COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH FOR CAST-IN-PLACE CONCRETE

Depending on the mix (specially the water-cement ratio) and the time and quality of curing,
compressive strengths of concrete can be obtained up to 97 MPa or more. Commercial
production of concrete with ordinary aggregates is usually in the 21 to 83 MPa range with the
most common ranges for cast-in-place buildings from 21 to 41 MPa. On the other hand, precast
and prestressed applications often expect strengths of 27.6 to 55.1 MPa

The 28-day compressive strength of concrete can be estimated from the 7-day strength by a
formula proposed by W.A. Sater:

S28 = S7 + 2.5 √ S 7 Eq. 1-2

Where S28 = 28-day compressive strength, MPa

S7 = 7-day compressive strength, MPa

Concrete strength may increase significantly after 28 days, particularly when cement is mixed
with fly ash.

The stress drain diagram for concrete of a specialized compressive strength is a curved line as
shown in Figure 1.1. Maximum stress is reached at a strain of 0.002 mm/mm, after which the
curve descends.

Table 1.7: REINFORCEMENT GRADE AND STRENGTH

Referenced Types Grade Min. Yield Ultimate Size
ASTM Strength Strength Restriction
Standard fe (MPa) Fu (MPa)
A615-85 Billet steel Grade 40 276 483 #3 to #6 only
Grade 60 414 620
A616-85 Rail steel Grade 50 345 551 #3 to #11
only

Grade 60 414 620 #3 to #11

only
A617-85 Axle steel Grade 40 276 483 #3 to #11
only

Grade 60 414 620 #3 to #11

only
A706-84a Low alloy Grade 60 414 551
A496-85 Def. Wine Reinf. 517 586
A497-79 Fabric 483 551
A82-85 Cold-drawn Reinf. 483 551
wire Fabric 448,386 517, 483
SPACING LIMITS FOR REINFORCEMENT

According to Section 5.7.6 of NSCP, the minimum clear spacing between parallel bars in a layer
should be db but not less than 25 mm. Where parallel reinforcement is placed in two or more
layers, bars in the upper layers should be placed directly above bars in the bottom layer with
clear distance between layers not less than 25 mm. In spirally reinforced or tied reinforced
compression members, clear distance between longitudinal bars shall be not less than 1.5 d b nor
40 mm.
In walls and slabs other than concrete joist construction, primary flexard reinforcement shall be
spaced not farther apart than three times the wall or slab thickness, nor 450 mm.

Table 1.6: WEIGHT, AREA AND PERIMETER OF INDIVIDUAL BARS

Bar Diameter Diameter Weight Area Perimeter
No. in mm kg/m mm2 mm
3 0.375 9.52 0.560 71 30
4 0.500 12.70 0.994 129 40
5 0.625 15.88 1.552 200 50
6 0.750 19.05 2.235 284 60
7 0.875 22.22 3.042 387 70
8 1.000 25.40 3.973 510 80
9 1.128 28.65 5.060 645 90
10 1.270 32.26 6.404 819 101
11 1.410 35.81 7.907 1006 113
14 1.693 43.00 11.384 1452 135
18 2.257 57.33 20.238 2581 180

CONCRETE PROTECTION FOR REINFORCEMENT (SECTION 5.7.7)

Cast-in-place Concrete (nonprestressed). The following minimum concrete cover shall be
provided for reinforcement:
Minimum
cover,mm
(a) Concrete cast against and permanently exposed to earth 75
(b) Concrete exposed to earth or weather.
20 mm through 36 mm bars 50
16 mm bar, W31 or D31 wire, and smaller 40
(c) Concrete not exposed to weather or in contact with ground:
Slabs, walls, joists:
32 mm bar and smaller 20
Beams, columns
Primary reinforcement, ties, stirrups, spirals 40
Shells, folded place members:
20 mm bar and larger 20
16 mm bar, W31 or D31 wire, and smaller 15
BUNDLED BARS

Group of parallel reinforcing bars bundled in contact to act as a unit shall be limited to four in any one
bundle. Bundled bars shall be enclosed within stirrups or ties and bars larger than 32 mm shall not be
bundled in beams. The individual bars within a bundle terminated within the span of flexural members
should terminate at different points with at least 40d ι stagger. Since spacing limitations and minimum
concrete cover of most members are based on a single bar diameter d b , bundled bars shall be treated as a
single bar of a diameter derived from the equivalent total area.

