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Eurocode 1 2.1 PDF
Eurocode 1 2.1 PDF
1991-2-1:1996
Eurocode 1: Basis of
design and actions on
structures —
Part 2.1: Actions on structures —
Densities, self-weight and imposed
loads —
ICS 91.040
DD ENV 1991-2-1:1996
Contents
Page
Committees responsible Inside front cover
National foreword ii
Text of National Application Document v
Foreword 2
Text of ENV 1991-2-1 5
© BSI 03-2000 i
DD ENV 1991-2-1:1996
National foreword
This Draft for Development was prepared by Subcommittee B/525/1 and is the
English language version of ENV 1991-2-1:1995 Basis of design and actions on
structures — Part 2.1: Actions on structures — Densities, self-weight and imposed
loads, published by the European Committee for Standardization (CEN).
ENV 1991-2-1 results from a programme of work sponsored by the European
Commission to make available a common set of rules for the design of building
and civil engineering works. The full range of codes covers the basis of design and
actions, the design of structures in concrete, steel, composite construction,
aluminium, timber and masonry, and geotechnics and seismic design.
This publication is not to be regarded as a British Standard.
An ENV is made available for provisional application, but does not have the
status of a European Standard. The aim is to use the experience gained to modify
the ENV so that it can be adopted as a European Standard.
The values for certain parameters in the ENV Eurocodes may be set by individual
CEN members so as to meet the requirements of national regulations. These
parameters are designated by Ô in the ENV.
During the ENV period reference should be made to the supporting documents
listed in the National Application Document (NAD).
The purpose of the NAD is to provide essential information, particularly in
relation to safety, to enable the ENV to be used for the design of buildings and
civil engineering works to be constructed in the UK. The requirements of the
NAD take precedence over corresponding provisions in the ENV.
Although the 1996 edition of BS 6399-1 is based on the Eurocode format for the
classification of loads according to use, the British Standard has several distinct
sub-categories within each Eurocode category, each usually assigned different
load requirements. This more detailed British Standard specification results in a
number of different loads defining current UK practice, rather than the single
value quoted for the equivalent wider Eurocode category. To ensure safety and
economy in line with current UK practice, in determining UK load values for this
NAD, the current requirements of the British Standard have been included for as
many specific uses as is practical. However, as a move towards harmonization,
ENV values which have only a minor difference from the equivalent British
Standard value have been accepted without amendment through this NAD.
Users of this document are invited to comment on its technical content, ease of
use and any ambiguities and anomalies. These comments will be taken into
account when preparing the UK national response to CEN on the question of
whether the ENV can be converted to an EN.
Comments should be sent in writing to the Secretary of B/525/1, BSI, British
Standards House, 389 Chiswick High Road, London W4 4AL, quoting the
document reference, the relevant clause and, where possible, a proposed revision
by February 1997. Comments after such time will still be possible through
corporate bodies, such as engineering institutions.
Summary of pages
This document comprises a front cover, an inside front cover, pages i to x,
the ENV title page, pages 2 to 23 and a back cover.
This standard has been updated (see copyright date) and may have had
amendments incorporated. This will be indicated in the amendment table on the
inside front cover.
ii © BSI 03-2000
DD ENV 1991-2-1:1996
National Application
Document
for use in the UK with
ENV 1991-2-1:1995
iv © BSI 03-2000
DD ENV 1991-2-1:1996
Introduction
This National Application Document (NAD) has been prepared by Subcommittee B/525/1. It has been
developed from the following:
a) a textual examination of ENV 1991-2-1;
b) a parametric calibration against BS 6399-1, BS 6399-3 and BS 648.
1 Scope
This NAD provides information to enable ENV 1991-2-1 to be used for the structural and geotechnical
design of buildings and civil engineering works to be constructed in the United Kingdom.
2 References
2.1 Normative references
This National Application Document incorporates, by reference, provisions from specific editions of other
publications. These normative references are cited at the appropriate points in the text and the
publications are listed on page ix. Subsequent amendments to, or revisions of, any of these publications
apply to this National Application Document only when incorporated in it by updating or revision.
