IMAGE RECOGNITION WITH NEURAL NETWORKS

HOWTO
Neural networks are one technique which can be used for image recognition. This tutorial will show you how to use
multi layer perceptron neural network for image recognition. The Neuroph has built in support for image recognition,
and specialised wizard for training image recognition neural networks. Simple image recognition library can be found
in org.neuroph.contrib.imgrec  package, while image recognitionwizard in Neuroph Studio canis located in [Main Menu
> File > New > Image recognition neural network]

This tutorial will explain the following:

1. Basic principle how multi layer perceptrons are used for image recognition (one possible approach is described here) 
2. How to train neural networks for image recognition with Neuroph Studio 
3. How to use neural networks trained for image recognition in your applications

This tutorial is for Neuroph v2.6.

1. Image Recognition with Multi Layer Perceptron

Every image can be represented as two-dimensional array, where every element of that array contains color
information for one pixel. (picture 1)

Picture 1. Image colors

Each color can be represented as a combination of three basic color components: red, green and blue.

Picture 2. RGB color system

So, to represent some image in a RGB system we can use three two-dimensional arrays, one for each color component,
where every element corresponds to one image pixel.

int [][]  redValues 

int [][]  greenValues
int [][]  blueValues

For example, if pixel at location [20, 10] has color RGB[33, 66, 181] we have
redValues[10][20] = 33;
greenValues[10][20] = 66;
blueValues[10][20] = 181;

The dimensions of each of these arrays are [imageHeight][imageWidth]

We can merge these three arrays into a single one-dimensional array so it contains all red values, then all green and at
the end all blue values. Thats how we create flattenedRgbValues[] array.
The dimension of this array is [imageHeight * imageWidth * 3] 
Now we can use this one-dimensional array as input for neural network, and to train neural network to recognize or
classify them. Multi layer perceptrons are type of neural networks suitable for this tasks (picture 3).

Picture 3. Feeding multi layer perceptron with color information from image. Each input neuron corresponds to one
color component (RGB) of one image pixel at a specific location.

Each output neuron corresponds to one image or image class. So if network output is [1, 0, 0] that means that input is
recognized as 'image A'.
We can create training set for training neural network as set of pairs of input (flatten rgb arrays), and output vectors
(where corresponding image neuron is 1). 
Network can be trained by using Backpropagation learning algorithm. In next section we'll provide some details about
the neural netwok and learnig algorithm.

2. Training Neural Network for Image Recognition with Neuroph

Studio
Neuroph Studio provides environment for creating and training neural networks, which can be saved as ready-to-use
java components. Also it provides specialised image recognition tool to train neural networks for image recognition.
Creating and training neural network for image recognition consists of the following steps:

1. Create Neuroph project

2. Create image recognition neural network
3. Train network
4. Test network
5. Save & deploy network

Step 1. To create Neuroph Project click File > New Project

 
Select Neuroph Project, and click Next.

Enter project name and location, click Finish.

This will create the new Neuroph Project.

Step 2. Next, to create image recognition network, click File > New File.

 Select Image Recognition file type, and click Next.

 

Next, choose images you want to be recognized, by selecting individual image files or by adding whole image
directoriey. You can also do the basic image editing like cropping and resizing, by opening simple
image editor with edit button.

Color mode - You can use image recognition in full color mode or in binary black and white mode. The binary black
and white mode represents pixel as [0, 1] and so it uses less number of input neurons. For some applications (like
character recognition for example) binary black and white mode may be optimal solution.

In next step choose image that should not be recognized, which will help to avoid false recognition. Usually these are
blocks of all red, all green and all blue images, but also migh include others.
When you test your image recognition network, you'll figure out what makes sense to include here.
Then, enter Training Set Label and Image Sampling Resolution, and click Next.

Training Set Label - Since you can create several training sets while experimenting with network, it is a good practice
to label them.

Image sampling resolution (width x height) - All provided images will be scaled to this size (width x height).
Scaling images will make them smaller, and they will be easier and faster to learn. The image dimensions determine the
size of input vector, and number of neurons in input layer. (if you get java heap exceptions for some dimension, try to
increase heap size for JVM)

For start, you can use the default settings (20x20 resolution and color mode), and just provide the images.

The next thing to do, is to create the neural network.

To create the neural network you need to enter the following:

Network label - The label for the neural network, which is usefull when you create several neural networks for the
same problem, and you're comparing them.
Transfer function - This setting determines which transfer function will be used by the neurons. In most cases you
can leave the default settings 'Sigmoid', but sometimes using 'Tanh' can give you better results. 
Hidden Layers Neuron Counts - This is the most important setting which determines the number of hidden layers in
network, and number of neurons in each hidden layer. Hidden layers are layers between input and output layer. The
trick is to have the smallest possible number of layers and neurons which can succesfully learn the training set. The
smaller number of neurons - the faster learning, better generalization. Suitable number of hidden neurons also depends
of the number of input and output neurons, and the best value can be figured out by experimenting. For start, try 8x8
images and one hidden layer with 12 neurons, which is the default setting. If you wany to increase number of neurons,
just enter the number for example '12' neurons. If you want to add more than one layer of neurons enter the number
of neurons in each layer separated with space. For example, if you enter '12 8 6' it will create three hidden layers with
12, 8 and 6 neurons.

