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Ieee Standard For Relays and Relay Systems Associated With Elect PDF
Ieee Standard For Relays and Relay Systems Associated With Elect PDF
90-1978
Reaffirmed ANSI 1983 (Revision of ANSI C'37.90-1971)
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A N S I / I E E E C37.90-1978
18 J u l y , 1983
Acceptance Notice
This n o n - G o v e r n m e n t d o c u m e n t w a s adopted o n 18 July, 1983, and is approved for use by the D o D . T h e indicated indus
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ANSI/IEEE
C37.90-1978
(Revision o f
ANSI C37.90-1971)
Sponsor
Secretariat
Approved September 9, 1 9 7 6
Reaffirmed March 1 1 , 1 9 8 2
Approved June 2 3 , 1 9 7 8
Reaffirmed April 4 , 1 9 8 3
© Copyright 1978 by
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Foreword
C. A . Mathews, Chairman
J. W. C h a d w i c k R . J. K ü h r F. N . Meissner
D . Dal asta W. A . Lewis W. K . M o r r i s o n
R. E. Dietrich J. R . Linders M. Rosen
C. M . G a d s d e n J. W . L i p n i t z R . J. Sullivan
G. E . H e i d e n r e i c h G. L o k k e n F. V o n R o e s c h l a u b
J. A . I m h o f G . J. Marieni C. L . Wagner
G. J. Marieni, Chairman
J. W. C h a d w i c k J. R . Linders Μ. B. Purvis
R . J. F e l t o n J. W. L i p n i t z M. Rosen
C. H . Griffin G. L o k k e n R. J. Sullivan
J. L . K o e p f i n g e r C. A . M a t h e w s F. V o n Roeschlaub
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W h e n the I E E E Standards Board approved this standard on September 3 , 1 9 7 6 , it had the follow
ing membership:
t Deceased
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Contents
SECTION PAGE
1. Definition of a Relay 7
2 . Scope 7
3 . Purpose 7
5. Service Conditions 10
5.1 Usual Service Conditions 10
5.2 Unusual Service Conditions 10
6. Ratings 11
6 . 1 Standard Current and Voltage Ratings for Relays 11
6.2 Allowable Variation from Rated Voltage 11
6 . 3 Maximum Design Voltage and Current for Relays 11
6 . 4 Range of Operating Voltage for Auxiliary Relays and other Functions 11
6 . 5 Test for Operation at Minimum Voltage — Auxiliary Relays 11
6 . 6 Make and Carry Ratings for Tripping Contacts 12
6.7 Published Data for Auxiliary Relays 12
8. Dielectric Tests 14
8.1 General 14
8 . 2 Standard Test Voltages 14
8 . 3 Duration and Application of Test Voltage 14
8.4 Dielectric Tests at Point of Manufacture 14
8 . 5 Dielectric Tests by Users 14
8 . 6 Temperature at which Dielectric Tests are to be Made 14
8.7 Points of Application of Voltage 14
8 . 8 Frequency and Waveshape of Test Voltage 14
8 . 9 Measurement of Test Voltage 14
FIGURES
Fig 1 General Makeup of a Relay System with Communications or Computer Interface,
or both, Showing Points to be Subjected t o the S W C Test 15
Fig 2 General Makeup of a Relay System Without Communications or Computer Interface
Showing Points to be Subjected to the SWC Test 16
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FIGURES PAGE
Fig 3 Application of the C o m m o n M o d e Test 17
Fig 4 Application of the Transverse Mode Test 17
TABLES
Table 1 Maximum Design Voltage for dc Auxiliary Relays 11
Table 2 Limits of Temperature Rise for Coils 12
Table 3 Contact Rating for All Relays 12
Table 4 Operating Data for All Relays 13
Table 5 Operating Data for Relays with Intermittent Ratings 13
Table 6 Test Requirements for the Various External Connection Groups of a Relay System . . .18
APPENDIXES
A P P E N D I X A S W C Test Supporting Evidence and Bibliography 21
A l Supporting Evidence 21
A 2 Bibliography 22
APPENDIX FIGURES
Fig A l Typical SWC Test Circuit 21
Fig A 2 Control Circuit Transient Data 22
APPENDIX FIGURES
Fig B l (a) Operating Characteristic of Distance Relays; (b) Operating Characteristics
of Distance Relays that are Inherently Directional 25
Fig B 2 Relationship of Relay Operating Time for Electromechanical Relays 26
Fig B 3 Typical Operating Characteristic Curve Shapes of Various Inverse-Time Relays 26
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An American National Standard
IEEE Standard Relays and
Relay Systems Associated with
Electric Power Apparatus
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ANSI/IEEE
C37.90-1978 R E L A Y S A N D R E L A Y SYSTEMS ASSOCIATED
flow relay
frequency relay
blinder relay
power relay
conductance relay
pressure relay
definite minimum-time relay
temperature relay
definite-time relay
vibration relay
differential relay
voltage relay.
