Unit 5&6

AC DRIVES

 Induction motor Drives

 Stator voltage control
 Stator frequency control
 Rotor Resistance Control

 Slip Power recovery scheme

 Synchronous Motor Drives

 Voltage and current source inverters

INDUCTION MOTOR DRIVES

Three-phase induction motor are commonly used in adjustable-speed

drives (ASD).

Basic part of three-phase induction motor :

Three-phase
windings Rotor windings
• Stator
Three-
phase
supply
• Rotor
• Air gap
Stator Air gap Rotor
m T
s
AC DRIVES
AC motor Drives are used in many industrial and domestic
application, such as in conveyer, lift, mixer, escalator etc.

The AC motor have a number of advantages :

• Lightweight (20% to 40% lighter than equivalent DC motor)
• Inexpensive
• Low maintenance

The Disadvantages AC motor :

* The power control relatively complex and more expensive

There are two type of AC motor Drives :

1. Induction Motor Drives
2. Synchronous Motor Drives
The motor speed

The rotor speed or motor speed is :

m s (1 S )
NS Nm
S S m S
Where S is slip, as defined as : Or NS
S

Three-phase
windings Rotor windings

Three-
phase
supply

Stator Air gap Rotor

m T
s
 Equivalent Circuit Of Induction Motor

Three-phase
windings Rotor windings Where :
Rs is resistance per-phase of stator winding
Three-
phase Rr is resistance per-phase of rotor winding
supply
Xs is leakage reactance per-phase of the
winding stator
Stator Air gap Rotor
T Xs is leakage reactance per-phase of the
m
s winding rotor
Is Xs Rs Xr’ Xm is magnetizing reactance

Im Ir’
Rm is Core losses as a reactance

Rr’/s
Vs
Xm Rm

Stator Air gap motor

 Performance Characteristic of
Induction Motor
Is Xs Rs Xr’

Im Ir’

Rr’/s
Vs
Xm Rm

Stator Air gap motor

2
Stator copper loss : Ps cu 3 I s Rs
' '
Rotor copper loss : Pr cu 3 ( I r ) 2 Rr
2 2
V V
Core losses : Pc 3 m 3 s
Rm Rm
 Performance Characteristic of
Induction Motor

- Power developed on air gap (Power fropm stator to

rotor through air gap) : ' 2 Rr
'
Pg 3 (I r )
S '
' R
- Power developed by motor : Pd Pg Pr cu 3 ( I r ) 2 r (1 S )
S
or Pd Pg (1 S )

Pd Pd 60
- Torque of motor : Td or Td
m
2 Nm
Pg (1 S ) Pg
or
S (1 S ) s
Performance Characteristic of
Induction Motor

Input power of motor : Pi 3Vs I s cos m

Pc Ps cu Pg

Output power of motor : Po Pd Pno load

Po Pd Pno load
Efficiency :
Pi Pc Ps cu Pg
Performance Characteristic of
Induction Motor

If Pg ( Pc Ps cu )
and Pd Pno load

so, the efficiency can calculated as :

Pd Pg (1 S )
1 S
Pg Pg
 Ii Xs Rs Xr’ Is=Ir’

3 Rr' Vs2
Im Ir’ Td 2
Rr’/s '
Vs R 2
Po S s Rs r
Xs X r'
Pi S
Stator Air gap rotor

Tmax Td

Tst TL
Tm=TL
Operating point

Smax S=Sm S=0

S=1 m s
Nm =0 Nm Ns

Torque – speed Characteristic

Three region operation :
1. Motoring : 0 S 1
2. Regenerating : S 0
3. Plugging : 1 S 2
 Performance Characteristic of
Induction Motor

Starting speed of motor is m = 0 or S = 1,

3 Rr' Vs2
Starting torque of motor is : Tst
' 2
R 2
s Rs r
Xs X r'
S

d Td
Slip for the maximum torque Smax can be found by setting : 0
dS
So, the slip on maximum torque is : S max
Rr'
1
2 ' 2 2
Rs Xs X r
Performance Characteristic of
Induction Motor

3 Vs2
Torque maximum is : Tmax
2
2 s Rs Rs Xs X r' 2

And the maximum regenerative torque can be found as :

3 Vs2
Tmax
2
2 s Rs Rs Xs X r' 2

Where the slip of motor s = - Sm

 3 Rr' Vs2
Td
Speed-Torque Characteristic : 2
Rr' 2
S s Rs Xs X r'
S

' 2

For the high Slip S. (starting) ' 2 R r

Xs X r Rs
S

So, the torque of motor is : 3 Rr' Vs2

Td
' 2
S s Xs X r

3 Rr' Vs2
And starting torque (slip S=1) is : Tst
' 2
s Xs X r
For low slip S region, the motor speed near unity or synchronous
speed, in this region the impedance motor is : 2 R'
Xs X r' r
Rs
S

So, the motor torque is :

