Seismic Assessment of Masonry Walls of the Basilica

of Immaculada Concepcion in Batangas City: Static

Linear and Time History Finite Element Analysis

by

Rhea S. de Ocampo
BS Civil Engineering
Batangas State University, 2003

A Thesis Paper Submitted to the School of Graduate Studies

In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree

Master of Science in Civil Engineering

Major in Structural Engineering

Mapua Institute of Technology

December 2016
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

First of all the author would like to thank our Lord God for giving her this life with

such grace, blessings, knowledge and opportunity to do and finish this research study, to His

only begotten son our savior Jesus Christ for giving her another opportunity to redeem her

self after and each and every fall- may His holy name may always be praised, and to the

Holy Spirit for always guiding her in the course of her research paper. To Our Blessed

Mother who has inspired the author to make this research study of the church in honor of her

name.

The author would also like to thank the following people:

To her family who’s always there to support her, especially to her parents who has

helped her financially during those early times that she is starting her master’s study. To inay

who always prepare her breakfast before going to Manila at 4am in the morning to catch up

with her class at 7am. To tatay and his never ending question on where she parked her car.

To Archbishop Ramon Arguelles of the Archdiocese of Lipa, for allowing the

author to conduct study on the subject church

To the CEO/founder Engineworx, Michael Tsappas who has done a lot for this

research study. His selfless willingness to share his knowledge and skills were greatly

appreciated. Thank you for trusting and helping someone in need from the other side of the

world.

iii
 To the author’s adviser Dr. Joseph Berlin P. Juanzon, for being supportive to her

anytime anywhere she needs his advice. The author would also like to thank the panels for

sharing their knowledge and time for making this study possible.

To Batangas State University especially the Civil Engineering department for

allowing the author to use the surveying instruments for her study. To Engr. Erwin Rafael

Cabral and some BatStateU students for helping her to conduct site survey and

measurements needed for this study.

Most importantly to the author’s loving and ever supportive fiancé Guy Stevenson

for being her inspiration and helping her do the grammar editing. His encouragement,

support, patience, and undying love is greatly appreciated and acknowledged.

Rhea S. de Ocampo

iv
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

TITLE PAGE i

APPROVAL PAGE ii

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT iii

TABLE OF CONTENTS v

LIST OF TABLES vii

LISTS OF FIGURES viii

ABSTRACT x

Chapter 1: INTRODUCTION 1

Chapter 2: REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE 9

2.1 Masonry 9

2.2 Finite element method 13

2.2.1 Finite element Model 14

2.3 Static linear analysis 15

2.4 Time history analysis 17

2.4.1 Ground motions 17

2.4.2 Recorded ground motions 18

2.5 Seismic analysis 21

2.6 Related research 25

2.7 Synthesis 27

Chapter 3: SEISMIC ASSESSMENT: STATIC LINEAR AND TIME HISTORY

FINITE ELEMENT ANALYSIS 29

Abstract 29

Introduction 29

v
 3.1 Methodology 29
3.1.1 Research method 30

3.1.2 Gathering of data 30

3.1.2.1 Geometric data 30

3.1.2.2 Material property 31

3.1.2.3 Geotechnical property 31

3.1.3 Finite element model 32

3.1.4 Seismic analysis 32

3.2 Results and Discussions 34

3.2.1 Geometry and materials 34

3.2.2 Finite element model 41

3.2.3 Seismic analysis 43

3.2.3.1 Static linear analysis 43

3.2.3.2 Time history analysis 45

3.2.4 Comparison of results 56

3.3 Conclusion 59

References 61

Chapter 4: CONCLUSION 65

Chapter 5: RECOMMENDATION 67

REFERENCES 68

APPENDICES 72

vi
 LIST OF TABLES

Table 2.1: Mechanical parameters of masonries 13

Table 3.1: Mechanical properties of coral 38

Table 3.2: Maximum and minimum stress in percent time for the main structure 46
Table 3.3: Maximum and minimum stress in percent time for the façade 47

vii
 LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 1.1: Original façade of the church (taken 1940) 4

Figure 1.2: Collapsed of the façade in 1942 4
Figure 1.3: New façade of the church taken 1945 5
Figure 1.4: Façade of the Basilica of the Immaculate Concepcion 5
Figure 1.5: History of the building structure of the basilica of the
Immaculada Concepcion 6

Figure 2.1: List of mortar samples found in archeological sites 10

Figure 2.2(a-d): Different types of buttress used as support against lateral forces 11
Figure 2.3(a-c): Typical Finite Element 14
Figure 2.4: Finite element model 15
Figure 2.5: Ground motion data for El Centro earthquake 19
Figure 2.6: Ground motion data for Northbridge earthquake 20
Figure 2.7: Examples of earthquake ground motion data from
different parts of the world 21
Figure 2.8(a-d): Comparison of different methods in seismic analysis 23

Figure 3.1: Schematic diagram of the process that will be used

in the assessment 33
Figure 3.2: Floor plan of the basilica as drawn in 1883 34
Figure 3.3: Section of the basilica drawn in 1883 35
Figure 3.4(a-e): Plan, left, right and front view of the basilica 36
Figure 3.5: Distribution of Active Faults and Trenches in the Philippines 40
Figure 3.6(a-d): Plan, left, right and rear view of the finite element model 41
Figure 3.7(a-b): Distribution of stresses in isometric view (Static analysis) 44
Figure 3.8: Distribution of stresses in the façade (Static analysis) 45
Figure 3.9(a-b): Distribution of stresses at the main structure in X direction
at 40% of the time of acceleration 48
Figure 3.10(a-b): Distribution of stresses at the main structure in Y direction
at 100% of the time of acceleration 49
Figure 3.11(a-b): Distribution of stresses at the main structure in Z direction
at 100% of the time of acceleration 50
Figure 3.12(a-b): Distribution of stresses at the façade in X direction
at 60% of the time of acceleration 51
Figure 3.13(a-b): Distribution of stresses at the faced in Y direction
at 60% of the time of acceleration 51
Figure 3.14(a-b): Distribution of stresses at the façade in Z direction
at 60% of the time of acceleration 52
Figure 3.15(a-c): Deformation of main structure and façade at X direction 53
Figure 3.16(a-c): Deformation of main structure and façade at Y direction 54
Figure 3.17(a-c): Deformation of main structure and façade at Z direction 55
Figure 3.18: Linear static and maximum and minimum time history analysis
base reaction at X direction for the main structure and façade 56
Figure 3.19: Linear static and maximum and minimum time history analysis

viii
 base reaction at Y direction for the main structure and façade 57
Figure 3.20: Linear static and maximum and minimum time history analysis
base reaction at Z direction for the main structure and façade 58

ix
 ABSTRACT

On October 15, 2013 a 7.2 magnitude earthquake struck Bohol and Cebu, claiming
lives as well as destroying several historical buildings, many of which were churches built
over centuries ago. This shows the vulnerability of century old structures that could be a risk
to human lives and property. The Basilica of the Immaculate Concepcion located in Batangas
city, is a massive masonry structure that was build in 1857. This study will present the
seismic assessment of the structure of the Basilica of the Immaculate Conception in Batangas
City. In this paper the historical sketch of the basilica’s structure and the geometrical and
mechanical properties of the materials used in its construction will be presented. An in-situ
survey of the church structure will be conducted to produce a more accurate model of the
church. Static linear and dynamic nonlinear (Time History Analysis) finite element methods
were used in the seismic analysis of the basilica using the structural analysis program
SAP200 version 17. Finally, the results of this research and recommendations will be
presented at the end of this study.

Keywords: century old church; finite element model; static linear analysis; seismic analysis;
time history analysis; finite element method; nonlinear dynamic analysis

x
 Chapter 1

INTRODUCTION

On October 15, 2013, a 7.2 magnitude earthquake struck Bohol and Cebu, claiming

lives as well as destroying several historical buildings, many of which were churches built

over a century ago. Some of these churches include San Pedro Apostol in Loboc, Our Lady

of Light in Loon, and Santa Cruz Parish Church in Maribojoc (Ranada P, 2013).In another

example, the façade and bell tower of Our Lady of the Immaculate Concepcion basilica in

Baclayon was completely destroyed. Other churches in Loay, Dauis, Dimiao, and Tubigon

also suffered heavy damage (Ranada, 2013). The damage to these buildings indicates that not

only are there structural vulnerabilities within these historical structures, but also these

structural vulnerabilities make for a potentially hazardous situation with regard to human

lives and property.

The Basilica of the Immaculate Concepcion, located in Batangas city, is a massive

masonry structure that was build in 1857. During construction, it was designed to withstand

vertical loads; however, with slender walls, lack of horizontal structures, weak or nonexistent

connections among structural elements, and an absence of effective tie-rods to absorb arch

truss (Gentilini et al., 2013) puts the basilica at significant risk severe damage and/or total

destruction after an earthquake. These aspects, in addition to poor material performance,

especially in tensile stress mode (Gentilini, 2012), are among the reasons why historical

churches often collapse during earthquakes.

1
 2

The structural analysis of a new masonry building is a relatively simple task, whereas

the assessment of the seismic vulnerability of an ancient masonry building is more

challenging because of the many uncertainties affecting the geometrical and the mechanical

characteristics of the structural elements (Casarin et al., 2006). Each masonry building is

characterized by its own history and its actual configuration which includes the result of

fusions, additions, and replacements of many structural elements. Thus, a correct structural

analysis of a historic building requires extensive knowledge of: (a) the building’s history and

its evolution across time; (b) its geometry; (c) its structural details; (d) cracking pattern(s)

and damage map; (e) its masonry construction techniques(Sevirio et al.,1997; Laurenco,

2002)

Knowledge of the material properties is required for an analysis of a structure;

however, the difficulties in obtaining data for characterization of materials are a challenge for

a structural engineer. In-situ and laboratory experiments could be conducted for the

necessary data, however, due to difficulties in obtaining complete information for a proper

definition of a numerical model makes it necessary in some cases to perform simplified,

often iterative, procedures for the evaluation of a static and the seismic reliability (Beti et al.,

2010). Hence, it is advisable that structural engineers address the relevant aspects of the

problem and provide guidance in analyses and experiments (Beti et al., 2010).