directional-overcurrent relay
4 . 3 Classification of Relays by Operating Prin directional-power relay
ciples or Structures. Protective and other relays
directional relay
may be identified by reference to operating
distance relay
principles or structural features. Relays classi
frequency relay
fied in this way include:
ground relay
balance relay high-speed relay
current-balance relay impedance relay
electrically reset relay inverse-time relay
electromagnetic relay lens relay
electromechanical relay linear-impedance relay
gas-accumulator relay m h o relay
gas-pressure relay modified-impedance relay
hand-reset relay negative-phase-sequence relay
harmonic-restraint relay neutral relay
latching relay open-phase relay
mechanically reset relay overcurrent relay
multirestraint relay overexcitation relay
notching relay overload relay
percentage-differential relay overvoltage relay
phase-sequence relay phase-balance relay
product relay phase comparison relay
replica temperature relay phase relay
restraint relay phase-reversal relay
self-reset relay phase-undervoltage relay
solid-state relay positive-phase-sequence relay
static relay power relay
sudden-pressure relay rate-of-change relay
thermal relay. reactance relay
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ANSI/IEEE
WITH ELECTRIC POWER A P P A R A T U S C37.90-1978
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ANSI/IEEE
C37.90-1978 R E L A Y S A N D R E L A Y SYSTEMS ASSOCIATED
10
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ANSI/IEEE
WITH ELECTRIC POWER A P P A R A T U S C37.90-1978
( 3 ) Excessive dust, abrasive dust, or magnetic 6 . 3 . 3 The maximum design voltage or cur
dust rent for all relays except as noted in 6 . 3 . 4 shall
( 4 ) Steam be equal to the rated voltage or current of the
( 5 ) Explosive mixtures of dust or gases relay.
( 6 ) Salt air 6 . 3 . 4 The maximum design voltage for dc
( 7 ) Abnormal shock, vibration, and seismic auxiliary relays, and for any power supply or
disturbances auxiliary relay circuits with dc voltage ratings,
( 8 ) Unusual transportation or storage condi
tions
( 9 ) Extreme temperature or sudden change in
Table 1
temperature
Maximum Design Voltage for dc
( 1 0 ) Oil vapors
Auxiliary Relays
( 1 1 ) Extreme variations of supply voltage.
24 28
6 . Ratings
48 56
125 140
6 . 1 Standard Current and Voltage Ratings for 250 280
Relays. The standard current and voltage rat
ings for relays shall be as follows:
11
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ANSI/IEEE
C37.90-1978 R E L A Y S A N D R E L A Y SYSTEMS ASSOCIATED
Table 3
Contact Rating for A l l Relays
24
48
125
250
60 Hz
120
240
480
12
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ANSI/IEEE
WITH E L E C T R I C P O W E R A P P A R A T U S C37.90-1978
Table 4
Operating Data for A l l Relays
Coil
Circuit Coil T y p i c a l Operating T i m e Operating ( V ) ( 6 ) ( 7 )
Volts Circuit (me) ( B ) ( 6 )
DC ( Ω ) Must Must
DC (25°C) Pickup Dropout Pickup Dropout
24
48
125
250
60Ηζ(Ω)(8)
Armature Armature
60Hz Open Closed
120
240
480
Table 5
Operating Data for Relays with Intermittent Ratings
13
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ANSI/IEEE
C37.90-1978 RELAYS A N D R E L A Y SYSTEMS ASSOCIATED
14
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ANSI/IEEE
WITH ELECTRIC POWER A P P A R A T U S C37.90-1978
tems can be generated either within the cir pedance of the surge generator used to produce
cuits to the system or induced into the circuits. the test wave shall be 1 5 0 Ω + 5 percent. The
Certain construction practices can be followed test wave is to be applied to a test specimen at
which will minimize the surges impressed upon a repetitive rate of not less than 5 0 tests per
the relay. Both the user of static relay equip second for a period of not less than 2 . 0 s.