2.2 Informative references
This National Application Document refers to other publications that provide information or guidance.
Editions of these publications current at the time of issue of this standard are listed on page ix, but
reference should be made to the latest editions.
3 Use in design
Except as noted in this NAD, the values given in ENV 1991-2-1 may be used on the structural and
geotechnical design of buildings and civil engineering works to be constructed in the United Kingdom.
3.1 Densities of building materials and stored materials
The values for densities of building materials and stored materials should be those given in
Table 4.1 to Table 4.8 of ENV 1991-2-1:1995, except:
Replace the following values in Table 4.1 to be compatible with BS EN 338.
Class C14 C16 C18 C22 C24 C27 C30 C35 C40 D50 D60 D70
¾ 3,5 3,7 3,8 4,1 4,2 4,5 4,6 4,8 5,0 7,8 8,4 10,8
3.2 Self-weight of construction elements
Clause 5.3.3.1 (2)
The following values shall be used in 5.3.3.1 (2) if no specific information is provided on ballast depth.
Nominal total depth = 0,50 m
Maximum total depth = (1,33 × 0,50) m
Minimum total depth = (0,50/1,33) m
3.3 Section 6
a) Clauses 6.2.1 (2) and 6.2.2 (2)
The reduction factors !A according to 6.3.1.2 (3) and !n according to 6.3.1.2 (4) should not be applied to
UK values of load given in this NAD. Reference should be made to clause 5 of BS 6399-1 for load
reductions.
b) Clause 6.3 Imposed loads — characteristic values
The values for imposed loads should be those given in BS 6399-1 and BS 6399-3 as shown in Table 1 to
Table 3 of this NAD.
c) Clause 6.3.1.2 (2) P
The application area of the concentrated loads should be appropriate to their cause. Concentrated loads
due to specialist equipment shall also be determined for the individual case.
d) Clause 6.4. Horizontal loads on partition walls and barriers due to persons
The values for imposed loads should be those given in BS 6399-1 as shown in Table 4 of this NAD.
© BSI 03-2000 v
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4 Additional recommendations
4.1 Guidance on ENV 1991-2-1
NOTE 4.1.1 to 4.1.5 should be followed when designing in accordance with ENV 1991-2-1.
4.1.1 Section 1 General
Clause 1.5
For clarification the notation used in ENV 1991-2-1 is explained below.
Latin upper case letters:
A reduction coefficient is not used;
A loaded area in formula (6.1);
A0 a constant in formula (6.1).
Latin lower case letters:
µ reduction coefficient is not used;
n number of storeys (> 2) above the loaded structural elements (used in formula 6.2).
4.1.2 Section 2 Classification of actions
Clause 2.2 (2)
Replace this clause with the following.
The imposed loads given in this Part of ENV 1991 should be considered as static loads that include an
allowance for small, non-resonant dynamic effects.
4.1.3 Section 4 Densities of building materials and stored materials
Table 4.1
The values quoted do not cover proprietary lightweight materials, for which specific densities should be
obtained from the supplier. Care is needed where these materials contribute to the favourable part of the
restraining forces.
Densities for the following types of masonry units not given in the ENV may be used:
aggregate concrete 23 kN/m3;
autoclaved aerated concrete 5–7 kN/m3;
calcium silicate 20 kN/m3;
clay 20–24 kN/m3;
manufactured stone 19–23 kN/m3.
4.1.4 Section 5 Self-weight of construction elements
a) Clause 5.3.2.1 (1)
Where permanent partitions are indicated, their weight shall be included in the dead load, acting at the
given partition location.
The equivalent uniformly distributed load of partitions which are not permanent may be taken as not
less than one third of the load per metre run of the finished partitions. For offices this should not be less
than 1,0 kN/m2.
b) Clause 5.3.2.1 (3) P
In this clause “thin concrete slabs” should be taken to apply to slabs of less than 150 mm thickness.
c) Clause 5.3.2.1 (4) P
For simplicity, the weight of unrendered masonry walls may be based upon the density of the body
material, ignoring the mortar.
