Module Name

[Research Project]

Submitted To:

[Daw Hay Mar Naing]

Submitted By:

[Lin Htet]

[ Student ID - 2017A5563]

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“Investigation on Part-time Job Status of
University Students in Mandalay,
Myanmar”

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Abstract
The purpose of this study is to analyze the motivation of part-time work for college students from
the perspectives of psychology and sociology, and provide theoretical basis for the rationality of part-time
work for college students. The purpose of the study included understanding the proportion of part-time
jobs among college students. Understand the purpose and type of part-time work for college students.
Learn how college students often find part-time work and how they trust more. Understand the impact of
part-time work on college students, analyze the advantages and disadvantages, and make some
suggestions and opinions for college students.

Because the study was qualitative, interview data collection was used. The study population was
10 people, including 4 boys and 6 girls. These will invite researchers to interview in advance. Use of
primary data. Use questionnaires. Have students answer the researcher's request. Study participants were
randomly selected. Interview participants were selected from public places on the university campus. An
overview of respondents' learning, confidentiality agreements, and asking them to indicate their
willingness to participate.

Because research is a qualitative study in data analysis works, it is slightly different from
quantitative data, mostly because qualitative information consists of terms, thoughts, images and even
symbols. The approaches used include content analysis to analyze recorded information in the form of
documents, media or even physical objects.

Then after analyzing the data additionally, part-time college students can be seen as a kind of
social service that provides technical services through part-time employment to society. College students
now have cognitive strengths and benefits of experience. Students have learned advanced scientific
knowledge and technical information through university studies. Through the part-time employment of
college students, these advantages and information will be transmitted to the society, thereby generating
economic effects.

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 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I would like to express my special thanks of gratitude to my Research teacher

“Miss. Hay Mar Naing” for their able guidance and support in completing
my project.

I would also like to extend our supervisor “Mr. Aung Thu” and the
interviewee, Ma Lin Lin Thein, Ko Win Naing, Ma Yin Way Lwin, Ma
Hnin Hnin Kyi, Ma Khing Su Yee, Ma Htet Myint Tu, and Ko Lin Htet
for providing me with all the facility that aws required.

Last but out the least we would like to thank our family and friends for their
constant source of inspiration.

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Table of Contents
Abstract.......................................................................................................................................................3

Introduction.................................................................................................................................................5

Literature review.........................................................................................................................................5

Aims of the research....................................................................................................................................6

Objective of the research.............................................................................................................................6

Research question........................................................................................................................................6

Research methodology................................................................................................................................7

Qualitative methods.................................................................................................................................7

Mixed methodology.................................................................................................................................7

Research design.......................................................................................................................................7

Population................................................................................................................................................7

Data Collection............................................................................................................................................8

Secondary Data........................................................................................................................................8

Primary Data............................................................................................................................................8

Data Analysis..........................................................................................................................................8

Empirical Study...........................................................................................................................................8

Profile of Respondent..................................................................................................................................8

Findings & Discussions.............................................................................................................................10

Suggestions................................................................................................................................................13

Conclusion.................................................................................................................................................14

Limitation of the study..............................................................................................................................14

Appendix...................................................................................................................................................15

References.................................................................................................................................................15

Questionnaires...........................................................................................................................................16

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Introduction
The needs of social enterprises, the burden of family economy and the needs of college students'
own development have made more and more university students choose to go out of the campus, learn
knowledge, go to the society and enrich their own experience. Nowadays, university students have
become a common phenomenon in part-time work. Engaged in part-time work has almost become one of
the indispensable experiences of university students. At the same time, the problems embodied in the
part-time work of Mandalay University students have become the focus of society, schools, experts,
scholars and even college students. The University have almost 5,000 students with 22 major department.