ment and the manufacturers have a given area
N O T E : ( 1 ) All v o l t a g e and time values refer t o the
of responsibility relating to surge protection o p e n circuit c o n d i t i o n o f the surge generator. ( 2 )
of relay systems. T i m e p e r i o d a n d r e p e t i t i o n rate have been c h o s e n t o
c o v e r e q u i p m e n t w h i c h is u s e d o n 5 0 H z as well as 6 0
9.3 Surge Withstand Capability ( S W C ) Wave Hz systems.
shape and Characteristics. The S W C test wave
A schematic diagram of a typical surge gen
is an oscillatory wave, with a frequency range
erator is shown in Fig A l .
of 1.0 M H z to 1.5 M H z , voltage range of 2 . 5
kV to 3.0 kV crest value of the first half cycle 9.4 Equipment to be Tested. Equipment to be
peak, and envelope decaying to 5 0 percent of subjected to the SWC test is described below in
the crest value of the first peak in not less than general terms and is shown in Figs 1 and 2 . Be
6 μη from the start of the wave. The source im cause of variations in relay engineering nomen-
Figl
General Makeup of a Relay System with Communications or Computer
Interface, or both, Showing Points to be Subjected
to the SWC Test
RELAY SYSTEM
TRI Ρ 1
RECLOSE BLOCK ^RCUITS
RELAY BREAKER FAILUREJ
INPUT LOGIC
CURRENT<
CIRCUITS ζ
ζ
2N
DC
ι _ H POWER SUPPLY
POINTS SUBJECTED
TO SWC T E S T
+ - +
STATION OTHER
BATTERY POWER SUPPLY
(IF USED)
(INPUT POWER SUPPLY CIRCUITS)
15
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ANSI/IEEE
C37.90-1978 R E L A Y S A N D R E L A Y SYSTEMS ASSOCIATED
RELAY SYSTEM
TRIP
IOUTPUT
R E C L O S E BLOCK (CIRCUITS
RELAY B R E A K E R FAILURE ) '
INPUT
CURRENT< LOGIC
CIRCUITS 3
O
Ζ
rr
(Λ
<
ÜJ
INPUT
VOLTAGE
CIRCUITS > SIGNAL CIRCUITS
POWER SUPPLY
POINTS S U B J E C T E D
+ - + - T O SWC T E S T
STATION OTHER
BATTERY POWER SUPPLY
(IF USED)
(INPUT POWER SUPPLY CIRCUITS)
Fig 2
General Makeup of a Relay System without Communications
or Computer Interface Showing Points to be Subjected
to the SWC Test
clature, equipment definitions in this section consisting of measuring units, relay logic, com
illustrate b y example the intent of this test. munications interfaces, computer interfaces,
9.4.1 General. Transient voltages usually are and necessary power supplies (as shown in Fig
capacitively or magnetically coupled from a 1 or 2 ) .
high voltage source of electrical noise into sec 9 . 4 . 2 . 4 Signal Circuit. A n y circuit other
ondary circuits or control wiring. Since these than input voltage circuits, input current cir
voltages may appear unsuppressed across con cuits, power supply circuits, or those circuits
nection points of components associated with which directly or indirectly control power
the protective relay system, it must be deter circuit breaker operation.
mined that they will not cause a failure or a 9 . 4 . 2 . 5 Common Mode Voltage. The volt
misoperation of the system. age c o m m o n to all conductors of a group as
9.4.2 Nomenclature and Definitions. measured between that group at a given loca
9 . 4 . 2 . 1 Communications Interface Equip tion and an arbitrary reference (usually earth).
ment. A portion of a relay system (shown in 9.4.2.6 Transverse (Differential) Mode
Fig 1 ) which transmits information from the Voltage. The voltage at a given location be
relay logic to a communications link, or con tween two conductors of a group.