4.1.5 Section 6 Imposed loads on buildings
a) Clause 6.2.2 (1) P
This clause defines the loads on the floor of each storey as fixed actions. Only uniformly distributed
loading is used, not concentrated loads. Pattern loading including eccentricity and unbalanced loading
should be considered in accordance with UK practice.
vi © BSI 03-2000
DD ENV 1991-2-1:1996
Category F
vehicle weight k 30 kN 2,0 2,5 10,0 9,0
Category G
vehicle weight > 30, k 160 kN 5,0 note 1 45,0 note 1
NOTE 1 To be determined for specific use.
Category H
Roof slope
(see note 2) < 20° 0,75 0,6 1,5 0,9 (see note 3)
= 40° 0,0 0,4 (see note 4) 1,5 0,9
NOTE 1 See also BS 6399-3 for snow loads. Snow loads and imposed roof loads from this table are alternative load cases.
NOTE 2 For slopes between 20° and 40° the value of qk may be determined by linear interpolation.
NOTE 3 Assumes spreader boards will be used.
NOTE 4 For slopes between 40° and 60° the value of qk may be determined by linear interpolation, with a value of qk at 60° of zero.
1.2
1.4(1)
2.1(1)P
2.2(1)P
3.1(1)P ENV 1991-1 Basis of design ENV DD ENV:1991-1
5.3.1.1(3)
5.3.1.3(3)
5.3.2.1(3)P
6.1(4)P
6.3.1.2(3)
6.3.3(3)9 ENV 1991-2-6 Loads and deformations imposed ENV —
during execution
1.1.2(7)note ENV 1991-2-7 Accidental actions ENV —
2.2(1)P
1.1.2(6)P ENV 1991-3 Traffic loads on bridges ENV DD ENV:1991-3
6.3.3(4)P ENV 1991-4 Actions in silos and tanks ENV DD ENV:1991-4
5.3.3.2(3) ENV 1993 Design of steel structures ENV DD ENV:1993
2.1(2)P ENV 1997 Geotechnical design ENV DD ENV:1997
1.2 ISO 3898:1987 Basis of design for structures. —
1.5(1)note Notations. General symbols
Table 4.1 ENV 206 Concrete performance, production, ENV DD ENV:206
Table 4.3 placing and compliance procedure
Table 4.1 prEN 771 Specification for masonry units —
Table 4.1 prEN 338 Structural timber strength classes EN BS EN 338
Table 4.2 UIC 60 General regulations concerning electric — —
traction lines
© BSI 03-2000 ix
DD ENV 1991-2-1:1996
Normative references
BSI publications
BRITISH STANDARDS INSTITUTION, London
Informative references
BSI publications
BRITISH STANDARDS INSTITUTION, London
x © BSI 03-2000
EUROPEAN PRESTANDARD ENV 1991-2-1
PRÉNORME EUROPÉENNE
February 1995
EUROPÄISCHE VORNORM
ICS 91.040.00
Descriptors: Buildings, structures, design, computation, loads: forces, operating loads, weight: mass
English version
Eurocode 1: Bases du calcul et actions sur les Eurocode 1: Grundlagen der Tragwerksplanung
structures — Partie 2-1: Actions sur les und Einwirkungen auf Tragwerke —
structures — Densités, poids propres et charges Teil 2-1: Einwirkungen auf Tragwerke —
d’exploitation Wichten, Eigenlasten, Nutzlasten
CEN
European Committee for Standardization
Comité Européen de Normalisation
Europäisches Komitee für Normung
Central Secretariat: rue de Stassart 36, B-1050 Brussels
© 1995 All rights of reproduction and communication in any form and by any means reserved in all
countries to CEN and its members
Ref. No. ENV 1991-2-1:1995 E
ENV 1991-2-1:1995
2 © BSI 03-2000
ENV 1991-2-1:1995
Contents Page
Page 6.3.3 Areas for storage and industrial
activities 22
Foreword 2
6.3.4 Roofs 22
Objectives of the Eurocodes 2
6.4 Horizontal loads on partition walls
Background to the Eurocode Programme 2 and barriers due to persons 23
Eurocode Programme 2 Table 4.1 — Construction materials 8
National Application Documents (NAD’s) 2
Table 4.2 — Bridge materials 10
Matters Specific to this Prestandard 2