Throughout history dozens of researchers and structural engineers have researched,

studied, and have analyzed old masonry structures. In Italy, for example, where earthquakes

are often severe, most researchers have focused on the preservation of historical masonry

structures. In a similar fashion, this paper will present a seismic analysis of the Basilica of the
 3

Immaculate Concepcion in Batangas City Philippines with the eventual hope that future

preservation efforts will include making it more structurally stable. It will also include a

historical sketch of the basilica’s structure and the geometrical and mechanical properties of

the materials used in its construction. Static linear and dynamic nonlinear finite element

methods were used in the analysis of the basilica. The specific assumption, based on

available research and literature of the material properties, will also be considered during the

analysis, as well. Static linear and nonlinear time history analysis was performed using

SAP2000 version 17 engineering software. Finally, the results of this research and a

recommendation will be presented at the end of this study.

The Basilica of the Immaculate Concepcion in Batangas is one of the oldest

Catholic houses of worship in the province. It is located in the heart of Batangas City amid

schools, offices, and business establishments. “The first basilica was built in 1581 during

Father Diego Mojica’s (Augustinian Pastor of Calapan, Mindoro) tenure. The construction of

the second basilica began as early as 1672 and was built piece-by-piece with large slabs of

stone and included entire pillars and columns made of molave. The first nave of the basilica

was completed in 1686, and a crucera was added in 1706. Construction of the entire second

basilica was completed in 1721. Over the course of time Immaculate Concepcion basilica

remained relatively undamaged, even after several earthquakes that had occurred since the

completion of its construction. In 1851 it was torn down to accommodate an increasing

population of parishioners. The construction effort was completed in1857” (34th Batangas

City Foundation Anniversary Souvenir Program 2003).The original façade of the church is

shown in Figure 1.1. In 1942, the façade collapsed (Figure 1.2)after a typhoon and was

rebuilt using the same materials. Figure 1.3 shows the new façade after construction repairs.
 4

Figure 1.4 shows the facade of the Basilica in the present day. Figure 1.5 shows the history

of the basilica’s building structure.

Figure 1.1Original façade of the church taken 1940 (Batangas City Museum)

Figure 1.2 Collapsed of the façade in 1942 (Batangas City Museum)

 5

Figure 1.3 New façade of the church taken 1945(Batangas City Museum)

Figure 1.4 Façade of the Basilica of the Immaculate Concepcion

 6

Figure 1.5 Shows the history of the building structure of the basilica of the Immaculada
Concepcion

The Basilica of Immaculate Concepcion, as one of the oldest houses of worship in the

Philippines, has become vulnerable to earthquake loads. Cracks are visible on the basilica’s

walls and other structures, which makes for a possible future collapse of the building itself in

the future. The basilica’s structure shares many similarities with churches that have collapsed

in Bohol during the October 15, 2013 magnitude 7.2 earthquake. In addition many of the

churches and basilica as-built during the same era as the Immaculate Concepcion basilica

(1700s through late 1800s) share the same geometrical style of the building (mostly buttress

type) were built using coral stones. This study specifies several key problems:

1.Lackof information pertaining to blueprint drawings of the basilica and material

properties that would be most useful for further research aside from this study.
 7

2. Relatively few studies conducted in this country on century-old and older

structures.

3. The possible collapsed of a significant portion, or perhaps the entire, basilica in the

future.

This study aims to analyze the masonry wall structure of the Immaculate Concepcion

Basilica. Since many massive structures such as the basilica are vulnerable to earthquake

loads, it is likely another candidate for possible earthquake damage in the future. The primary

objectives of this study are to:

1. Provide as-built drawings for the church that can be used for further study of the

structure, as well as to conduct a site survey and gather measurement data that will be

required for analysis.

2. Analyze the structure using static linear and nonlinear time history analysis by

finite element method using structural software SAP2000.

3. Locate the most stressed parts of the basilica’s structure and determine if any

needed modifications and/or strengthening might be warranted to prevent future life-

threatening damage as a result of a natural disaster.

The October 15, 2013, a 7.2 magnitude earthquake struck Bohol and Cebu claimed

many lives as well as destroyed historical infrastructures (mostly churches), many of which

were built a century or more ago. The Basilica of the Immaculate Concepcion in Batangas

City, like many of the historical buildings destroyed during the earthquake, was not only built
 8

around the same time as those churches destroyed during the earthquake, but also is a prime

candidate for future damage caused by an earthquake.

In addition to possibly saving lives in the event of a future catastrophic earthquake

and collapse of the Immaculate Concepcion Basilica, this study’s structural analysis could be

used as a baseline for any possible future studies and analyses of historical structures

throughout the country. Furthermore, historic built heritage represents an economic concern

especially in contexts where tourism has become one of major sources of wealth. Therefore,

preserving historic constructions is a cultural requirement and an economic and

developmental demand (Bowitz et al., 2009).

The analysis of the Basilica of the Immaculate Concepcion will be analyzed based on

the following scope and delimitation:

1. Wind loads will not be considered in the analysis of the structure for the study only

focus in the seismic behavior of the structure.

2. This study will only focus on the main building and not on the bell tower located just

besides the main building’s structure as well as the new structure use as an extension

of the church building because they are made up of reinforce concrete unlike the main

structure made of masonry.

3. The roof load and other dead loads, aside from the weight of the structure itself, will

not be considered in the analysis due to unavailability of upper roof data.

 Chapter 2

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

2.1 Masonry

“Masonry is the building of structures from individual units laid in and bound

together by mortar; the term masonry can also refer to the units themselves. The common

materials of masonry construction are brick, stone, marble, granite, travertine, limestone, cast

stone, concrete block, glass block, stucco and tile. Masonry is generally a highly durable

form of construction. However, the materials used, the quality of the mortar and

workmanship, and the pattern in which the units are assembled can significantly affect the

durability of the overall masonry construction” (Miller et al., 2009). Most structures built

over centuries ago, especially churches built during the Spanish occupation in the

Philippines, were made of adobe (volcanic tuff) stone, coral stone, or brick (CCP

Encylopedia of the Art Volume III Philippine Architecture, 1994). In a study presented by

Eusebio (2009), most of the fragments collected in old churches were particles of coral, as

show in Figure 2.1.

9
 10

Figure 2.1 List of mortar samples found in archeological sites

 11

Masonry has high compressive strength under vertical loads but has low tensile

strength (against twisting or stretching), unless reinforced. The tensile strength of masonry

walls can be increased by thickening the wall, or by building masonry piers (vertical columns

or ribs) at intervals (New World Encyclopedia). This masonry piers can easily be seen in the

buttresses built in most of the century old churches. Powerful buttresses and foundations

gave the churches the support they needed to survive earthquakes. A buttress is

an architectural structure built against or projecting from a wall which serves to support or

reinforce the wall (Encyclopedia Britannica). Buttresses are fairly common in ancient

buildings, as a means of providing support to act against the lateral (sideways) forces arising

out of the roof structures that lack adequate bracing (Cram 101 text book Reviews). Some

types of buttresses include pier or tower buttresses, simple masonry piles attached to a wall at

regular intervals; hanging buttresses, freestanding piers connected to a wall by corbels; and

various types of corner buttresses—diagonal, angle, clasping, and setback—that support

intersecting walls (Encyclopedia Britannica). Some few examples are illustrated in Figure

2.2(a-d).

(a) angled buttress (b) clasping or clamped buttress

 12

(c) diagonal or French buttress (d) setback buttress

Figure 2.2(a-d). Different types of buttress used as support against lateral forces

The importance of compressive strength resides in the role masonry plays as a

vertical load bearing element subjected to predominantly compressive stresses (Hendy et al.,

1997). In addition, a clear understanding of the behavior in the interaction of mortar-units

under stress will result in a better comprehension of masonry (Hendy et al., 1997). Walls are,

in some cases, required to resist horizontal forces and lateral pressure; therefore, they should

also be strong in shear and tension (Hendy et al., 1997). Compressive strength is

consequently of great importance in design (Hendy et al., 1997). Multiple studies have

determined that masonry’s compressive strength is influenced by a specified number of

parameters principally associated with mortar and unit properties, workmanship, and curing

(Hendy et al., 1997).

“From the point of view of material modeling, masonry is a special material of

extreme mechanical properties (with a very high ratio between strength in compression and

in tension), so that the applied loads do not diffuse as they do in elastic bodies, but tend to

percolate along lines of high stiffness” (Bigoni et al., 2010). In the study Seismic Analysis of
 13

Historic Masonry Buildings: The Vicarious Palace in Pescia (Italy) by Betti et al., (2012),

they use the following mechanical properties in the analysis of the structure. This example is

shown in Table 2.1.

Table 2.1 Mechanical parameters of masonries

Stone walls Brick walls
3
γ (kN/m ) Specific weight 21 18
fm (N/mm2) Compressive strength 2.5 3.0

fm (N/mm2) Tensile strength 0.12 0.12

Τ0(N/mm2) Shear strength 0.093 0.100
E (N/mm2) Longitudinal elastic modulus 1740 2100
G (N/mm2) Tangential elastic modulus 290 350
ν Poisson coefficient 0.2 0.12

2.2 Finite element method

As defined, finite element method (FEM) is a numerical technique for finding

approximate solutions to boundary value problems for partial differential equations (Farrelet

al., 2011). It uses subdivision of a whole problem domain into simpler parts, called finite

elements (Figure 2.3(a-c) shows examples of finite element), and of methods from to solve

the problem by minimizing an associated error function (Datta et al., 2016). Finite Element is

a hypothetical subdivision of structures or system possessing a regular shape which can be

analyzed (Anderson, W.J., 1994) Analogous to the idea that connecting many tiny straight

lines can approximate a larger circle, FEM encompasses methods for connecting many

simple element equations over many small sub domains, named finite elements, to

approximate a more complex equation over a larger domain (Datta et al., 2016). Finite

element method is now widely use from structural to aerospace engineering as it gives more
 14

accurate and visible results. FEM allows detailed visualization of where structures bend or

twist, and indicates the distribution of stresses and displacements (Kiritsis, D., et al., 2010).

(a) Line element (b) Two-dimensional element (c) Solid element

Figures 2.3(a-c) shows typical finite elements. The element has specific points called
"nodes" or "grids" which occur primarily at vertices but occasionally appear along edges, on
the faces of the element, or even in the interior.