versely to logic, for example, audio tone equip 9.4.3 Devices to be Tested. The S W C test is
ment, a carrier transmitter-receiver when an a design test of a relay system. It is the intent
integral part of the relay system. of the SWC test to prove that a given relay sys
9 . 4 . 2 . 2 Computer Interface Equipment. A tem can operate satisfactorily without failure
device which interconnects a protective relay or misoperation when subjected to high voltage
system to an independent computer, for ex transients. The components which make up a
ample, a scanner, a buffer amplifier. relay system vary, depending on the require
9 . 4 . 2 . 3 Relay System. As assembly usually ments of the user or the system as designed by
16
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ANSI/IEEE
WITH ELECTRIC POWER A P P A R A T U S C37.90-1978
L
(I0A, 370μΗ, 2500 V)
tutes the relay system to be tested. T w o typical
arrangements of relay systems are shown in
Figs 1 and 2 . The points of application, as de
scribed in 9 . 5 . 2 , of all components of a relay
system shall be subjected to the SWC test.
9.5.1 Conditions of the Test. The tests shall N O T E : Use s h o r t lead lengths o r c o a x i a l c a b l e .
be made under usual service conditions. These
tests shall be made at the temperature attained Fig 3
under the condition of commercial testing. Application of the C o m m o n Mode Test
9 . 5 . 1 . 1 Since the S W C test is a design test
external connection groups are shown in Table
of the relay system, it is important to duplicate
6. Details of the recommended method of ap
as nearly as feasible the actual in-service condi
plying the c o m m o n mode and transverse mode
tions. Where portions of the relay system are
tests are shown in Figs 3 and 4 , respectively,
manufactured by someone other than the relay
and are discussed in 9 . 5 . 3 .
manufacturer and assembled by the user, those
9.5.3 Connection Groups. Each of the five
portions may be simulated for the relay system
groups is tested with system conditions as
test. In this case, the user shall be responsible
specified in 9 . 5 . 1 . 4 .
for tests on the complete relay system.
9 . 5 . 3 . 1 Signal Circuit Tests. Signal circuits
9 . 5 . 1 . 2 The purpose of the test is t o deter
shall be tested as follows:
mine: ( 1 ) that no component failures occur,
9 . 5 . 3 . 1 . 1 Common Mode Test. The com
and ( 2 ) that no incorrect outputs occur, such
mon mode test is required on all connection
as trip, auxiliary output, or target lamps.
groups. For this test, one terminal of the test
9 . 5 . 1 . 3 All external connections to the
generator shall be connected to each input con
relay system shall be considered in one of the
nection, or logical group of connections,
following five groups:
through coupling capacitors if specified in
(1) Signal circuits Table 6 , as shown in Fig 3. The other terminal
(2) Input current circuits of the test generator shall be connected to the
(3) Input voltage circuits surge reference of the system.
(4) Input power supply circuits 9 . 5 . 3 . 1 . 2 Transverse (Differential Mode)
(5) Output circuits Test. Transverse tests are preferred; their exclu
sion shall be stated in writing by the manufac
9 . 5 . 1 . 4 For the duration of the test, the
turer. When required, the terminals of the test
relay system, or simulated system, is to be con
generator shall be connected to the terminals
nected and energized in its normal configura
of a signal pair as shown in Fig 4 .
tion. The input voltage circuits are to be ener
gized at 1 0 0 percent rated voltage. Input cur Fig 4
rent circuits are t o be energized at 7 5 percent Application of the Transverse Mode Test
of nominal C T rating and essentially in-phase
with the respective input circuit voltage. Input TERMINALS OF RELAY
SYSTEM UNDER TEST
voltage to power supply circuits must be within
specified limits.
9.5.2 Points of Application of SWC Test. In
block diagram format, Figs 1 and 2 shows speci
fic points of application as related to the relay TEST
system configuration. Tests at these points of GENERATOR
application are considered the minimum re
quirements for equipment used in relay sys
tems. The test requirements for the various
17
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ANSI/IEEE
C37.90-1978 R E L A Y S A N D R E L A Y SYSTEMS ASSOCIATED
Table 6
Test Requirements for the
Various External Connection Groups of a Relay System
C o m m o n M o d e Test
( R e q u i r e d o n all Circuits)
I n p u t / O u t p u t Signal Circuits X X
I n p u t Current X X
Input Voltage X X
Input Power Supply(s) X X
O u t p u t Circuits
(a) Thyristor* X X
( b ) Contacts X X
9 . 5 . 3 . 2 Current Circuit Tests. With system test, one terminal of the test generator shall be
conditions as specified in 9 . 5 . 1 . 4 , all like input connected with suitable coupling (for example,
current circuits shall be surge tested as a unit. a 1 0 0 0 V , 0.1 μ¥) capacitors to each power
This is a test of the c o m m o n mode surge pro supply terminal. The other terminal of the test
tection of the system. For this test, the in generator shall be connected to the surge ref
put current circuits of a like group (that is, erence of the system. An isolating inductor (for
phase 1, phase 2 , phase 3 ) should be connected example, an R F choke rated 1 0 A , 2 5 0 0 V , 3 7 0
via suitable coupling to one terminal of the test μ Η ) shall be inserted in each source lead. Each
generator as shown in Fig 3. The other terminal power supply shall be tested if there is more
of the test generator shall be connected to the than one.
