Professional Documents
Culture Documents
0 INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background
This report summarizes the structural analysis and design of the residential
building. The analysis and design have been based on the prevailing codes that are
in practice in Nepal, the National Building code of Nepal and the IS code at places.
This report consists of the design procedures adopted, the assumptions made, the
inputs made in the design and the design output.
Where,
Z = Zone factor (0.36)
I = Importance factor (1)
R = Response reduction factor (5)
Sa/g = average response acceleration coefficient
deflection due to vertical loads and lateral deflection due to seismic forces are of
Page
major importance along with the long-term defection of beam elements under
sustained loading condition due to shrinkage and creep are also taken into
account.
A. Dead Load: The Dead load comprises the loads due to the materials used in the
construction and parts or components in a building. It consists of the loads due to
structural elements like beam, column, wall, slab, staircase, etc.; finishes applied
in the building and some permanent structures like water tanks etc.
B. Imposed Load: The imposed load comprises the loads due to the physical
contribution of people and the loads due to the nature of occupancy, the furniture
and other equipment’s which are a part of the character of the occupancy. The
imposed loads on the structural system are based on the codal provisions as
specified in IS 875(part2)-1987.
C. Earthquake load: The Earthquake load is the horizontal /lateral load induced
by the ground motion due to earthquakes. The design lateral load / force is
considered in two orthogonal horizontal directions of the structures. The
earthquake induced lateral loads on the structural system are based on the codal
provisions as specified in IS1893:2002
Structural Components:
Concrete
Grade: M20
Characteristic Compressive strength: 20 N/mm2
Unit weight: 25 KN/m3
4
Young’s modulus of elasticity(E) = 5000 fck N/mm2 ≈ 22360680 KN/m2 (for M20)
Page
Brick Wall
Unit weight: 19.2 KN/m3
NOTE: During this design, brick is not considered as structural component and hence its
strength is not considered.
Finishing
Plaster
Unit Weight: 20.4 KN/m3
Floor Finish:
Specification: 50mm thick screed + punning on floor
Intensity: 1 KN/m2
Specification: 50mm thick marble on the floor
Intensity: 1.335 KN/m2
NOTE: During this design, a value of 1.25 KN/m2 is considered as floor finish load.
1 DEAD Dead
2 LIVE Live
3 WALL Dead
4 PWALL Dead
5 FF (Floor Finish) Dead
6 LL (Live load on Slab) Live
7 STAIR STEPS Dead
5 Page
Load (kN/m)
Wall Height Unit Weight % of Final
SN Description Width(m) Load (kN/m) With
(m) (kN/m3) opening Load(KN/m)
Plaster
Wt of Building(W) 9818.275 kN
Foundations are structure elements that transfer loads from building or individual
column to earth this load are to be properly transmitted foundations must be
designed to prevent excessive settlement are rotation to minimize differential
settlements and to provide adequate safety isolated footings for buildings.
The choice of type of foundation to be used in a given situation depends on a
number of factors.
1.) Bearing capacity of soil
2.) Type of structure
3.) Type of loads
4.) Permissible differential settlements
5.) Economy
Types of Footings
a) Isolated Footing: used for single column and may have square rectangular or
circular shapes
b) Strip Footing: Wall footing
c) Combined footing: supports two or more columns
d) Raft/Mat foundation: Support all columns. Used when soil bearing capacity is
low and sum of individual footing area is more than 50% of plinth area.
e) Pile/Well foundations: minimum three piles are capped to support the
structures. Well foundations are used in bridge foundations.
Modeling, analysis and design is carried out using the software. Design of the
individual elements is carried out manually. The sample calculation of the
individual elements is presented below.
Design of Slab
Slabs are plate elements forming floors and roofs of buildings and it supports
mainly transverse loads and transfers them to supports primarily by bending action
in one or more directions. The behavior and strength of slab depends upon, the
shape and geometry (span), support and boundary conditions, loading level
(service load, ultimate load) the state stress (elastic, in elastic, plastic).
One-way slab:
One-way slab is those in which the length is more than twice the breadth it can be
simply supported beam or continuous beam.
Two-way slab:
When slabs are supported to four sides two ways spanning action occurs. Such as
slab are simply supported on any or continuous or all sides the deflections and
bending moments are considerably reduces as compared to those in one-way slab.
A sample design of the critical slab is carried out in Excel. The calculation is shown
here under.
Design of Staircase
A staircase can be considered to be an inclined slab. Staircase is an important
component of a building providing access to different floors and roof of the
building. It consists of a flight of steps (stairs) and one or more intermediate
landing slabs between the floor levels.
Different structural systems are possible for the staircase, depending on the
spanning direction. The slab component of the stair spans either in the direction of
going i.e., longitudinally or in the direction of the steps, i.e., transversely.
Similarly, the Sample design of Staircase with calculation of loading of staircase is
also carried out in Excel. The calculation is shown here under.
IS: 456 – 2000 Code of Practice for Plain and Reinforced Concrete
IS: 875 (Parts 1-5) Code of practice for design loads (other than earthquake) for buildings and
structures (second revision)
Part 1 – Dead loads
Part 2 – Imposed loads
NBC 105: 1994 Code of practice for Seismic Design of Buildings in Nepal
IS: 13920 - 1993 Ductile Detailing of Reinforced Concrete Structures subjected to Seismic
forces - Code of Practice
SP: 16 – 1980 Design Aids for Reinforced Concrete to IS: 456 – 1978