Figure 1.2 bundled-bar arrangements

Diameter of single bar equivalent to bundled bars according to NSCP to be used for spacing limitation
and concrete cover.

3- 25 mm Equivalent diameter, D
π π
( 25 )2 x 3= D 2
4 4
D=43.3 mm

Bundled Bars
For bundled bars, the minimum concrete cover shall be equal to the equivalent diameter of the bundle, but
need not be greater than 50 mm, except for concrete cast against and permanently exposed to earth, the
minimum cover shall be 75 mm.

STANDARD HOOKS
The term standard hook refers to one of the following:
(a) 180° bend plus 4d ι extension but not less than 65 mm at free end,
(b) 90° bend plus 12d ι extension, at free end bar,
(c) For stirrups and tie hooks:
(1) 16 mm bar and smaller, 90° bend plus 6d ι extension at free end of bar, or
(2) 20 mm and 25 mm bar, 90° bend plus 12d ι extension at free end of bar, or
(3) 25 mm bar and smaller, 135° bend plus 6d ι extension of free end of bar.

MINIMUM BEND DIAMETER

The diameter bend measured on the inside of the bar, other than for stirrups and ties in sizes 10mm
through 15 mm shall not be less than the following:
(a) 6d ι for 10 mm to 25 mm bar,
(b) 8d ι for 28 mm to 32 mm bar, and
(c) 10d ι for 36 mm bar.
BALANCED DESIGN
Balanced design refers to a design so proportioned that the maximum stresses in concrete (with
strain of 0.003) and steel (with strain of fy/Es) are reached simultaneously once the ultimate load
is reached, causing them to fail simultaneously.

UNDERREINFORCED DESIGN

Underreinforced design is a design in which the steel reinforcement is lesser than what is
required for balanced condition. If the ultimate load is approached, the steel will begin to yield
although the compression concrete is still under-stressed. If the load is further increased, the steel
will continue to elongate, resulting in appreciable deflections and large visible cracks in the
tensile concrete. Failure under this condition is ductile and will give warning to the user of the
structure to decrease the load.

OVERREINFORCED DESIGN

Overreinforced design is a design in which the steel reinforcement is more than what is required
for balanced condition. If the beam is overreinforced, the steel will not yield before failure. As
the load is increased, deflections are not noticeable although the compression concrete is highly
stressed, and failure occurs suddenly without warning to the user of the structure.
Overreinforced as well as balanced design should be avoided in concrete because of its brittle
property, that is why the Code limits the tensile steel percentage ( ρmax = 0.75 ρb) to ensure
underreinforced beam with ductile type of failure to give occupants warning before failure
occurs.

MAX AND MIN STEEL RATIO

 For flexural members the ratio of reinforcement ρ provided shall not exceed 0.75 of the
ratio ρb that would produce balance strain condition.
ρmax =.75 ρb
This Limitation is to ensure that steel reinforcement will yield first to ensure ductile failure.
 At any section of flexural member where positive reinforcement is required by analysis,
the ratio ρ provided shall not be less than that given by 1.4 /f y .
1.4
ρmin =
fy
The provision for minimum amount of reinforcement applies to beams, which for architectural
and other reasons are much larger in cross-section than required be strength consideration. With
a very small amount of tensile reinforcement, the computed moment strength as a reinforced
concrete section becomes less than that of the corresponding plain concrete section computed
from its modulus of rapture. Failure in such case can be quite sudden.
REQUIRED STRENGTH (FACTORED LOAD), U