2.2.1 Finite element model

Most structural analyses nowadays use advance software that can give more accurate

and visible results. To be able to create a more realistic model of the structure an on the site

measurement of the building could be made to accurately replicate the shape (geometry),

structural details, and irregularities of a building’s structure. Investigation of the masonry

characteristics and the quality of wall-to-wall, wall-to-floors, and wall-to-roof connections

should be considered in a model (Mele et al., 2001) to be able to precisely model the

structure. In a finite element model, the structure is divided into joints and shell elements

(Mele et al., 2001).

In a study by Betti et al. (2012), the structural analysis of the Vicarious Palace in

Pescia, Italy was approached by a 3D finite element model based on the concepts of

homogenized material and smeared crack modeling using the ANSYS code v.11.0. A 3D

model. Their finite element model of the palace is represented in Figure 2.4. It consists of
 15

37,402 nodes, 36,557 Solid65 elements and 813 Shell63 elements, corresponding to 108,399

degree of freedom (Mele et al., 2001).

Figure 2.4 Finite element model consisting of 37,402 nodes, 36,557 Solid elements and 813
Shell elements, corresponding to 108,399 degree of freedom.

On the other hand, in order to grasp the global behavior of the building structure, the

four three-dimensional models of the structural complex can be developed using the Finite

Element Method (FEM) using computer code SAP2000 (Mele et al., 2001).

2.3 Static linear analysis

By definition, a static analysis calculates the effects of steady loading conditions on a

structure, while ignoring inertia and damping effects, such as those caused by time-varying

loads (ANSYS 17.0. ANSYS help, ANSYS Inc.: Canonsburg, PA, USA, 2016.) . A static

analysis can, however, include steady inertia loads (such as gravity and rotational velocity),

and time-varying loads that can be approximated as static equivalent loads (such as the static

equivalent wind and seismic loads commonly defined in many building codes) (ANSYS

17.0., 2016). Linear static analysis represents the most basic type of analysis. The term
 16

“linear” means that the computed response—displacement or stress, for example—is linearly

related to the applied force (Heisler S.I., 1998). The term “static” means that the forces do

not vary with time—or, that the time variation is insignificant and can therefore be safely

ignored (Heisler S.I., 1998).

As specified by the code (NSCP 2010), the static lateral force procedure in section

208.4.8.2 may be used for the following: (1) All structures, regular or irregular in Occupancy

Categories IV and V in Seismic Zone 2; (2) regular structures under 75m in height with

lateral force resistance provided by systems listed in Table 208-11, except where section

208.4.8.3, Item 4, applies; (3) irregular structures not more than five stories or 20m in height;

(4) structures having a flexible upper portion supported on a rigid lower portion where both

portions of the structure, considered separately, can be classified as being regular; (5) the

average story stiffness of the lower portion is at least 10 times the average story stiffness of

the upper portion, and the period of the entire structures is not greater than 1.1 times the

period of the upper portion considered as a separate structure fixed at the base (NSCP 2010).

In a static force procedure, which is ruled by the base shear (V), is governed with

different types of parameters, such as (1) Fundamental Period (T) of the structure in the

direction under consideration, (2) seismic importance factor (I) , (3) numerical coefficient

(Cv) dependent on the soil conditions at the site and the seismicity of the region, (4) seismic

dead load (W), (5) R is a factor which accounts for the ductility and over strength of the

structural system. Additionally the base shear is dependent by the seismic factor, Z.
 17

2.4 Time History Analysis

A nonlinear dynamic procedure, also known as time history analysis, when properly

implemented, provides a more accurate calculation of the structural responds to strong

ground shaking (Wilford et al., 2010). Since the nonlinear dynamic analysis model

incorporates inelastic member behavior under cyclic earthquake ground motions, the

nonlinear dynamic procedures explicitly simulates hysteretic energy dissipation in the

nonlinear range (Wilford et al., 2010). Only the damping in the linear range and other non-

modeled energy dissipation need to be added as viscous damping (Wilford et al., 2010). The

dynamic responds is calculated for input earthquake ground motions, resulting in response

history data on the pertinent demand parameters (Wilford et al., 2010). Due to the inherent

variability in earthquake ground motions, dynamic analyses for multiple ground motions are

necessary to calculate statistically robust values of the demand parameters for a given ground

motion intensity or earthquake scenario(Wilford et al., 2010). Gravity loads (defined and

factored per ASCE 7) should be included in the dynamic analyses, so as to account for their

effects on (1) force and deformation demands in structural components and (2) large

displacement P-Δ effects (Wilford et al., 2010). Generally, inclusion of gravity loads will

require a two-step (non-proportional loading) analysis, whereby the gravity loads are applied

first and then held constant while the earthquake ground motions are applied (Wilford et al.,

2010).

2.4.1 Ground motions

Ground motion is the movement of the earth's surface from earthquakes or

explosions. Ground motion is produced by waves that are generated by sudden slip on a fault

or sudden pressure at the explosive source and travel through the earth and along its surface
 18

(Rogerset al., 1996). As outlined in ASCE 7, the ground motions should reflect the

characteristics of the dominant earthquake source at the building site, such as fault

mechanism, distance to the fault, site conditions, and characteristic earthquake magnitude

(Deirlein et al., 2010). Recent studies have further shown that the shape of the ground motion

response spectra is an important factor in choosing and scaling ground motions, particularly

for higher intensity motions (Baker et al., 2006). Source of ground motions: For building

assessment and design, the input earthquake ground motions can either be (1) actual recorded

ground motions from past earthquakes, (2) spectrally matched ground motions that are

created by manipulating the frequency content and intensity of recorded ground motions to

match a specific hazard spectrum, or (3) artificially simulated motions (Wilford et al., 2010).

2.4.2 Recorded ground motion

In the present day, recording and collecting ground motion data is now done digitally

and is easily accessible by any party that is concerned with ground motion. The Pacific

Earthquake Engineering Research Center (PEER) ground motion database includes a very

large set of ground motions recorded worldwide of shallow crustal earthquakes in active

tectonic regimes (Pacific Earthquake Engineering Research Center). The database has one

of the most comprehensive sets of metadata, including different distance measures, various

site characterizations, and earthquake source data (Pacific Earthquake Engineering Research

Center). Also with some sophisticated analysis program available in the market, they have a

readily available data for ground motion acceleration of various historical earthquakes

happened in different parts of the world. The famous El Centro earthquake which happened

in 1940 in the Imperial Valley in Southern California near the international border of the

United States and Mexico had a magnitude of 6.9 and a maximum perceived intensity of X
 19

(Extreme) on the Mercalli intensity scale. It was the first major earthquake to be recorded by

a strong-motion seismograph located next to a fault rupture (Hough 2004). The recorded

ground acceleration data for El Centro is being shown in Figure 2.5.

Figure 2.5 Ground motion data for El Centro earthquake. The data file can be copied online
and in use for analysis using modern analysis software. (source: Pacific Earthquake
Engineering Center)

The 1994 Northridge earthquake occurred on January 17, at 4:30:55 a.m. PST and

had its epicenter in Reseda, a neighborhood in the north-central San Fernando Valley region

of Los Angeles, California. Its duration was approximately 10–20 seconds. The blind thrust

earthquake had a moment magnitude (Mw) of 6.7, which produced ground acceleration that

was the highest ever instrumentally recorded in an urban area in North America ( Northridge

Earthquake Southern California Earthquake Data Center. Retrieved October 6,

2006)., measuring 1.8g (16.7 m/s2) ( USGS Earthquake Information for 1994 "Significant
 20

Earthquakes of the World 1994") with strong ground motion felt as far away as Las Vegas,

Nevada, about 220 miles (360 km) from the epicenter. The peak ground velocity at the

Rinaldi Receiving Station was 183 cm/s (4.09 mph or 6.59 km/h) (US Geological Survey),

the fastest peak ground velocity ever recorded. The recorded data for Northbridge earthquake

can be seen in Figure2.6.

Figure 2.6 Ground motion data for Northbridge earthquake. The figure shows three different
recorded data from north south, vertical, and east west component. (source: Pacific
Earthquake Engineering Center)
 21

There are a lot of available recorded data that can be use for an analysis, depending

on the location and magnitude of the earthquake. Some examples are shown in Figure 2.7.

Figure 2.7 Examples of earthquake ground motion data from different parts of the world.

2.5 Seismic analysis

Seismic analysis, as part of structural engineering analysis, has gone a long way in

terms of methods used. From the concept of responds spectra in 1930’s (ASCE 2000) up to

the use of nonlinear dynamic analysis and push over analysis to the present. Seismic analysis

methods can be summarized into (1) Equivalent static analysis (2) Responds spectrum
 22

analysis (3) Linear dynamic analysis (4) Nonlinear static analysis (5) Nonlinear dynamic

analysis.

In some literature, the approaches employed to analyze the seismic behavior of

masonry structures can be summarized as follows: micromodeling approaches,

macromodeling approaches, multiscale approaches and full-scale approaches (Castellazzi et

al., 2013).

While buildings are usually designed for seismic resistance using elastic analysis, most

will experience significant inelastic deformations under large earthquakes (Wilfordet al.,

2010). Modern performance-based design methods require ways to determine the realistic

behavior of structures under such conditions (Wilford et al., 2010). Enabled by advancements

in computing technologies and available test data, nonlinear analyses provide the means for

calculating structural response beyond the elastic range, including strength and stiffness

deterioration associated with inelastic material behavior and large displacements (Wilford et

al., 2010). As such, nonlinear analysis can play an important role in the design of new and

existing buildings (Wilford et al., 2010).

The limit analysis represents a simple and effective tool for deriving an estimate of the

ultimate strength capacity of masonry structures (de Luca et al., 2004). This approach

considers no tensile strength and infinite compression strength for the masonry with absence

of sliding at failure (Castellazzi et al., 2013). For low to medium rise buildings, linear static

method is often time adequate for the analysis. The base is computed based on the formulas

provided by the code and then distributed on each story of the structure. Equivalent static

analysis can therefore work well for low to medium-rise buildings without significant
 23

coupled lateral-torsional modes, in which only the first mode in each direction is considered

(Bagheri et al., 2012).

In the study conducted by Bagheri et al. (2012)., comparisons were made using

different methods in seismic analysis. This comparison can be seen in Figures 2.8 (a-d).

