OVERVIEW OF DIFFERENT OPTIONS

OF ANIMAL WASTE MANAGEMENT

 Sustainable Development
Biogas

"Sustainable development –
is a development that meets
the needs of the present
without compromising the
ability of future generations
to meet their own needs."
 Composition of animal wastes
 Excreta
 Hair or feathers
 Spilled water and feeds
 Process-generated wastewater
 Bedding
 Mortality

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 Characteristics of animal wastes
 Concentrated compared to municipal wastewater

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 Modes of treatment
 Biological
 Chemical
 Physical processes

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 Purpose of treatment
 To reduce the pollution strength
 To reduce the potential degradation of natural resources
 To recover and use valuable fertilizer and other
components
 To protect the soil, air and water quality
 To manage potentially toxic materials such as copper,
zinc and antibiotics

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 Principles in animal waste Treatment
 Reduce solids, odor and ammonia volatilization

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 Solids Removal
 Solid-liquid separation to reduce organic and inert
materials from the manure
Separated solids can be used as fertilizer or composted
for soil conditioning
The liquid with reduced solids content and less odor
potential is easier to manage
Can be recycled for flushing manure
Can be used as irrigation water

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 Method of Solid Separation
 Gravity / Sedimentation
 Mechanical
 Flocculation
 Aeration
 Anaerobic processes
 Natural systems

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 Gravity Sedimentation
Mineral particles,
biosolids, or generated
biomass can be removed
by reducing the flow
Concrete settling basin
velocity.

Earthen settling basin

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 Gravity Sedimentation
Advantages:
1. It reduces clogging
problems in pumps and
pipes
2. It helps prevent
overloading of solids and
organic matter
However, it entails higher
construction and operational
cost.
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 Mechanical
Common mechanical separators:
1. Inclined screens
2. Self-cleaning screens
3. Presses
4. Centrifuge-type processes
5. Rapid sand-filters
These separators reduce carbon,
nitrogen and phosphorus
Inclined screen liquid-solid
loads. separator

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 Flocculation
 The attachment of suspended solids to each other to form
clumps
 Achieved through the addition of chemicals to the influent
 Flocculation agents include:
 Alum
 Lime
 polymers

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 Aeration
Used to remove organic
material or Oxygen Demand.
COD and BOD describe the
amount of organic material in
water that removes oxygen
during decomposition.

Can also be used to reduce odor Floating surface-aeration system

and ammonia release to the air.

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 Anaerobic Processes
Takes place naturally under
oxygen deficient condition
Major benefits are:
•Reduction of solids
•Reduction of BOD and
COD
•Production of methane

Anaerobic Digester atWellisa Farm, Cebu

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 Natural Systems
These treatment options
utilize the general
components of natural
ecological systems (soil,
microbial activity,
vegetation and other
elements) that can
reduce nutrient, BOD
and suspended solids.
Constructed wetlands

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 Natural Systems
 These include:
 Wetlands
 Vegetative filter strips
 Riparian areas
 Overland flow plots –reduce the pollution of runoff
 These systems can be constructed and optimized for
individual production facilities

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 LAND APPLICATION
 Advantages
Reduced fertilizer cost
Increased soil quality
Low cost
 Disdavantages
Potential odor problems
Large land area needed
Nutrient regulations may limit application

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 Anaerobic Lagoons
Lagoons are structures
that impound manure for
the purpose of treatment
and stabilization through
biological activity

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 Anaerobic Lagoons
Advantages
Provides storage of manure
Effluent can be recycled for
flush water
Removes large amounts of N
Disadvantages
Large land area required
Potential odor problems
Anaerobic Lagoon
Safety concerns

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 Anaerobic Digesters
Anaerobic digesters present a
smaller alternative to lagoons
but use the same process.
Typically consisting of small,
A 60 cu.m. biogas plant at Limbon, Indang, Cavite.
covered lagoons or tanks made
of concrete or steel, these
systems are often constructed
partially underground to allow
for gravity feed of manure and
to help retain heat in colder
climates.
PEKO BiogasDigester
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 Anaerobic Digesters
ADVANTAGES
1. Provide alternative fuel source
2. Increase solid decomposition
3. Require little land area Covered Lagoon
4. Reduce odors
5. Require careful management
DISADVANTAGES
•Do not reduce nutrients (N, P, &
potassium)
•Pose safety concerns–methane is explosive
•Have high cost

Bag-type biogas digester

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 Composting
Composting is anatural
aerobic process that
stabilizes avariety of
organic matter ranging
from yard waste to animal In-vessel composter

manure. It is one of the

major recycling processes
by which materials return
to the soil in the form of
nutrients available for
future use. Tractor-driven windrow turner

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 Composting
ADVANTAGES
Reduces odors
Controls pests, pathogens, and
weed seeds
Increases soil quality
Provides marketable byproducts
DISADVANTAGES
Requires careful management
Creates additional costs
Requires extra space

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 Vermicomposting
Vermicomposting is a
process in which
earthworms and
microorganisms convert
organic materials into
nutrient-rich humus called
vermicompost. The
resulting vermicompost
can be used as asoil
amendment similar to
conventional compost.
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 Vermicomposting
ADVANTAGES
Reduces odors
Controls pests, pathogens, and
weed seeds
Increases soil quality
Provides marketable byproducts
DISADVANTAGES
Requires careful management
Creates additional costs
Requires extra space

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 Mortality Composting
Carcass composting is a
disposal process that
concealsanimal carcasses
under ablanket of organic
material to promote
decomposition at elevated
temperatures

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 Mortality
Composting
The objectives of carcass
composting are to:
•Provide the
proper conditions for
carcass
biodegradation Loading carcassinto large-scale grinder and
windrows of composted carcass Courtesy of
•Inactivate some of the Dr. John Kube of Elanco Animal Health,
Greenfield, IN)
pathogens that can spread
diseasesin soil, plants, animals,
and humans
•
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 Mortality Composting
Prevent livestock carcasses from gen-
erating environmental pollutants, such
as the leaching of nitrogen and sulfur
compounds to groundwater and the
odors that can reduce the quality of
life and decrease property values
•Convert the carcasses into
useful end products for
agricultural lands

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 Mortality
Composting
ADVANTAGES
•Disposes of dead animals
•Controls odor
•Kills pathogens
•Provides a marketable Contents of a cattle carcass windrow without initial
grinding after 2 months of active composting. Note the
byproduct steam rising from the exposed windrow. (Courtesy of Dr.
John Kube of Elanco Animal Health, Greenfield, IN)
DISADVANTAGES
•Requires careful management
•Raises regulatory concerns
•May have expensive initial setup

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 By-product Recovery

Raw and composted manure

and mortalities have been
processed to such value-
added byproducts as
fertilizer, animal feed,

ADVANTAGES
Providesa marketable
byproduct
Creates feed supplements
Improves soil quality

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 By-product Recovery
DISADVANTAGES
• Requires careful
management
• Has time and space
constraints

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 There is really aneed to
handle and manage
farm wastes to protect
the environment and
conserve natural
resources

WE HAVETO START IT
NOW!!!!

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 End of presentation

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