Structure and structural members should be designed to have design strengths at all sections at
least equal to required strengths calculated for the factored loads and forces in any combination
of loads.
 The required strength U to resist dead load DL and live load LL is

U = 1.4DL + 1.7 LL Eq. 1-6

 If resistance to structural effects of a specified wind load W are included in design where
load combinations includes both full value and zero value of LL to determinate the more
severe condition,

U = 0.75(1.4DL + 1.7LL + 1.7W) Eq. 1-7

and
U = 0.9DL + 1.3W Eq. 1-8
but not be less than 1.4DL + 1.7LL

 If resistance to specified earthquake loads or forces E are included in design

U = 0.75(1.4DL + 1.7LL + 1.87E) Eq. 1-9

and
U = 0.9DL + 1.43E Eq. 1-10
but not be less than 1.4DL + 1.7LL

 If resistance to earth pressure H is included in design

U = 1.4DL + 1.7LL + 1.7H Eq. 1-11

Where DL or LL reduce the effect of H
U = 0.90DL Eq. 1-12
but not be less than 1.4DL + 1.7LL

 If resistance to loading due to weight and pressure of fluids with well-defined densities
and controllable maximum height F is included in design, such loading shall have a load
factor of 1.4 and be added to all loading combinations that included live load.

 if resistance to impact effect is taken into account in design, such effects shall be included
with live load LL.

 Where structural effects T of differential settlement, creep, shrinkage, or temperature

change are significant in design.

U= 0.75 (1.4DL+ 1.4T+ 1.7LL) Eq. 1-13

but required strength U shall not be less than U= 1.4 (DL+ T)
LOAD FACTORS
Dead Load, DL -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1.4
Live Load, LL --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1.7
Wind Load, W --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1.7
Earthquake, E ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1.87
Earth or water pressure, H -------------------------------------------------------------------- 1.7

Table 2.1 MINIMUM THICKNESS OF NON-PRESTRESSED BEAMS OR

ONE-WAY SLABS UNLESS DEFLECTIONS ARE COMPUTED
Minimum thickness, h
Simply supported One end Both ends Cantilever
continuous continuous
Members Members not supporting or attached to partitions or other construction likely to
be damaged by large deflection
Solid one-way slabs L/20 L/24 L/28 L/10
Beams or ribbed one- L/16 L/18.5 L/21 L/8
way slabs
Span length L is in millimeters
Values given shall be used directly for members with normal density concrete ( w ¿ ¿ c=2300 kg /m3 )¿
and grade 415 reinforcement. For other conditions, the values shall be modified as follows:
(a) For structural lightweight concrete having unit weights in the range 1500-2000 kg/ m 3, the value
shall be multiplied by (1.65- 0.0005 w c) but not less than 1.09, where w c is the unit mass in kg/
m3 .
(b) For f y other than 415 MPa, the values shall be multiplied by (0.4 + f y /700).

STEPS IN DESIGNING A SINGLY REINFORCED RECTANGULAR

BEAM FOR FLEXURE

Note: The assumptions made in steps II, V, and VIII are the author’s recommendation based on
his experience.

I. Identify the values of the dead load and live load to be carried by the beam. (DL &
LL)

II. Approximate the weight of beam (DL) between 20%-25% of (DL+LL). This weight
is added to the dead load.

III. Compute the factored load and factored moment.

Ex. Factored load= 1.4 DL + 1.7 LL

IV. Compute the factored moment to be resisted by the beam M.

 V. Try a value of steel ratio p from 0.5 to 0.6, but must not be less than pmin. This value
of p will provide enough allowance in the actual value of p due to rounding off the
number of bars to be used, for it is not to exceed the maximum p of 0.75.

0.85 pB 600
p=
f y (600+f y )
B= 0.85 for f=≤ 30 MPa
B= 0.85-0.008 (f-30) for f≥ 30 MPa
pmin= 1.4/ f y

fy
VI. Compute the value of w, w= p
f

VII. Solve for bd 2

VIII. Try a ratio d/b (from d=1.5b to d=2b), and solve for d. (round off this value to
reasonable dimension) Check also the minimum thickness of beam required by the
code as given in Table 2.1 in page 36.