Figure 2.8a Maximum Displacement of Stories in all method in X direction

Figure 2.8b Maximum Displacement of Stories in all method in Y direction

 24

Figure 2.8c Maximum Displacement of Center of Mass in all method in X direction

Figure 2.8d Maximum Displacement of Center of Mass in all method in Y direction

Based on the result of Bagheri et al. (2012) study the result shows that the equivalent

static analysis yield a higher value compared to other methods and it can be use in low rise

structure. However, static linear analysis may not be economical for design stage but for

checking of structure’s capacity, it may also give a reasonable result (Bagheri et al., 2012).
 25

2.6 Related research

After the devastating October 15, 2013 Bohol earthquake, many were distraught upon

witnessing the incredible amount of destruction done to historical churches and old buildings.

This brought immediate attention to the government and historical conservationists to

investigate the causes and initiate efforts to mitigate future incidences (Pimentel, 2014). In a

presentation by Pimentel (2014), during a convention, it was cited that century-old structures,

especially old churches, are vulnerable to earthquakes because of their massive structure, the

materials with which they were built, and old age. Therefore, it is highly recommended that

efforts should be carried to investigate and assess the structural stability of older buildings

and retrofit them when and if it is appropriate to do so. It is known that ancient masonry

buildings, although perfectly able to bear vertical loads, are usually not able to sustain the

horizontal forces produced by earthquakes. As such, they are particularly prone to severe

damage under seismic loading. In addition, historic built heritage represents an economic

concern, especially in contexts where tourism has become one of the major sources of wealth

(Bowitz et al., 2009). Therefore, preserving historic constructions is a cultural requirement

and an economic and developmental demand (Bowitz, et al., 2009).

In a paper title, “Structural analysis of basilica churches: A case study”, Elena Mele,

Diego Gatto, and Antonello de Luca cited two procedures for a method of analysis. “First the

structure is analyzed in the linear range through a refined 3D model, with the aim to

characterize the static and dynamic behavior of a structure, defining the internal forces

distribution among the single elementary parts and identifying the weak points of any

potential failure(s) in a building; second, the single structural elements are extracted from the

3D context and analyzed in the linear and nonlinear range through refined 2D models, with
 26

the aim to define the major structural properties (i.e. vibration modes and periods, horizontal

stiffness, lateral strength capacities) which can be utilized for a simplified assessment of the

seismic behavior of the whole building. The comparison between the results obtained for the

3D models and for the single 2D structural elements allows deriving the approximations

related to studying the building by means of the characteristics of its main structural

elements. The comparison between the stress pattern in the single structural elements,

obtained from elastic analyses of the 3D model, and the collapse mechanism of the single

elements obtained either through either nonlinear or limit analysis, allows to evaluate the

accuracy of qualitative information that linear analyses can provide. The comparison between

the strength capacity of the single 2D elements and the strength demand derived from the 3D

analysis, allows estimating though in approximate way, the seismic safety level of the

building, and suggests the types and locations of the required retrofit interventions” (Mele et

al.,2001).

On the other hand, in research article titled, “Seismic Vulnerability Assessment of a

Historical Church: Limit Analysis and Nonlinear Finite Element Analysis”, Castellazzi et al.

analyzed the seismic behavior of masonry structures and was summarized as a

micromodeling approach, macromodeling approach, multiscale approach, and full-scale

approach. “However, among these methods, the most suitable to determine the seismic

vulnerability of masonry buildings are the latter because it corresponds to both limit analysis

and nonlinear FE analysis. Both approaches aim to provide a value of the load that activates

the failure mechanisms of the macro elements into which the church can be subdivided. In

fact, the behavior of a collapse of a masonry church under a seismic event is rarely global

since several out-of-plane collapses of macro elements may occur. Experience suggests
 27

considering a limited number of possible failure mechanisms involving the main elements of

the basilica: i.e., the facade, apse, naves, triumphal arch, and the navy walls”. “The seismic

vulnerability of the church has been analyzed by means of the following: (i) a preliminary

linear dynamic analysis of the whole structure was performed to check if a global dynamic

behavior of the structure exists and the corresponding global structural interaction among the

single elementary parts; (ii) nonlinear FE analyses of the main structural macro elements

interacting with the facade was performed to identify the collapse loads. The results were

integrated with those provided by a limit analysis of each mechanism”.

2.7 Synthesis

The aforementioned literature and studies cited earlier share some similarities to this study.

The concepts and methods used by the researchers, although more sophisticated and

complex, are a benchmark for this study.

In Pimentel’s presentation (2014), the need for assessments of historical and century

old churches and structures in the Philippines came to the fore after the magnitude 7.2

earthquake struck Bohol. This study states the same problem.

In Italy, where earthquakes can be severe, assessments of century-old structures

became a trend and different methods that ran the gamut between simple and more

sophisticated and complex form of analysis were used. Most of these researchers used Finite

Element methods, including static and/or dynamic analysis. The use of a computer program

for analysis proved more accurate, simulated results more effectively, and made it easy to

interpret and to make recommendations.

 28

The researcher of this study will use two methods of analysis - the linear static

analysis and nonlinear dynamic or time history analysis method as procedure that can be used

to pin point the weak parts of the structure.

 Chapter 3

Seismic Assessment: Static Linear and Time History Finite Element Analysis

Abstract

The Basilica of the Immaculate Concepcion located in Batangas city is a massive masonry
structure that was built in 1857. This study presents the seismic assessment of the masonry
wall structure of the Basilica of the Immaculate Conception in Batangas City. In this paper,
the historical sketch of the basilica’s structure and the geometrical and mechanical properties
of the materials used in its construction are presented. An in-situ survey of the church
structure was conducted to produce a more accurate model of the church. Static linear and
dynamic nonlinear (Time History Analysis) finite element methods will be used in the
seismic analysis of the basilica using the structural analysis program SAP200 version 17.
Finally, the results of this research and conclusion will be presented at the later part of this
study

Keyword: Time History analysis, static linear analysis, finite element model, seismic analysis

Introduction

This chapter aimed to discuss the methodology, method of research used in this

study and finally the discussion of the results. The first part will discuss the data needed for

the analysis such as geometric data, material properties, geotechnical data, and finite element

model. The next section will however discuss how were these data were obtained which is

very essential for the analysis. The results and discussions were also presented in this

chapter. And lastly, the conclusions were made with regard to this chapter.

3.1 Methodology

This section aims to discuss the research methods, data gathering, and analysis that

were used in this study. In gathering data, the researcher will present and discuss the

29
 30

instruments used and the parameters considered in the analysis. The method used in the

analysis for the assessment of the building structure will also be presented.

3.1.1 Research method

The researcher used a quantitative method in this study. The data gathered were all

acquired from the actual site of the basilica. The geometrical data was measured using

traditional and advanced instruments available such as total station. The mechanical

properties of the materials were obtained from other research literature because of the

difficulties of obtaining materials necessary for more detailed analysis and the lack of

availability of advanced testing equipment. In addition to the parameters needed for analysis,

the soil properties were obtained through available soil investigation data within the

basilica’s vicinity. Modern software (SAP2000) was used for modeling and computation

analysis in this study.

3.1.2 Gathering of data

In assessing a building’s structure, the most important thing to consider is the

parameters used in its analysis. The geometric data, material, and geotechnical properties

were gathered by the researcher for this study.

3.1.2.1 Geometrical data

Built in 18th century, the Basilica of the Immaculate Concepcion is a buttress type

structure. The plan layout of the basilica was measured onsite. Since the basilica was built
 31

over a century ago, the availability of drawings illustrating its layout was difficult to the

extreme. The geometric data of the basilica was measured using total station and steel tape. A

centerline was established directly below the center dome of the structure. An offset line was

measured perpendicular to the centerline. Grid lines were established at every buttress of the

building. The vertical height of the church structure was measured using total station.

3.1.2.2 Material property

The material property is one of the most important parameters to be considered before

analyzing the building’s structure. The basilica was built during the 18th century and the

materials used were masonry consisting of coral rocks and lime. Due to the unavailability of

materials for testing, literature from published researches were used. The coral rock’s

compressive strength, as well as Young’s modulus (E) and specific weight (γ), were taken

from the available data acquired by other researchers. Poisson’s coefficient (ν), which gave

an average value, the same as concrete, was used. The shear modulus (G), and coefficient of

thermal expansion (°C), was computed using empirical formulas.

3.1.2.3 Geotechnical property

The stability of the soil upon which the foundation of a structure stands greatly affects

the performance of the building during earthquake. The basilica is by surrounded many other

buildings as high as three-stories, and so the soil investigation results were readily available.

An interpolation was used to gather the data needed.

 32

3.1.3 Finite element model

The structural analysis of the basilica was approached by a 3D finite element model

using SAP200 version 17.1 software. The data measurement gathered from actual site was

drawn to “as built” drawings and was then generated into 3D drawings using AutoCAD. The

3D model from AutoCAD was imported to an extension file and transferred to SAP2000 for

analysis. The model was then generated into mesh and divided into nodes and solid elements.

3.1.4 Seismic analysis

In this study, the basilica of the Immaculate Concepcion was analyzed using both linear

static and time history analyses. The software performed the static analysis using the finite

element model. The combination load used was the weight of the structure and earthquake

load generated by the software. The weight of the roof was not included in the analysis as is

noted as a limitation of this study due to unavailable data. The other method used was a

nonlinear dynamic or time history analysis. In this method the same finite element model was

used. Data pertaining to ground motion acceleration was used from those acquired from the

Northbridge Earthquake and was used in the model to find out the behavior of the structure

of the said ground motions.

 33

DATA GATHERING

MATERIAL
GEOMETRICAL GEOTECHNICAL
PROPERTIES

FINITE ELEMENT MODEL

SEISMIC ANALYSIS

STATIC LINEAR ANALYSIS TIME HISTORY ANALYSIS

RESULT COMPARISON

CONCLUSION

RECOMMENDATION

Figure 3.1 Shows the schematic diagram of the process that will be used in the assessment
 34

3.2 Results and Discussions

This section aims to discuss the results and discussions of this study. How the data

needed was obtained and used in the analysis was also included in this section. Finally, tables

and figures were presented for clearer presentation of results.

3.2.1 Geometry and materials

A rare blueprint of the Basilica of the Immaculate Conception, drawn by Agustin

Lopez from Manila, dated 1883, is shown in Figure 3.2and3.3.The geometry of the structure

has been investigated and confirmed on site, based on the old blueprints provided by the

Batangas City Museum.