surge reference of the system. If the current 9 . 5 . 3 . 4 . 2 Transverse Mode Tests. For this
circuit has provision for the circuit residual test, the terminals of the test generator shall be
current to pass through an electrically separate connected to power supply terminals using
circuit of the relay, then these connections suitable ( 1 0 0 0 V , 0.1 /zF) coupling capacitors.
shall also be treated as an input current circuit An isolating inductor ( 1 0 A , 2 5 0 0 V , 3 7 0 μ Η )
and tested in a similar manner. Likewise, each shall be inserted in each source lead. Each pow
group of input current circuits, such as polariz er supply shall be tested if there is more than
ing circuits, shall be tested. one.
9 . 5 . 3 . 3 Voltage Circuit Tests. With system
conditions as specified in 9 . 5 . 1 . 4 all like input 9 . 5 . 3 . 5 Tests on Output Circuits. With sys
voltage circuits shall be surge tested as a unit. tem conditions as specified in 9 . 5 . 1 . 4 output
This is a test of the c o m m o n mode surge pro circuits shall be tested as follows.
tection of the system. For this test, the input 9 . 5 . 3 . 5 . 1 Common Mode Test. For this
voltage circuits of a like group (that is, phase 1, test, one terminal of the test generator shall be
phase 2 , phase 3) shall be connected via suit connected to each output connection, or
able coupling to one terminal of the test gen logical group of connections. The other
erator. The other terminal of the test generator terminal of the test generator shall be con
shall be connected to the surge reference of the nected to the surge reference of the system.
system. In a similar manner, each group of 9 . 5 . 3 . 5 . 2 Transverse Mode Test. For this
input voltage circuits, such as polarizing cir test, one terminal of the test generator shall be
cuits, shall be tested. connected to one output connection of a pair
9 . 5 . 3 . 4 Input Power Supply Tests. With or logical group and the other terminal of the
system conditions as specified in 9 . 5 . 1 . 4 , each test generator shall be connected to another
input power supply circuit shall be surge tested output connection of a pair or logical group.
as a unit. The test shall be repeated for other pairs until
9.5.3.4.1 Common Mode Tests. For this each pair has been tested.
18
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ANSI/IEEE
WITH ELECTRIC POWER A P P A R A T U S C37.90-1978
N O T E : S o m e o u t p u t circuits (that is, relay c o n t a c t s ) and in some applications carrier bursts, car
m a y n o t require surge p r o t e c t i o n ; h o w e v e r , t h e y shall
rier interruptions.
b e tested e v e n t h o u g h their o n l y link t o the s y s t e m
is through c o u p l i n g t o adjacent wiring and c o m p o n e n t s .
N O T E : S q u e l c h o p e r a t i o n is n o t c o n s i d e r e d false o r
erroneous information.
19
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Appendix A
A l . Supporting Evidence
the equipment to a continuous voltage for a
longer time, and, therefore, is potentially more
The purpose of this section is to provide
damaging to equipment.
background information on the choice of
Arguments favoring the oscillatory test are
values for the surge withstand capability
based on the observation that most field test
(SWC) test waveform.
data show clear evidence of oscillatory tran
There were four fundamental questions
sients.
which affected the working group's final
Furthermore, stray coupling of high frequen
choice of values for the SWC test. These were:
cy oscillatory transients can produce inter
(1) Are typical surges unidirectional or os
ference with equipment operation more readily
cillatory?
because of the more rapid rates of change of
(2) If surges are oscillatory, what frequen
currents and voltage produced. Therefore, it
cies are typical?
is claimed, it should be more effective in caus
(3) What practical value of crest voltage
ing possible false tripping of static relays.
should be specified?