After solving for d, substitute its value to step VII and solve for b.
Compute the weight of the beam and compare it to the assumption made in step II.

IX. Solve for the required steel area and number of bars.
A= pbd
Number of bars (diameter = D)
π 2
D x number of bars = A
4

STEPS IN COMPUTING THE REQUIRED TENSION STEEL AREA OF A

BEAM WITH A MOMENT AND OTHER BEAM PROPERTIES
I. Solve for pminand M max
p= 0.75
0.85 pB 600
p= 0.75
f y (600+f y )
f
w= p y = _____
f
If M ≤ M max design as Singly Reinforced (Step II)
If M ≥ M max design as Doubly Reinforced (Step III)

II. Solve for p

M= Rbd 2
R=______
0.85 f 2R
p=
f
A= pbd =_____
√
{1- 1−
0.85 f
} =_____
Compression reinforcement is necessary. (See Chapter 3)

STEPS IN COMPUTING M OF A BEAM WITH KNOWN TENSION

STEEL AREA AND OTHER BEAM PROPERTIES

I. Solve for p
p= A/bd
II. Check if steel yields by computing pb

0.85 pB 600
pb =
f y (600+f y )
If p ≤ p bsteel yields. Proceed to step III
If p¿ pb steel does not yield. Proceed to step IV
Note: If p¿ pmin, the given A is not adequate for the beam dimension

III. p ≤ p b
fy
w= p
f
M= ∅ fw bd 2 ¿0.59w)

IV. p ¿ pb

Solve for f from the strain diagram. (Note: E=200,000 MPa

f /E
= 0.003/c ; f = 600 d-c/c
d−c
Σ f =0
T=C
Af= 0.85f ab but a= Bc
A 600 d-c/c = 0.85f , (B c) b
600 A (d-c) = 0.85 B f bc 2

Solve c by quadratic formula and solve for f and a:

f= 600 d-c/c ; a= B c
 a
M= ∅ T ( d− ) = A f (d-a/2)
2
Or
a
M= ∅ C(d− ) = 0.85 f ab (d-a/2)
2

COEFFIECIENT FOR CONTINUOUS BEAM AND SLAB

Section 5.8.3.3 of NSCP states that in lieu of frame analysis, the following approximate moment
and shears are permitted for design of continuous beams and one-way slabs (slabs reinforced to
resist flexural stresses in only one direction), provided:
(a) There are two or more spans,
(b) Spans are approximately equal the larger of two adjacent spans not greater than the
shorter by more than 20 percent,
(c) Loads are uniformly distributed,
(d) Unit live does not exceed these times unit dead load, and
(e) Members are prismatic.

Positive moment
End spans
Discontinuous and unrestrained…………….………………w u=L y 2 /11
Discontinuous end integral with support……………..……..w u=L y 2 / 14
Interior spans…………………………………………….………….w u=L y 2 /16
Negative moment at exterior face of first interior support
Two spans……………………………………………….……………w u=L y 2 / 9
More than two spans…………………...……………………………w u=L y 2 /10
Negative moment at other faces of interior supports……….………………w u=L y 2 /11
Negative moment at face of all supports for:
Slabs with spans not exceeding 3m; and beams
Where ration of sum of column stiffness to beam
Stiffness exceeds eight at each end of the span……….……….……w u=L y 2 /12
Negative moment at interior face of exterior
Support for members built integrally with supports
Where support is a spandrel beam…………….…………………….w u=L y 2 /24
Where support is a column………………………………….w u=L y 2 /16
Shear in end members at face of
First interior support……………………………………………………………1.5 wu L y /2

Shear at face of all other supports……………………………………………..…..w u Lu /2

Where Lu=¿ clear span for positive moment or shear and average of adjacent clear spans
for negative moment.
Figure 2.3: Shear and moment for continuous beam or slab with spams and discontinuous end
integral with support.

