NUCLEAR FAMILY. Married couple
with/without unmarried children.
2. EXTENDED FAMILY. Families
include other members of the kinship
group like uncles, grandparents,
cousins etc.
3. SINGLE-PARENT FAMILY. Parent
(un/married, widowed, divorced) lives
with their biological/adopted child
4. BLENDED FAMILY. Remarried
couple n their children.
KINSHIP.
-one of the main organizing principles of
society; basic social institutions found in every
society
-bonds, n all other relationships – marriage n
reproduction
TWO CLASSIFICATION OF KINSHIP. Blood
n Marriage.
KINSHIP BY BLOOD.
1. CONSANGUINEAL KINSHIP.
Relationship achieved by birth/blood
affinity.
KINSHIP BY MARRIAGE.
2. DESCENT. Biological relationship
between parents n offspring. MARRIAGE. Union of a couple through legal
3. LINEAGE. Line where one’s descent n socially acceptable means. Both sides r
is traced. related by affinity. Center of d kinship system.
4. UNILINEAL DESCENT. Tracing
AFFINEAL KINSHIP. Type of relations
affiliation of a person through descent
of only one sex. developed when marriage occurs.
5. GROUP. a. ENDOGAMY. Marrying within a
5.1 CLANS. Link by kin w members specific ethnic group, class or social
tracing connection through one group.
another b. EXOGAMY. Marrying outside group,
5.2 LINAGES. Common ancestry class or social group. Means of
using both mother n father’s side maintaining boundaries n creates
5.3 MOIETIES. Based on the links.
association by choice w an c. MONOGAMY. Marriage of sexual
ancestral line partnering practice where d indiv has
5.4 PHRATRIES. Group of ppl within only one male of female partner/mate.
a tribe who have a common d. POLYGAMY. Practice of having more
ancestor than one partner/sexual mate.
6. BILATERAL DESCENT. Some
societies trace their descent through d POLYGYNY. Man has multiple partner.
study of both parents ancestors.
POLYANDRY. Woman has multiple partner.
7. PATRILINEAL. Tracing the ancestry
of an indiv by his/her relatives from the SORORAL POLYGYNY. Man marries sisters.
men
RELATIONSHIP OF AFFINITY.
8. MATRILINEAL. Tracing the affiliation
of an indiv by his/her relatives from
women
RELATIONSHIP OF CONSANGUINITY