Grammar For Basics

GRAMMAR FOR BASICS
Techer Nicole
Grammar for basics
A2 Grammar topics 1
Contenido
A2 Grammar topics...............................................................................................................1
Articles – with countable and uncountable nouns.......................................................3
Definite and indefinite articles .....................................................................................3
Present continuous ............................................................................................................5
Present Continuous for Future ......................................................................................7
Imperatives .........................................................................................................................5
Will / won't ..........................................................................................................................8
Going to ............................................................................................................................10
Questions ..........................................................................................................................12
Question words.............................................................................................................12
Modals...............................................................................................................................14
Can/can’t/could/couldn’t.........................................................................................14
have to ..........................................................................................................................15
should and ought to ....................................................................................................15
May Might and Adverbs of Probability .....................................................................16
Would like/ like .................................................................................................................18
How much/how many and very ...................................................................................20
Much..............................................................................................................................20
Many..............................................................................................................................20
Very ................................................................................................................................20
Common uncountable nouns .......................................................................................21
Past Simple........................................................................................................................22
Comparatives and superlatives ....................................................................................23
Comparatives...............................................................................................................23
Superlatives...................................................................................................................23
Some / any / much / many............................................................................................26
Some and any ..............................................................................................................26
Much and Many ..........................................................................................................26
Adverbs .............................................................................................................................28
Adverbs of frequency .................................................................................................28
Techer Nicole Grammar lessons

Grammar for basics
Adverbial phrases of frequency ................................................................................28

2
Adverbial phrases of time ...........................................................................................29
Adverbs and adverbial phrases of place.................................................................30
Adverbs for describing a verb....................................................................................31
Adverbs of degree ......................................................................................................32
Adverbs of certainty ....................................................................................................34
Conditionals .....................................................................................................................35
Zero Conditional...........................................................................................................35
First Conditional ............................................................................................................35
Gerunds and Infinitives....................................................................................................38
Gerunds.........................................................................................................................38
The infinitive form .........................................................................................................38
Gerund vs Infinitive ......................................................................................................38
Past continuous................................................................................................................40
Phrasal verbs ....................................................................................................................42
Inseparable phrasal verbs ..........................................................................................42
Separable phrasal verbs .............................................................................................42
Present perfect ..................................................................................................................1

Grammar for basics
Articles – with countable and uncountable nouns 3
Definite and indefinite articles

Use:
1) Use a before a singular noun.
 I've got a brother and a sister.
Use an if the noun begins with a vowel.
 I've got an aunt in Texas.
2) Use plural nouns or uncountable nouns to talk about things in general. Don't use an
article here.
 I like cats.
 Dolphins are very intelligent.
 Crime is increasing.
3) Use the to talk about one particular thing, or a particular group of things.
 Books are interesting. The book on the table is interesting.
 Children are noisy. The children in this class are noisy.
4) Use a to introduce a new thing or person. Use the when you already know this
person or thing.
 There is a restaurant near my house. The restaurant serves good food.
5) Use the when there is only one of these things.

 The moon is very big tonight.
 My dad is the only doctor in our village.
 Joe is the best student in the class.
6) Use the when there are many things, but it is clear which one you mean.
 Let's go to the pub! We need to go to the supermarket.
7) Most 'general' nouns do not use an article.

 Life is not the same as it used to be NOT: The life…
 Health is important to everyone. NOT: The health…
 We're worried about pollution. NOT: The pollution…
But some general nouns use the:
 the environment People are increasingly worried about the environment.

 the weather What's the weather like today?
 the countryside I love walking in the countryside.
 the sea / ocean I'd love to live near the sea.

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 the radio There's an interesting programme on the radio.

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 the theatre / cinema We went to the theatre last night.
 the economy The economy is affecting everyone.
Common mistakes:
1) Some students use the when they talk about things in general.
 I love the romantic films! => I love romantic films!
2) Some students use singular nouns without a or the.
 I want book about the weather. => I want a book about the weather.
3) Some students use the when they talk about things in general.
 I want the book about the weather. => I want a book about the weather.

Grammar for basics
Imperatives 5
Use:
Use the imperative form to give instructions, orders and warnings.
Must is often used in signs and notices to give instructions.
Form:
1) Do not use a subject when giving orders.
 You wash your hands. => Wash your hands.
Always use the infinitive form of the verb, without to.

 To sit down please. => Sit down please.
Use Don’t to make the negative form.

 Don’t sit there!
2) Written instructions on signs often use Do not, not Don’t.

 Do not cross this line.
3) When giving instructions to a friend, you can soften the order by using ‘you’.
However, this is usually only done in spoken English.
 First you put the mixture into a bowl, and then you add two eggs. Then you
whisk it.
4) Some written signs use Must / Must not.

 All visitors must wear a badge.
 Passengers must not talk to the driver.
Notice how plural nouns (visitors / passengers) are generally used in signs.
Common mistakes:
1) Some students use to after Don’t / Must
 Don’t to go in that door. => Don’t go in that door.

Grammar for basics
Present continuous 6
Use:
Use the present continuous to talk about actions which are happening now.
 Ellen is having a bath at the moment.
 Right now, Mark is talking to her manager.
Form:
Positive
I am / ‘m
You are / ‘re verb+ing
He / She / It is / ‘s
We / They are / ‘re
Negative
‘m not
I verb+ing
You aren’t / ‘re not
He / She / It isn’t / ‘s not
We / They aren’t / ‘re not
Question
I
Am verb+ing
Are you
Is he / she / it
Are we / they
Spelling Rules:
If a verb ends in e, delete the e before you add –ing.
 come => I’m coming.
 have => He’s having lunch.
Common mistakes
1) Some students forget the verb be.
 I watching television. => I’m watching television.
 She not coming. => She’s not coming.
2) Some students make questions incorrectly.

 She is working? => Is she working?
3) Some students make spelling mistakes.

 I’m studing law. => I’m studying law.

Grammar for basics
Present Continuous for Future 7
Use:
The present continuous tense has two uses:
1) Use it to describe what is happening at the moment.
 ‘Where’s dad?’
 ‘He’s watching TV in the living room’.
2) Use it to describe plans and arrangements in the future.

 ‘Tom is arriving on the three o’clock train tomorrow’.
Form:
Make the present continuous in this way.
Positive
am / ‘m verb-ing
I are / ‘re
you / they / we is / ‘s
he / she / it
Examples: I’m going / He’s going / We’re going to Spain next week.
Negative
‘m not verb-ing
I aren’t / ‘re not
you / they / we isn’t / ‘s not
he / she / it
 I’m not going / You’re not going / She isn’t going to the meeting.
Questions
you / they / we verb-ing?
Are he / she / it
Is
 Are you coming / Is James coming to the party?
Common Mistakes:
1) Some students use will to talk about future plans. However, present continuous is the
correct tense to use.
 I’ll visit my cousin in Paris this weekend. => I’m visiting my cousin in Paris
this weekend.

