304 FOUNDATION ANALYSIS AND DESIGN Step 9. Stecl in cantilever portion of footing is found to be 028 for moment and 0.67 in?/t for rinimum requirement of 200/, (could use 028 x 1.33 > T and $ alternatively but would re- quire increasing other steel by 1/3 also) Use 10 No. 7 bars: A, = 600 > 547 in? Run five bars full length to use as chairs for short direction steel Step 10. Final sketch (arid using approximate minimum steel = 200/{, for transverse zones “a” of Fig. 9-3) 120 hips 200kips | 1 Lp vowels osx ein erst 2625 4-47 6-47 a 3-47 Final sketch L #19-09°(1975) Bs soz 817) Figure E9-1e Hit 9-3 DESIGN OF TRAPEZOID-SHAPED FOOTINGS A combined footing will be trapezoid-shaped if the column which has too limited space for a spread footing carries the larger load. In this case the resultant of the column loads (including moments) will be closer to the larger column load, and doubling the centroid distance as done for the rectangular footing will not pro- Vide sufficient length to reach the interior column, The footing geometry nevess- ary for a trapezoid-shaped footing is illustrated in Figs. 9-5 and 9-6. From Fig. 9-6 and plane geometry considerations, we have (9-1) (9-2) From Eq. (9-2) and Fig. 9-6 it can be seen that the solution for a= 0 is a 7 Ra t si it "in a mited of the \and 1 pro- ecess- (9-1) (9-2) Oisa Figure 9-5 A trapezoidal footing is required in this case unless the dis- tance S is so great that a cantilever Rectanglor foot ‘Mioo hort to reach (2F strap) foosing would be more Calera 2 economical triangle and if a= b we have a rectangle. Therefore, it follows that a trapezoid solution exists only for ee) Ree <5 with the minimum value of L as out-to-out of the column faces. In most cases a trapezoid footing would be used with only two columns as illustrated, but the solution proceeds similarly for more than two columns. The forming and re- inforcing steel for a trapezoid footing is somewhat awkward to place. For these reasons it may be preferable to use a strap footing (next section) where possible, since essentially the same goal of producing a computed uniform soil pressure is obtained. With x’ falling at a particular location and defining the center of area, the dimensions a and b have unique values which require a simultaneous solution of Eqs. (9-1) and (9-2). The value of L must be known and the area A will be based on the allowable soil pressure (A = ZP/q,). When the end dimensions a and b are found, the footing is treated similarly to the rectangular footing (as a beam) except that the “beam” pressure diagram will be linear varying (first-degree) from a and b not being equal. The resulting shear diagram is a second-degree curve and the moment diagram is a third- degree curve, Calculus is a most efficient means to obtain critical ordinates for these diagrams and to treat the columns as point loads. A trapezoid-shaped footing can also be analyzed as a beam on elastic foundation, only in this case the finite-element widths are average values. Figure 9-6 Conditions for valid trapezoidakfooting solution, Note that & can be based on both column axial forces and moments as in Fig. 93.306 FOUNDATION ANALYSIS AND DESIGN Example 9-2 Proportion and partially design a trapezoid footing. oo. — Given data: columns = 0,46 m? i . : L, = 816 KN f§ ff . Ly = 660 KN 2016 a 15604N sale f= 415 MPa . Ones i Step 3 “0 the sk Figure E9-2a Sou0w Step 1 Find gan Atx 1.5(1200 + 900) + 1.71816 + 660) _ S449 J rE agnge BSB Uiimate ratio =" T90-+ 900+ 816 + 660 3576 uu = 190(1.5238) = 289.5 kPa Atx Step 2. Find end dimensions: $449.28 = 5.48[1 4900) + 1.1(660)) Atco Osta e $4492 ™ 046 and x= 23954 = 205m <2 a / ; > LB if 2087 Therefor it isa trapezoid and from Eq. 9-1): : a+b a+b h. aad + (594) i but based on gy, and the footing loads, 54492 =e = 18823 mt? 249.5 a+b Equating 4's, 2 (599 = 18823 a+b =6338m From Ea, (9-2) +b _ 32025) a+b so 7 8 Figure E9-; SPECIAL FOOTINGS AND BEAMS ON ELASTIC FOUNDATIONS 307 but a + b = 6.338, from which b = 6.338 — a and substituting for b, 2+ 6338 —a ute and solving a = 2.065 m and from back substitution, b= 6.338 — 2065 = 4273. m (One should routinely back substitute a and b into Eq. (9-1) and compare A. ‘Step 3 Draw shear and moment diagrams: Pressure big end = 42732895) = 1237.03 KN/m Pressure small end = 2065{289.5) = 597.82 KN|m the slope of the pressure line s = (1237.0 ~ 598.0)594 = 107.6 v= [nus Ve= 125708 — 1076 + 023 m, V = 1237.40.23) ~ $38(0.23)? = 282 kN Atx = 0.23 + dx, C = ~3067: V = 282 — 3067 = ~2785 kN Atcolumn 2, x = 5.71, C = ~3067: v= 2282 2785, Figure E9-2bJ FOUNDATION ANALYSIS AND DESIGN and at S714 de v= -140 kN ‘Values of shear at fces of columns 1 and 2are 2509.4 and 2096.1 KN, respectively V0 at 12370x ~ 5381x? = 3067 Solving, x = 2:828 m. Moments are computed similarly, ix = 12370 S-cx M [va 123705 - 1016 -C Atx = 023 and x’ = 0, M =320KkN-m [Atface of column 1, M = ~S7&0kN-m, Maximum M is at x = 2828: M = 4946.5 — 405.6 ~ 3067(2828 — 023) = -3427 kN m At face of column 2, M= -479 KN-m. This is sufficient to draw the shear and moment diagrams of Fig. E9-2 Step 4 Find depth for wide-beam shear at small end and check diagonal tension at large end. Reasoning: ‘Since the width ratio is much larger than the load ratio, d will probably be based on the small end shear: V = 12370. — 1076 ~ 3067 where _x=548—d__ (rom big end) = 2096 ~ 647d — $384? (net shear at section at d from left face of col. 2) : wiatn = 2065 + 47729 (4+ 046) ~ 594 = 2065 + 0372d + 0.17 = 224 +0372 2, = 066 MPa = 660 kPa (Table 8-2) Equating concrete shear to external shear (224 + 0.372d)d(660) = 2096 — 647d ~ $380°, 299d? + 228d = 2096 #411d=10 d= 088 m Diagonal tension atthe large end (not possible to check at small end) requires d = 0.75 m. Step 5 Design the flexural steel. Since the width varies, one should check A, for several locations, resulting in the following table. This table was obtained from a computer printout and there are slight discrepancies between hand and computer computations from rounding for hand computations. 