Figure 3.2 Floor plan of the basilica as drawn in 1883 (Photo source: Batangas City
Museum)
 35

Figure 3.3 Section of the basilica drawn in 1883 (Photo source: Batangas City Museum)

The plan layout of the basilica, as measured and investigated at the actual site, is

presented in Figure 3.4a. The floor plan is exactly the same as that presented in the old

blueprint except an additional extension from grid 5 to grid 6. The church has a transverse

length of 37.05 meter wall to wall distance and 88.8 meters longitudinal length. There was an

added structure on grid A and in between grid 1 and 2, which were made of modern

construction materials. There was also a room that was not part of the original plan layout.

Each buttress has a height of approximately 12 meters and a thickness of 2.8 meters. The

ground floor is made of masonry, specifically coral stone, while the roof and upper part of

the church is made of timber. The ceiling was layered with abaca fiber and was plastered

with lime to look like a concrete finished ceiling. The arches were made up of light wood

materials. The center dome is made of wood, specifically molave, and was covered with

galvanized iron sheet to preserve and protect it from rain water. Views of the church structure

are presented in Figures 3.4 (a-e). For a more detailed drawing please see Appendix A.
 36

Figure 3.4a Plan layout of the of the basilica

Figure 3.4b Left side view of the basilica

 37

Figure 3.4c Right side view of the basilica

Figure 3.4d Rear view of the basilica

Figure 3.4e Façade of the basilica

 38

Most century old churches were made of adobe (volcanic tuff) stone, coral stone, or

bricks and some churches were made up of a combination of adobe and bricks (CCP, 1994).

Cementing bricks and/or stone together was a mortar prepared from various recipes, and

using different combination of ingredients, like lime, crushed coral, crushed shells, molasses,

sugar cane juice, goats’ blood, carabao milk, egg shells, and egg white (CCP, 1994). There is

no record that can prove what material combination was used in cementing the coral stones

of the subject structure. The basilica was made up of coral stone which was abundant in

Batangas during the basilica’s construction. The coral stone mechanical properties cannot be

obtained from the actual location for testing which will be explained below, but available

literature was used for the coral material properties as presented in Table 3.1.

Table 3.1 Mechanical properties of coral (Source: Biomaterials by J.Y.Wong et al. (2007).
Units Properties 50% porous Dense

fm (N/mm2) Compressive Strength 26 395

E (N/mm2) Young’s Modulus 8000 100000
G (N/mm2) Shear Modulus 3076.92 38461.54
V Poisson’s Ratio 0.3
A (°C) Coefficient of Thermal Expansion 1.170x10-5
γ (kN/m3) Specific Weight 20.8 (average)

Although there are some available testing procedures that can be done to obtain the

material properties (e.g., Core Test, Nondestructive Material Testing, and Ultrasonic Pulse

Velocity), it was not advisable for this study to do such procedure. Core test will require a

cutting of cylinder from the structure and which would affect the integrity of the structure

(El-Reedy, M.A. 2009). This method also requires a specific dimension of the sample, and

the degree of confidence of the core test depends on the number of test. Non destructive

testing using rebound hammer for determining the estimated compressive strength based on
 39

study gave less precise results. The hammer must be perpendicular to the surface that will be

tested, and the direction of the hammer affects the value of the rebound result of the impact

of the hammer. Also, a wet surface gives significantly lower readings (around 20%) of the

rebound hammer than a dry surface (El-Reedy, M.A. 2009).. In this study the rebound

hammer may not give an accurate result because of the geometry and moisture content of the

structure. Ultrasonic Pulse Velocity is also a non destructive test which is used to measure

the speed of transmission of ultrasonic pulses through the construction member (El-Reedy,

M.A. 2009).. By measuring the time required for the transmission of impulses and by

knowing the distance between the sender and the receiver the pulse velocity can be

calculated. This procedure can identify compressive strength, dynamic and static modulus of

elasticity, and Poisson ratio, however this procedure cannot be used in this study because of

the unseen pores of the coral. Also, the result of using this method, based on earlier studies,

is not reliable, in terms of accuracy, compared with other methods of material testing. The

values for Poisson’s ratio of coral stone was similar to that of concrete, however the values

for shear modulus and thermal coefficient can be obtained using empirical formulas.

Batangas province is located between the Lubang fault, which is 10 km beyond radius,

Marikina Valley fault, and Central Mindoro fault, as shown in Figure 3.5. The whole map

can be seen in Appendix B

 40

Figure 3.5 Distribution of Active Faults and Trenches in the Philippines (Source:
Philippine Institute of Vulcanology and Seismology)

The geotechnical data used in this study were based on the results of the nearest

structures in the vicinity of the basilica. Due to expensive and complex procedures of soil

boring, the geotechnical soil investigation report of a seven storey building along MH del

Pilar Corner, Lt. Col. D. Atienza Street, and the four storey building of St. Bridget

Compound along M.H del Pilar Street were compared and used as a basis for this study (the

location map and results of the reference structures can be seen in Appendix C). The boring

hole needed to be very near or within the site to get exact data, but doing so could have

affected the stability of the structure. An interpolation can be used instead to compare the soil

bearing capacity and soil characteristics. The site is classified under Seismic Zone 4 and the
 41

soil profile may be assumed in to be in between SD to SC as per the result of the two

reference structures. The soil bearing capacity may range from 60 KPa at 2 meters depth up

to 310 KPa at 5.5 meters depth. Soil consistency data can be seen in Appendix C. The

liquefaction potential on this site was minimal, due to predominantly underlying hard and

very dense soil formation.

3.2.2 Finite element model

The structural analysis of the masonry building of the basilica was conducted by 3D

Finite Element model. An in-situ survey of the building was made to accurately model the

geometry, the structural details, and the irregularities of the structure of the basilica. The

openings were included in the model in order to give a more realistic rendering of the results.

The roof and wooden structure above the main structure were not included in the model.

The model was generated using SAP200 computer software as shown in Figure 3.6(a-

d).

Figure 3.6a Finite element model isometric view

 42

Figure 3.6b Finite element model longitudinal side view

Figure 3.6c Finite element model longitudinal side view

Figure 3.6d Finite element rear front view

 43

The model consists of 88,565 nodes and 38,910 solids and was restrained on the ground

level of the structure. The basilica’s structure was subdivided into 12 main macro elements:

the walls along grid A, B, C, D, 1, 2, 3, and the main façade, due to the absence of adequate

connections between the perpendicular walls of the building. This approach has been used by

other authors. The minimum values for material properties were used to assume a worst case

scenario for the structure.

3.2.3 Seismic analysis

A seismic analysis of the basilica’s masonry structure was analyzed using two methods:

static linear analysis and non linear time history analysis in order to identify the most stressed

part(s) of the structure.

3.2.3.1 Static linear analysis

A static linear analysis for the basilica’s masonry structure was performed. Although a

static linear analysis is much more basic, compared to other more sophisticated and complex

method of analysis, it was still able to yield acceptable results, especially in low rise type of

structures. In this analysis, two load combinations were used: the dead load coming from the

weight of the structure itself and the earthquake load as generated by computer program.

Figure 3.7(a-b) shows the distribution of stresses in the structure. As shown in finite element

model, the most stressed part was found at the base of the structure, as expected. High value

of stresses where found at the walls of grid D, due to a lack of lateral support, such as

buttress. The maximum value of stress was used to fully visualize the stress distribution.
 44

Stress values can exceed the given boundaries of -3000 KN/m2 for tensile stress and 3000

KN/m2 for compressive stress.

Figure 3.7a Distribution of stresses in isometric view (units are in KN/m2)

Figure 3.7b Distribution of stresses in isometric view (units are in KN/m2)

The façade experiences a great amount of stress, especially at the upper part. Lack of

any support from lateral forces makes the façade more vulnerable. The result shows a great
 45

value of displacement of joints indicating a high probability of a potential future collapse. As

a further indication, existing cracks on the opening of the façade are signs of a weakness of

the structure. The stress distribution on the façade is shown is Figure 3.8.

Figure 3.8 Distribution of stresses in the facade (units are in KN/m2)

3.2.3.2 Time History analysis

Time History analysis of the basilica’s masonry structure was used to determine the

response of the structure under dynamic loading. Time history analysis is the most natural

and intuitive approach (Kavya 2015). The response history is divided into time increment t

and the structure is subjected to a sequence of individual time dependent force pulses f (t)

(Kavya 2015). The nonlinear response is thus approximated by series of piecewise linear

systems (Kavya 2015). In this structure, the time history records of the Northbridge

earthquake that struck California on January 17, 1994 were used. Three time history

functions for three different directions were chosen for the analysis; lacc_nor-1.th for the X

direction, lacc_nor-2.th for Y direction and lacc_nor-3.th for Z direction.

 46

The Northbridge earthquake had a strong moment magnitude of 6.7, but the ground

acceleration was one of the highest instrumentally recorded. The Northbridge earthquake

acceleration which only has magnitude 6.7 was chosen for this structure because the location

of the basilica can be considered not critical from three active fault lines. The same finite

element model with fixed base support was first analyzed using modal analysis to determine

the structure’s natural frequency and mode shape and was then followed by time history

analysis using time history records of Northbridge earthquake. Modal analysis uses a

maximum value of 12 modes and Eigenvector mode type. The structure was then further

analyzed by a nonlinear analysis and a direct integration type of solution.

The result of maximum stresses in percent time of acceleration can be seen in Table

3.2for the main structure and Table 3.3for the façade. The façade was analyzed separately

because it does not affect the macro elemental division of the model.