Grammar for basics
Will / won't 8
Use:
Will and won’t are used to talk about the future. Will is positive and won’t is negative.
 I will be late tomorrow.
 John won’t be at the party next Saturday.
Use will and won’t to:

a) Make predictions.
 In the year 2050, people will live under the sea.
b) Make an offer or promise.

 I’ll buy you a drink.
 John will help you with that box.
c) Make a decision about the future at the same time as you speak.
 Sorry, we don’t have any tea.
 That’s OK, I’ll have coffee.
Form:
1) Will is the same for all persons.
 I will go, you will go, he / she will go, we will go, they will go.
2) Always write a verb in the infinitive form after will.

 You will happy when you hear the news. => You will be happy when you
hear the news.
3) You can contract will to ‘ll for pronouns.

 I’ll buy it. We’ll be late.
 He’ll be late home today. They’ll be delighted.
But don’t contract will with names.

 Mark’ll be late. => Mark will be late.
4) To write questions, write will before the subject.

 Will you buy me a drink?
 Will Tom get the job?
5) The short answer for Will questions is:

 Yes, I/you/he/she/he/they/we will
 No, I/you/he/she/he/they/we won’t.
Do not contract will in short answers.
 Will John be late?

 Yes, he’ll.=> Yes, he will.

Grammar for basics
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Common mistakes:
1) Some students forget to write will before the subject in questions.

 You will be late? => Will you be late?
2) Many students use will to talk about their plans. But you should use going to or the
present continuous.
 I will meet my friends on Friday. => I’m meeting my friends on Saturday.
 I’m going to meet my friends on Saturday.

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Going to 10
Use:
Use be going to to talk about your personal plans for the future.
 I’m going to see my sister at the weekend.

 Are you going to marry Paul?
Form:
1) The form of the positive and negative sentences and questions is shown below.
Positive
I am / ‘m
you are / ‘re
he / she / it is / ‘s
going to verb (infinitive form)
we are / ‘re
they are / ‘re
Negative
‘m not
I
you aren’t OR ‘re not
he / she / it isn’t OR ‘s not going to verb (infinitive form)
we aren’t OR ‘re not
they aren’t OR ‘re not
Questions
I
Am
Are you
Is he / she / it going to verb (infinitive form) ?
Are we
Are they
2) The short reply to a ‘be going to’ question is ‘Yes, I am’, ‘Yes, she is’ etc. You
cannot contract these short sentences.
 Yes, he’s. => Yes, he is.
The short negative replies are:
 No, I’m not.
 No, you’re not / No, you aren’t.
 No, he’s not / No he isn’t. No, she’s not / No she isn’t. No, it’s not / no it isn’t.

Grammar for basics
 No, we’re not / No, we aren’t.

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 No, they’re not / No, they aren’t.
Common mistakes:
1) Some students forget to add the verb ’be’ before ‘going to’.
 I going to see my friends tonight. => I’m going to see my friends tonight.
2) Some students forget to invert the subject and be in questions.
 What time you are going to leave? => What time are you going to leave?

Grammar for basics
Questions 12
Use:
Whenever you use an introductory phrase before a question, you must change the
word order in the question.
Introductions include:
 Can you tell me...? Do you know...? I don’t know... I’m not sure... I wonder... I
can’t remember...
 What’s the time? =>Can you tell me what the time is?
 Where did he go? =>I don’t know where he went.
Form:
1) If the question has an auxiliary verb, swap the positions of the auxiliary verb and the
subject. You can also do this in sentences with the verb to be.
 When can you get here?
Can is the auxiliary verb and you is the subject. Swap their positions when you add an
introduction.
Do you know when you can get here?
 Where has he gone? =>I don’t know where he has gone.

 What are they doing? =>I don’t know what they’re doing.
 What time is it? =>Have you any idea what time it is?
You cannot contract the verb if it is the last word in the sentence.
 Do you know what time it’s? =>Do you know what time it is?
2) If the question is in the present or past simple, remove do / does / did from the
question. Change the verb ending so that the verb is in the correct tense.
 Where did he go? =>Did you see where he went?

 What time do you get up? =>Can you tell me what time you get up?
 Where does she work? =>I wonder where she works.
3) If a question does not have a question word (Where, What, Why etc.) use if or
whether before the question.
 Does he live here? =>Do you know if he lives here?

 Are they coming to the party? =>Do you know whether they are coming to
the party?
Question words
We usually form questions by putting an auxiliary verb, or a modal verb, before the
subject.
 Does it suit me?

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 Has Mum called?

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 Can you get the tea?
 Shall I pass you to Oliver?
When the verb 'to be' is the main verb, we don’t use auxiliary verbs.
 Is Oliver there?
 Was it good?
We can add question words to get more or different information.
 Where did you go swimming? > In the swimming pool in town.

 Why did you go there? > Because it’s a nice, big pool.
 Who did you go swimming with? > With Amy.
 What time did you meet Amy? > At 10 o’clock.
 Which pool did you go in? > The serious one, without the slides!
 How did you get there? > On the bus.
Questions sometimes finish with prepositions.

 Who were you out with?
 What have you got that bag for?
 What’s all that about?
Subject and object questions

If who, what or which is the subject of the question, it comes before the verb and we
don’t use do as an auxiliary.
 Who went out for curry? (subject – who)

 What happened? (subject – what)
 Which looks better, this or that one? (subject – which)
Object questions follow the structure we looked at before.
 Who did you go out for curry with? (subject – you; object – who)
 Which restaurant does Oliver like most? (subject – Oliver; object – which)
 What did they do after the restaurant? (subject – they; object – what)
A cat killed a mouse and a dog killed the cat.
1 What killed the mouse?

2 What did the cat kill?
3 What killed the cat?
4 What did the dog kill?
1 the cat, 2 the mouse, 3 the dog, 4 the cat. Right?

Indirect questions use: they are more polite, especially if you are talking to a stranger.

