Contents

1.0 INTRODUCTION...................................................................................3
1.1 Background.....................................................................................3
1.2 Salient Features...............................................................................3
1.2.1 Project Information....................................................................3
1.2.2 Building Features.......................................................................3
1.2.3 Site Condition............................................................................3
1.3 Geometry of the Building................................................................3
2.0 DESIGN APPROACH AND METHODOLOGY...........................................5
2.1 General............................................................................................5
2.2 Design Seismic Base Shear.............................................................5
2.3 Software used: (Introduction to Analysis software).........................5
2.4 Structural Performance...................................................................5
2.5 Deformation under Vertical Loads...................................................5
3.0 ANALYSIS............................................................................................6
3.1 Loading details / Types of Loads.....................................................6
A. Dead Load:...................................................................................6
B. Imposed Load:..............................................................................6
C. Earthquake load:..........................................................................6
3.2 Material Specification......................................................................6
3.2.1 Structural Components:.............................................................6
3.2.2 Non-Structural Components:.....................................................6
3.3 Loading on Structural Model............................................................7
3.4 Load Cases......................................................................................7
3.4.1 Primary Load Cases...................................................................7
3.4.2 Load Combination......................................................................7
3.5 Load Calculations............................................................................8
3.5.1 Dead Load..................................................................................8
3.5.2 Live Load...................................................................................8
3.5.3 Seismic Load & Base Shear Calculation.....................................9
3.6 Applied Story Forces......................................................................10
3.7 Wall Load in Model........................................................................11
4.0 ANALYSIS OUTPUTS..........................................................................13
1

4.1 Results from Structural models and analysis................................13

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4.1.1 Diagram Showing Reaction (DL+LL)........................................14

 4.1.2 Shear Force Diagram (For Envelope).......................................15
4.1.3 Axial Force Diagram (For Envelope)........................................17
4.1.4 Bending Moment Diagram (For Envelope)...............................19
5.0 DESIGN OF MEMBERS.......................................................................21
5.1 Design of Beams and Columns......................................................21
5.1.1 Diagram Showing Reinforcement Output From Etabs.............22
5.2 Design of Foundation.....................................................................23
5.3 Types of Footings..........................................................................23
5.3.1 Design of Strap Beam..............................................................24
5.4 Design of Slab................................................................................24
5.4.1 One-way slab...........................................................................24
5.4.2 Two-way slab...........................................................................24
5.5 Design of Staircase........................................................................24
6.0 ANNEX..............................................................................................25

1.0 INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background
2

This report summarizes the structural analysis and design of the residential
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building. The analysis and design have been based on the prevailing codes that are
in practice in Nepal, the National Building code of Nepal and the IS code at places.
This report consists of the design procedures adopted, the assumptions made, the
inputs made in the design and the design output.

1.2 Salient Features

1.2.1 Project Information

Client : Mrs. Suchita Sigdel

Building Type : Residential cum Commercial
Location : Baneshwor, Kathmandu
Plinth Area : 1659 Sq. ft.

1.2.2 Building Features

Type of Structure : RCC Framed Structure

Story : Basement +G+5 & Stair Cover
Story Height : Basement 9’-0” & Above Floors 10’-6”
Total Height : 72’-0” (From Plinth level)
1.2.3 Site Condition

Soil Type : Medium Soil (for seismic consideration as per IS1893)

Seismic Zone Factor : 0.36
Net safe bearing capacity : 150 KN/m2

1.3 Geometry of the Building

Building is analyzed in rectangular-shaped block having following dimensions
respectively:

Plinth Length along

North Direction: 42’-0”
South Direction: 39’-6”
East Direction: 42’-0”
West Direction: 39’-6”

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 Column Base Identification

Grid Number according to structure modeling.

