Session 6

Learning outcome:
 Quantifiers
 Modal Verbs: Advice, Obligation and Prohibition
 PET Listening workshop Part 3
 Progress Test 2
 There is – There are (Page 38)
Read the sentences and underline the nouns.

1.- There is a tasty sandwich on the table.

2.- There is some coffee in the kitchen.

3.- There are three bottles of wine in the fridge.

Rules:

When we refer to the existence or presence of something, we use

THERE IS
__________ for uncountable or countable singular nouns, and
THERE ARE
____________for plural nouns.
 Countable and Uncountable
A noun can be countable or uncountable:

Countable Uncountable
• I eat a banana every day • I eat rice every day.
• I like bananas. • I like rice.

Banana is a countable noun. Rice is an uncountable noun.

A countable noun can be singular (banana) or plural An uncountable noun has only one form (rice).
(bananas).

We can use numbers with countable nouns. So we We cannot use numbers with uncountable nouns.
can say “one banana”, “two bananas”, etc. We cannot say “one rice”, “two rices”, etc.

Examples of nouns usually countable: Examples of nouns usually uncountable:

• Katherine was singing a song. • Maria was listening to some music.

• There are no batteries in the radio. • There´s sand in my shoes.
• We don´t have enough cups. • Do you have any money?
 Countable and Uncountable
Countable
You can use a/an with singular countable nouns:
• a student
• an umbrella
You cannot use singular countable nouns alone
(without a/the/my etc):
• I want a banana. (not want banana)
• There´s been an accident. (not There´s been
accident)
You can use plural countable nouns alone:
Uncountable
You cannot normally use a/an with uncountable
nouns. We do not say “a sand”, “a music”, “a rice”.
But you can often use a…of. For example
A bowl/a packet/a grain of rice.
You can use uncountable nouns alone (without
the/my/some etc.):
• I eat rice every day.
• There´s blood on your shirt.
• Can you hear music?

• I like bananas. (=bananas in general)

• Accidents can be prevented.
 Countable and Uncountable
1.- Look at the underline nouns. Are they are countable or uncountable?

There was a car behind us. countable

I never eat meat. uncountable

1.- Do you play golf? Uncountable

…………………
Countable
2.- I had to wait ten minutes. …………………
3.- Just tell me one thing. Countable
…………………
4.- Love makes the world go round Uncountable
…………………
Uncountable
5.- Good luck in your new job …………………
6.- Power stations produce energy. Uncountable
…………………
Countable
7.- I’m taking a photo …………………
8.- Would you like an apple? Countable
…………………
 SOME AND ANY
Some and any go before a plural or uncountable noun.

• There were a bowl and some cornflakes on the table, but there wasn´t any milk.

We normally use some in positive sentences and any in negative sentences or ones
with a negative meaning.

POSITIVE
There´s some milk in the fridge.
A: I need some stamps.
B: There are some in the drawer.
I met some interesting people last night.
We´ll have some fun at Disneyland.
NEGATIVE
We didn´t buy any flowers.
He´s lazy. He never does any work.
I never meet any interesting people
nowadays.
We won´t have any fun without you.
 SOME AND ANY
In questions we can use either some or any, but any is more common.

In most questions, we use any . We don´t know if the thing or person exists:
• Have we got any butter?
• Will there be any food for the guests?
• Did you buy any clothes?
• Do you have any luggage?

We normally use some in offers and requests to make them sound more positive.
• Would you like some coffee?
• Can I have some sugar, please?
 SOME AND ANY
Put in some or any.

any
a) We didn’t buy ………… flowers.
some
b) Tonight I’m going out with ………………..friends of mine.
any
c) A: Have you seen ………………good movies recently?
B: No, I haven’t been to the cinema for ages.
any
e) I didn’t have …………… some
money, so I had to borrow……………….
some
f) Can I have ………… milk in my coffee, please?
some any
g) We wanted to buy ……….. grapes, but they didn’t have…………….. in the shop.
some information about places of interest in the town.
h) I’d like …………..
MUCH, MANY, LITTLE, FEW, A LOT, PLENTY
We use much and little with uncountable nouns:

much time much luck little energy little money

We use many and few with plural nouns:

many friends many people few cars few countries

We use a lot of/lots of/plenty of with both uncountable and plural nouns:

a lot of luck lots of time Plenty of money

a lot of friends lots of people Plenty of ideas

Plenty = more than enough:

• There´s no need to hurry. We´ve got plenty of time.
MUCH, MANY, LITTLE, FEW, A LOT, PLENTY
We use much in questions and negative sentences:
• Do you drink much coffee?
• I don´t drink much coffee.