Grammar for basics
Modals 14
Can/can’t/could/couldn’t
Use:
1) Use can / can’t to talk about your abilities now.
 I can speak English.
 I can’t speak German.
2) Use could / couldn’t to talk about abilities in the past.
 I could speak French when I was a child, but I can't now.
 I couldn’t speak English when I was a child, but I can now.
3) Use can and could to make requests. Could is more polite.
 Can you cook this evening please?
 Could you pass me the salt?
4) Use can to reply to requests.
 Can I sit here? => Yes, you can. Sorry, you can’t.
 Can you cook this evening please? => Yes, I can. Sorry, I can’t.
DON’T use could in replies to requests.
 Could you lend me some money?
Yes, I could. => Yes, sure! Sorry, I can’t.
Form:
1) Can and could are the same for all persons.
 I can/could speak English
 you can/could speak English
 he / she / it can/could speak English
 we can/could speak English
 they can/could speak English.
2) The negative form of can is cannot, or can’t. The negative form of could is
couldn’t.
3) There is always a verb after can and could, and the verb is always in the infinitive
form (without to).
 Sally can help you. NOT Sally can helps you. / Sally can to help you.
4) Make questions by inverting can and the subject.
 I can see you this afternoon. => Can I see you this afternoon?
 You could help me. => Could you help me?
5) Use can/can’t and could/couldn’t in short answers.
 Can your brother swim? => Yes, he can. No, he can’t.
 Could you do the test? => Yes, I could. No, I couldn’t.
Common mistakes:
1) Some students make questions incorrectly.
 You can speak English? => Can you speak English?
 I could sit here? => Could I sit here?

Grammar for basics
have to 15
Use:
Use have to to talk about something you must do.
I have to start work at eight.
Use don’t have to to talk about something that is not necessary.

You don’t have to work tomorrow, it’s Saturday.
Form:
The positive, negative and question forms are shown in the table.
Positive
have to verb (infinitive form)
I, you, we, they (go, sleep, work)
he / she / it has to
Negative
don’t have to verb (infinitive form)
I, you, we, they (go, sleep, work)
he / she / it doesn’t
Question
I, you, we, they have to verb (infinitive form) ?
Do (go, sleep, work)
Does he / she / it
Common mistakes
1) Some students think that don’t have to means must not, but this is not
correct.
 You don’t have to use your mobile phone in class. → You mustn’t
use your mobile phone in class.
2) Some students use haven’t / hasn’t to make negative sentences and
questions.
 My sister hasn’t to work today. → My sister doesn’t have to work today.
 Have you to leave now? → Do you have to leave now?
should and ought to

Use:
Use Should and Ought to give advice.
 You should see a doctor.
 You ought to find a new job.
Form:
Should
Should is a modal verb, like can and will, so it follows the same rules.

Grammar for basics
1) Do not add ‘s’ to the third person singular.

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 He should buy a new car. NOT He should buys a new car.
2) To form a negative, add not / n’t after should.

 You shouldn’t do that!
3) To form questions, invert should and the subject.

 What time should we arrive?
4) Should is always followed by a verb in the infinitive form.

 I should to go. =>I should go.
5) You can also use should in the continuous form. Use should + be + verb-ing.
 Why are you watching TV? You should be working!
Ought
Ought is a semi-modal verb. It is similar to should in some ways:

 He oughts to buy a new car. => He ought to buy a new car.
2) To form a negative, add not / n’t after ought.

 You ought not to do that!
However, ought is not often used in negative sentences
3) To form questions, invert ought and the subject.

 What time ought we to arrive?
However, ought is not often used in questions.
Ought is different to should because:

1) Ought is always followed by to + a verb in the infinitive form.
 I ought go. =>I ought to go.
May Might and Adverbs of Probability

May and Might
Use:
Use May and Might to talk about what will possibly happen in the future. May and
Might mean maybe will. They can refer to the future or the present.
 I might have a pen in my bag. ( = present use)
 She may arrive tomorrow. ( = future use)

Grammar for basics
Form:
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May and Might are modal verbs, like can, will and should, so they follow the same
rules.
 He may come. NOT He mays come.
 She might stay. NOT She mights stay.
2) To form a negative, add not after may and might.

 He may not come. She might not stay.
3) To form questions, invert may/might and the subject. However, questions with might
are not common.
 Might he be late?
4) May can be used with ‘I’ or ‘we’ to make requests. However, can and could are
more common.
 May I have some chocolate? May we go to the party?
5) May and Might are always followed by a verb in the infinitive form.
 I might go. NOT I might to go.
 She might stay. NOT She might staying.
Will + adverbs of probability
Use:
You can use will and won’t with different adverbs to show how probable a future
event is.
 I’ll possibly go to the party.

 I’ll probably go to the party.
 I’ll definitely go to the party.
 I’ll certainly go to the party.
Form:
Note that will / ‘ll is used before the adverb, but won’t is used after the adverb.
 I’ll probably see you later.

 I probably won’t see you later.

Grammar for basics
Would like/ like 18

Use:
1) Would like means want, but it is more polite.
 You can use it in sentences and questions.
 I’d like a biscuit.
 Would you like some tea?
2) You can also use it to talk about your dreams and ambitions.
 I’d like to go to Japan.
 I wouldn’t like to live here!
You can also use I’d love and I’d hate to talk about dreams.
 I’d hate to live in the countryside.
 I’d love to work with Simon.
Form:
1) Would like is the same for all persons.
 I would like some tea.
 You would like some tea.
 He / she / James would like some tea.
 We would like some tea.
 They / our clients would like some tea.
2) To make questions, invert the subject and would.

 Would you / James / your clients like some tea?
3) Use wouldn’t to make the negative form.

 I wouldn’t like to work there.
4) Would like can be followed by a noun or to + verb.

 noun: Would you like a biscuit?
 verb: Would you like to go to Malaysia?
5) In positive sentences, you can contract would to ‘d.

 I would like to go to the USA. => I’d like to go to the USA.
But NOT in negative sentences:
 I’dn’t like to work in a factory. => I wouldn’t like to work in a factory.
And NOT in short answers:
 Would you like to have a horse?
 Yes, I’d. => Yes, I would.
6) Be careful not to confuse would like and like.

Use like to talk about things you like all the time.
 I like chocolate cake. It’s my favourite food.

Grammar for basics
Use would like to talk about things you want now, or at some time in the future.
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 I’d like a cup of coffee please.
 I’d like to work in a chocolate factory.