Table 3.2 Maximum and minimum stress in percent time for the main structure
Time (%) X direction (KN/m2) Y direction (KN/m2) Z direction (KN/m2)
(-)Min. Max. (-)Min. Max. (-)Min. Max.
100 1680.689 10351.141 1796.042 16906.338 1444.876 13981.11
90 3665.01 11013.095 3013.726 10462.384 1737.131 11367.806
80 2597.117 18314.039 1362.144 10610.875 1620.3 10879.238
70 1748.114 19463.419 1702.522 7240.83 2056.525 6550.961
60 1392.543 7577.558 2391.374 9197.207 3497.607 11568.389
50 2258.015 18917.757 2308.121 8158.325 2659.562 8429.173
40 3348.737 25247.547 1822.245 11882.354 2336.471 12386.881
30 2234.603 13784.959 3183.607 11758.791 1695.676 12570.063
20 2547.635 10-711.695 3175.203 11401.962 1447.291 7687.838
10 2327.436 6442.485 2846.833 12518.446 1192.068 9896.433
 47

Table 3.3 Maximum and minimum stress in percent time for the facade
Time (%) X direction (KN/m2) Y direction (KN/m2) Z direction (KN/m2)
(-)Min. Max. (-)Min. Max. (-)Min. Max.
100 817.868 37699.642 3287.738 73347.48 3611.064 25794.397
90 2687.993 33000.577 3134.756 84823.923 3402.863 22275.977
80 2095.053 13521.857 3528.598 52096.699 1167.54 46828.583
70 1275.309 10464.728 6448.52 19051.8 1976.028 9453.538
60 996.434 54607.415 6889.585 259238.989 1054.667 49272.436
50 1011.608 21716.409 2189.961 9415.541 2390.164 39110.364
40 3615.948 19650.475 1496.888 39710.524 2405.385 28277.808
30 2592.417 8854.585 1694.047 48502.419 3727.08 24219.769
20 1081.458 25986.489 722.268 11479.264 1260.452 21380.928
10 1104.945 18719.348 616.786 8540.945 1202.461 12303.206

In the table above, it can be seen that the maximum compressive and tensile stress in

the X direction happened 40% of the time during the acceleration, while in the Y direction

the maximum compressive stress can be seen 100% of the time during acceleration while the

maximum tensile stress happened 30% of the time of acceleration. Also, in Z direction the

compressive and tensile stress can be seen 100% and 60% of the time during acceleration

respectively. The negative value indicates tension in the solid elements. This stresses can be

visualized in Figures 3.9(a-b), 3.10(a-b), and 3.11(a-b).

 48

(a)

(b)

Figure 3.9(a-b). Distribution of stresses at the main structure in X direction at 40% of the
time of acceleration (units are in KN/m2)

As can be seen in X direction, most of the high stresses can be found at the lower part

of the structure usually at the openings at the left side wing and on the right side where

there’s an absence of buttress.

 49

(a)

(b)

Figure 3.10(a-b). Distribution of stresses at the main structure in Y direction at 100% of the
time of acceleration (units are in KN/m2)

As can be seen in Y direction, most of the high stresses can be found at openings on the

left wing and at the upper part of the structure.

 50

(a)

(b)

Figure 3.11(a-b). Distribution of stresses at the main structure in Z direction at 100% of the
time of acceleration (units are in KN/m2)

As can be seen in Z direction, most of the high stresses can be found at the lower part

of the right wing of the structure where there is an absence of a buttress.

 51

In the façade, the maximum stresses were all seen at 60% time of acceleration for all

directions. The stress distribution is shown in Figures 3.12(a-b), 3.13(a-b), and 3.14(a-b).

(a) (b)

Figure 3.12(a-b). Distribution of stresses at the façade in X direction at 60% of the time of
acceleration (units are in KN/m2)

(a) (b)

Figure 3.13(a-b). Distribution of stresses at the façade in Y direction at 60% of the time of
acceleration (units are in KN/m2)
 52

(a) (b)

Figure 3.14(a-b). Distribution of stresses at the façade in Z direction at 60% of the time of
acceleration (units are in KN/m2)

It can be seen in the figures above that most of the high stresses were found at the door

at the left side opening. This is true from the evidence of cracks visible on the left side of the

opening of the façade. Due to a lack of lateral support the façade is highly vulnerable to

collapse.

For the complete stress distribution for the main structure and façade see Appendix D.

As for the deformation of the main structure and the façade, Figures 3.15(a-c) for X

direction was presented, while Figures 3.16(a-c) for the Y direction, and Figures 3.17(a-c)

for Z direction. It can be seen that the deformation in the X and Y directions were mostly on

the right wing of the structure, due to an absence of a buttress on the side of the wall.
 53

(a) Deformation of main structure at X direction (isometric view)

(b) Deformation of main structure at X direction (plan view)

(c) Deformation of the facade at X direction

Figure 3.15(a-c). Deformation of main structure and façade at X direction

 54

(a) Deformation of main structure at Y direction (isometric view)

(b) Deformation of main structure at Y direction (plan view)

(c) Deformation of the facade at Y direction

Figure 3.16(a-c). Deformation of main structure and façade at Y direction

 55

(a) Deformation of main structure at Z direction (isometric view)

(b) Deformation of main structure at Z direction (plan view)

(c)
(c) Deformation of the facade at Z direction

Figure 3.17(a-c). Deformation of main structure and façade at Z direction

 56

3.2.4 Comparison of results

In the seismic analysis of the basilica structure, two methods were used: the static

linear analysis and the nonlinear dynamic analysis/time history analysis.

For the base reactions in the X direction, static linear analysis yielded higher values

of force compared to time history analysis. Shown in Figure 3.18 is the acceleration in X

direction for the main structure and for the façade. The forces at static analysis gave 21.84%

and 71.43%, much higher than the acceleration in the X direction for main structure and the

façade respectively. Note that the minimum values for acceleration X are in negative,

indicating that the force is in tension.

90,000.00

80,000.00

70,000.00

60,000.00
Static (-X)
50,000.00 Accel X (max)
40,000.00 Accel X (-min)

30,000.00 Accel X (max) façade

Accel X (-min) façade
20,000.00

10,000.00

0.00
Global Fx

Figure 3.18 Linear static and maximum and minimum time history analysis base reaction at
X direction for the main structure and façade (unit is in KN).
 57

The base reactions for the Y direction gave a surprising result. As shown in Figure

3.19, the force in static yielded a very small value, while the largest value of force can be

seen in acceleration Y (min) at the façade. This is true because the façade is perpendicular in

Y direction, so most of the acceleration was experienced by the façade, causing greater stress

in its structure, compared to the rear wall which is supported with butresses. This result was

supported by the deflection of the façade in the Y direction, as shown in Figure 3.16c. Note

that the minimum values for acceleration Y are in negative indicating that the force is in

tension.

2,500,000.00

2,000,000.00

1,500,000.00 Static (Y)

Accel Y (max)
Accel Y (-min)
1,000,000.00
Accel Y (max) façade
Accel Y (-min) façade
500,000.00

0.00
Global Fy

Figure 3.19 Linear static and maximum and minimum time history analysis base reaction at
Z direction for the main structure and façade (unit is in KN).
 58

The base reaction for the Z direction is shown in Figure 3.20. In the graph is shown

that the largest positive base reaction was given in static analysis. The analysis gave an

88.09%, much higher results in static than the maximum positive acceleration, and 88.47%

higher result in static than the minimum negative accelaration at Z. The acceleration at the

façade, however, gave lower values of base reaction. Note that the minimum values for

acceleration Z are in negative indicating that the force is in tension.

1,400,000.00

1,200,000.00

1,000,000.00
Static (Z)
800,000.00
Acccel Z(max)
600,000.00 Accel Z(-min)
Accel Z(max) façade
400,000.00 Accel Z(-min) façade

200,000.00

0.00
Global Fz

Figure 3.20 Static and Maximum and minimum base reaction at Z direction for the main
structure and façade.

Depicted in the graph above, it is obvious that the static linear analysis always gives

higher values of results, while time history analysis gives a variety of results from different

directions. This being the case, the two methods do agree with the results regarding the

distribution of stresses in the main structure and especially on the façade. The façade yielded
 59

the greatest value of joint displacements (with as much as 60m in static analysis and 30mm

for time history analysis), base reactions (as shown in the graph), and stress distributions.

The right side of the main structure also showed a visible deflection on the wall with as much

as 30mm, due to a lack of an additional buttress. The none box-type characteristic of the

whole structure gave a significant effect in the analysis result, similar to what other authors

have observed and stated in similar studies.

3.3 Conclusion

This section submits the following conclusions of this chapter:

1. The history of the church structure has confirmed the in-situ site survey of the church

geometry that helps to produce the as built drawings of the church.

2. The type of materials used in the construction of the basilica has been identified by means

of literature research. Although there are different types of testing procedures, it is not

advisable to conduct such procedure for the subject of the study for it may affect the stability

of the structure.

3. The geotechnical data was obtained through the borehole data of the nearest structures.

Conducting borehole for soil analysis very near the structure could have affected the stability

of the structure.

4. Finite element model has been used for the static linear and time history seismic analysis

of the basilica structure.

5. For the base reactions in the X direction, static linear analysis yielded higher values of

force compared to time history analysis. The forces at static analysis gave 21.84% and
 60

71.43%, much higher than the acceleration in the X direction for main structure and the

façade respectively

6. Force in static yielded a very small value in Y direction, while the largest value of force

can be seen in acceleration Y (tension) at the façade.

7. The analysis at Z direction gave an 88.09%, much higher results in static than the

maximum positive acceleration, and 88.47% higher result in static than the minimum

negative accelaration at Z.

8. The two methods (static linear and time history analysis) do agree with the results

regarding the distribution of stresses in the main structure and especially on the façade. The

façade yielded the greatest value of joint displacements, base reactions, and stress

distributions.
 61

References

Ranada, P. (October 15, 2013). "Heartbreaking: 10 iconic churches in Bohol, Cebu

damaged". Rappler.

Pimentel A.C. (May 2013). “Investigation on historical structure after the 10.15.13 M7.2
Bohol earthquake”. 4th ASEP Convention.

Marzani, G.A and Mazzotti M.(2013). “Nondestructive characterization of tie-rods by means

of dynamic testing, added masses and genetic algorithms,” Journal of Sound and
Vibration, vol. 332, no. 1, pp. 76–101.

Gentilini, E., Franzoni, S., Bandini, and L. Nobile (2012). “Effect of salt crystallisation on
the shear behaviour of masonry walls: an experimental study,” Construction and
Building Materials, vol. 37, pp. 181–189.

Casarin, F., Modena, M. (November 2006). Structural assessment and seismic vulnerability
analysis of the Reggio Emilia Cathedral, Italy. In Proceeding of Structural Analysis of
Historical Constructions, New Delhi, India, 6–8.

Siviero, E., Barbieri, A. and Foraboschi, P.(Italy 1997). Lettura Strutturale Delle
Costruzioni (in Italian); CittàStudiEdizioni: Milano.

Lourenço, P.B.(2002). Computations on historic masonry structures. Prog. Struct. Eng.

Mater,4, 301–319.

Betti, M., Bartoli, G. and Orlando, M.(2010). Evaluation study on structural fault of a
Renaissance Italian Palace. Eng. Struct., 32, 1801–1813.

Mele, E., De Luca, A. and Gatto, A.(2001) “Structural analysis of basilica churches: A case
study,” Historical Construction, P.B. Lourenco, P.Roca(Eds.), Guimaraes, 729-738.