2828(ma Then Then Step 6 Stee w+ 0754, si bending, for Average: ‘The remaind 9-4 DESIG? A strap footir interior colur caused from « pressure is cor the interior p materials. Noi centroids so th The strap footing if the «foment end don the 12 @, 15m. for several printout and ‘ounding for 0 0 06 -2446 916140569 12 16606 -21158 383170 18 =11S4 29166 360 25.2 24 = 4089 3420338310 2.828(max) 00. M287 «322335 30 + 1590-3180 364 36 6881 31590294 33.9 48. 16303-17924 24918 594 00 oo | 20700) ‘The max steel = 1442 cm?/m (based on Table 8-1 and computer printout) ‘The min siee! = 29.6 em?/m based on 1.4 ‘Step 6 Steel in short direction. Treat same as réctangular footing using appropriate zone of w + 01754, since columns are at end of footing. Use the average width of footing in this zone for bending, for example, at large end w + 075d = 0146 + 0.75(0:88) = 1.12 m By=427 BB, = 427-112 ——— 5.94 on 406 — 046 a. 18m 2895 M == 18 = 469 KN-m ‘The remainder of the problem is left for the reader. Hy 9-4 DESIGN OF STRAP (OR CANTILEVER) FOOTINGS A strap footing is used to.connect an eccentrically loaded column footing to an interior column as shown in Fig, 9-7. The strap is used to transmit the moment caused from eccentricity to the interior column footing so that a uniform soil pressure is computed beneath both footings. The strap serves the same purpose as the interior portion of a combined footing but is much narrower to save on materials. Note, again in Fig. 9-7 that the resultant soil pressure is at the footing centroids so that a uniform soil pressure diagram results The strap footing may be used in lieu of a combined rectangular or trapezoid footing if the distance between columns is large and/or the allowable soil pressure310 FOUNDATION ANALYSIS AND DESIGN 5 . rs ee Rye Re R, U2 teen Strop For both: &, = Bla, { a as — % Figure 9-7 Assumed loading and reactions for a strap-footing design. Make strap width about same as smallest column w. is relatively large so that the additional footing area is not needed. Three basic considerations for strap footing design are: 1. Strap must be rigid—perhaps Iyrap/lrouing > 2 (based on work by author). This rigidity is necessary to avoid rotation of the exterior footing. 2. Footings should be proportioned for approximately equal soil pressures and avoidance of large differences in B to reduce differential settlement. 3. Strap should be out of contact with soil so that there are no soil reactions to modify the design assumptions shown on Fig. 9-7. It is common to neglect strap weight in the design. Check depth to span (between footing edges) to see ifit isa deep beam (ACI Art. 10-7). A strap footing should be considered only after a careful analysis that spread footings—even if oversize—will not work. The extra labor and forming costs for this type of footing make it one of “last resort.” It may not be desirable to use shear reinforcement in the strap so that the rigidity will be increased. The strap may have a number of configurations; however, that shown in Fig. 9-7 should produce the greatest rigidity with the width at least equal to the smallest column width. If the depth is restricted, it may be necessary to increase the strap width to obtain the necessary rigidity. The strap should be securely attached to the column and footing by dowels so that the system acts as a unit. The equations shown in Fig. 9-7 are used to proportion the footing dimen- sions. The length dimension of the eccentrically loaded footing is dependent upon the designer’s arbitrarily selected value of “e” so that a unique solution is not likely Example 9-3 Proportion a strap footing for the column spacing and loading shown in Fig. E9-3a. The allowable soil pressure is 120 kPa, Both columns are 400 mm square. Sowvtion Step 1 Convert P, to P, and try e = 1.20m, Compute $, = 62~12= 50m, EM about column 2 = 0:= 11036 kN EM about Ry = 1.21890) + 1380(5) — R4{5) = 0 0: 320 03500 * 1 = 260KN 1 =400kN 040 Check by EF, =0 (note we are deriving equations shown on Fig. 9-7) R,=P\+P, Ry = 2270 + 11026 = 1166.4 KN (checks) ‘Step 2 Find footing dimensions au = AUR) = 120(1.53) = 183.6 kPa 28m ( Footing dimensions for column 1 Ly =Ye+ x)= 12+ 02) * trom Fig E9- : ig E9. +) LBydta = Ry 11036 1 Tm we By = a01183.5 2 Footing dimensions for column 2(use a square footing) Bay = Re 8 use B, = 252 m Fig Use: Col. 1 L=20 B=215m Cot 2 B= 252% 252m Sattlements should be nearly equal, since qis same for both and the widths B are not greatly diferent. I's possible an e= 1:1 m could provide a sloser agreement between B, and B;, but thisis left forthe reader 10 verily Step 3 Draw shear and moment diagrams a in Fig. E936