Figure 2.4: Shear and moment for continuous beam or slab with more than two beams and
discontinuous end integral with support
Figure 2.5: Shear and moment for continuous beam or slab with more than two spans and
discontinuous end unrestrained.

Problem 2.5
Design a rectangular beam reinforced for tension only to carry a dead load moment of 56 kN-m
(including its own weight) and a live load moment of 47 kN-m. Use
f ' c =20.7 MPa∧f y =276 MPa .

Solution:
M u=1.4 M DL=1.7 M ¿

M u=1.4 (56)=1.7 ( 47 )

M y =158.3 kN −m
(Note: this already includes the weight of the beam)

0.85 f ' ❑c β 1 600

[ ρ b=
f y ( 600+ f y ) ]
β 1=0.85 since f ' c <30 MPa

0.85 ( 20.7 )( 0.85 ) ( 600 )

ρb =
276 ( 600+ 276 )

ρb =0.0371

1.4
[ ρmin >
fy ]
1.4
ρmin =
276

ρmin =0.00507

Try ρ=0.6 ρb Note: This is just the author’s assumption

ρ=0.6 ( 0.0371 )
 ρ=0.02226

ρf y
[ w=
f 'c ]
0.02226 ( 276 )
w=
20.7

w=0.2968

[R u=f u w(1−0.59 w)]

Ru=20.7 ( 0.2968 ) [ 1−0.59 ( 0.2968 ) ]

Ru=5.068

[ M c =ϕ Ru b d 2 ]
158.3 x 106 =0.90 ( 5.068 ) b d2

b d 2=34,705,779

Try d=1.75 b
2
b ( 1.75 b ) =34,705,779

b=225 mm say 230 mm

230 d 2=34,705,779

d=388.4 say 390 mm

Note: we can not check for the minimum beam thickness since there is no given beam length and
type of support.

A s= p bd=0.02226 ( 230 ) ( 390 )

A s=1,997 m m2

Summary :b=230 mm
d=390 mm
A s=1,997 m m2
Problem 2.7
Design a rectangular beam for a 10-m simple span to support a dead load of 18 kN/m (not
including its own weight) and a live load of 24 kN/m. Use f ' c =21 MPa∧f y =276 MPa . Assume
weight of concret is 23.5 kN / m3.
Solution
Assume weight of beam to be 21% of (DL +LL)
Assume weight of beam = 0.21(18 + 24) = 8.82 kN/m
ω DL =18+8.82
ω DL =26.82 kN / m
[ ω u=1.4 ωDL =1.7 ω ¿ ]
ω u=1.4 ( 26.82 ) +1.7 ( 24 )
ω u=78.348 kN /m

ωu L2
Maximum moment: M u=
8
78.348 (10 )2
M u=
8
M u=979.35 kN −m

Try p=0.5 pb
0.85 f ' c β 1 600
p=0.5
f y ( 600+ f y )
0.85 ( 21 ) ( 0.85 ) 600
p=0.5
276 ( 600+276 )
p=0.0188
pmin =1.4 /f y
pmin =1.4 /276
pmin =0.0051
 pfy
[ w=
f 'c ]
0.0188 ( 276 )
w=
21
m=0.247

[ Ru =f 'c w ( 1−0.59 w ) ]
Ru= ( 21 )( 0.247 ) ( 1−0.59 ( 0.247 ) )
Ru=4.431 MPa

[ M u=ϕ R u b d2 ]
979.35 x 106 =0.90 ( 4.431 ) b d 2
b d 2=245,580,381

Try d=1.75 b
2
b ( 1.75 b ) =245,580,381
b= 431 mm say 430 mm
430d 2= 245,580,381
d= 755 say 760 mm
d=755 say 760 mm
approximate dept h of beam ,h=760+100=860 mm

Note: The value 100 is the distance (estimated) from the e.g. of the bars to extreme concrete
fiber.