Doglioni, F., Moretti A. and Petrini V. (1994). Le chiese e il terremoto. Trieste: LINT.

Lagomarsino, S. (1998). A new methodology for the post-earthquake investigation of ancient

structures. Proc. 11th European Conference on Earthquake Engineering. Rotterdam:
Balkema.

Lagomarsino, S., Brun, S., Giovinazzi, S., Idri, C., Penna, A., Podestà, S., Resemini, S. and
Rossi, B. (1999). Modelli di calcolo per il miglioramento sismico delle chiese. Proc.
8th Italian Conference on Earthquake Engineering. Torino.
 62

Catellazzi, G., Gntilini, C. and Nobile, L.(2013) “Seismic vulnerability assessment of a

historical church: Limit analysis and nonlinear finite element analysis”. Hindawi
Publishing Corportion, Advances in Civil Engineering, Bologna, Italy.

Eusebio, M.(2009) Did our church builders use eggs whites as mortar ingredients?: The
biomolecular reason behind collecting mortar from historical sites. Proceedings of the
Society of Philippine Archaeologists Vol. 7. Manila Philippines

Bigoni, D. and Noselli, G.(2010) Localized stress percolation through dry masonry walls.
Part I - Experiments. European Journal of Mechanics A/Solids, 2010, 29, 291-298.

Hendry, A.W., Sinha, B.P. and Davies, S.R.(1997) ”Design of masonry structures”, 3rd
Edition of Load Bearing Brickwork Design, E & FN Spon, Great Britain.

De Luca, A., Giordano, A. and E. Mele,(2004) “A simplified procedure for assessing the
seismic capacity of masonry arches,” Engineering Structures, vol. 26, no. 13, pp.
1915–1929.

Association of Structural Engineers of the Philippines(2010). National Structural Code of the

Philippines, 6th Edition, Philippines.

Bowitz, E. and Ibenholt, K.(2009) Economic impacts of cultural heritage—Research and

perspectives. J. Cult. Herit, 10, 1–8.

Wilford, M.R., Reinhorn, M.A. and Deierlein, G.G.(October 2010) Nonlinear Structural
Analysis For Seismic Design.

Bagheri, B., Firoozabad, E.S. and Yahyaei.M.(2012) Comparative Study of the Static and
Dynamic Analysis of Multi-storey Irregular Building. International Science index
volume 6.

Deierlein, G.D., Nonlinear Structural Analysis For Seismic Design, A Guide for Practicing
Engineers

Cultural Center of the Philippines (1994). CCP Encylopedia of the Art Volume III Philippine
Architecture, Manila Phillipnes

Wong J.Y., Bronzino J. D. (2007) Biomaterials, CRC Press, Taylor and Francis Group,
Boca Raton FL.

Kavya P. (2015). Passive Vibrations Control of Framed Structures by Base isolation Method
using rubber bearings, International Journal of Computer Science Information and
Engineering Technologies. Volume 3

Baker, J. W. and Cornell, C. A. (2006). “Spectral shape, epsilon and record selection,”
Earthquake Engineering and Structural Dynamics, 35 (9), p. 1077-1095.)
 63

Anderson, W.J. (1994) Linear Static Finite Element Analysis, The University of Michigan,
Ann Arbor, MI 48109

Kiritsis, D., Emmanouilidis, C., Koronios, A., Mathew, J.(2010), Engineering Asset
Management, Proceedings of the Fourth World Congress on Engineering Asset
Management (WCEAM) 2009, ISBN 978-1-84996-002-1, Springer-Verlag London
Limited
Cram 101 text book Reviews. Fundamentals of Structural Analysis 4th Edition by Kenneth
Leet

ANSYS 17.0. ANSYS help, ANSYS Inc.: Canonsburg, PA, USA, 2016.)

Sanford I. Heisler, 1998. The Wiley Engineer Desk’s Reference, A concise guide for the
professional engineer. Second Edition. Foster City, California

Albert M. Rogers, Timothy J. Walsh, William J. Kockelman and George R. Priest , 1996.
Assessing Earthquake Hazard and Reducing Risk in the Pacific Northwest, Volume 1.
United States Government Printing Office, Washington

Hough, S.E. (2004). Finding fault in California: an earthquake tourist's guide. Mountain
Press Publishing. p. 185. ISBN 978-0-87842-495-5.
Pacific Earthquake engineering Research Center, 325 Davis Hall, University of California,
Berkeley, CA

Northridge Earthquake Southern California Earthquake Data Center. Retrieved October 6,

2006.

USGS Earthquake Information for 1994 "Significant Earthquakes of the World 1994". U.S
Geological Survey. www.usgs.gov

ASCE. (2000). Pre-standard and Commentary for the Seismic Rehabilitation of Buildings
(FEMA-356) (Report No. FEMA 356). Reston, VA: American Society of Civil
Engineers prepared for the Federal Emergency Management Agency.

Miller, F.P., Vandome A.F., Mcbrewster, J. ( 2009). “Masonry”. VDM Publishing. ISBN
6130267126, 9786130267124

New World Encylcopedia. http://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/Masonry

Farrel P., Sherrat F., Richardson A. (2011). “Writing Built Environment Dissertations and
Projects” Practical Guidance and Examples, Second Edition. Willey and Sons Ltd.
United Kingdom

Datta, S., Davim, J.P. (2016). “Computational Approaches to Materials Design: Theoretical
and Practical Aspects”. Engineering Science Reference, Hershey PA, USA 17033
 64

El-Reedy, M.A. (2009). “Advanced Materials and Techniques for Reinforced Concrete
Structures” . Taylor & Francis Group, Boca Raton, FL.

34th Batangas City Foundation Anniversary Souvenir Program (2003). Batangas City
Philippines.

www.britannica.com, Encyclopedia Britannica

 Chapter 4

CONCLUSION

The analysis of the basilica’s structure has been done in order to conduct a seismic

analysis assessment of it. This study submits the following conclusions:

1. The as-built drawings were provided by means of site visit and measurement using

traditional and advance method of measurement. This may be useful to future researcher(s)

2. The history of the church structure has confirmed the in-situ site survey of the church

geometry that helps to produce the as built drawings of the church with respect to the

basilica’s structure.

3. This study can be used as a reference for future study and analysis of historic masonry

structure in the country.

4. The type of materials used in the construction of the basilica has been identified by means

of literature research. Although there are different types of testing procedures, it is not

advisable to conduct such procedure for the subject of the study for it may affect the stability

of the structure.

5. The geotechnical data was obtained through the borehole data of the nearest structures.

Conducting borehole for soil analysis very near the structure could have affected the stability

of the structure.

65
 66

6. The right side of the main structure also showed a visible deflection with as much as

30mm, but may not necessarily in serious damaged in the event of a future earthquake.

7. For the base reactions in the X direction, static linear analysis yielded higher values of

force compared to time history analysis. The forces at static analysis gave 21.84% and

71.43%, much higher than the acceleration in the X direction for main structure and the

façade respectively

8. Force in static yielded a very small value in Y direction, while the largest value of force

can be seen in acceleration Y (tension) at the façade.

9. The analysis at Z direction gave an 88.09%, much higher results in static than the

maximum positive acceleration, and 88.47% higher result in static than the minimum

negative accelaration at Z.

10. The two methods (static linear and time history analysis) do agree with the results

regarding the distribution of stresses in the main structure and especially on the façade. The

façade yielded the greatest value of joint displacements, base reactions, and stress

distributions.

11. The result of this study shows a large amount of compressive stress on the façade with as

much as 12433.75 MPa especially in the openings which may result in possible collapse if

not prevented in the event of powerful future earthquake.

 Chapter 5

RECOMMENDATION

The analysis of the basilica’s structure has been done in order to conduct a seismic

analysis assessment of it. This study submits the following recommendations.

1. The church structural as-built drawing provided on this research can be used by future

researcher(s) for further study of the basilica building in the future.

2. An advance method for testing of materials that are none destructive and will not affect the

stability of the structure is recommended to be used in the future.

3. Retrofitting of the façade, or other means of stiffening, may help to prevent a future

collapse. The use of advance retrofitting methods as provided in Appendix E can be

considered for the preservation and stiffening of the structure.

4.The right side of the main structure also showed a visible deflection, but may not

necessarily in serious damaged in the event of a future earthquake, however stiffening would

also be recommended to prevent damage in the future.

5. Strengthening the building by making it a box-type structure by adding steel chains or by

connecting every adjacent corner wall is also recommended.

67
 68

REFERENCES

Ranada, P. (October 15, 2013). "Heartbreaking: 10 iconic churches in Bohol, Cebu

damaged". Rappler.

Pimentel A.C. (May 2013). “Investigation on historical structure after the 10.15.13 M7.2
Bohol earthquake”. 4th ASEP Convention.

Marzani, G.A and Mazzotti M.(2013). “Nondestructive characterization of tie-rods by means

of dynamic testing, added masses and genetic algorithms,” Journal of Sound and
Vibration, vol. 332, no. 1, pp. 76–101.

Gentilini, E., Franzoni, S., Bandini, and L. Nobile (2012). “Effect of salt crystallisation on
the shear behaviour of masonry walls: an experimental study,” Construction and
Building Materials, vol. 37, pp. 181–189.

Casarin, F., Modena, M. (November 2006). Structural assessment and seismic vulnerability
analysis of the Reggio Emilia Cathedral, Italy. In Proceeding of Structural Analysis of
Historical Constructions, New Delhi, India, 6–8.

Siviero, E., Barbieri, A. and Foraboschi, P.(Italy 1997). Lettura Strutturale Delle
Costruzioni (in Italian); CittàStudiEdizioni: Milano.

Lourenço, P.B.(2002). Computations on historic masonry structures. Prog. Struct. Eng.

Mater,4, 301–319.

Betti, M., Bartoli, G. and Orlando, M.(2010). Evaluation study on structural fault of a
Renaissance Italian Palace. Eng. Struct., 32, 1801–1813.

Mele, E., De Luca, A. and Gatto, A.(2001) “Structural analysis of basilica churches: A case
study,” Historical Construction, P.B. Lourenco, P.Roca(Eds.), Guimaraes, 729-738.

Doglioni, F., Moretti A. and Petrini V. (1994). Le chiese e il terremoto. Trieste: LINT.