Finally, several members expressed the
(4) What source impedance should the gen
opinion that the major concern is surges origi
erator have?
nating external to the control circuits. Ex
The following summarizes the salient points
perience has shown that these sources tend to
of the working group's discussions on each of
induce only oscillatory transients, whereas
these questions.
surge sources within the control circuits pro
Al.l Unidirectional or Oscillatory? Opinion duce both oscillatory and unidrectional surges
was somewhat divided on this point. A minor depending on circuit conditions. Hence, the
ity was in favor of a unidirectional impulse emphasis on oscillatory surges.
type waveform similar to the 1.2 X 5 0 μβ im
pulse used for high voltage insulation tests. A 1 . 2 What Frequency? It appears that the pro
The British Electrical and Allied Manufacturers posed 1.5 M H z figure was first suggested by
Association ( B E A M A ) surge test uses an im W. K. Sonnemann in June 1 9 6 4 . Apparently,
pulse waveform. Reasons supporting this posi he had measured 1 2 5 0 V crest at this frequen
tion are that it represents a more energetic cy during field tests on a 1 6 1 k V system. The
source than the oscillatory test and it subjects measurements reportedly were made on the
Fig A l
Typical SWC Test Current
5kVGAP 300 Λ
120 V CI - ± - · 0 | 5
>"τ TEST
Ll JO.TSijH •300Λ SPECIMEN
60 Hz
loo * a l o w
•VW
120 V - 7 2 0 0 V
Τ s 6 — 1 0 MS t o Vi value
Ci = m i c a t y p e
L i =; 3 turns Vi in c o p p e r t u b i n g o r equivalent o n 2Vi in
diameter f o r m
21
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ANSI/IEEE
C37.90-1978 RELAYS A N D R E L A Y SYSTEMS ASSOCIATED
secondary circuits of capacitor potential de more data became available, it became evident
vices during disconnecting switch operations. that a higher value was desirable and it was
In June 1 9 6 6 , Η . T. Seeley endorsed the 1.5 thought important t o coordinate this value
MHz figure in correspondence with R . E . with secondary circuit insulation rating. A
Dietrich. value of 2 5 0 0 V received general approval. This
Data on control circuit surges reported in figure was based on these considerations. Tech
various technical papers give frequencies from nology is now available to design circuitry ex
5.0 k H z to several megahertz. Most of these ternal to the relay to limit surges impressed on
surges were induced from various kinds of E H V the relays to a maximum of 2 . 5 k V . This value
switching operations external to the control has a crest which is slightly in excess of the
circuits. There have been some indications that relay 1.0 min dielectric test.
switching phenomena in the control circuits Actual test data shown in Fig A 2 exceed 2 . 5
themselves produce even higher frequencies, kV by substantial amounts. Because these
many megahertz, in addition to unidirectional levels would present hazards to secondary
surges. However, no data to support this indica cables and apparatus insulation as well as to
tion have been published. the relays it becomes obvious that other
Reliable data on surge waveforms are scarce. means would need to be taken to minimize
If one extracts data from the dozen or so pub their magnitude to conform with equipment
lished papers on field measurements, less than insulation ratings. It does not make sense
100 data points are obtained. Nevertheless, then to specify a relay surge test voltage
these data are useful in obtaining a general pic above insulation ratings.
ture of the range of surge characteristics. Fig
A1.4 Test Source Impedance? The first re
A 2 is a plot of such data. Crest voltage is
corded discussion of the test source imped
plotted versus frequency, one point for each
ance occurred in January 1 9 6 7 , when the
test in which both parameters were reported.
working group was considering three sub
The coordinates of the proposed S W C test are
mitted values, 5 0 , 1 5 0 , and 3 0 0 Ω . It was also
also plotted for comparison.
brought to the group's attention that the
A1.3 What Crest Voltage? Early proposals for B E A M A unidirectional test specified 4 9 5 Ω .
the SWC test originated from W. K. Sonne- After some deliberation, the value of 1 5 0 Ω
mann's suggestion of 1 2 5 0 V at 1.5 M H z . As was selected as representing a realistic com
promise.