Table 4.3 — Stored materials — building
Section 1. General 5 and construction 11
1.1 Scope 5 Table 4.4 — Stored materials — agricultural 12
1.1.1 Scope of ENV 1991-Eurocode 1 5 Table 4.5 — Stores materials — foodstuffs 13
1.1.2 Scope of ENV 1991-2-1 Densities, Table 4.6 — Stored materials — liquids 14
self-weight and imposed loads 5
Table 4.7 — Stored materials — solid fuels 15
1.1.3 Further parts of ENV 1991 5
Table 4.8 — Stored materials —
1.2 Normative references 5 industrial and general 15
1.3 Distinction between principles Table 6.1 — Categories of building areas 19
and application rules 6 Table 6.2 — Imposed loads on floors in
1.4 Definitions 6 buildings 20
1.5 Symbols 6 Table 6.3 — Traffic areas in buildings 21
Section 2. Classification of actions 7 Table 6.4 — Imposed loads on garages
2.1 Self-weight 7 and vehicle traffic areas 21
2.2 Imposed loads 7 Table 6.5 — Categorization of roofs 22
Section 3. Design situations 7 Table 6.6 — Imposed loads on roofs 22
3.1 General 7 Table 6.7 — Horizontal loads on partition
3.2 Self-weight 7 walls and barriers due to persons 23
3.3 Imposed loads 7
Section 4. Densities of building materials
and stored materials 8
4.1 Definitions 8
4.2 Tables 8
Section 5. Self-weight of construction elements 16
5.1 Representation of actions 16
5.2 Load arrangements 16
5.3 Self-weight — characteristic values 16
5.3.1 Assessment of self-weight 16
5.3.2 Self-weight for buildings 17
5.3.3 Self-weight for bridges 17
Section 6. Imposed loads on buildings 18
6.1 Representation of actions 18
6.2 Load arrangements 18
6.2.1 Horizontal members 18
6.2.2 Vertical members 19
6.3 Imposed loads — characteristic values 19
6.3.1 Residential, social, commercial
and administration area 19
6.3.2 Garage and vehicle traffic areas 21
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ENV 1991-2-1:1995
Section 1. General
1.1 Scope
1.1.1 Scope of ENV 1991 — Eurocode 1
(1)P ENV 1991 provides general principles and actions for the structural design of buildings and civil
engineering works including some geotechnical aspects and shall be used in conjunction with
ENV 1992-1999.
(2) It may also be used as a basis for the design of structures not covered in ENV 1992-1999 and where
other materials or other structural design actions are involved.
(3) ENV 1991 also covers structural design during execution and structural design for temporary
structures. It relates to all circumstances in which a structure is required to give adequate performance.
(4) ENV 1991 is not directly intended for the structural appraisal of existing construction, in developing
the design of repairs and alterations or, for assessing changes of use.
(5) ENV 1991 does not completely cover special design situations which require unusual reliability
considerations such as nuclear structures for which specified design procedures should be used.
1.1.2 Scope of ENV 1991-2-1: Densities, self-weight and imposed loads
(1)P Design guidance and actions are provided for the structural design of buildings and civil engineering
works including some geotechnical aspects for the following subjects:
— Densities of construction materials and stored materials;
— Self-weight of construction elements;
— Imposed loads.
(2) Section 4 gives characteristic values for densities of specific building materials, additional materials for
bridges and stored materials. In addition for specific materials the angle of repose is provided.
