Professional Documents
Culture Documents
► As we move towards a signal source, the received frequency will shift upwards (or vice-versa)
This shift can be used to determine if we are moving towards (or away from) the source
► We want to move the DF receiver relative to the transmitter and measure the Doppler shift
Could we do this if the DF receiver is not in motion?
(And could we even move the receiver fast enough?)
Doppler shift
D
D
C A
B C A
East-West-Axis
North-South-Axis
► The US Coast Guard system Rescue 21 system uses over 225 Watson-Watt based DF sites to
radiolocate stations across over 40,000 miles of coastline
Speed and accuracy are critical
► Watson-Watt ideal for the common maritime HF / VHF frequencies
7 4
6 5
1 Phase offsets
45 46 47
45°
12 23 36
5 2
56 81 01
… 87 76 69 …
22 11 01
05 12 28
4 3
05
01
19
67 C(α)
88
02 03 05 08 10 11
86 89 02 06 08 10
… 15 17 19 20 21 22 …
70 69 66 66 64 63
82 85 88 02 04 05
α° α°
127°
32 Introduction to Direction Finding
CI and bearing quality
C(α) C(α)
α° α°
127° 127°
Receiver 1 Receiver 1
c
a c a
b b a - x = Δt
b - y = Δt
b x z c - z = Δt
y
a c
Receiver 2 Receiver 2
Receiver 3
Receiver 1
Receiver 2
► Digitized IF (IQ data) from all receive stations is transferred over data links to a master station
Data must be precisely timestamped using a shared clock
► Master station computes cross-correlation function for all stations
► This calculation yields the time difference, which is then used to generate the hyperbolae
Correlogram
0.8
0.6
2
0.4
3 0.2
0
0 1 2 3 4 5
4
Correlogram
0.8
0.6
2
0.4
3 0.2
0
0 1 2 3 4
4
Receiver 2
AOA DF
AOA DF
AOA DF
TDOA DF
TDOA DF
TDOA DF
TDOA DF
TDOA DF
AOA DF
AOA / TDOA DF
AOA / TDOA DF
AOA / TDOA DF