Fig A 2 Data on this factor are rather meager and
Control Circuit Transient Data are based on measurements made at lower
frequencies, 0.1 to 0.2 M H z . They show values
Ιθ5 ranging from 5 0 to 1 0 0 Ω . Only one reference
has been found which gives data at 1.5 M H z
o ° <9 which may pertain to this question. This is a
oo oo a report by J. H . Bull of the Electrical Research
0
ft o Association, which shows data on the mea
SP sured surge impedance of various low voltage
o ° indoor power wiring systems over the fre
> 100 1\
quency range 0 . 0 0 1 to 1 0 . 0 M H z . Average
values at 1.5 M H z ranged from 5 0 to 1 0 0 Ω . If
10
these systems can be compared to usual station
control circuit wiring systems, then it would
0.OOI 0.01 0.1 I 10 100 seem that the 1 5 0 Ω value is a little on the high
FREQUENCY, MHz side, but not overly so.
O PUBLISHED DATA
Β PROPOSED SWC T E S T (BOX SHOWS
APPROXIMATE RANGES)
A2. Bibliography
N O T E : This is a p l o t o f v o l t a g e m a g n i t u d e versus fre
q u e n c y as d i s p l a y e d o n field test c a t h o d e - r a y o s c i l l o [1] B L U M E , L. F., and B E W L E Y , L. V .
grams. O n l y t h o s e data are indicated f o r w h i c h b o t h
parameters are o b t a i n e d f r o m the o s c i l l o g r a m o f the Switching Surges with Transformer
surge w a v e f o r m . Load-Ratio Control Contactors. AIEE
22
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ANSI/IEEE
WITH ELECTRIC POWER A P P A R A T U S C37.90-1978
23
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ANSI/IEEE
C37.90-1978 R E L A Y S A N D R E L A Y SYSTEMS ASSOCIATED
24
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Appendix 6
(This Appendix is not a part of A N S I / I E E E C 3 7 . 9 0 - 1 9 7 8 , American National Standard Relays and Relay Systems
Associated with Electric Power Apparatus.)
ft
(b)
FigBl
(a) Operating Characteristic of Distance Relays; (b) Operating
Characteristics o f Distance Relays that are Inherently Directional
25
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ANSI/IEEE
C37.90-1978 R E L A Y S A N D R E L A Y SYSTEMS ASSOCIATED
r NORMAL MOVEMENT OF
RELAY WHEN CURRENT
G R E A T E R T H A N PICKUP
IS A P P L I E D
Fig B 2
Relationship of Relay Operating Time for
Electromechanical Relays
C MODERATELY INVERSE
6 VERY INVERSE
G EXTREMELY INVERSE
Fig B 3
Typical Operating Characteristic Curve Shapes of
Various Inverse-Time Relays
26
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C 3 7 . 4 2 - 1 9 8 1 S p e c i f i c a t i o n s for Distribution Cutouts C 3 7 . 6 3 - 1 9 6 9 ( R 1 9 7 4 ) R e q u i r e m e n t s for A u t o m a t i c
and Fuse Links ( A N S I ) Line Sectionalizers for Alternating-Current Systems,
(includes s u p p l e m e n t C 3 7 . 6 3 a - 1 9 7 3 ) ( A N S I )
C 3 7 . 4 4 - 1 9 8 1 S p e c i f i c a t i o n s for Distribution Oil Cut
outs and Fuse Links ( A N S I ) C 3 7 . 6 6 - 1 9 6 9 ( R 1 9 7 4 ) R e q u i r e m e n t s for Oil-Filled
C a p a c i t o r Switches for Alternating-Current Systems
C 3 7 . 4 5 - 1 9 8 1 S p e c i f i c a t i o n s for Distribution Enclosed
(ANSI)
Single-Pole Air Switches ( A N S I )
C 3 7 . 8 5 - 1 9 7 2 ( R 1 9 7 8 ) Safety R e q u i r e m e n t s for X -
C 3 7 . 4 6 - 1 9 8 1 S p e c i f i c a t i o n s for P o w e r Fuses and Fuse