3Vs2 S
Td
s R 'r

Rr'
And the slip at maximum torque is : S max 1
2 ' 2 2
Rs Xs X r

3 Rr' Vs2
The maximum motor torque is : Td 2
'
Rr ' 2
S s Rs Xs X r
S
 Stator Voltage Control
AC
Variable
IM
Controlling Induction Motor Speed by Voltage
Sources Td
Adjusting The Stator Voltage
Vs

3 Rr' Vs2
Td 2
Rr' 2
S s Rs Xs X r'
S

Ii Xs Rs Xr’ Is=Ir’

Im Ir’

Rr’/s
Vs
Po
Pi

air
Stator rotor
gap
 Frequency Voltage Control AC
Variable
Voltage
Sources IM
Controlling Induction Motor Speed by
Adjusting The Frequency Stator Voltage Vs Td
f

3 Rr' Vs2
Td 2
Rr' 2
S s Rs Xs X r'
S Td
fs2 < fs1 < fs
Tmax

Ii Xs Rs Xr ’ Is=Ir’ Tst2

Im Ir’ Tst1
Tst TL
Vs Rr’/s
f
Po
Pi

Stator Air rotor 1

2 s
gap
S=1 S=0 S=0 S=0
m =0 fs2 fs1 fs
 Voltage/ Frequency Control AC
Variable
Voltage
Sources IM
Controlling Induction Motor Speed by
Adjusting The Frequency Stator Voltage Vs Td
f

3 Rr' Vs2
Td 2
Rr' 2
S s Rs Xs X r'
S Td
fs2 < fs1 < fs
Tmax

Ii Xs Rs Xr ’ Is=Ir’ Tst2

Im Ir’ Tst1
Tst TL
Vs Rr’/s
f
Po
Pi

Stator Air rotor 1

2 s
gap
S=1 S=0 S=0 S=0
m =0 fs2 fs1 fs
Voltage/ Frequency Control AC
Variable
Voltage
Sources IM
Controlling Induction Motor Speed by
Adjusting The Frequency Stator Voltage Vs Td
f
CONTROLLING INDUCTION MOTOR SPEED USING
ROTOR RESISTANCE
(Rotor Voltage Control)
Wound rotor induction motor applications

cranes
 CONTROLLING INDUCTION MOTOR SPEED USING
ROTOR RESISTANCE
(Rotor Voltage Control)

3 Rr' Vs2
Equation of Speed-Torque : Td 2
'
R 2
S s Rs r
Xs X r'
S

In a wound rotor induction motor, an external 3Vs2 S

Td
three-phase resistor may be connected to its s R 'r
slip rings,
RX
Stator

RX
Rotor

RX
Three-phase
supply
These resistors Rx are used to control motor starting and stopping
anywhere from reduced voltage motors of low horsepower up to
large motor applications such as materials handling, mine hoists,
cranes etc.

The most common applications are:

AC Wound Rotor Induction Motors – where the resistor is wired into the
motor secondary slip rings and provides a soft start as resistance is
removed in steps.

AC Squirrel Cage Motors – where the resistor is used as a ballast for soft
starting also known as reduced voltage starting.

DC Series Wound Motors – where the current limiting resistor is wired to

the field to control motor current, since torque is directly proportional to
current, for starting and stopping.
The developed torque may be varying the resistance Rx

The torque-speed characteristic for variations in rotor resistance

LOSSES IN INDUCTION
MOTOR
The three-phase resistor may be replaced by a three-phase diode rectifier
and a DC chopper. The inductor Ld acts as a current source Id and the DC
chopper varies the effective resistance:
Re R (1 k )
Where k is duty cycle of DC chopper

The speed can controlled by varying the duty cycle k, (slip power)

Id

Ld
D1 D3 D5
Stator

Vd GTO
Rotor R Vdc

Three-phase
supply D4 D6 D2
The slip power in the rotor circuit may be returned to the supply by
replacing the DC converter and resistance R with a three-phase full
converter (inverter)

Three-phase
supply

Id Transformer Na:Nb

Ld
D1 D3 D5 T1 T3 T5
Stator

Vd Vdc
Rotor

Slip Power D4 D6 D2 T2 T4 T6

Controlled rectifier/
Diode rectifier
inverter
VOLTAGE SOURCE INVERTER

With IGBT With SCR

CURRENT SOURCE INVERTER

With IGBT With SCR

 DIFFERENCES BETWEEN VOLTAGE
& CURRENT SOURCE INVERTERS

SL NO: VSI CSI ZSI

1. Don’t have inherent S.C Having inherent S.C Having inherent S.C
protection protection protection
2. Need high switching No need high switching No need high switching
frequency switches Devices Devices
3. Need PWM technique No need of shoot trough No need of shoot trough
with dead time protection protection
4. Low power applications High power applications Low and high power
applications
5. Works as a Buck Works as a Buck Works as a buck-boost
converter converter converter