(3) Section 5 provides methods for the assessment of the characteristic values of self-weight of construction
elements.
(4) Section 6 gives characteristic values of imposed loads on floors and roofs in building structures.
(5) These characteristic values are defined according to category of use as follows:
— areas in dwellings, offices etc;
— garage and vehicle traffic areas;
— areas for storage and industrial activities;
— roofs.
(6)P The loads on traffic areas given in section 6 refers to vehicles up to a gross weight of 160 kN. Traffic
areas for heavy vehicles of more than 160 kN total weight shall be designed by applying the road bridge
loads according to section 4 of ENV 1991-3.
(7) For barriers or partition walls having the function of barriers, horizontal forces due to persons are given.
NOTE Forces due to vehicle impact are specified in ENV 1991-2-7.
(8) Section 6 does not specify fatigue loads and dynamic loads causing vibrations or dynamic effects.
1.1.3 Further Parts of ENV 1991
(1) Further Parts of ENV 1991 which, at present, are being prepared or are planned are given in 1.2.
© BSI 03-2000 5
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ENV 1991-2-3, Eurocode 1: Basis of design and actions on structures — Part 2.3: Snow loads.
ENV 1991-2-4, Eurocode 1: Basis of design and actions on structures — Part 2.4: Wind loads.
ENV 1991-2-5, Eurocode 1: Basis of design and actions on structures — Part 2.5: Thermal actions.
ENV 1991-2-6, Eurocode 1: Basis of design and actions on structures — Part 2.6: Loads and deformations
imposed during execution.
ENV 1991-2-7, Eurocode 1: Basis of design and actions on structures — Part 2.7: Accidental actions.
ENV 1991-3, Eurocode 1: Basis of design and actions on structures — Part 3: Traffic loads on bridges.
ENV 1991-4, Eurocode 1: Basis of design and actions on structures — Part 4: Actions in silos and tanks.
ENV 1991-5, Eurocode 1: Basis of design and actions on structures — Part 5: Actions induced by cranes and
machinery.
ENV 1992, Eurocode 2: Design of concrete structures.
ENV 1993, Eurocode 3: Design of steel structures.
ENV 1994, Eurocode 4: Design of composite steel and concrete structures.
ENV 1995, Eurocode 5: Design of timber structures.
ENV 1996, Eurocode 6: Design of masonry structures.
ENV 1997, Eurocode 7: Geotechnical design.
ENV 1998, Eurocode 8: Earthquake resistant design of structures.
ENV 1999, Eurocode 9: Design of aluminium alloy structures.
1.4 Definitions
(1) For the purposes of this prestandard, a basic list of definitions is provided in ENV 1991-1, “Basis of
design”.
1.5 Symbols
(1) For the purposes of this prestandard, the following symbols apply.
NOTE The notation used is based on ISO 3898:1987
(2) A basic list of notations is provided in Part 1 “Basis of design” of ENV 1991 and the additional notations
below are specific to this part.
Latin upper case letters
A reduction coefficient
Qk concentrated load
Latin lower case letters
gk weight per unit area, or weight per unit length
qk uniformly distributed load, or line load
6 © BSI 03-2000
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3.2 Self-weight
(1) Post-execution additional new coatings and/or distribution conduits should be considered in design
situations.
(2) The source and moisture content of bulk materials should be considered in design situations of buildings
used for storage purposes.
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4.2 Tables
(1) The densities and angles of repose of some materials may vary from those indicated depending on
moisture content, settlement and depth of storage.