Therefore, how to guide University students to engage in part-time work reasonably and safely is
not only related to the healthy development of university students' physical and mental health, but also to
the realization of the goal of building a harmonious society in Myanmar. This study aims to analyze the
motivation of university students' part-time employment from the perspective of psychology and
sociology, and provide a theoretical basis for the rationality of university students' part-time employment.
At the same time, on the basis of the group of university students, through the form of questionnaires, to
understand the current situation, motives and problems in the process of part-time work of college
students in Myanmar, to explore the causes of various problems, and to propose corresponding
countermeasures on the basis of this, for the relevant departments Develop more appropriate
countermeasures.

Literature review
The balance between work and life is a concept that is not unique to a country or industry and is
common in many developing and developed countries and in all occupations. [CITATION AKD06 \l
2052 ]. First define the terms “work” and “life” and then discuss recent focus shifts to extend the concept
of work-life balance, including those who do not have strong results in the discourse.

A research report from a Chinese student, describe that the school set up a special college
student part-time consulting service organization. In his report the government increase the supervision of
part-time college students. According to [ CITATION JNT08 \l 2052 ] the government and the society
deal with certain responsibilities for the problems of the part-time phenomenon of college students.

Looking that in Myanmar, the university should open up resources inside and outside the school
and provide more work-study jobs. Since the expansion of enrollment in colleges and universities, there

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have been more and more students. For students who are relatively difficult, the problems of less work-
study jobs and insufficient funds in the university are particularly prominent.

With the development of education, especially after the higher education has entered the stage of
popularization, the increasingly scarce educational resources can no longer meet the needs of the society.
The higher education charging system was born in this environment. However, since the expansion of
higher education in 1999, university tuition has entered a period of rapid growth. The director of the
Center for Economic Research said that from 1993 to 1997, the growth rate of tuition at the University of
Myanmar was 27.65%. In 1999, the average annual tuition fee for colleges and universities increased to
609,000 kyats, an increase of 40.3% over 1998. At that time, tuition fees for public funds for general
higher education in the country also accounted for 13%. Correct. Subsequently, tuition fees soared at
hundreds or even thousands of dollars per year until the average tuition fee in 2000 reached around
1,000,000 kyats. Accommodation fees have also increased. Almost all of the four or five thousand kyats
of dormitory have risen to more than 100,000 kyats. [ CITATION Ros19 \l 2052 ]

Increasing tuition and living expenses exceed the affordability of most families, which also
makes more and more college students have to take part in work-study program or find part-time jobs
outside school to alleviate the heavy financial burden of their families. Although part-time pay outside
cannot completely solve the problem of tuition and living expenses, it is undeniable that part-time work
time is flexible and will not conflict with normal life and learning. Therefore, moderate part-time
functions can alleviate the economic pressure of students and their families to a certain extent.

Aim of the research

This study aims to analyze the motivation of college students' part-time employment from the
perspective of psychology and sociology, and provide a theoretical basis for the rationality of college
students' part-time employment.

Objectives of the research

1. Understand the proportion of part-time jobs among college students.
2. Understanding the Purpose and Types of Part-time Jobs of College Students
3. Understand which ways the college students often find part-time jobs and which ways they trust
more.
4. Understand the impact of part-time jobs on College students, analyze the advantages and
disadvantages, and put forward some suggestions and views to college students.

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Research question
 Basic information of university students (gender, grade, place of origin)
 Whether college students have part-time experience?
 Whether part-time jobs are related to their majors?
 What are the Reasons and purposes of part-time jobs?
 What is the time of part-time jobs and sources of part-time information?
 What the income and control of part-time jobs?
 Problems and Solutions in Part-time Work Period Problems in Part-time Work of College Student
and Policies.
 College students’ views on part-time jobs and parents' views on them.

Research methodology
Qualitative research is a type of social science research that collects and works with non-
numerical data and that seeks to interpret meaning from these data.