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How much/how many and very 20

Adjectives like much, many, and very are matched with countable and uncountable
nouns when we want information on cost, number, amount, or degrees of something.
Much
Much is used with uncountable nouns in questions and negative sentences:
 How much petrol does the tank hold?
 There is not much money left.
Much is also used in informal conversation to mean ‘very often’:
 Do you see Peter much?
 I haven’t seen Peter much.
Many
Many is used with plural countable nouns in questions and negative sentences:
 How many jelly babies are in the jar?
 I don’t know many people here. We are new to the neighborhood.
We can also use many with ‘not’ to mean a small number:
 There are not many people here at this hour.
 Not many people will understand the concept.
You may also hear people say ‘a lot’ or ‘lots of’ in informal conversation when they
mean ‘many’:
 We served a lot of food at the event.
 There were lots of sweets and refreshments.
Very
Very is meant for emphasis. When we add very to much, or many, it strengthens the
comparative adjective:
 My pet fish doesn’t need very much care (compared to cats or dogs).
 There weren’t very many prizes left (compared to an hour ago).

Grammar for basics
Common uncountable nouns 21

Use:
Some nouns are countable – you can count them. These include:
 apples, books, cars, trees
Some nouns are uncountable – you cannot count them. These include:
 water, oil, rice, fruit, bread, information, money
Uncountable nouns have different grammar rules from countable nouns.
COUNTABLE SINGULAR COUNTABLE PLURAL NOUNS UNCOUNTABLE NOUNS

NOUNS e.g. apples e.g. fruit
e.g. apple
Singular countable nouns Plural countable nouns do Uncountable nouns do not

always need a determiner: not need a determiner. need a determiner.
a, this, that, my, the etc. I like apples. I like fruit.
Look at that cat! Dogs are friendly. But they can use singular
Can I have an apple? But they can be used with determiners:
Is this your bag? determiners: This fruit is nice.
Where are my shoes?
Are those pens yours?
You can count countable You cannot count

nouns. uncountable nouns.
Can I have five apples Can I have five breads
please? please?
Use singular verbs and Use plural verbs and Use singular verbs and
determiners. determiners. determiners.
This apple is nice. These apples are nice. This bread is nice.
Some determiners can be used with both countable and
uncountable nouns.
some, a lot of, lots of, loads of, plenty of, any
We’ve got some potatoes. We need some bread.
We don’t have any potatoes. We don’t have any bread.
Some determiners can only Some determiners can only
be used with countable be used with uncountable
nouns: nouns:
several, various, a few, much, a bit of, a little
many

Grammar for basics
Past Simple 22
Use:
Use the past simple to talk about finished events in the past. Use it to tell stories, jokes
and anecdotes.
Form:
1) Many past tense verbs are formed by adding -ed to the end of the verb.
 want => wanted
 start => started
If a verb ends in e, just add d (liked, hoped).

If a verb ends in y, delete y and add ied (studied, carried). But don’t do this if the verb
ends in a vowel + y (played, NOT plaied. stayed, NOT staied)
But a lot of past tense verbs are irregular. You need to learn each one separately.
Here are some examples.
 have => had
 make => made
 take => took
 sit => sat
 get => got
 feel => felt
Past simple verbs are the same for all persons.

I went; you went; he went; she went; they went; we went...
2) Form negatives this way:

I, you, he , she, we, they... didn’t infinitive verb
know, see, go
Don’t use the past verb in negative sentences.

 I didn’t had dinner. => I didn’t have dinner.
3) Form questions this way:
I, you, he , she, we, they... infinitive verb
Did know, see, go
Common mistakes:
Some students use the past verb in questions.
 Did you saw the film? => Did you see the film?

Grammar for basics
Comparatives and superlatives 23
Comparatives
Use:
Use the comparative form to talk about how two things are different.
 I am taller than you.
This book is thicker than that one.
Form:
1) If an adjective has one syllable, add er to the end. If it ends in e already, just add r.
 tall => taller nice => nicer
 thick => thicker late => later
2) If an adjective ends in one vowel and one consonant, write the consonant again,
then write er. But never write a w twice.
 big => bigger
 new => newer (NOT newwer)
 thin => thinner
 slow => slower (NOT slowwer)
 slim => slimmer
 My brother is thinner than me.
3) If an adjective has two syllables and ends in y, change the y to i and add er.
 funny => funnier
 silly => sillier
 Which of these books is funnier?
4) Some adjectives have irregular superlative forms. These are listed below.
 good => better
 bad => worse
 far => further
Add than after a comparative adjective to compare one thing with another.
However, this is not always necessary.
 My house is smaller than yours.
Superlatives
Use:
Use the superlative form to describe something that is greater than any other thing.
 The Amazon is the longest river in the world.
 Helen is the most intelligent student in the class.

Grammar for basics
24
Form:
1) Write the before all superlatives.
2) If an adjective is short and has one syllable, add est to the end. If it ends in e
already, just add st.
 tall => the tallest
 nice => the nicest
 thick => the thickest
 late => the latest
3) If an adjective ends in one vowel and one consonant, write the consonant
again, then write est. But never write a w twice.
 big => the biggest
 new => the newest (NOT newwest)
 thin => the thinnest
 slow => the slowest (NOT slowwest)
 slim => the slimmest
 The biggest cat in the world is the lion.
4) If an adjective has two syllables and ends in y, change the y to i and add est.
 funny => the funniest
 silly => the silliest
 It’s the silliest film I’ve ever seen!
5) For other adjectives with two or more syllables, DON’T add est. Write most
before the adjective.
 interesting => the most interesting
 surprising => the most surprising
 It’s the most interesting book I’ve ever read.
6) Some adjectives have irregular superlative forms. These are listed below.
 good => the best
 bad => the worst
 far => the furthest
7) In is often (but not always) used after a superlative adjective to describe

where this statement is true.
 London is the biggest city in England.
 Everest is the highest mountain in the world.
 My brother is the tallest person in my family.

Grammar for basics
Past Simple 25
Use:
Use the past simple to talk about finished events in the past. Use it to tell stories, jokes
and anecdotes.
Form:
1) Many past tense verbs are formed by adding -ed to the end of the verb.
 want => wanted
 start => started
If a verb ends in e, just add d (liked, hoped).

If a verb ends in y, delete y and add ied (studied, carried). But don’t do this if the verb
ends in a vowel + y (played, NOT plaied. stayed, NOT staied)
But a lot of past tense verbs are irregular. You need to learn each one separately.
Here are some examples.
 have => had
 make => made
 take => took
 sit => sat
 get => got
 feel => felt
Past simple verbs are the same for all persons.

I went; you went; he went; she went; they went; we went...
2) Form negatives this way:

I, you, he , she, we, they... didn’t infinitive verb
know, see, go
Don’t use the past verb in negative sentences.

 I didn’t had dinner. => I didn’t have dinner.
3) Form questions this way:
I, you, he , she, we, they... infinitive verb
Did know, see, go
Common mistakes:
Some students use the past verb in questions.
 Did you saw the film? => Did you see the film?