Table 4.1 — Construction materials
Density
Materials ¾
[kN/m3]
concrete (see ENV 206)
lightweight
density class 1,0 9 – 10
density class 1,2 10 – 12
density class 1.4 12 – 14
density class 1,6 14 – 16
density class 1,8 16 – 18
density class 2,0 18 – 20
normal weight 24a
heavyweight > 28
reinforced and prestressed concrete +1
unhardened concrete +1
mortar
cement mortar 19 – 23
gypsum mortar 12 – 18
lime-cement mortar 18 – 20
lime mortar 12 – 18
masonry units (see prEN 771)
aggregate concrete
autoclaved aerated concrete
calcium silicate
clay
manufactured stone
natural stone
basalt 27 – 31
dense limestone 20 – 29
granite 27 – 30
sandstone 21 – 27
glass blocks, hollow 8
terra cotta, solid 21
metals
aluminium 27
brass 83
bronze 83
copper 87
iron, cast 71
iron, wrought 76
lead 112
steel 77
zinc 71
a
density may be in the range 20–28 depending on local materials
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flour
bulk 6 25
bagged 5 —
fruit
apples
loose 8,3 30
boxed 6,5 —
cherries 7,8 —
pears 5,9 —
raspberries, in trays 2 —
strawberries, in trays 1,2 —
tomatoes 6,8 —
vegetables, green
cabbages 4 —
lettuce 5 —
vegetables, legumes
beans
general 8,1 35
soya 7,4 30
peas 7,8 —
vegetables, root
general 8,8 —
beetroot 7,4 40
carrots 7,8 35
onions 7 35
turnips 7 35
potatoes
in bulk 7 35
in boxes 4,4 —
2,9 35
sugarbeet, dried and chopped
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16 © BSI 03-2000
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5.3.1.2 Dimensions
(1) In general nominal dimensions should be those as shown on the drawings.
(2) In general, where the weight of thin finishes is small in comparison with the weight of the elements to
which they are applied, it is not necessary to consider variation in finish thickness. However variation in
thickness may need to be considered when the thickness depends on the deflection of the structural
component to which the finish is applied or when the maintenance of the finish may include the addition
of further layers of material.
5.3.1.3 Densities
(1) For the assessment of nominal densities section 4 should be used.
(2)P If the density of the material is likely to deviate significantly from the specified value, such deviation
shall be considered.
(3) For structures where more accurate values are required, for example, where a design is likely to be
particularly sensitive to variations in permanent lead, a representative sample of the materials to be used
should be tested at representative moisture contents. Characteristic and representative values should then
be determined according to ENV 1991-1 “Basis of design”.
(4) For some materials the bulk weight density has significant variability and may be dependent on the
source and moisture content. For these materials, section 4 gives a range of characteristic values related
to the moisture content for the situations in which the material is normally to be found.
5.3.2 Self-weight for buildings
5.3.2.1 Floors and walls and partitions
(1) For determining the effect of the self-weight due to partitions, an equivalent uniformly distributed load
may be used.
(2) Account should be taken of voids made for the purpose of thermal insulation or for the reduction of
weight.
(3)P For suspended beam and block floors and beam and hollow-pot floors, data may be provided by the
manufacturer. When the dimensions of thin concrete slabs are unlikely to be controlled to within ± 5 % of
their nominal values a range of values for the permanent lead shall be taken into account and treated as
indicated in ENV 1991-1 “Basis of design”.
(4)P For determining the weight of unrendered masonry walls the weight of mortar shall be taken into
account.
5.3.2.2 Roofs
(1)P The weights shall be calculated from the weight of the component materials and the geometry
(e.g. pitch tiles/sq.metre etc).
(2) Information may be taken from documents provided by the manufacturer.
5.3.2.3 Claddings and finishes
(1)P For the purpose of this section claddings shall be considered to include curtain walling (and fixings),
overcladding (and fixings) and roof coverings.
(2)P When designing individual structural elements the estimation of weight shall include the weight of
claddings and finishes, unless alternative provision has been made (see 5.3.1). Finishes include in-situ
finishes (such as plaster and screeds), pre-fabricated wall-panel finishes, and timber and other floor
finishes.