But we do not often use much in positive sentences:

• I drink a lot of coffee. (not I drink much coffee)
• Do you drink much coffee? Yes, a lot. (not Yes, much)

We use many and a lot of in all types of sentences:

• Many people drive too fast. or A lot of people drive too fast.
• Do you know many people or Do you know a lot of people?
• There aren´t many tourist here. or There aren´t a lot of tourists here.

Note that we say many years/many weeks/many days (not a lot of…)
• We´ve lived here for many years. (not a lot of years)
MUCH, MANY, LITTLE, FEW, A LOT, PLENTY
In some of these sentences much is incorrect or unnatural. Change much to many or a
lot (of) where necessary. Write ‘OK’ if the sentence is correct.

a) We didn’t spend much money. OK

b) Sue drinks much tea. a lot of tea
c) Joe always puts much salt on his food. a lot of salt
…………………………………….
ok
d)We’ll have to hurry. We don’t have much time. …………………………………….
It cost a lot
e) It cost much to repair the car. …………………………………...
f) Did it cost much to repair the car? ok
……………………………………
g) I don’t know much people in this town. many people or a lot of people
……………………………………
Mike travels a lot
h) Mike travels much. …………………………………….
ok
i) There wasn’t much traffic this morning. …………………………………….
A lot of money
j) You need much money to travel round the world …………………………………….
MUCH, MANY, LITTLE, FEW, A LOT, PLENTY
Put in much/many/little/few (one word only).

a) She isn’t very popular. She has few friends.

little
b) Ann is very busy these days. She has ………………... free time.
many pictures when you were on holiday?
c) Did you take ……………….
much
d) I’m not very busy today. I don’t have …………………. to do.
few
e) This is a very modern city. There are ……………………..old buildings.
little
f) The weather has been very dry recently. We’ve had…………………….. rain.
many
g) Do you know Rome? No, I haven’t been there for………………………… years.
MUCH, MANY, LITTLE, FEW, A LOT, PLENTY
Little = not much, few= not many:
• Gary is very busy with his job. He has little time for other things. (=not much time, less time
than he would like)
• Vicky doesn´t like living in London. She has few friends there. (=not many, not as many as she
would like)

You can say very little and very few:

• Gary has very little time for other things.
• Vicky has very few friends in London.

A little = some, a small amount:

• Let´s go and have a coffee. We have a little time before the train leaves.
(a little time= some time, enough time to have a coffee)
• “Do you speak English?” “A little” (so we can talk a bit)

A few= some, a small number:

• I enjoy my life here. I have a few friends and we meet quite often.
(a few friends= not many but enough to have a good time)
• “When was the last time you saw Clare?” “A few days ago” (=some days ago)
MUCH, MANY, LITTLE, FEW, A LOT, PLENTY
Put in a (a few, a little) where necessary. Write ‘OK’ if the sentence is already
complete.

A) She’s lucky. She has few problems. OK

B) Things are not going so well for her. She has few problems. a few problems
C) Can you lend me few dollars? A few dollars
………………………
ok
D) There was little traffic, so the journey didn’t take very long. …………………………
A little time
E) I can’t give you a decision yet. I need little time to think. ………………………
ok
F) It was a surprise that we won the match. Few people expected him to ……………
only a few words
G) I don’t know much Spanish – only few words. …………………………
A few months
H) I wonder how Sam is. I haven’t seen him for few months. …………………………
 NO
Use no + noun (no cars/no garden, etc.)
No………….= not any or not a
There are no cars in the car park. (=there aren´t any cars)
We´ve got no coffee. (=we haven´t got any coffee)
It´s a nice house, but there´s no garden. (=there isn´t a garden)

negative verb + any = positive verb + no

There isn´t any sugar in your coffee. Or There´s no sugar in your coffee.

Write no or any:
1.- There´s no sugar in your coffee.
any
2.- My brother is married, but he hasn´t got ________ children.
any
3.- Sue doesn´t speak _________ foreign languages.
4.- I´m afraid there´s ________
no coffee. Would you like some tea?
any
5.- “Look at those birds!” “Birds? Where? I can´t see ________ birds.”
no
6.- “Do you know where Jessica is?” “No, I´ve got ________ idea.”
 NONE
Use none alone (without a noun).
None = 0 (zero)

• How much money have you got? “None”. (=no money)

• Were there any problems? “No, none.” (= no problems)
• I wanted some cake, but there was none left.