Click the 'Finish' button to create the neural network. After you click the button new window with created neural
network will open.

 Step 3. Training network. To train the network select the training set from project tree, and click the 'Train' button.

 
This will open the dialog for setting learning parameters. Use the default learning setting and just click
the Train button.

This will start training and open network learning graph and iteration counter, so you can obesrve the learning process.
If the learning gets stuck (total network error does not go down), you can try with different number of neurons, layers
or learning parameters. For learning rate and momentum use the values between [0, 1] , and for the error some small
value bellow 0.1 is recommended. Some rule of the thumb values are 0.2 for learning rate and 0.7 for momentum.

Step 4. Test Network

After you have trained the network you can try how it works in the test panel. Click 'Select Test Image' button to set
input image for the network, and the network output will be displayed as the list of image labels and corresponding
neuron outputs. The recognized image corresponds to the neuron with highest output. You can test the entire data set
by clicking the button 'Test whole data set'.
 

Step 5. Save neural network

To save the neural network as Java component click [Main menu > File > Save] and use the .nnet extension. The
network will be saved as seralized MultiLayerPerceptron object.

3. Using Neuroph Image Recognition in Your Applications

Here is the sample code which shows how to use the image recognition neural network created and trained
with Neuroph Studio. You can run this sample, just specify correct filenames for neural network and some test image.

import org.neuroph.core.NeuralNetwork;
import org.neuroph.contrib.imgrec.ImageRecognitionPlugin;
import java.util.HashMap;
import java.io.File;
import java.io.IOException;
public class ImageRecognitionSample {

 public static void main(String[] args) {

    // load trained neural network saved with Neuroph Studio (specify some existing neural network file here)
    NeuralNetwork nnet = NeuralNetwork.load("MyImageRecognition.nnet"); // load trained neural network saved with
Neuroph Studio
    // get the image recognition plugin from neural network
    ImageRecognitionPlugin imageRecognition =
(ImageRecognitionPlugin)nnet.getPlugin(ImageRecognitionPlugin.class); // get the image recognition plugin from
neural network

    try {
         // image recognition is done here (specify some existing image file)
        HashMap<String, Double> output = imageRecognition.recognizeImage(new File("someImage.jpg"));
        System.out.println(output.toString());
    } catch(IOException ioe) {
        ioe.printStackTrace();
    }
 }
}

Actual image recognition is done with just one method call from ImageRecognitionPlugin:

imageRecognition.recognizeImage(new File("someImage.jpg"));

ImageRecognitionPlugin provides simple image recognition interface to neural network. You can recognize images from
various sources like File, BufferedImage or URL. For example:

imageRecognition.recognizeImage(new URL("http://www.example.com/someImage.jpg"));

For more details check the classes in org.neuroph.contrib.imgrec package. 

To use image recognition classes, you must add a reference to neuroph.jar in your project (right click project >
Properties > Libraries > Add JAR/Folder)

TROUBLESHOOTING
1. Scale image dimensions used for training to the same dimensions to avoid possible issues.
2. Use the same color mode and image dimensions for training and recognition. If color is not important for you use
black and white since training is faster.
3. If you get out of memory exceptions for bigger images increase size for the JVM with –Xms and –Xmx options.

TRANSLATIONS
The translation of this tutorial in romanian is available here Thanks to Alexander Ovsov for the translation!

The translation of this tutorial in portuguese is available here Thanks to Nicholas Braga for the translation!

The translation of this tutorial in russian is available here Thanks to Rustam Paskaev for the translation!

The translation of this tutorial in ukrainian is available here Thanks to Sandi Wolfe for the translation!

The translation of this tutorial in spanish is available here Thanks to Augusto Dueñas for the translation!

MORE INFO

Neural networks in image processing http://www.egmont-petersen.nl/Journal-papers/Egmont-PR-Review2002.pdf

Many other neural networks and image processing related papers http://www.egmont-petersen.nl/nn-review.html
Thanks Michael Egmont-Petersen for this contribution.

YANG KE 1

#Import Libraries

from keras.preprocessing.image import load_img

from keras.preprocessing.image import img_to_array

from keras.applications.vgg16 import preprocess_input

from keras.applications.vgg16 import decode_predictions

from keras.applications.vgg16 import VGG16

from keras import backend as K

import matplotlib.pyplot as plt

import numpy as np

# Process Model

model = VGG16()

image = load_img('madrid.jpg', target_size=(224, 224))

image = img_to_array(image)

image = image.reshape((1, image.shape[0], image.shape[1], image.shape[2]))

image = preprocess_input(image)

# Generate predictions

pred = model.predict(image)

print('Predicted:', decode_predictions(pred, top=3)[0])

np.argmax(pred[0])

YANG KE 2

>>> print('Predicted:', decode_predictions(pred, top=3)[0])

Predicted: [('n03788195', 'mosque', 0.578081), ('n03220513', 'dome', 0.16524781), ('n03837869',

'obelisk', 0.08766182)]

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