Beam weig h t=γ conc bh=23.5 ( 0.43 ) ( 0.86 )

8.69 kN kN
Beam weig h t= <8.82 ( OK )
m m

Minimum beam thickness from TABLE 2.1:

L f
h=
16 ( 700 )
0.4+ y (for f y other than 415 MPa)

10,000 276
h=
16
0.4 +(700 )
=496 mm OK

Tension steel area:

A s= p h d
A s=0.0188 ( 430 )( 760 )
A s=6144 m m2

Using # 11 bars (35 mm)

π
( 35 )2 N =6144
4
N +6.4 say 7
Actual A s=6,735

Locating the centroid of the bars:

Taking the area of the bar as A:
( 7 A ) y=5 A ( 0 ) +2.4 ( 60 )
y=17 mm
Check for actual d:
d=720+ 60−17
d=763>760(OK )
Checking the spacing x:
340−35 ( 5 )
x=
4
x=41.25>35 mm(OK )
If we c h eck t h e capacity of t his beam wit h b=440 ,d =763 ,∧ A s=6734 m m 2 ¿
INVESTIGATION ( ANALYSIS ) PROBLEMS WHERE STEELYIELDS ( f s =f y )
Problem 2.10
A rectangular beam has b = 300 mm, d = 500 mm, As= 3 – 25 mm, fc= 34.2 MPa, grade
60 reinforcement (fy = 414 MPa). Calculate the design moment Mu.

Solution
π
A s= ¿
4
A s=1473mm2

As
[ ρ=
bd ]
1473
ρ=
300(500)
ρ=0.00982
1.4
ρmin =
fy
ρmin =0.0034

Check if steel yields:

0.85 f ' c β 1 600
[
ρ b=
f y (600+ f y ) ]
β 1=0.85−0.008(34.2−30)
β 1=0.8164
0.85 (34.2)( 0.8164)(600)
ρb =
414 (600−414)
ρb =0.0339
 Since ρ< ρ b, the tension steel provided will yield
ρfy
[ ω=
fc ]
0.00982(414)
ω=
34.2
ω=0.1189

[ M u=ϕ f c ω d 2 (1−0.59 ω)]

M u=0.90 (34.2)(0.1189 )( 300)¿
¿ 255,225,558 N−mm
M u=¿ 255.2 kN-m

Investigation (analysis) problems where steel does not yields (fs≠fy)

Problem 2.13
A rectangular beam has b = 300 mm, d = 500 mm, As= 6 – 32 mm, f’c = 27.6 MPa, grade
60 reinforcement (fy = 414 MPa). Calculate the ultimate moment capacity of the beam.

Solution
π
A s= ¿
4
A s=4825 mm2

As
[ ρ=
bd ]
4825
ρ=
300(500)
ρ=0.0322
1.4
ρmin =
fy

1.4
¿
414
ρmin =0.0034
 0.85 f ' c β 1 600
[ ρ b=
f y (600+ f y ) ]
ρb =0.85(27.6)¿ ¿

Since ρ> ρ b, the tension steel does not yield, and thus the steel stress f s is lower than f y
and it has to be computed.

Solve for f s from the strain

diagram.
f s /200000 0.003
=
500−c c
500−c
f s=600
c

[ ƩF =0 ] T =C
A s f s=0.85 f ' c a−b

a=β 1 c=0.85 c

500−c
( 4825 ) 600 =0.85 ( 27.6 ) ( 0.85 c )( 300 )
c

c 2 +484 c−241,964=0

−484 ± √(484)2−4 (1)(−241,964 )

c=
2(1)
c=306 mm
 500−306
f s=600
306
f s=380 MPa< f y

Problem 2.14
A rectangular beam reinforced for tension only has b = 300 mm, d = 490 mm. The
tension steel area provided is 7.25 mm diameter bars with f y =415 MPa , f ' c= 21 MPa.
Use NSCP Specifications. Calculate the ultimate moment capacity of the beam.
Solution
π
A s= ¿
4
A s=3436mm2

As
[ ρ=
bd ]
3436
ρ= =0.02337 ( ρmin =0.0034 )
300(490)
0.85 (21)( 0.85)(600)
ρb =
415 (600−415)
ρb =0.0216 f < 0.02337

Since ρ> ρ b, the tension steel does not yield.