Write no, any or none:

any
7.- There aren´t ________ pictures.
no
8.- The weather was cold, but there was _______ wind.
any in the shop.
9.- I wanted to buy some oranges, but they didn´t have ________
10.- Everything was correct. There were ______
no mistakes.
None
11.- “How much luggage have you got?” “____________.”
any
12.- “How much luggage have you got?” “I haven´t got ______.”
 QUANTIFIERS (Page 38)
Write the following quantifiers into the corresponding category. More than one
category is possible.

many - a lot of - lots of – a few – a couple of – any – some – much – a little – loads of –
plenty – enough – a bit – no – several - none

COUNTABLE UNCOUNTABLE
• MANY • A LOT OF
• A LOT OF • LOTS OF
• LOTS OF • ANY
• A FEW • SOME
• A COUPLE OF • MUCH
• ANY • A LITTLE
• SOME • LOADS OF
• LOADS OF • PLENTY
• PLENTY • ENOUGH
• ENOUGH • A BIT
• NO • NO
• SEVERAL • NONE
• NONE
 TOO AND NOT ENOUGH (Page 40)
Use TOO Use NOT ENOUGH
when something is more than you need or want When something is less than you need or want

Too + adjective not + adjective +enough

Too much + uncountable noun not + enough + noun
Too many + plural countable nouns

• I don´t like this city. It´s too big. • The buses aren´t frequent enough.
• There´s too much traffic. • There aren´t enough parks.
• There are too many tourists.
 TOO AND NOT ENOUGH
Choose the most appropriate expression, according to each
situation.
1.- I need a bigger hard drive; there is too much/not enough
space available for my videos. not enough
2.- I like my new I-phone, it is too/too much sophisticated. too
3.- The public internet is slow because there are too much/too
many people connected. too many
4.- This will be a busy weekend. I have too much/too many
homework to do. too much
5.- Laptops aren´t comfortable enough/enough comfortable to
use for long time. Comfortable enough
 MODALS
PROBABILITY AND POSSIBILITY (Page 42)
Write the correct modal in the space: must, might, can´t

MIGHT
1. She isn´t answering the phone. She __________be out.
2. It´s too early to have finished the exam. He ___________have
CAN´T

finished.
MUST
3. They´ve been running for two hours. They ________ be thirsty.

 What you are sure is true → MUST

 What you think is possibly true → MIGHT
 What you´re sure is not true → CAN´T
 MODALS
PROBABILITY AND POSSIBILITY (Page 42)
VERY PROBABLE/ JUST A IMPROBABLE/ VERY CERTAIN
CERTAIN (+) LIKELY POSSIBILITY UNLIKELY (-)
FUTURE Will Should May/ might/ Shouldn´t Won´t.
She´ll be at He should be could It shouldn't take It won´t be
the party, I´m here soon. He might be long. much fun.
sure. late.

PRESENT Must May/ might/ Can´t

They must be could It can´t be still
out. She might be at here.
lunch.
PAST Must have + May/ might/ Couldn´t have +
pp could have + pp. pp.
She must have You might have They couldn´t
gone home. left it in the have gone
office. already.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=skqj4jOSQU4
 MODALS
PROBABILITY AND POSSIBILITY (Page 42)
Probability: How likely something is going to happen.

Will:
To talk about the future, when we are confident that something will happen. We believed it, we
are certain it is true.
 The sun will rise tomorrow (I´m pretty sure that it will happen)
 Ashley will be late (She´s is always late so I definitely believe that to be true)
 If you don´t take a jumper, you will get cold. (It´s freezing out there)

We also use will to give reassurance when you want to confirm that something is true.
 You will pass the exam.
 It will be ok.

Won´t (Will not):

When we are certain that something is not going to happen.
 If they walk, they won´t arrive in time. (It´s too far, I´m certain that that won´t happen)
 MODALS
PROBABILITY AND POSSIBILITY (Page 42)
Probability: How likely something is going to happen.

Must: When we are confident and sure of something that is happening in the
Present and usually we have a reason or an explanation to tell us why
something is happening.

 The baby is crying. He must be hungry.

 I thought Sarah would be here by now. She must be stuck in traffic.
 They didn´t eat any of the meat. They must be vegetarian.