Lagomarsino, S. (1998). A new methodology for the post-earthquake investigation of ancient

structures. Proc. 11th European Conference on Earthquake Engineering. Rotterdam:
Balkema.

Lagomarsino, S., Brun, S., Giovinazzi, S., Idri, C., Penna, A., Podestà, S., Resemini, S. and
Rossi, B. (1999). Modelli di calcolo per il miglioramento sismico delle chiese. Proc.
8th Italian Conference on Earthquake Engineering. Torino.
 69

Catellazzi, G., Gntilini, C. and Nobile, L.(2013) “Seismic vulnerability assessment of a

historical church: Limit analysis and nonlinear finite element analysis”. Hindawi
Publishing Corportion, Advances in Civil Engineering, Bologna, Italy.

Eusebio, M.(2009) Did our church builders use eggs whites as mortar ingredients?: The
biomolecular reason behind collecting mortar from historical sites. Proceedings of the
Society of Philippine Archaeologists Vol. 7. Manila Philippines

Bigoni, D. and Noselli, G.(2010) Localized stress percolation through dry masonry walls.
Part I - Experiments. European Journal of Mechanics A/Solids, 2010, 29, 291-298.

Hendry, A.W., Sinha, B.P. and Davies, S.R.(1997) ”Design of masonry structures”, 3rd
Edition of Load Bearing Brickwork Design, E & FN Spon, Great Britain.

De Luca, A., Giordano, A. and E. Mele,(2004) “A simplified procedure for assessing the
seismic capacity of masonry arches,” Engineering Structures, vol. 26, no. 13, pp.
1915–1929.

Association of Structural Engineers of the Philippines(2010). National Structural Code of the

Philippines, 6th Edition, Philippines.

Bowitz, E. and Ibenholt, K.(2009) Economic impacts of cultural heritage—Research and

perspectives. J. Cult. Herit, 10, 1–8.

Wilford, M.R., Reinhorn, M.A. and Deierlein, G.G.(October 2010) Nonlinear Structural
Analysis For Seismic Design.

Bagheri, B., Firoozabad, E.S. and Yahyaei.M.(2012) Comparative Study of the Static and
Dynamic Analysis of Multi-storey Irregular Building. International Science index
volume 6.

Deierlein, G.D., Nonlinear Structural Analysis For Seismic Design, A Guide for Practicing
Engineers

Cultural Center of the Philippines (1994). CCP Encylopedia of the Art Volume III Philippine
Architecture, Manila Phillipnes

Wong J.Y., Bronzino J. D. (2007) Biomaterials, CRC Press, Taylor and Francis Group,
Boca Raton FL.

Kavya P. (2015). Passive Vibrations Control of Framed Structures by Base isolation Method
using rubber bearings, International Journal of Computer Science Information and
Engineering Technologies. Volume 3

Baker, J. W. and Cornell, C. A. (2006). “Spectral shape, epsilon and record selection,”
Earthquake Engineering and Structural Dynamics, 35 (9), p. 1077-1095.)
 70

Anderson, W.J. (1994) Linear Static Finite Element Analysis, The University of Michigan,
Ann Arbor, MI 48109

Kiritsis, D., Emmanouilidis, C., Koronios, A., Mathew, J.(2010), Engineering Asset
Management, Proceedings of the Fourth World Congress on Engineering Asset
Management (WCEAM) 2009, ISBN 978-1-84996-002-1, Springer-Verlag London
Limited
Cram 101 text book Reviews. Fundamentals of Structural Analysis 4th Edition by Kenneth
Leet

ANSYS 17.0. ANSYS help, ANSYS Inc.: Canonsburg, PA, USA, 2016.)

Sanford I. Heisler, 1998. The Wiley Engineer Desk’s Reference, A concise guide for the
professional engineer. Second Edition. Foster City, California

Albert M. Rogers, Timothy J. Walsh, William J. Kockelman and George R. Priest , 1996.
Assessing Earthquake Hazard and Reducing Risk in the Pacific Northwest, Volume 1.
United States Government Printing Office, Washington

Hough, S.E. (2004). Finding fault in California: an earthquake tourist's guide. Mountain
Press Publishing. p. 185. ISBN 978-0-87842-495-5.
Pacific Earthquake engineering Research Center, 325 Davis Hall, University of California,
Berkeley, CA

Northridge Earthquake Southern California Earthquake Data Center. Retrieved October 6,

2006.

USGS Earthquake Information for 1994 "Significant Earthquakes of the World 1994". U.S
Geological Survey. www.usgs.gov

ASCE. (2000). Pre-standard and Commentary for the Seismic Rehabilitation of Buildings
(FEMA-356) (Report No. FEMA 356). Reston, VA: American Society of Civil
Engineers prepared for the Federal Emergency Management Agency.

Miller, F.P., Vandome A.F., Mcbrewster, J. ( 2009). “Masonry”. VDM Publishing. ISBN
6130267126, 9786130267124

New World Encylcopedia. http://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/Masonry

Farrel P., Sherrat F., Richardson A. (2011). “Writing Built Environment Dissertations and
Projects” Practical Guidance and Examples, Second Edition. Willey and Sons Ltd.
United Kingdom

Datta, S., Davim, J.P. (2016). “Computational Approaches to Materials Design: Theoretical
and Practical Aspects”. Engineering Science Reference, Hershey PA, USA 17033
 71

El-Reedy, M.A. (2009). “Advanced Materials and Techniques for Reinforced Concrete
Structures” . Taylor & Francis Group, Boca Raton, FL.

34th Batangas City Foundation Anniversary Souvenir Program (2003). Batangas City
Philippines.

www.britannica.com, Encyclopedia Britannica

APPENDIX A
APPENDIX B
Map location of the Basilica of Immaculada Concepcion in Batangas City
APPENDIX C
 APPENDIX D
Distribution of stresses at the main structure at X direction

100%

90%

80%
70%

60%

50%
40%

30%

20%
10%

Distribution of stresses at the facade in X direction

100%

90%
80%

70%

60%
50%

40%

30%
20%

10%
 Distribution of stresses at the main structure at Y direction

100%

90%

80%
70%

60%

50%
40%

30%

20%
10%

Distribution of stresses at the facade in Y direction

100%

90%
80%

70%

60%
50%

40%

30%
20%

10%
 Distribution of stresses at the main structure at Z direction

100%

90%

80%
70%

60%

50%
40%

30%

20%
10%

Distribution of stresses at the facade in Z direction

100

90%
80%

70%

60%
50%

40%

30%
20%

10%
 APPENDIX E
Retrofitting Masonry Walls with Carbon Mesh

The studied retrofitting system consists of a coated carbon mesh (unidirectional or

bidirectional bundles of carbon fibers), which is embedded in specially adapted high quality
spray mortar, the ARMO-crete w, a one-component product based on inorganic binders,
fibers, selected aggregates, and polymer. The bonding capacity between carbon fibers and
mortar is achieved physically by diverting stresses between fibers and spray mortar and
chemically by amorphous silica coated on fibers and a reactive component added to the spray
mortar, both reacting to calcium silica hydrate. The chemical bonding has been improved and
the fiber cross section has been changed by the manufacturer for the carbon mesh L500
during the experimental campaign. Therefore, both the old and the new technology of
chemical bonding have been tested.
This retrofitting system can easily be applied. After cleaning masonry and concrete
surfaces with a high pressure water gun, a first layer of mortar is applied. The carbon mesh is
placed upon this layer whereby it is important to orientate all the carbon fibers of the mesh.
In case a mechanical anchorage is used, the mesh is fixed on the anchoring profile. After
placing and possibly fixing the mesh, a second layer of mortar is applied. The whole retrofit
results in a thickness between 15 and 25 mm. If necessary, two layers of carbon meshes can
be used resulting in a thickness between 25 and 35 mm. Different construction steps of the
retrofitting system are shown in Figure 1 (reference: Retrofitting Masonry Walls with
Carbon Mesh by Patrick Bischof and René Suter. Institute of Construction and Environment,
University of Applied Sciences (UAS), Bd de Pérolles 80, Fribourg 1705, Switzerland)
Strengthening of masonry walls with reinforced cement coating
In this case (Figure a and b) one places this (less than 10cm) layers of coatings of cement
reinforced with steel (or glass fiber or plastic meshes) on masonry walls. The coating increases
the walls strength and ductility. It can be placed in the outside or in the inside or both, depending
on the most accessible areas.
To enable the behavior of both elements (existing and new) to work together one places
steel connectors on the wall.
It is thought that a wall of rubble (stone) masonry with 0.60m of thickness reinforced
with two layers of cement coating with steel meshes and with 0.10m thickness in total, may have
increased its strength in compression and shear of 3 to 6 times its original strength, at least
(Appleton, 2009)

(a) Masonry wall from the inside with steel mesh (b) Spraying of cement grout in to the wall
(photo source: Appleton, 2011)
Strengthening by inserting steel bar, chains or ties on walls and openings
The corners are often weak areas, often partially or totally disconnected from the main
structure, in this case it is important to ensure proper structural connections between all walls;
this can simply done with bricks or stones, with iron or synthetic bars. This connections are also
a basic way to improve the overall strength of the structure with regards to horizontal forces, and
in particular, to seismic actions.

Figure 2. Connection between two walls by inserting steel bar or synthetic rope

Figure 3. Inserting of tie or chains on arches opening

Masonry wall Strengthening using RC Jackets

Reinforced concrete (RC) jackets technique for strengthening of masonry structure

consists of application of jackets on one or both sides of masonry walls. This method is used for
brick masonry as well as for stone masonry walls.
For using reinforcement jackets, first the plaster is removed from the walls. Mortar joints
between bricks are cleaned. In case of any cracks in masonry walls, those are first grouted.
Anchor ties are are inserted in pre-drilled holes. The surface of drill is cleaned, moistened, and
cement slurry is spread on the masonry surface and in drills.
The concrete is applied in two-layers with reinforcement mesh in between them. The reinforcing
mesh on both sides of wall is connected with the help of steel anchors. These anchors are welded
with the mesh or tied using tying wire.
The usual total thickness of RC jackets varies from 30mm to 100mm. The thickness
depends on the method for application of concrete layers.

Figure 4 Strengthening of Masonry Walls by Application of Single and Double sided

reinforced concrete (RC) jackets (source: Paper by S. Churilov & E. Dumova-Jovanoska on
“Analysis of masonry walls strengthened with RC jackets”