4
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2.0 DESIGN APPROACH AND METHODOLOGY
2.1 General
The structure is analyzed with Finite Element Method (FEM). Beams and columns
are modeled as frame (line) elements with sufficient and appropriate meshing.
Modulus of elasticity and Poisson’s ratio for the materials used are taken
accordingly. The section properties used are based on preliminary section sizing
with consideration for deflection, minimum sizing specified and serviceability.
Computation for stiffness as a whole is carried out using FEM based latest
software.
Seismic Coefficient Method is used and it is applied for lateral seismic force
distribution generated with IS1893:2002 based.
The design horizontal seismic coefficient,
Ah = Z*I*(Sa/g) / (2R) (Cl. 6.4.2, IS 1893 (Part 1): 2002)

Where,
Z = Zone factor (0.36)
I = Importance factor (1)
R = Response reduction factor (5)
Sa/g = average response acceleration coefficient
2.2 Design Seismic Base Shear
The total design lateral force or design seismic base shear (V B) along any principal
direction is determined by the following expression
VB = Ah*W (Cl. 7.5.3)
Where, Ah = The design horizontal seismic coefficient as above
W = Seismic weight of the building
Foundation design is carried out to satisfy strength and stability requirements.

2.3 Software used: (Introduction to Analysis software)

The analysis for the structural system was carried out using ETABS 2016 Version
16.2.0 build 9200 Integrated Building Design Software, is a product of Computers
and Structures. Inc. It is a FEM based software having facility of RC Design based
on IS- 456:2000.

2.4 Structural Performance

Structural response under limit state of serviceability is thoroughly checked. The
force and stiffness relationship resulting the deflection under various load cases
and combined action of forces are duly evaluated. Basically short- term elastic
deflection due to vertical loads and lateral deflection due to seismic forces are of
major importance along with the long-term defection of beam elements under
sustained loading condition due to shrinkage and creep are also taken into
account.

2.5 Deformation under Vertical Loads

Maximum vertical deflection in all beam and slab elements that resulted under
vertical load of combined effect of self, imposed dead and live load are checked
for critical elements and maintained to be within permissible limit. Short-term
5

elastic deflection and long-term deflection due to shrinkage and creep due to
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sustained loads are also maintained within permissible limits for all the elements.
 3.0 ANALYSIS
3.1 Loading details / Types of Loads.

A. Dead Load: The Dead load comprises the loads due to the materials used in the
construction and parts or components in a building. It consists of the loads due to
structural elements like beam, column, wall, slab, staircase, etc.; finishes applied
in the building and some permanent structures like water tanks etc.

B. Imposed Load: The imposed load comprises the loads due to the physical
contribution of people and the loads due to the nature of occupancy, the furniture
and other equipment’s which are a part of the character of the occupancy. The
imposed loads on the structural system are based on the codal provisions as
specified in IS 875(part2)-1987.

C. Earthquake load: The Earthquake load is the horizontal /lateral load induced
by the ground motion due to earthquakes. The design lateral load / force is
considered in two orthogonal horizontal directions of the structures. The
earthquake induced lateral loads on the structural system are based on the codal
provisions as specified in IS1893:2002

3.2 Material Specification

Considering Architectural, Economic and strength demands, reinforced cement
concrete (RCC) is used as the major structural material, the selected material also
confirms the availability and ease in construction. The concrete grade used is M20
as per Indian Standard Specification. This material provides minimum grade of
structural concrete and favorable for easy production and quality control as well.
Fe500 is provided as longitudinal and Fe415 is provided as shear reinforcing in
Beams, Columns, foundations, and slabs wherever RCC is used.
Considerations of material for loading and strength parameter are as detailed
below:

3.2.1 Structural Components:

Concrete
Grade: M20
Characteristic Compressive strength: 20 N/mm2
Unit weight: 25 KN/m3
Young’s modulus of elasticity(E) = 5000 fck N/mm2 ≈ 22360680 KN/m2 (for M20)

Steel Reinforcement (for both longitudinal and shear reinforcement)

Grade: Fe 500
Yield stress: 500 N/mm2

3.2.2 Non-Structural Components:

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Brick Wall
Unit weight: 19.2 KN/m3

NOTE: During this design, brick is not considered as structural component and hence its
strength is not considered.
Finishing
Plaster
Unit Weight: 20.4 KN/m3

Floor Finish:
Specification: 50mm thick screed + punning on floor
Intensity: 1 KN/m2
Specification: 50mm thick marble on the floor
Intensity: 1.335 KN/m2
NOTE: During this design, a value of 1.25 KN/m2 is considered as floor finish load.