5.3.3 Self-weight for bridges
5.3.3.1 Nominal values
(1)P For the determination of self-weight of the non structural parts of bridges an upper (and, if relevant,
a lower) bound of the nominal value of all these parts shall be established, taking account of the
possibilities of initial deviation and of variation with time, resulting from
— the necessity of joining the coatings on the bridge and on the adjacent carriageway,
— the deviations of the levels of the upper surface of decks from the specified levels,
— the post-execution addition of new coatings and / or distribution conduits and, if relevant, of other
equipment.
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A Areas for domestic and residential Rooms in residential buildings and houses; rooms and
activities wards in hospitals; bedrooms in hotels and hostels;
kitchens and toilets.
B Office areas
C Areas where people may C1: Areas with tables, etc. e.g. areas in schools, cafés,
congregate (with the exception of restaurants, dining halls, reading rooms, receptions
areas defined under category etc.
A,B,D and E)
C2: Areas with fixed seats, e.g. areas in churches,
theatres or cinemas, conference rooms, lecture halls,
assembly halls, waiting rooms, etc.
C3: Areas without obstacles for moving people,
e.g. areas in museums, exhibition rooms, etc and access
areas in public and administration buildings,
hotels, etc.
C4: Areas with possible physical activities, e.g. dance
halls, gymnastic rooms, stages, etc.
C5: Areas susceptible to overcrowding, e.g. in buildings
for public events like concert halls, sports halls
including stands, terraces and access areas, etc.
D Shopping areas D1: Areas in general retail shops, e.g. areas in
warehouses, stationery and office stores, etc.
E Areas susceptible to accumulation Areas for storage use including libraries. The loads
of goods, including access areas defined in Table 6.2 shall be taken as minimum loads
unless more appropriate loads are defined for the
specific case. Further guidance is given in Table 4.8
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(3) The reduction factor µA. For categories A to E should be determined as follows:
(6.1)
(6.2)
where:
n is the number of storeys (> 2) above the loaded structural elements
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F Traffic and parking areas for light vehicles e.g. garages; parking areas, parking halls
(k30 kN total weight and k8 seats not
including driver)
G Traffic and parking areas for medium e.g. access routes; delivery zones; zones
vehicles (> 30 kN, k 160 kN total weight, accessible to fire engines (k 160 kN total
on 2 axles) weight)
(2)P Access to areas designed to category F shall be limited by physical means built into the structure.
(3) Areas designed to categories F and G should be posted with the appropriate warning signs.
6.3.2.2 Values of actions
(1) The characteristic values for the concentrated loads Qk representing a single axle with dimensions
according to Figure 6.1 and the distributed load qk are given in Table 6.4.
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H Roofs not accessible except for normal maintenance, repair, painting and minor repairs
I Roofs accessible with occupancy according to categories A – G
K Roofs accessible for special services, such as helicopter landings
(2) Loads for roofs of category H are given in Table 6.6. Loads for roofs of category I are given in Table 6.2
and Table 6.4 according to the specific use. For roofs of category K the loads should be established for the
particular case.
6.3.4.2 Values of actions
(1)P The characteristic values Qk and qk are given in Table 6.6. They are related to the projected area of the
roof under consideration.
Table 6.6 — Imposed loads on roofs
qk Qk
Roofs
[kN/m2] [kN]
(2)P Separate verification shall be performed for the concentrated lead Qk and the uniformly distributed
lead qk, acting independently.
(3)P For local checks the concentrated lead Qk is given in Table 6.6. The application area of Qk comprises a
square with a 50 mm side.
(4)P The reduction coefficient µA for category H shall be considered as follows:
!A = 1,0 (6.5)
22 © BSI 03-2000
ENV 1991-2-1:1995
(5)P Access ladders and walkways shall be assumed to be loaded according to Table 4.3 for a roof
slope < 20°. For walkways which are part of a designated escape route qk shall be assumed to be:
qk = 3,0 kN/m2 (6.6)
(2) For areas susceptible to significant overcrowding associated with public events e.g. for sports stadia,
stands, stages, assembly halls or conference rooms, the line load shall be taken according to category C5.
© BSI 03-2000 23
DD ENV
1991-2-1:1996
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