Notice that there is a reason for all of these examples to show why you
believe something to be true.
 MODALS
PROBABILITY AND POSSIBILITY (Page 42)
Probability: How likely something is going to happen.

Must + have + P.P. : to talk about the Past when you are quite sure that
something happened.

 After flying for 36 hours, you must have felt exhausted.

 I thought I´d do better in the exam. I must have been really nervous.
 Jack´s not here right now. He must have thought you were meeting him
downstairs.
 MODALS
PROBABILITY AND POSSIBILITY (Page 42)
Probability: How likely something is going to happen.

Should: To say that something is likely. We are not a 100%

certain but we believe it to be true.

 They left an hour ago. They should be here soon.

 If they take the car, They should arrive by three.
 MODALS
PROBABILITY AND POSSIBILITY (Page 42)
Possibility:
When we are uncertain about the Present and the Future, we use
could/might/ may. They explain that something is possible but not certain or
guaranteed.

 If you wait near the door on Lewis Street, you could see the Prime
Minister leaving.
 They might arrive before lunch.
 I may need to borrow your car.

Could/Might/ May + Have+ P.P (For the Past)

 They might have finished dinner by now.
 I´m worried. Something could have happened to Sara.
 MODALS
PROBABILITY AND POSSIBILITY (Page 42)
Impossibility:

• When something is not possible.

• When we know that something is unlikely to happen.
• The chances of it happening are really small.
• When we think that something is impossible.

Can´t (Present)/Couldn´t +have + P.P. (Past)

 You can´t be serious!
 He said he was in a band called “meatball”! He couldn´t have been
serious.
Choose the correct option for each sentence.

1.- Someone is knocking on the door. It might/must be my brother - he

promised to come today. must
2.- You might have/must have practiced a lot before you gave your speech. It
was really good. must have
3.- That woman can´t/might be a doctor! She looks far too young. can´t
4.- Where is Priscilla? – I don´t know. She must/could be at the swimming
pool or in the park. could
5.- This can´t/might be Matt´s coat. He´s tall and this is tiny. can´t
 MODALS
PERMISSION AND OBLIGATION (Page 44)
have to can must

don´t have to can´t mustn't

It´s allowed It´s forbidden It´s an obligation It´s not an

obligation

can CAN´T must Don´t have to

Mustn´t Have to
 MODALS
PERMISSION AND OBLIGATION
Permission/It´s allowed

Can is often used to ask for and give permission.

• Can I sit here?

• You can use my car if you like.
• Can I make a suggestion?

We can also use may and could to ask for and give permission but can is used more
often.
 MODALS
PERMISSION AND OBLIGATION
Prohibition/It´s forbidden

Both can’t and mustn’t are used to show that something is prohibited – it is not
allowed.

• You can’t park here, sir.

• You can wear jeans but you can’t wear trainers in that bar.
• You mustn’t speak when the teacher is speaking.

Can’t tells us that something is against the rules. Mustn’t is usually used when the
obligation comes from the person who is speaking.
 MODALS
PERMISSION AND OBLIGATION
Obligation

Have to and must are both used to express obligation. There is a slight difference
between the way they are used.

Have to shows us that the obligation comes from somebody else. It’s a law or a rule
and the speaker can’t change it.
• Do you have to wear a uniform at your school?
• John can’t come because he has to work tomorrow.
• In Britain you have to buy a TV license every year.

Must shows us that the obligation comes from the speaker. It isn’t a law or a rule.
• I must call my dad tonight.
• You must hand in your homework on Tuesday or your mark will be zero.
• You must come and visit us the next time you come to London.
 MODALS
PERMISSION AND OBLIGATION
It´s not an obligation

We use don’t have to to show that there is no obligation. You can do something if you
want to but it’s not compulsory.

• You don’t have to wear a tie in our office. You can wear a tie if you want to but it’s
OK if you don’t.

• It’ll be nice if you do but you don’t have to come with me if you don’t want to.

• You don’t have to dress up for the party. Wear whatever you feel comfortable in.
PET WORKSHOP LISTENING PART 3
 Task Type: Gap fill

 Task Format: You have to complete

six gaps in a text by listening to a
recording with one main speaker.

Remember:
• Most keys are single words, numbers or
very short noun phrases.

• Recognizable spelling is accepted, except

with very high frequency words, e.g.
“Monday”, or Where spelling is dictated.