3.3 Loading on Structural Model

The following considerations are made during the loading on the structural model:
 The loads distributed over the area are imposed on area element and that
distributed over length are imposed on line element whenever possible.
 Where such loading is not applicable, equivalent conversion to different
loading distribution is carried to load the model near the real case as far as
possible.
 For lateral load, necessary calculations are performed to comply with the
requirements of IS1893:2002.

3.4 Load Cases

The following load cases were used for loading during the analysis:
Dead : Self Weight of the building structural components
Finish : Weight of the finishing of the slabs and staircases (including steps)
Wall : Wall loads (including plaster)
Live : Live load in the building area elements

3.4.1 Primary Load Cases

NUMBER NAME TYPE

1 DEAD Dead
2 LIVE Live
3 WALL Dead
4 PWALL Dead
5 FF (Floor Finish) Dead
6 LL (Live load on Slab) Live
7 STAIR STEPS Dead

3.4.2 Load Combination

The load combinations are based on IS1893. The following load combinations are
specified by IS 456:2000 as well as IS 1893 Cl 6.3.1.2.
7

1) 1.5(TDL+IL)
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2) 1.2(TDL+IL ± EQL)
 3) 1.5(TDL ± EQL)
4) 0.9TDL ± 1.5EQL
Assumptions
The following assumptions are taken into consideration in the seismic resistant
analysis and design of structures:
 Adequate supervision and quality systems are provided during execution of
the works.
 Construction is carried out by personnel having the appropriate skill and
experience.
 Construction materials and products confirm to the pertinent codes and
specifications.
 The structure is adequately maintained.
 The structure is used in accordance with the design brief.
 An earthquake is not likely to occur simultaneously with maximum flood,
wind, waves or tides.
 Resonance as visualized under steady state sinusoidal excitation will not
occur, as the small duration of earthquake is not enough to build up
resonance amplitudes.
 Subsoil does not considerably settle or slide due to earthquake at the site of
structure.
3.5 Load Calculations
Wall Load Calculation
Floor Height 2.845 m 9 '- 4.0''
Beam Depth 0.356 m 1 '- 2.0''

Load (kN/m)
Wall Height Unit Weight % of Final
SN Description Width(m) Load (kN/m) With
(m) (kN/m3) opening Load(KN/m)
Plaster

1.000 Full Wall Plaster 0.025 2.489 20.400 2.539

2.000 Parapet Wall Plaster 0.025 0.900 20.400 0.918
3.000 Full Brick Wall 0.230 2.489 19.200 10.992 13.531 0.000 13.531
4.000 Full Brick Wall 0.230 2.489 19.200 10.992 13.531 20.000 10.825
5.000 Full Brick Wall 0.230 2.489 19.200 10.992 13.531 30.000 9.472
6.000 Full Brick Wall 0.230 2.489 19.200 10.992 13.531 50.000 6.766
7.000 Half Brick Wall 0.115 2.489 19.200 5.496 8.035 0.000 8.035
8.000 Half Brick Wall 0.115 2.489 19.200 5.496 8.035 15.000 6.830
9.000 Half Brick Wall 0.115 2.489 19.200 5.496 8.035 30.000 5.625
10.000 Parapet Wall Half 0.115 0.900 19.200 1.987 2.905 0.000 2.905
11.000 Parapet Wall Full 0.230 0.900 19.200 3.974 6.513 20.000 5.211

3.5.1 Dead Load

Note: Calculation of staircase load is shown in Design sheets

3.5.2 Live Load

8

LIVE LOAD UDL (KN/M2)

Page

Rooms and kitchen 2.0

Toilet and bathroom 2.0
 Corridor, passage, staircase 3.0
Balconies 3.0
Terrace 1.5