[ C=T ]
0.85 f ' c ab ¿ A s f s

0.85 ( 21 ) ( 0.85 c ) ( 300 )=3436 f s

f s=1.325 c

From the strain diagram shown:

0.003 0.003+f s / Es
=
c d
0.003 0.003+1.325 c /200000
=
c 490
0.003 600+ 1.325 c
=
c 98000000

1.325 c 2+ 600 c−294,000=0

 c=296.2mm

[ a=β 1 c ]
a=0.85 ( 296.2 )
a=251.77 mm
f s=1.325(296.2)
f s=392.465< f y

a
M u=ϕ T (d− )
2
a
¿ ϕ A s f y (d− )
2
251.77
¿ 0.90(3426)(392.465)(490− )
2
¿ 440,625,240 N−mm
M u=440.6 kN−m

ONE-WAY SLAB
Reinforced concrete slabs are large flat are supported at its sides by reinforced concrete beams,
walls, columns, steel beams, or by the ground. If a slab is supported on two opposite sides only,
they are referred to a one0-way slabs since the bending occurs in one direction only.If the slab is
supported on all four sides, it is called two-way slab since the bending occurs in both direction.
If the rectangular slab is supported in al four sides but the long side is two or more times the
short side, the slab will, for all practical purposes, act as a one way slab, with bending occurring
in the short direction.

A one-way slab is considered as a wide, shallow rectangular beam. The reinforcing steel is
usually spaced uniformly over its width. One-way slabs are analyzed by considering a one-meter
strip, which is assumed independent of the adjacent strips. This method of analysis is somewhat
conservative because we neglected the lateral restraint provided by the adjacent strips.

MAXIMUM SPACING OF REINFORCEMENT

According to Setion 5.7.6.5, the flexural reinforcement shall not be spaced farther apart than 3
times the thickness, nor 450mm.

SHRINKAGE AND TEMPERATURE REINFORCEMENT

Concrete shrinks as it hardens, In addition, temperature changes occur that causes expansion and
contraction of concrete. In this effect, the code (5.7.12) requires the one –way slabs, where
flexural reinforcement extends in one direction only, should be reinforcement for shrinkage and
temperature stresses perpendicular to flexural reinforcement. According to Section 5.7.12.2.1,
the areaof shrinkage reinforcement shall provide at least the following ratios of gross concrete
are bh, (where h is tha slab thockness) but not less than 0.0014.

(a) Where Grade 275 deformed bars are used ………………….…………………. 0.0020

(b) Where Grade 415 deformed bars or welded wire fabric (plain or deformed)are used
……………………………………………………………..…………………... 0.0018

(c) Where reinforcement with ❑❑ measured at yield strain of 0.35% are used
❑
………………………………………………………………….………….. ❑
❑
Shrinkage and temperature reinforce may not be spaced not farther apart than 5 times the slab
thickness nor 450mm (Section 5.7.12.2.2).

STEPS IN THE DESIGN OF ONE-WAY SLABS

I. Identify the uniform floor pressure (Pa) to be carried by the slab, This laod may
consist of:
1) Live load pressure, LL(Pa)
2) Dead load pressure, DL(Pa)
3) Ceiling load and other attachments (below the slab), DL(Pa)
 II. Determine the minimum slab thickness h from Table 2.1. If necessary adjust this
value depending on your judgement.