Grammar for basics
Some / any / much / many 26
Some and any

Use:
Use some before plural nouns or uncountable nouns.
 There are some children in the street.
 There is some money in my pocket.
Use any, not some, in negative sentences and questions.

 There aren’t any children in the street.
 There isn’t any money in my pocket.
 Are there any children in the street?

 Is there any money in your pocket?
However, Some is possible in offers and requests.

 Please can I have some chocolate?
 Would you like some tea?
Much and Many

Use:
Use many in negative sentences and questions. We don’t often use it in positive
sentences, especially in informal situations. We use a lot of / lots of.
 Use many with plural nouns.

 Are there many Chinese students in your class?
 I haven’t got many CDs.
 There are many cars on the road today. → There are a lot of cars on the road
today.
However, we can use Many of Not Many before the subject of the sentence.
 Many people think that trains are too expensive.
 Not many people know that you can get free coffee here!
We use much in negative sentences and questions with uncountable nouns. We don’t
often use it in positive sentences. We say a lot of / lots of.
 Have you got much money with you?
 I haven’t got much money with me.
 I have much money. → I have a lot of money.
Common mistakes
1) Some students use many with uncountable nouns.
 I don’t have many money. → I don’t have much money.

Grammar for basics
2) Some students use some in negative sentences.

27
 I haven’t got some brothers or sisters. → I haven’t got any brothers or
sisters.

Grammar for basics
Adverbs 28
Adverbs of frequency
We use adverbs of frequency – like sometimes or usually – to say how often we do
things, or how often things happen.
100% 0%
alway usually/normally/frequentl ofte sometime occasionall hardl neve
s y n s y y r
ever
These are the most common adverbs, although there are more.
 They always hang out together.
 The Northern Lights are usually green.
 You normally see them best in September or March.
 It’s often cloudy.
They are usually before the main verb, or between the auxiliary and the main verb. But
they come after the verb to be.
They also be at the beginning or the end of the sentence
 Occasionally I meet her for a coffee.
We can use usually, often, sometimes and occasionally at the beginning of a
sentence, and sometimes and often at the end. We use adverb expressions like a lot
or not + (very) much after the main verb too.
 She travels a lot.

 He doesn’t study very much.
Be careful with never. It is already negative, so we can’t use it with not.
 I never go to the supermarket with my mother.

Adverbial phrases of frequency
Use:
An adverbial phrase is a group of words which always go together. they describe
where, when or how often something happens.
Adverbial phrases of frequency describe how often something happens.
 every morning, every afternoon
 every day – daily
 every week – weekly
 every month – monthly
 every year – annually
 every Sunday – on Sundays – on Sunday afternoons
 once a day

Grammar for basics
 twice a day
29
 three / four / five times a day
 all the time

Form:
1) Adverbs of frequency often go in present simple sentences.
 I have toast for breakfast every day.
 We visit our grandparents twice a month.
2) Note that ‘on Saturday’ refers to one day. ‘On Saturdays’ means ‘every Saturday’.
Common mistakes
1) Some students write adverbs of frequency in the wrong place.
 We every day go the park. => We go to the
park every day.
2) Some students use the plural form with every.
 John goes swimming every days. => John goes
swimming every day.
_____________________________________________________________________
Adverbial phrases of time
Use:
Use adverbs and adverbial phrases of time to talk about when you do something.
Adverbs of time include:
today, tomorrow, tonight, yesterday, tomorrow, nowadays
now, first of all, beforehand
soon, afterwards, later, next, then
Form:
1) Adverbs of time usually go at the beginning or the end of a sentence or clause.
 Tomorrow, I’m going to the beach.
 I’m going to the beach tomorrow.
 First of all, we had a drink at a café.

 We had a drink at a café first of all.
 I’m going to the supermarket, and afterwards I’m going to the library.
 I’m going to the supermarket, and I’m going to the library afterwards.
2) It is more common to use then at the beginning of a sentence or clause.

 Then we arrived at the castle.
 I’m going to finish my work and then I’m going to have a drink.
It is more common to use soon and now at the end of a sentence.

 We’re going on holiday soon.
 I’m going home now.

Grammar for basics
Common mistakes
30
1) Don’t use an adverb of time between the subject and the object of a
sentence.
 I went yesterday to the zoo. => I went to the zoo yesterday. /
Yesterday I went to the zoo.
 I’m going now to the bank. => I’m going to the bank now.
2) You must use a noun after After and Before. Otherwise, use afterwards or
beforehand.
 I’ll be late to class tomorrow. I’m going to the doctors before. => I’ll be
late to class tomorrow. I’m going to the doctors beforehand.
 I’m going to my English class and I’m going to the bar after. => I’m
going to my English class and I’m going to the bar afterwards.
AFTER OR AFTERWARDS
After After means ‘later than’ and ‘next in time or place’. Can be used
before a noun phrase (as a preposition - after + noun or gerund):
Shall we have a swim after lunch?
After can introduce a clause (as a conjunction - after + temporal

clause):
She did voluntary work in a hospital after she graduated.
After as an adverb, placed only at the end of a clause. Is then

preceded by a noun or another adverb: a few days after ; shortly
after ; long after ;
Leave your papers and come a week after (= later).

Afterwards We usually use afterwards at the beginning of the second
sentence to talk about the second event. However, sometimes we
use it in the middle of the sentence, after a word like and or but. It
means the same as AFTER THAT.
_____________________________________________________________________
Adverbs and adverbial phrases of place
Use:
Use adverbs and adverbial phrases of place to talk about where something happens.
Adverbs of place include:

outside, inside, indoors, upstairs, downstairs
(over) here, (over) there
abroad, overseas

Grammar for basics
31
Form:
1) Adverbs of place usually go after a verb.
 She lives abroad.
 Let’s go indoors.
2) Adverbs of place can also go after the object of the sentence.