R a d i a t i o n Limits f o r A C High-Voltage P o w e r V a c u u m
D i s c o n n e c t i n g Switches ( A N S I )
Interrupters Used in P o w e r Switchgear (includes sup
C 3 7 . 4 7 - 1 9 8 1 S p e c i f i c a t i o n s for Distribution Fuse Dis plement C 3 7 . 8 5 a - 1 9 7 2 ) ( A N S I )
c o n n e c t i n g Switches, Fuse S u p p o r t s , and Current-
C 3 7 . 9 0 - 1 9 7 8 ( R 1 9 8 2 ) R e l a y s and R e l a y Systems As
Limiting Fuses ( A N S I )
s o c i a t e d with Electric P o w e r Apparatus ( A N S I / I E E E )
C 3 7 . 4 8 - 1 9 6 9 ( R 1 9 7 4 ) G u i d e for A p p l i c a t i o n , Opera
C 3 7 . 9 0 a - 1 9 7 4 ( R 1 9 7 9 ) G u i d e for Surge Withstand Ca
tion, and Maintenance o f Distribution C u t o u t s and
pability ( S W C ) Tests ( S u p p l e m e n t t o A N S I / I E E E
Fuse Links, S e c o n d a r y Fuses, Distribution E n c l o s e d
C37.90-1978) (ANSI/IEEE)
Single-Pole Air S w i t c h e s , P o w e r Fuses, Fuse D i s c o n
necting S w i t c h e s , and A c c e s s o r i e s ( A N S I ) C 3 7 . 9 1 - 1 9 6 7 ( R 1 9 7 9 ) G u i d e for Protective R e l a y A p
C 3 7 . 4 8 a Trial-Use Standard A p p l i c a t i o n o f Fuses in p l i c a t i o n s t o P o w e r Transformers ( A N S I / I E E E )
Enclosures ( R e v i s i o n o f S e c t i o n 8, A N S I C 3 7 . 4 7 - C 3 7 . 9 3 - 1 9 7 6 G u i d e f o r Protective R e l a y A p p l i c a t i o n s
1969) (ANSI/IEEE) o f A u d i o T o n e s o v e r T e l e p h o n e Channels ( A N S I /
C 3 7 . 5 0 - 1 9 7 3 Test P r o c e d u r e s f o r L o w - V o l t a g e A C IEEE)
P o w e r Circuit Breakers Used in Enclosures, (includes C 3 7 . 9 5 - 1 9 7 3 ( R 1 9 7 9 ) G u i d e f o r Protective Relaying
supplements C 3 7 . 5 0 a - 1 9 7 5 and C 5 7 . 5 0 b - 1 9 7 5 ) ( A N S I ) o f Utility-Consumer I n t e r c o n n e c t i o n s ( A N S I / I E E E )
C 3 7 . 5 1 - 1 9 7 9 C o n f o r m a n c e Testing o f Metal-Enclosed C 3 7 . 9 6 - 1 9 7 6 G u i d e f o r A C M o t o r P r o t e c t i o n (super
L o w - V o l t a g e A C P o w e r Circuit Breaker Switchgear As
sedes C 3 7 . 9 2 - 1 9 7 2 and C 3 7 . 9 4 - 1 9 7 2 ) ( A N S I / I E E E )
semblies ( A N S I )
C 3 7 . 9 7 - 1 9 7 9 G u i d e for Protective R e l a y A p p l i c a t i o n s
C 3 7 . 5 2 - 1 9 7 4 Test P r o c e d u r e s for L o w - V o l t a g e A C
t o P o w e r S y s t e m Buses ( A N S I / I E E E )
P o w e r Circuit P r o t e c t o r s Used in Enclosures ( A N S I )
C 3 7 . 9 8 - 1 9 7 8 Standard f o r Seismic Testing o f Relays
C 3 7 . 6 0 - 1 9 8 1 R e q u i r e m e n t s f o r Overhead, Pad M o u n t e d ,
(This standard c o m p l e m e n t s A N S I / I E E E 3 4 4 - 1 9 7 5 )
Dry Vault, and Submersible A u t o m a t i c Circuit R e
(ANSI/IEEE)
closers and Fault Interrupters f o r A C Systems ( A N S I /
IEEE) C 3 7 . 9 9 - 1 9 8 0 G u i d e f o r the P r o t e c t i o n o f Shunt Capa
c i t o r Banks ( A N S I / I E E E )
C 3 7 . 6 1 - 1 9 7 3 G u i d e for the A p p l i c a t i o n , O p e r a t i o n ,
and Maintenance o f A u t o m a t i c Circuit R e c l o s e r s C 3 7 . 1 0 0 - 1 9 8 1 Definitions for P o w e r Switchgear ( A N S I /
(ANSI/IEEE) IEEE)
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Related Standards in the C37 Series
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