Research design
Use of qualitative research as the study is in the view of the high awareness of exploratory work
required and this study need to collects and works with non-numerical data and that seeks to interpret
meaning from these. Qualitative research design further enables the study to seek in-depth information
that cannot be answered by investigation alone. Qualitative research gives researchers insight into how
students achieve work-life balance. The level of detail obtained through design enhances the credibility of
this strategy. [ CITATION Adi19 \l 2052 ]

Population
For this research Respondents are the students in the Mandalay University. But in there almost
5,000 students are contain. There are many methods to calculate the sample size of the population. Of
these many methods here is a suitable method for the undergraduate students. As the research is a
qualitative method then the interview data collection is used the population for the study is set on
respondents of 10 which include 4 males and 6 females. These all will pre invite from the researcher to
interview.

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Data Collection
Secondary Data
The Study uses and collect historical records of the work and life of an undergraduate sitting. The
document of the study related to the purpose of this article including research and statistics on Education
in Myanmar, including student fees and usage surveys, and the Student Loan Program in Myanmar.

Primary Data
For primary data the study use of Questionnaire interview method. The study participants were
randomly selected and pre invite to them. Interview participants are selected from a public place on a
college campus. The respondents were outlined to study, confidentiality agreements, and asked to show a
willingness to participate.

Data Analysis
As the research is a qualitative research in data analysis works it is a little differently from
quantitative data, primarily because qualitative data is made up of words, observations, images and even
symbols. In that the methods use include content analysis which function is to analysis documented
information in the form of texts, media or even physical items. Then use of discourse analysis methods, is
used to analyze interactions with people [ CITATION HWD19 \l 2052 ].

Empirical Study

Profile of Respondents
The survey was started from September 1, 2019. As the survey is a qualitative research, the
number of respondents is almost 7, at fist the number of respondents must be 10 but 3 of them something
come out and haven’t been interviewed.

The responses were analysis Firstly, gender, age, education, income per month, marital status
and number of family member. In that interview includes2 male and 5 females. In the list of age, it
includes one in 18-year-old, four are above which between 18-20, then two above 20. All of them are
single.

As the study is the research of pat time between college student so the education of all of them
are undergraduate and all are in work, whose income per month are between 1 lakh and 5 lakhs. In details
six of them salaries are between 1-3 lakh kyats, then one’s are between 3-5 lakh kyats. Look for their

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family member three of them have 2 to 4 family member and 4 of them have almost 5 or more family
members.

The above data are all collect by the interview method form each of them and analysis in words.
The summarized can be seen on Table-1.

Table-1 Profile of Respondent

Variables Number of People Percentage

Gender
 Male 2 28.56%
 Female 5 71.44%

Age
 18 1 14.28%
 18-20 4 57.15%

 20-22 2 28.57%

Education
 Undergraduate 7 100%
 Graduate 0 0%

Income Per Month

 100,000 Kyats 0 0%
 100,001-300,000 Kyats 6 85.71%

 300,001-500,000 Kyats 1 14.29%

Marital Status
 Single 7 100%
 In a relationship 0 0%

Number of Family
 2-4 3 42.85%
 5 and above 4 57.15%

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Findings & Discussions
The findings of the survey are described in the collection of the same and different factors
between each interviewee. These all are depending on the questions that asked on them.

First of all, the purpose of part-time college students is diverse. According to a questionnaire
interview, the main purpose of part-time employment for college students is also diverse. Most people
are for earning income, reducing family burdens or providing daily expenses for themselves, some are for
cultivating personal ability and improving practice level to get work experience and prepare for
employment, make friends and increase social knowledge. In addition, some people feel that they have
plenty of time to do nothing. From these data, we can know that college students are not doing part-time
jobs just to "make money", there are many other reasons why they choose to do part-time jobs.

Then, there are various types of part-time jobs for college students, and their professional skills
are low. Some college students who have participated in part-time work have been tutors. This is because
students are willing to move to teacher positions after graduation and use free time as part-time tutors.
They can not only exercise their teaching skills and professional skills, but also earn pocket money. Of
people have been promoters. Students have a large number of weekends and holidays, and they do not
conflict with the students' extracurricular time. Therefore, the students interviewed have experience in
sales promotion.