 Rachel works in the office upstairs.
 Your bag is on the table over there.
Adverbs for describing a verb
Use:
Adverbs can be used to describe verbs. They describe HOW you do something.
Examples: She walks quickly; He sings nicely.
Form:
1) You can make many adverbs by adding –ly to an adjective.
 slow -> slowly; loud -> loudly
If an adjective ends in ‘y’, change it to an ‘i’.
 heavy -> heavily; funny -> funnily
Add ‘ally’ to adjectives ending in ‘ic’.
 Physical -> physically; energetic -> energetically
2) Some adverbs are irregular, and do not end in ly. These include:
 good -> well She dances well.
 hard -> hard He works hard.
 fast -> fast He runs fast.
 late -> late He arrives late.
3a) Usually, the adverb goes after the verb it describes.
 She talks quietly NOT She quietly talks.
 He runs fast. NOT He fast runs.
3b) If the verb has a direct object WITHOUT A PREPOSITION the adverb should go after
the object.
 You sang that song nicely. NOT You sang nicely that song.
 He did the job well. NOT He did well the job.
3c) If the verb is followed by a preposition and an object, you can put the adverb in
different places.
 He quickly walked to the shop.
 He walked quickly to the shop.
 He walked to the shop quickly.
4) Adverbs are NOT used to describe the following verbs. These verbs use adjectives.
 Be I am quiet. NOT I am quietly.
 Seem It seems strange. NOT It seems strangely.
 Look That looks nice. NOT That looks nicely.
 Smell That smells good. NOT That smells well.
 Feel That feels funny. NOT That feels funnily.

Grammar for basics
5) Some words end in ‘ly’ but they are not adverbs. Friendly is an example. Friendly is
32
an adjective. We can say ‘She is friendly’ but not ‘She talks friendly’. There is no
adverb for friendly, but we can say ‘She talks in a friendly way’. Elderly and lonely are
also adjectives, not adverbs. Kindly and early are adjectives and adverbs.
Adverbs of degree
Use:
To tell us about the intensity of something.
Adverbs of degree are usually placed before the adjective, adverb, or verb that they
modify, although there are some exceptions. The words "too", "enough", "very", and
"extremely" are examples of adverbs of degree.
Adverb of degree Modifying Example
extremely adjective The water was extremely cold.
quite adjective The movie is quite interesting.
just verb He was just leaving.
almost verb She has almost finished.
very adverb She is running very fast.
too adverb You are walking too slowly.
enough adverb You are running fast enough.
Enough
Enough can be used as both an adverb and as a determiner.
As an adverb
Enough as an adverb meaning 'to the necessary degree' goes after the adjective or
adverb that it is modifying, and not before it as other adverbs do. It can be used both
in positive and negative sentences.
 Is your coffee hot enough?
 This box isn't big enough.
Enough is often followed by "to" + the infinitive.
 He didn't work hard enough to pass the exam.
 Is your coffee hot enough to drink?
Enough can also be followed by "for someone" or "for something".
 The dress was big enough for me.
 She's not experienced enough for this job.
Enough as a determiner
Meaning 'as much/many as necessary' goes before the noun it modifies. It is used with
countable nouns in the plural and with uncountable nouns.
 We have enough bread.
 You have enough children.

Grammar for basics
Too 33
Too as an adverb meaning "also" goes at the end of the phrase it modifies.
 I would like to go swimming too, if you will let me come.
 Can I go to the zoo too?
Too as an adverb meaning "excessively" goes before the adjective or adverb it
modifies. It can be used in both affirmative and negative sentences.
 This coffee is too hot.
 He works too hard.
Too is often followed by "to" + the infinitive.
 The coffee was too hot to drink.
 You're too young to have grandchildren!
Too can also be followed by "for someone" or "for something".
 The coffee was too hot for me.
 The dress was too small for her.
Very
Very goes before an adverb or adjective to make it stronger.
 The girl was very beautiful.
 The house is very expensive.
If we want to make a negative form of an adjective or adverb, we can add "not" to
the verb, we can use an adjective or adverb of opposite meaning, or we can use "not
very" with the original adjective or adverb. The meanings of the phrases are not
identical. Usually the phrase using "not very" is less direct, and thus more polite, than
the other phrases.
 The girl was beautiful.( Original phrase)→The girl was not beautiful.( Opposite
meaning with "not")→The girl was not very beautiful.( Opposite meaning with
"not very")→The girl was ugly.( Opposite meaning with an opposite word)
Difference in meaning between Very and Too
There is a big difference in meaning between "too" and "very". "Very" expresses a fact
while "too" suggests there is a problem.
 He speaks very quickly.
 He speaks too quickly for me to understand.
Other adverbs used like Very
Some common adverbs are used in the same way as "very" to heighten the degree of
adjectives and adverbs.
Expressing very strong feelings
extremely, terribly, amazingly, wonderfully, insanely
 The movie was amazingly interesting.
Expressing strong feelings
especially, particularly, uncommonly, unusually, remarkably, quite
 The movie was particularly interesting.
Expressing somewhat doubtful feelings
pretty, rather, fairly, not especially, not particularly
 The movie was fairly interesting.

Grammar for basics
INVERSION WITH NEGATIVE ADVERBS 34

Normally the subject goes before the verb, however, some negative adverbs can
cause an inversion when placed at the beginning of the clause. The order is reversed
and the verb goes before the subject. This inversion is only used in writing, not in
speaking.
Adverb Normal word order Inversion
Never I have never seen such courage. Never have I seen such courage.
Rarely She rarely left the house. Rarely did she leave the house.
Not only She did not only the cooking but Not only did she do the cooking, but
the cleaning as well. the cleaning as well.
Scarcely I scarcely closed the door before Scarcely did I close the door before
he started talking. he started talking.
Seldom We seldom cross the river after Seldom do we cross the river sunset.
sunset.
Adverbs of certainty
Adverbs of certainty express how certain we feel about an action or event. Adverbs
of certainty go before the main verb unless the main verb is 'to be', in which case the
adverb of certainty goes after.
 He definitely left the house this morning.
 He surely won't forget.
 He is probably in the park.
 He is certainly a smart man.
Form:
If there is an auxiliary verb, the adverb of certainty goes between the auxiliary and the
main verb.
 He has certainly forgotten the meeting.
 He will probably remember tomorrow.
 He is definitely running late.
Sometimes these adverbs of certainty can be placed at the beginning of the
sentence.
 Undoubtedly, Winston Churchill was a great politician.
 Certainly, I will be there.
 Probably, he has forgotten the meeting.
When the adverb of certainty surely is placed at the beginning of the sentence, it
means the speaker thinks something is true, but is looking for confirmation.
 Surely you've got a bicycle.
 Surely you're not going to wear that to the party.

