DEDUCTIVE AND INDUCTIVE

ARGUMENTS
DEDUCTIVE ARGUMENTS

❖ A deductive argument is an argument in which the arguer is maintaining that the premises show
that the conclusion is NECESSARILY true.
❖ You use your general knowledge of something to arrive into a certain conclusion.
❖ There always an issue to be resolved to create an argument.
❖ If the premise is true the conclusion should be true.
 Example:
It is already 10PM, Mang-Inasal is close at 9PM, while
McDo is 24/7, Mang-Inasal is better than any other
restaurant. Therefore, We should eat at McDo.
DEDUCTIVE ARGUMENTS

❖ It is a logical argument that BEGINS with factual premise to have a TRUE conclusion.
❖ A deductive argument is said to be VALID if the premises logically lead to the conclusion.
❖ A deductive argument is said to be SOUND if it is valid and has true premises. The conclusion of
a sound deductive argument is necessarily true.
❖ How can you determine if the statement is TRUE? Research, analysis, imagination
❖ Do not start with conclusion if you are forming an argument.
DEDUCTIVE ARGUMENTS

❖ How to evaluate a deductive argument:

1. Are the premises TRUE?
2. Is the form of the argument VALID?

❖ Words like ―certainly,‘‘ ―necessarily,‖ ‗‗absolutely,‘‘ and ‗‗definitely‘‘ indicate that the argument
should be taken as deductive,
❖ Instances of Deductive Argumentative Forms: arguments based on mathematics, arguments from
definition, and syllogisms: categorical, hypothetical, and disjunctive syllogisms
INDUCTIVE ARGUMENTS

❖ The CONCLUSION is supported (but not proven), to a greater or lesser degree, by the PREMISES.
❖ You CANNOT necessarily prove or disprove the premises, nor you can determine lead to the conclusion or not.
❖ How to evaluate a deductive argument:
a. Are the premises TRUE or ACCEPTABLE?
b. Are the premises RELEVANT to the issue at hand?
c. Are the premises COMPELLING enough to Justify the conclusion? So called sufficient.
Example:
• Jake is the most popular guy in
our class, while Peter is
smartest student class. Girls
from other sections admired
Jake, Therefore, Jake should be
in our School Poster over Peter.
INDUCTIVE ARGUMENTS

❖ Inductive Argument can take many different forms

a. Generalizations: where arguments involve having a general claim based on LIMITED or
SPECIFIC EVIDENCE.
b. Analogies: when you draw conclusions about ONE situation based and what you about
another.
c. General Principles: opposite of generalization. It involve applying general principles to
specific case.
INDUCTIVE ARGUMENTS

❖ The conclusion is claimed to follow only PROBABLY from the premises.

❖ Facts and Opinions have different relationships with the conclusion drawn.
❖ It is an argument that assume the conclusion from the given can be true or false premises.
❖ Words ―probable‖ ‗‗improbable,‘‘ ‗‗plausible,‘‘ ‗‗implausible,‘‘ ‗‗likely,‘‘ ‗‗unlikely,‘‘ and ‗‗reasonable to
conclude is inductive.
❖ Instances of Inductive Argumentative Forms: predictions about the future, arguments from analogy, inductive
generalizations, arguments from authority, arguments based on signs, and causal inferences, to name just a few.
 The occurrence of special
indicator words.
Difference
between
Deductive The actual strength of the
inferential link between
and Inductive premises and conclusion
Argument:
The character or form of
argumentation (instances)