GROUP

ARGUMENT
AND

TYPES OF
ARGUMENTS
MENDOZA , APAD, BOCO ,
BATAIN, JAVIER
 REPORTER: BATAIN

WHAT IS AN ARGUMENT?

REPORTER: BOCO

INDUCTIVE REASONING

REPORTER: APAD

DEDUCTIVE REASONING

REPORTER: MENDOZA

INFERENCE

TABLE OF REPORTER: JAVIER

CONTENTS
PREPOSITION
 WHAT IS AN ARGUMENT?
BY: BATAIN
The word “argument” comes from the root
word “argue,” derived from the Latin word
arguere, which mean to prove, show or
accuse. An argument consists of a series of
propositions that claim the truth of
something. These statements can be divided
into two groups . One of these is the
conclusion , which is the statement that
bears the truth claim or assertion. The rest of
the statement is called the premise, or the
reasons that support or justify the conclusion.
 Example:
Sheena, a freshman student, asked her parents permission to go
out with her friends for the first time. However, her parents did
not allow her. So, in defense, Sheena told her parents taht they
should allow her beacuse she needs to finish a project with her
friends and they cannot accomplish the project is she is not
allowed to go.

Given the example , Sheena claims that “she should not be

allowed to go out with her friends”. This statement serves as her
conclusion. She supports this using the statement that “they have
to accomplish a project” and that “her friends cannot do the
project without her”. The reasons Sheena provides aim to justify
her claim that she should be allowed to go out with her friends
 WHAT IS AN ARGUMENT?
BY: BATAIN

We learn that all arguments involve a specific form of

reasoning to draw a conclusion through Sheena’s statements.
And these two main form of reasoning are called : inductive
reasoning and deductive reasoning.
 REPORTER: BOCO
Inductive reasoning is made when the
evidence and facts provided to support
the conclusion do not give assurance that
the conclusion is true. The reasons
porvided only make the conclusion seem

INDUCTIVE likely to be true. In this form of reasoning,

one can say that there is logical
REASONING uncertainty in the conclusion since the
premises only give probabilistic support to
the conclusion. Here, the reasons for
accepting the conclusion may also became
weaker or more robust with additional
premises.
 REPORTER: BOCO
Words such as probably, possibly, likely
and other similar terms are often used to
conclude an argument using inductive
reasoning. This form of reasoning is
usually used in statisctics to conclude an

INDUCTIVE outcome based on the responses of the

representative sample. It is also used to
REASONING forecast and determine causes of
phenomena and events, especially if the
cause is unclear. Here, observations,
signs, and research are used to justify
that a certain event is likely to happen or
that a specific thing is the cause of a
particular issue.
 REPORTER: APAD

Unlike inductive reasoning ,

deductive reasoning has logical

DEDUCTIVE certitude because the conclusion

necessarily follows from the
REASONING premises. Using this form of
reasoning, when the premises are
correct, then it must be
impossible for the conclusion not
to be correct.
 REPORTER:MENDOZA
In making sense of information, we use our
reason to examine claims and make
judgemnets. We form and make a stand
based on the reason and justifications
provided to us. This process of deriving a
conclusion from the premises is called

Inference inference. This process of reasoning is a

necessary act in an argument since one
cannot argue anything if there is no
conclusion derived from the premises. So,
whenever one says that a certain claim
can be inferred from the given statements
.They ask for a conclusion derived from
those premises.
 REPORTER: MENDOZA

Furthermore, to provide a more holistic

view of what an argument is , let us
discuss the building blocks of an
argument , propositions.

Inference
 REPORTER: JAVIER

Propositions are declarative sentences

that assets something: a quaity , effect,
or a predicate. These statements
PROPOSITIONS possess a claims which could be true or
false . It is composed of a subject and
the claim or assertion about the
subject (also knwon as the predicate).
Examples:

NO.1 Gianna is a math wizard.(This is a proposition beacuse it has

the assertion that the subject, Gianna, is a math wizard)

NO.2
Pacey is a fictional character.( This is a proposition beacuse it has
the assertion that the subject , Pacey is a fictional character).

The king of France exists. ( This is a proposition because it has the

NO3
1 assertion that the subject , the king of france , does exist).
THANK YOU
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