Grammar for basics
Conditionals 35
Zero Conditional
Use:
The first conditional structure is used to talk about something which is always true. It
always happens, on the condition that something else happens.
 If it rains a lot, our garden floods.
Form:
1. Make the first conditional in this way.
If I present simple , I present simple
When you you
Unless he he
she... she...
 If you fly on a budget airline, you have to buy your own drinks.
 When we visit Geoff, he always cooks us a roast dinner.
Or
I present simple if I present simple
you when you
he unless he
she... she...
 You have to buy your own drinks if you fly on a budget airline.
 Geoff always cooks us a roast dinner when we visit him.
2. You can also form the zero conditional with the imperative form.
 If you have a membership card, enter through the door on the left.
 Enter through the door on the left if you have a membership card.
3. You can also form the zero conditional using a modal verb.
 If the alarm goes off, we should leave the building.
 If it’s rainy and sunny at the same time, you can often see a rainbow.
4. Different tenses can be used in the If / When (‘condition’) clause. However, only
the present simple, a modal or imperative form can be used in the ‘result’ clause.
 If we’ve finished all our work, we can leave early.
 If people are getting enough exercise, they usually feel better emotionally as
well as physically.
First Conditional
Use:
The first conditional structure is used to talk about something which will or may happen
in the future as a result of something else.
 If it rains tomorrow, I’ll stay at home.
Form:
Make the first conditional in this way.

Grammar for basics
If I present simple , I will / won’t verb

36
When you you might / might (infinitive
he he not form)
she... she...
 If I see Tom, I will tell him the news.

 When you visit, we might go to the park.
Or
I will / won’t verb if I present simple
you might / might (infinitive form) when you
he not he
she... she...
 She’ll be late if she doesn’t hurry up.

 You might not pass your exams if you watch television all the time.
Common Mistakes:
1) Don’t use will or might directly after will or might.
 If I will arrive first, I’ll make lunch. => If I arrive first, I’ll make lunch.
2) Always use an infinitive verb after will and might.
 I might to go out tonight, if I’m not too tired. => I might go out tonight if I’m
not too tired.
Use:
Mixed conditional sentences combine two different conditional patterns.
Several patterns can be used:
mixed first conditional sentences

First conditional sentences can use a variety of modal verbs.
If + present simple, can / may / might / will / should + verb (infinitive)
 If you give me some money, I can buy some milk.
 If I finish my homework, may I go out with my friends?
 If you switch the photocopier off and on again, it should work.
First conditional sentences can also use going to, as well as will.
If + present simple, going to + verb (infinitive)
 If you don’t get ready soon, we’re going to be late!
The present continuous and going to can also appear in the If clause
 If you’re going to the shop, can you buy me some cola?
 If you’re going to pay him, make sure you get a receipt.
The present perfect may also appear in the If clause.

 If you’ve finished your work, you can go home.

Grammar for basics
mixed third / second conditional 37

This combination describes an imagined event in the past and the present result.
If + past perfect, would + verb (infinitive)
 If he'd taken the medicine, he wouldn't still be sick.
 He wouldn’t still be sick if he’d taken the medicine.
mixed second / third conditional

This combination describes a situation which is never true, and the past consequence
of this situation.
If + past simple, would have + verb (infinitive)
 If you were better at speaking in public, the presentation would have been
more successful.
 The presentation would have been more successful if you were better at
speaking in public.

Grammar for basics
Gerunds and Infinitives 38

Use:
1) A gerund is a verb in its –ing form, used as a noun.
 eating, going, seeing
Gerunds
are used:
a) As the subject of a sentence.
 Smoking is bad for you.
After some verbs, such as: like, hate, enjoy, quit, suggest, dislike, deny
 I like cooking. I enjoy fishing.
A good learner’s dictionary will tell you whether a verb is followed by a gerund or not.
b) After prepositions.
 I’m interested in buying a computer. I’m scared of walking alone in the dark.
2) The infinitive form of the verb is the original verb. It can be with or without ‘to’.
 (to) eat, (to) go, (to) see.
The infinitive form

is used:
a) After some verbs, such as; agree, arrange, ask, promise, decide, afford
 I agreed to do the work. I arranged to see the doctor, They decided to get
married.
A good learner’s dictionary will tell you whether a verb is followed by an infinitive or
not.
To show the reason why you did something.
 Tony went to the post office to pay a bill.
b) After adjectives.
 I was surprised to see Erica. I’m pleased to meet you.
Gerund vs Infinitive
a) Some verbs can be followed by a gerund or infinitive with NO CHANGE in
meaning:
 start, begin, hate, like, prefer, continue
 She started to cry = She started crying.
 I hate watching horror films = I hate to watch horror films.
b) Some verbs can be followed by a gerund or a infinitive, but there is a change
in meaning.
 try, remember, stop
 I tried to get into the house. (Getting into the house is your goal or objective).
 I tried climbing through the window. (Climbing through the window is one
thing you tried in order to obtain your final objective.)
 I stopped cleaning the windows. (I was cleaning the windows and then I
stopped).

Grammar for basics
 I stopped to clean the windows. (I was driving, and I stopped driving in order
39
to clean the windows).
 I remembered to lock the door. (I remembered, and after that I locked the
door).
 I remember locking the door. (I remember (now) that I locked the door (in the
past)).

Grammar for basics
Past continuous 40
Use
1) Use the past to ‘set the scene’ of a story before describing what happened.
 ‘It was raining. I was walking in the park. Some kids were playing football
nearby. Suddenly…’
2) Use the past continuous to talk about an action which happened for some time in
the past and was then interrupted. Use the past simple tense to talk about the
interruption.
 I was cooking dinner when suddenly there was a knock at the door.
3) Use the past continuous to talk about events that were in progress at a certain time.
 At 5 o’clock yesterday afternoon, I was driving home from work.
Note the difference in meaning:
 When James got home, I cooked dinner:- I started cooking AFTER he got
home.
 When James got home, I was cooking dinner: - I started cooking BEFORE he
got home.
Form:
Positive
was
I verb+ing
You were
He / She / It was
We / They were
Negative
wasn’t
I verb+ing
You weren’t
He / She / It wasn’t
We / They weren’t
Question
I
Was verb+ing ?
Were you
Was he / she / it
Were we / they
Spelling Rules:

Grammar for basics
If a verb ends in e, delete the e before you add –ing.

41
 have =>I was having lunch.
If a verb ends in one vowel and one consonant, double the consonant (except w and
y).
 get =>He was just getting up.
 play =>We were playing.
Common mistakes
1) Some students remember the verb be but forget ‘ing’.
 I was watch television. =>I was watching television.
2) Some students make spelling mistakes.
 I was studing. =>I was studying.
 We were eatting =>We were eating.