They have also worked as catering waiters. Then there are students who have distributed leaflets.
Others, such as cashiers, operators, volunteers, and school workers are less likely to study. Therefore, it
seems that the types of part-time jobs for college students today are diverse and diverse, but from a
technical point of view, they are relatively low. For normal students, only tutors can be regarded as
professional counterparts and can use what they have learned. In actual work, it helps to improve their
professionalism, but the proportion is not large.

On the question of “what kind of part-time job are you more willing to do if conditions permit”,
most people choose the higher income and then work safely, such as teachers and waiters.

Although there are many types of part-time jobs for students, most of the part-time jobs for
students are promoters, distribution leaflets, catering waiters, etc. These part-time jobs basically have no
technical content, just simple repetitive operations, which shows that college students are engaged in part-
time jobs. The technical content is low. When investigating the degree of part-time and professional
relevance of the students who have done part-time: Nothing makes up 70.60% of the total number,

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accounting for almost half of the students who have been part-time, and only 2 people are closely related,
and most of these Classmates are engaged in part-time jobs related to disciplines, such as tutoring.

Methods and channels for obtaining part-time information. After analyzing the questionnaire, it is
found that in this era of information explosion, there are various ways for college students to find part-
time jobs. 70% of students find part-time jobs through the Internet. This is because college students
nowadays basically use a computer to search online. Part time is very convenient. 9% of students are
looking for part-time jobs through campus posters.

Usually, it is not difficult to find that there are often many posters posting part-time information
on campus. It is worth mentioning that 20% of students do part-time jobs through teacher or classmate
introductions, which fully reflects the importance of networking in future work. Compared with websites
and campus posters, most of the employers in the talent market are recruiting long-term full-time staff.
They do not have many part-time positions, so college students must find a satisfactory part-time job in
the talent market. It is not easy, so only 1% of the talent market is selected, which is the least used
method.

Then interview on college students earn lower part-time income. By comparing the "expected
part-time daily income" and "actual part-time daily income" of the students, we can know that the income
of the part-time workers is usually low and belongs to the cheap labor type. Most of the actual part-time
daily income of college students is concentrated in the two levels of 1,000 Kyat and "1500-2000 Kyats",
while the expected part-time daily income is concentrated above 3,000 Kyat.

The part-time employment of college students has a greater impact on students' academics and
the process of part-time employment lacks corresponding guarantees. We know that the main task of
students in school is to study. It usually takes a lot of time to study the course. Besides the classroom
study, there is a lot of extra-curricular time to study, so not much time is available to students at school.
And according to the daily income of the part-time students, we can know that if the part-time income
increases, it will take more time.

According to the questionnaire survey, more than half of the students will choose to work part-
time on weekends, and more will do vacation work during the winter and summer vacations. But students
doing part-time jobs are not limited to these extracurricular hours. When they face conflicts between part-
time and class time, some students choose to give up part-time, but still 2% of students choose to skip
classes to part-time. So, when asked, "Do you think that part-time employment will affect your studies?".
2% of students think that part-time work has a great impact on their studies. It can be seen that the more

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time you devote to part-time work, the less time you spend studying, and the greater the impact on your
studies.

There have two which working hours are in the same from afternoon 1 pm to 6 pm. As they live
in school department the closing time is at night 9 pm. So, for doing work they have to leave from school
at 12 o’clock, which the same they just attendance for half of school time. For that have need to
attendance for extra time in school from 9 to 12 every Sunday. But the work they do is on difference. One
of them is a seller of beauty store then other is a waiter of a coffee shop. Both of them all are female and
age is around 20. The salaries of them are all in 2,000 kyat per hour.