3.5.3 Seismic Load & Base Shear Calculation

The seismic lateral load is calculated using the IS 1893:2002. The base shear is
applied with the coefficient as calculated here under:
Fundamental Natural period of vibration with brick infill panels
Length along x direction(Lx) 12.395 m
Length along y direction(Ly) 9.881 m
Ht of building(H) 19.202 m
excluding base ht of 0.000 m
Total Required height 19.202 m
Site Sub-soil category Type II(Medium)
Time Period Tx=0.09h/sqrt(dx) 0.491 sec 1893 Part I Clause 7.6.2
Time Period Ty=0.09h/sqrt(dy) 0.550 sec
Seismic Zoning Factor(Z) 0.360 1893 Part I Table 2
Importance Factor(I) 1.000 1893 Part I Table 6
Response Reduction Factor R 5.000 SMRF 1893 Part I Table 7

Wt of Building(W) 9818.275 kN

Calcuation of base shear

Along X, Sa/g 2.500 1893 Part I Figure 2
Ah 0.090 Z/2xI/RxSa/g
Vb(kN) 883.645 AhxW
Along Y, Sa/g 2.500 1893 Part I Figure 2
Ah 0.090 Z/2xI/RxSa/g
Vb(kN) 883.645 AhxW

3.5.4

3.5.5

3.5.6

3.5.7

3.5.8

3.5.9

3.5.10
9

3.5.11
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3.5.12
3.5.13

3.5.14

3.5.15

3.6 Applied Story Forces

TABLE: Story Response TABLE: Story Response

Story Elevation Location X-Dir Y-Dir Story Elevation Location X-Dir Y-Dir
m kN kN m kN kN
Story7 21.9456 Top 145.6571 0 Story7 21.9456 Top 0 145.6571
Story6 18.7452 Top 299.1965 0 Story6 18.7452 Top 0 299.1965
Story5 15.5448 Top 234.022 0 Story5 15.5448 Top 0 234.022
Story4 12.3444 Top 131.6374 0 Story4 12.3444 Top 0 131.6374
Story3 9.144 Top 58.5055 0 Story3 9.144 Top 0 58.5055
Story2 5.9436 Top 14.6264 0 Story2 5.9436 Top 0 14.6264
Story1 2.7432 Top 0 0 Story1 2.7432 Top 0 0
Base 0 Top 0 0 Base 0 Top 0 0
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Page 11
3.7 Wall Load in Model
 4.0 ANALYSIS OUTPUTS
4.1 Results from Structural models and analysis

Story Response - Maximum Story Drifts Along X & Y

TABLE: Story Response

Story Elevation Location X-Dir Y-Dir TABLE: Story Response
m mm mm Story Elevation Location X-Dir Y-Dir
Story7 21.9456 Top 24.899 2.246 m mm mm
Story6 18.7452 Top 21.742 2.378 Story7 21.9456 Top 2.247 26.735
Story5 15.5448 Top 18.898 2.36 Story6 18.7452 Top 2.175 23.193
Story4 12.3444 Top 14.675 1.939 Story5 15.5448 Top 1.843 19.589
Story3 9.144 Top 9.633 1.294 Story4 12.3444 Top 1.399 14.893
Story2 5.9436 Top 4.33 1.464 Story3 9.144 Top 0.891 9.613
Story1 2.7432 Top 0.137 0.241 Story2 5.9436 Top 0.483 4.246
Base 0 Top 0 0 Story1 2.7432 Top 0.11 0.06
Base 0 Top 0 0
4.1.1 Diagram Showing Reaction (DL+LL)
4.1.2 Shear Force Diagram (For Envelope)
4.1.3 Axial Force Diagram (For Envelope)
4.1.4 Bending Moment Diagram (For Envelope)
 5.0 DESIGN OF MEMBERS
5.1 Design of Beams and Columns
The design of beams and columns are done from the software itself. However, it is
to be notified that the limitations of the design by the software have been
evaluated and the adjustments have been made accordingly.
Due to very huge and detailed explanation of ETABS output for each and every
column and beam, we have shown a design results below showing the amount of
load, moments, amount of steel required, section adopted etc.
The samples (summary) of the design through the software based on IS456: 2000
has been presented hereunder.
5.1.1 Diagram Showing Reinforcement Output From Etabs
5.2 Design of Foundation