III. Compute the weight of slab:

❑❑ ❑t ()

IV. Calculate the factored moment ( M u) to be carried by the slab:

,❑❑

V. Compute the effective depth d:

( )1/ 2

VI. Compute the required p:

❑
Solve for ❑u from ❑u ϕ❑u❑ where b

' c ❑u
[√ ]
f ❑ 'c
Solve for ❑❑ and ❑❑
If is less than ❑❑ and greater than ❑❑ use
If is greater than ❑❑ and increase the depth of slab to ensure ductile failure
If is less than ❑❑ use ❑❑

VII. Compute the required main bar spacing

❑❑
❑
❑❑ ❑
❑❑
Use the smallest of the following for the main bar spacing
a) S1
b) h
c) 450mm
VIII. Temperature bars : See Page 74 for the request steel ratio
❑st ρt
❑¯¿
¿
❑s
Use the smallest of the following for temperature bar spacing:
a) S2
b) 5 h
c) 450mm
PROBLEM 2.21

Design a one-way slab to carry a service live load of 400 Pa. The slab has a length of 4 m width
both ends continuous. Assume f x = 21 MPa and f y = 415 MPa for main bars and f y = 276 MPa
for temperature bars.
SOLUTION
Live Load = 4000 Pa
Dead Load (Weight of slab)

Minimum thickness of slab:

L❑
h=
28
4000 ❑
¿
28
h=143 mm(use 150 mm)

Weight of beam, DL = γ conc x h

DL = 23.5 (0.15)
= 3.525 kPa

DL = 3525 Pa ( LL < 3DL,OK)

Factored floor pressure = 1.4(3525) + 1.7 (4000)

Factored floor pressure = 11,735 Pa

Factored uniformly distribution load:

W u =11,735 ( 1 )
¿ 11,735 N /m
W u =11,735 kN /m

From Section 5.8.3.3 of NSCP

Effective depth, d = 150 – 20 -1/2 (12)

Effective depth, d = 124 mm

At midspan :
 W u Ln 2
[ Mu =
16 ]
11.735(4)2
M u=
16
M u=11.735 kN .m

[ M u=ϕ R u bd 2 ]
11.735 x 106 = 0.90 Ru (1000)(124)2

Ru = 0.848 MPa

0.85 f e 2 Ru
ρ=
fy [ √
1− 1− ]
0.85 f e
0.85(21)
¿ ¿
415
ρ=0.0021
ρmin = 1.4/415
ρmin = 0.00337 > 0.0021

Use ρ = ρmin = 0.00337

A s = ρbd = 0.00337 (1000)(124)

A s= 418 mm2

A sb
Spacing, S = x 1000
As
π
(12)2
Spacing, S = 4 x 1000
418
S = 271 say 270 mm

Maximum spacing required by the Code:

a) 3h = 3(150) = 450 mm
b) 450 mm
Thus, use 12 mm bottom bars at 270 mm o.c at midspan

At support:
w u Ln2
[Mu =
10 ]
11.735(4)2
M u=
10
M u=18.776 kN −m

[ M u=ϕ R u bd 2 ]
18.776 x106 =0.90 R u (1000)(124)2
Ru=1.357 MPa

0.85 f ' c 2 Ru
ρ=
fy [
1−
0.85 f ' c ]
0.85(21) 2(1.357)
=
415
1− [
0.85(21) ]
ρ=0.0162>0.0034

Use ρ=0.0034

A s=ρbd=0.0034 (1000 )(124)

A s=422 mm2

A sb
Spacing= x 1000
As
π
( 12 )2
Spacing= 4 x 1000
422
Spacing= 268 say 265 mm

Thus, use 12 mm top bars @ 265 mm o.c. at support

Temperature bars (10 mm): ( ρ¿¿ t=0.002) ¿

A st =0.002 b h
=0.002(1000)(150)

A st= 300mm2

A st
Spacing= x 1000
As
π
(10)2
= 4
x 1000
300
Spacing= 261 say 260 mm

Maximum spacing required by the code:

a) 5h= 5(150) = 750mm
b) 450 mm
Thus, use 10 mm temperature bars @ 260 mm o.c.