It is undeniable that part-time college students have eased some students 'economic difficulties,
can increase students' social experience, and exercise their social practice abilities. However, through
questionnaire surveys, we have found that students still encountered a series of problems during the part-
time process. The data shows that the biggest problem encountered by university students part-time is the
lack of security. The main reason is that many students choose to work part-time at night, such as
speaking staff, host teachers, etc. These have made it safe for students to return to school after part-time.
A very important question.

Some students encountered wage arrears during part-time employment; some students
encountered intermediary fraud; and some students sometimes encountered part-time employment
conflicts with learning. This difficulty has been explained earlier, and students may be at the same time
Several part-time jobs resulted in no time to take care of study; some students encountered "lack of social
experience, problems encountered in work cannot be resolved in a timely manner", this is more because
they did not accept the corresponding Part-time training, so that problems encountered in the work cannot
be resolved in a timely and effective manner.

Part-time college students, whether in the past or present, at home or abroad, have never stopped.
Judging from the number of part-time jobs for college students and their impact on schools, society, and
individual students, part-time jobs for college students also have their positive factors.

Part-time college students can exercise their social practice abilities. Through part-time work, the
theory is linked to reality, and the theoretical knowledge obtained in the classroom is applied to practice,
so as to exercise their social practical ability. Of course, the knowledge of the students in the school has
not been completely systematic, but letting them know the role of the system knowledge through part-
time work, and also gradually established the internal relationship between the knowledge they have
learned in practice and the knowledge learned in school. In the part-time process, more theoretical or

13
practical problems are usually encountered. If the school or the teacher can guide them correctly, this will
definitely have a positive effect on the students' professional learning.

Part-time college students can serve society. Generally speaking, universities have three major
functions: talent training, scientific research, and social services. Recruiting and training college students
is the university's first major function and talent training. Then training talents is useful. Part-time college
students can also be regarded as a kind of social service, which brings technical services to society
through part-time employment. At present, college students have intellectual advantages and knowledge
advantages. Through university studies, students have mastered advanced scientific knowledge and
technical information. Through the part-time employment of college students, these advantages and
information will be transmitted to the society, thereby generating economic effects.

Part-time college students can promote education and teaching reform. By understanding the part-
time activities of college students, college counselors and front-line teachers can investigate and analyze
the social adaptability and employability of their college students and the changing social needs, so that
colleges and universities can and should Adjust professional directions, teaching methods, and teaching
content in a timely manner, and formulate reasonable personnel training programs.

Suggestions
College students should establish the correct concept of part-time employment. The ultimate goal
of part-time employment for college students is to improve themselves. As college students in the new era
of the 21st century, we must fully realize that the purpose of part-time work is not only to make money,
but also that the ultimate purpose of doing part-time work is to enrich ourselves and improve ourselves,
and to take this opportunity to widely contact and understand society and ultimately serve the society. .
College students should handle the relationship between part-time work and study.

Students must focus on learning, supplemented by part-time work, and should not waste their studies
because of part-time employment. Only by properly handling the relationship between part-time work and
learning can the advantages of such part-time work outweigh the disadvantages. College students should
strengthen their awareness of self-prevention and legal protection. College students have not yet stepped
out of campus, and their social experience is relatively lacking. Numerous examples of college students
being deceived during part-time employment are numerous. College students must have an extra line of
defense in their thinking and be vigilant. When self-interest is infringed, legal means and proper channels
should be resorted to, and one should not just swallow their voices or act with anger.

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 The government should increase supervision on part-time employment of college students. The
government and the society must cope with the problems of part-time employment of college students.
The state, politics, and law should revise and improve corresponding laws and regulations to protect the
personal rights and interests of college students engaged in part-time work, such as stipulating the
minimum salary for part-time work. Establish a special department in the vocational institution to assist
part-time college students, pay attention to providing legal protection from the dual perspectives of labor
security and social concern, and ensure the personal safety and mental health of college students.