Foundations are structure elements that transfer loads from building or individual
column to earth this load are to be properly transmitted foundations must be
designed to prevent excessive settlement are rotation to minimize differential
settlements and to provide adequate safety isolated footings for buildings.
The choice of type of foundation to be used in a given situation depends on a
number of factors.
1.) Bearing capacity of soil
2.) Type of structure
3.) Type of loads
4.) Permissible differential settlements
5.) Economy

5.3 Types of Footings

a) Isolated Footing: used for single column and may have square rectangular or
circular shapes
b) Strip Footing: Wall footing
c) Combined footing: supports two or more columns
d) Raft/Mat foundation: Support all columns. Used when soil bearing capacity is
low and sum of individual footing area is more than 50% of plinth area.
e) Pile/Well foundations: minimum three piles are capped to support the
structures. Well foundations are used in bridge foundations.

Modeling, analysis and design is carried out using the software. Design of the
individual elements is carried out manually. The sample calculation of the
individual elements is presented below.

5.3.1 Design of Strap Beam

A cantilever or strap footing normally comprises two footing connected by a beam

called a strap footing is a special case of combine footing. A strap footing is used
to connect an eccentrically loaded column footing close to the property line to an
interior column.
The footing areas are proportioned in such a way to keep the pressure under the
two footings uniform and equal and for the centroid of the combined footing areas
to coincide with the resultant of the two column loads.
It is assumed that the strap beam is rigid and does not transfer any load by bearing
on the soil at its bottom contact surface.

5.4 Design of Slab

Slabs are plate elements forming floors and roofs of buildings and it supports
mainly transverse loads and transfers them to supports primarily by bending action
in one or more directions. The behavior and strength of slab depends upon, the
shape and geometry (span), support and boundary conditions, loading level
(service load, ultimate load) the state stress (elastic, in elastic, plastic).

5.4.1 One-way slab

One-way slab is those in which the length is more than twice the breadth it can be
simply supported beam or continuous beam.

5.4.2 Two-way slab

When slabs are supported to four sides two ways spanning action occurs. Such as
slab are simply supported on any or continuous or all sides the deflections and
bending moments are considerably reduces as compared to those in one-way slab.

A sample design of the critical slab is carried out in Excel. The calculation is shown
here under.

5.5 Design of Staircase

A staircase can be considered to be an inclined slab. Staircase is an important
component of a building providing access to different floors and roof of the
building. It consists of a flight of steps (stairs) and one or more intermediate
landing slabs between the floor levels.
Different structural systems are possible for the staircase, depending on the
spanning direction. The slab component of the stair spans either in the direction of
going i.e., longitudinally or in the direction of the steps, i.e., transversely.
Similarly, the Sample design of Staircase with calculation of loading of staircase is
also carried out in Excel. The calculation is shown here under.
6.0 ANNEX
References

IS: 456 – 2000 Code of Practice for Plain and Reinforced Concrete

IS: 875 (Parts 1-5) Code of practice for design loads (other than earthquake) for buildings and
structures (second revision)
Part 1 – Dead loads
Part 2 – Imposed loads
NBC 105: 1994 Code of practice for Seismic Design of Buildings in Nepal

IS: 1893 – 2002 Criteria for Earthquake Resistant Design of Structures

IS: 13920 - 1993 Ductile Detailing of Reinforced Concrete Structures subjected to Seismic
forces - Code of Practice
SP: 16 – 1980 Design Aids for Reinforced Concrete to IS: 456 – 1978

SP: 34 – 1987 Handbook on Concrete Reinforcement Detailing

Pillai Pillai, S. Unnikrishna, Marie A. Erki, and Donald Wayne Kirk. Reinforced

concrete design. Whitby, Ont.: McGraw-Hill Ryerson, 1999.
Sinha,S.N. Sinha, S. N. (2002). Reinforced concrete design. Tata McGraw-Hill
Education.