Grammar for basics
Phrasal verbs 42
Inseparable phrasal verbs

Use:
Phrasal verbs consist of a verb and one or more prepositions. They are often used,
especially in informal spoken English. The meaning of phrasal verbs is often completely
different from the meaning of the verb alone.
Form:
1) Some phrasal verbs never use an object.
get up = get out of bed  Don’t worry about dinner. I’ll see
 I get up at seven o’clock every to it.
morning. look into something = investigate
take off = leave the ground  There has been a burglary at
 The plane took off on time. the school. Police are looking
look out = beware! be careful! into it.
 Look out! That car is going to hit get to = arrive at
you!  When you get to the end of the
get on = be good friends street, turn right.
 My dad and my brother don’t
get on. 3) Some phrasal verbs contain three
break down = stop working (for words and an object.
vehicles) look up to someone = respect
 Our car broke down on the way someone
home from Scotland.  I look up to my teachers.
make up = become friends again after look forward to something = be excited
an argument about (a future event)
 The kids often fight but they  I’m looking forward to the party.
always make up afterwards. get on with someone = be good
friends with someone
2) Some phrasal verbs need an object.  I don’t get on with Karen.
get on / off something = exit transport get on with something = continue
 Get off the bus at the next stop. doing something
look after someone / something = take  Please be quiet and get on with
care of someone / something your work.
 Please can you look after our put up with something = tolerate
cats while we’re on holiday?  I can’t put up with that noise
see to something = do, arrange, any longer!
prepare, organise
Separable phrasal verbs
Use:
Separable phrasal verbs consist of two parts. They always require an object.
They are often used, especially in informal spoken English. The meaning of phrasal
verbs is often completely different from the meaning of the verb alone.
Form:

Grammar for basics
1) The object of a phrasal verb can go either between the verb and the preposition or
1
after the preposition.
 I handed in my homework.
 I handed my homework in.
2) If the object of the sentence is a pronoun, it must go between the two parts of the
phrasal verb.
 I handed it in NOT I handed in it.
Examples:
Some common separable phrasal verbs:
pick someone/something up = collect  The company offered me a job,
 Please can you pick me up from but I turned it down.
the station? wash up = wash (dishes)
drop someone/something off = take  Can you wash your plates up
and leave/ deposit please?
 I dropped John off outside his take off = remove (clothes)
school.  Please take off your shoes
throw away = discard before you come inside.
 I threw all my old school papers put on = dress in (clothes)
away.  You’ll need to put a coat on. It’s
write down = note cold.
 I wrote Sally’s phone number turn up / down = increase / decrease
down on a piece of paper. volume/ temperature
make up = invent  Can you turn the music down
 Henry likes to make stories up please? It’s very loud.
about dinosaurs. try on = wear and test (clothes)
take back = return  Please can I try on these
 This shirt is too small. I’m going to trousers?
take it back to the shop. give up = stop doing something.
let down = disappoint  She smokes a lot, but she wants
 James studied hard because he to give it up.
didn’t want to let his parents take up = start doing something (a new
down. hobby)
turn down = reject  I’ve decided to take up running.

Grammar for basics
Present perfect 1
Use:
The present perfect is used for several reasons:
1) Use it to describe events that happened in the past and are still true now because
you can see the result.
 I’ve broken my leg!
 David has painted his house.
2) Use it to describe experiences in your life.

 I’ve been to New York three times in my life.
However, you cannot use the present perfect to describe experiences in someone’s
life if that person has died.
 Michael Jackson performed in Britain many times.
NOT
 Michael Jackson has performed in Britain many times.
3) Use it to describe events that started in the past and are still happening now.
 I’ve lived here all my life (and I live here now).
 John has worked here for 10 years (and he works here now).
Never refer to a finished time with a present perfect verb.
Form:
Make the present perfect in this way.
Positive
have / ‘ve past participle
I / you / they / we has / ‘s
he / she / it
 I’ve seen him; they’ve gone; she’s taken my bag.
Negative
haven’t / ‘ve past participle
I / you / they / we not
he / she / it hasn’t / ‘s not
 I haven’t seen him; they haven’t gone yet; she’s not been here.
Questions
you / they / we past participle?
Have he / she / it
Has
 Have you seen him? Has she taken my bag?
Common mistakes:
1) Don’t use the present perfect to refer to a finished time.
 I’ve hurt my arm yesterday. => I’ve hurt my arm.
 John’s been to New York last month. => John’s been to New York.

Grammar For Basics

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GRAMMAR FOR BASICS

Techer Nicole Grammar lessons

Adverbial phrases of frequency ................................................................................28

Techer Nicole Grammar lessons

Articles – with countable and uncountable nouns 3

Definite and indefinite articles

5) Use the when there is only one of these things.

7) Most 'general' nouns do not use an article.

But some general nouns use the:

 the environment People are increasingly worried about the environment.

Techer Nicole Grammar lessons

 the radio There's an interesting programme on the radio.

Techer Nicole Grammar lessons

Always use the infinitive form of the verb, without to.

Use Don’t to make the negative form.

2) Written instructions on signs often use Do not, not Don’t.

4) Some written signs use Must / Must not.

Techer Nicole Grammar lessons

2) Some students make questions incorrectly.

3) Some students make spelling mistakes.

Techer Nicole Grammar lessons

Present Continuous for Future 7

2) Use it to describe plans and arrangements in the future.

Techer Nicole Grammar lessons

Use will and won’t to:

b) Make an offer or promise.

2) Always write a verb in the infinitive form after will.

3) You can contract will to ‘ll for pronouns.

But don’t contract will with names.

4) To write questions, write will before the subject.

5) The short answer for Will questions is:

 Will John be late?

Techer Nicole Grammar lessons

1) Some students forget to write will before the subject in questions.

Techer Nicole Grammar lessons

 I’m going to see my sister at the weekend.

Techer Nicole Grammar lessons

 No, we’re not / No, we aren’t.

Techer Nicole Grammar lessons

 Where has he gone? =>I don’t know where he has gone.

 Where did he go? =>Did you see where he went?

 Does he live here? =>Do you know if he lives here?

 Does it suit me?

Techer Nicole Grammar lessons

 Has Mum called?

We can add question words to get more or different information.

 Where did you go swimming? > In the swimming pool in town.

Questions sometimes finish with prepositions.

Subject and object questions

 Who went out for curry? (subject – who)

Object questions follow the structure we looked at before.

A cat killed a mouse and a dog killed the cat.

1 What killed the mouse?

1 the cat, 2 the mouse, 3 the dog, 4 the cat. Right?

Techer Nicole Grammar lessons

Techer Nicole Grammar lessons

Use don’t have to to talk about something that is not necessary.

should and ought to

Techer Nicole Grammar lessons

1) Do not add ‘s’ to the third person singular.

2) To form a negative, add not / n’t after should.

3) To form questions, invert should and the subject.

4) Should is always followed by a verb in the infinitive form.