Conclusion
In recent years, part-time employment for college students has become a common phenomenon in
universities. Part-time work has brought many problems that cannot be ignored while exercising the
ability of college students. This article surveys and interviews some students of Myanmar University.
Analyze the current situation of part-time university students, the positive factors of part-time university
students, and some problems caused by part-time university students. Finally, based on this, aim at the
methods and strategies for students, schools and the government to solve the problem of part-time
employment. Establish the correct concept of part-time employment; schools should strengthen the
guidance and management of part-time employment of college students; the government should increase
the supervision of part-time employment of college students.

College students lack self-management. At present, more and more students are doing part-time
jobs, which has led to those students who are not doing part-time jobs to gradually chase part-time jobs.
However, we know that time is limited and students' energy is also limited. Learning and part-time work
is like having a fish and a bear's paw. It is found through surveys that more than half of people think that
part-time work affects college students more or less. Study. When class time conflicts with part-time,
most students have experienced skipping classes to part-time. From these data, we can know that the lack
of self-behavior management ability of college students is also a more important reason for college
students' excessive pursuit of part-time jobs.

Limitation and Needs for Future Studies

For the limitation of the research, as the research is about the university students’ part-time job,
we have met some difficulties like closing university after the exam and in the closing date like
international holiday and other events, the interview process is difficult to work on. In that the cause we
face is as the population of the interviewee must be 10 and because of the limitations we just interview for
7. Although the data can be use but more information can as good as few.

15
 Then for the future studies, it can be added more research methodology like quantitative method
or mixed methodology. And the research respondent can also be widely selected which can be study for
part time situation of graduated and daily employees. Then need to more prepare about the study as to
reduce unnecessary limitations.

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References
AKDERE, 2006. Improving quality of work-life: Implications for human resources. In: T. B. Review, ed.
The Business Review ed. s.l.:s.n., pp. 173-177.

Bhat, A., 2019. Question Pro. [Online]

Available at: https://www.questionpro.com/blog/research-design/

Bryman, 2007. Business Research Methods. 2nd ed ed. s.l.:Oxford University Press.

Creswell, 2007. Designing and conducting mixed methods research. Califorina: Sage Publications, Inc.

Education, J., 2008. International Student Mobility in East Asia. [Online]

Available at: http://www.eahep.org.

HWD, 2019. How To Write Qualitative Data Analysis. [Online]

Available at: https://helpwithdissertation.com/blog/how-to-write-qualitative-data-analysis/

Metro, R., 2019. We Need to Talk about the Consultancy Industry in Educational Development,
Naypyitaw: s.n.

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Appendices

Questionnaires
This Questionnaires are asked based on the title of “Investigation on
Part-time Job Status of University Students in Mandalay, Myanmar” in
the proportion of work life balance. You can answer on Burmese. Thanks a
lot for giving time to fill these questions

1. Name_________________________________________________________________
2. Contact No ____________________________________________________________
3. In which field you are working
______________________________________________________________________
4. Position _______________________________________________________________
5. Age
O 18
O 19-20
O 21-23
6. Education
O Undergraduate
O Graduate
7. Income per month
O 100,000 Kyats
O 100,001-300,000 Kyats
O 300,001-500,000 Kyats
8. Marital Status
O Married
O Single
9. Number of family member
O 2-4
O 5 and above

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10.In which special time you always do a part time jobs? (For example:

Summer Holidays.

11.How do you often find your part time works and which types you often

focus ？

12.Please lists the common requirements to get the jobs?

13.What are your future plans and How do you achieve them?

14.How do you plan to replace your exercising and sleeping time?

15.How do you plan to undo your stress and which make you become stress?

16.How will you get more private time and what you do in that time?

17.Describe the parents’ views on part time jobs.

18.Share one of the experiences that you meet during the part time job and how

You solve it.

19.Describe the reasons and purposes of part-time jobs you have taken.

Sign _____________

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