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World Skarn Deposits - Skarns of Western Europe

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 World Skarn Deposits: Skarns of Western Europe
ALAIN CHEILLETZ,† EWAN PELLETER,
CRPG-CNRS, 15 Rue Notre Dame des Pauvres, 54501, Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, France

AGUSTIN MARTIN-IZARD,
Department of Geology, University of Oviedo. C/Arias de Velasco sn 33005 Oviedo, Spain

AND FERNANDO TORNOS

Insituto Geologico y Minero de Espana, c/Azafranal 48, 37001, Salamanca, Spain

Introduction the origin of these huge concentrations of magnetite ore is

SKARN DEPOSITS have been mined since antiquity in
western Europe for valuable metals. During and after the
Second World War, tungsten demand led to intense
exploration programs directed to skarn-type deposits,
resulting in the discovery of scheelite in the Eastern Pyrennes
in 1949 (Guitard and Lafitte, 1958), followed by the the Salau
deposit (10,600 t W at 1.44 wt % WO3) from 1954 to 1957
(Fonteilles et al., 1969). There are 94 skarn-type deposits or
occurrences in western Europe, mainly within its Variscan
parts, or Variscan inliers in Alpine Europe (Pyrenees,
Western Alps), and also in the Caledonian chain (Ireland and
Northern Great Britain; Fig. 7.1). Due to low metal prices
and high costs of operation during the last decades, only one
district is still being mined today, the Rio Narcea Au-Cu skarn
in the Cantabrian zone (over 0.6 Moz of gold have been
mined, and reserves at the end of 2002 were 2.75 Mt at 5.63
g/t Au; Rio Narcea gold mines, 2003). Nevertheless,
geological characteristics are promising for discovery of other
skarns, particularly in the Pyrenees, in Los Santos (Central
Iberian zone), and in the Ossa Morena zone where the Cala
mine still produces episodically small quantities of magnetite.
Major Features of Western European Skarns
The locations of skarns in western Europe are illustrated on
simplified geological maps (Figs. 7.2-7.6), showing the main
granitoid massifs. For each country, Tables 7.1 to 7.7
summarize the main mineralogical, petrographical, and
geochemical information available in the literature. In
general, four main classes of skarn deposits occur in western
Europe (Fig. 7.1).
Fe skarn
Iron skarns are abundant in the Ossa Morena zone
(Locutura et al., 1990; Fig. 7.2). They form several ore bodies:
Cala-Teuler, Colmenar-Sta Barbara, Santa Justa, San
Guillermo, and Monchi, all exploited in the past. The last
mine, Cala, is still operating sporadically. Additional
concentrations of Cu, Au, Co, U, and rare earth elements
(REE) have also been reported (Arribas, 1962; Galindo and
Casquet, 1995). Although clearly defined as skarn-type
mineralization with respect to skarn and ore mineralogy
(Table 7.1), and based on the relationships with the contact of
Variscan plutons of gabbroic to monzogranitic composition,
† Corresponding author: e-mail, cheille@crpg.cnrs-nancy.fr
still controversial (Dupont, 1979 ; Tornos et al., 2001a, 2002).
Au and W skarns
In the Pyrenees, most of the W skarns belong to the calcic,
reduced, hedenbergitic type of Einaudi et al. (1981): e.g., the
economic W-Au deposits of Salau (Fonteilles et al., 1989;
Table 7.3), the W-Mo deposit of Costabonne (Table 7.3), and
the skarns related to the Andorra and la Maladeta granites
(Table 7.1), all associated with subaluminous calc-alkaline, I-
type granodioritic magmas.
The largest Au skarns occur in the Rio Narcea gold belt
(Spiering et al., 2000). In this district, there are five main in-
trusive stocks (La Ortosa-Godán, Carlés, La Brueva-Pando,
Villaverde-Pontigo, and El Valle-Boinás) located along a
northeast-southwest trend. The intrustions are calc-alkaline,
subalkaline potassium-rich, and reduced I-type ilmenite-rich
quartz monzonite to monzogranite (Martin-Izard et al.,
2000a). They range in age from 305 Ma (Carlés and El Valle-
Boinás) to 295 Ma (La Brueva, Ortosa). Calcic skarns (garnet-
pyroxene-wollastonite-scapolite) formed along contacts with
limestones of the Late Cambrian (West Boinás), Late Silurian
(Ortosa), and Early Devonian (Carlés). Magnesian skarn
(olivine-pyroxene-phlogopite) formed in the dolomite units of
the Early Cambrian, which are frequently rich in organic
matter (East Boinas), and in some beds of the Early Devon-
ian (Carlés). Gold skarn (Ortosa) develops in relation to the
more mafic intrusions (quartz monzodiorite in Ortosa), while
gold-copper skarns (El Valle-Boinas and Carles) are related to
more felsic rocks (monzogranite).
Sn-W-Zn-Pb-Cu skarns
These deposits have a wide variety of mineral and metal
assemblages: from Zn, Fe, Sn, and W in Gelbe Birke,
Germany (Table 7.5), to Cu, Zn, and Sn in Meldon, Great
Britain (Table 7.6). They formed near contacts with late-
Variscan, granodiorite to granite intrusions, and are
associated with widespread tin-tungsten vein-type or greisen,
occurring in the same areas at the contact or within granitic
bodies. The granites have a peraluminous S-type signature
and were emplaced during syntectonic continent-continent
collision.
Calc-silicate bands
Uneconomic, strata-bound-stratiform scheelite occurrences
are widespread in the Paleozoic-metamorphic series of the
Variscan basement, such as at Morille (Central-Iberian zone:

1
2

Major and meduim size skarns of Western

Europe : TECTONOSTRATIGRAPHIC
ex
pl
Fe-skarn Au-W-skarn Sn-W-Zn-Pb-Cu-skarn
Co
m UNITS IN WESTERN EUROPE
n
calc-silicate bands skarn sia
wi
Le
Alpine Europe including Variscan inliers in Pyrenees,
Beltic Cordillera, Central Iberian Range and Alps ary
ound
nd b
Higla
Variscan Europe : Precambrian and Paleozoic rocks fault
with minimum overprint by Alpine deformation

Caledonian orogenic belt : lower Paleozoic and

late Precambrian formations folded in the early Ireland
Ordovician and late Silurian
North Sea
Stable Precambrian basement since
mid-Proterozoic

Iapetus suture (Caledonian)

Midland
Rheic or Lizard-Rheno Hercynian suture (Late Meldon
Devonian-Early Carboniferous) No
Bottalack Cornwall r th El b
Gallicia-Massif Central suture (Late e
Silurian, Eo-Variscan) Harz
Var Fa
iscan ult
Front in
Rhe fert
ie
Sch ge
Ardennes ir
geb GelbeBirke
Atlantic Sea RHZ STZ Herzgebirge
Rio Narcea Armorican Odenwald
Central
Gold Belt Massif
Iberian
Vosges Bohemian
Sta Barbara Zone Black Forest
MZ massif

Alpine Front
Bada
joz-C

s
French Alp Framont -
Massif
ordob

Cala Grandfontaine
Central Salanfe
SP

a s.z

Cen Range
OMZ

RHZ : Rheno-Hercynian Zone

Z

tral

Salau STZ : Saxo-Thuringian Zone

Iber
ian

Fumade MZ : Moldanubian Zone

100 Km
Catalonian OMZ : Ossa Morena Zone
Coastal
Mediterannean Sea
SPZ : South Portuguese Zone
Range

FIG. 7.1. Tectonostratigraphic units of western Europe.

Tornos et al., 2000; Table 7.1), Virgen de la Encina-Los the 1970s as syngenetic W preconcentrations (Routhier et al.,
Barrios de Salas (West Asturian Leonan zone: Arribas, 1983; 1973; Boyer and Routhier, 1974) or volcanogenic
Table 7.1), Borralha (Portugal: Noronha, 1976; Table 7.2), manifestations (Höll et al., 1977). However, recent studies
l’Hom-Haut Auriole (Tarn: Beziat et al., 1980; Table 7.3), favor a concordant replacement-deposit model (Derré et al.,
Fumade (Tessier: 1989; Table 7.3), Montagne Noire (Gibert 1986; Cheilletz, 1988).
et al., 1992; Table 7.3), St. Melany (Cevennes: Noyer and
Weisbrod, 1988; Table 7.3), La Favière (Tanneron: De Smedt Acknowledgments
and Sonnet, 1988; Table 7.3), Salanfe (Aiguilles Rouges: This compilation would not have been possible without
Chiaradia, 2003; Table 7.4), and numerous small showings in support and advice from many colleagues in western Europe.
the Highlands of Scotland (Rock, 1989). Enrichments of We thank C. Casquet, C. Derré, F. Gervilla, A. Gilg, C.
various metals such as W (up to 1 wt % as scheelite), Sn (up Hocquard, Ph. Lagny, B. Laumonier, C. Marignac, G. Markl,
to 0.2 wt %), Au (18.2 g/t in Salanfe), and anomalous contents R. Moritz, F. Noronha, G. Stanley, and W. Taylor. Extensive
of Cu and Zn (Virgen de la Encina; Table 7.1) may occur in work by A. Martin-Izard and colleagues on Rio Narcea have
calc-silicate gneisses intercalated within aluminous been supported by 01-BTE-3469 of the Science and
metapelites in high- to medium- and low-metamorphic- Technology Ministry of Spain.
grade, Paleozoic and Late Proterozoic (Morille) formations. Contribution CRPG no. 1678
Quartzite and amphibolite layers can also be interbedded
REFERENCES
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-12 -9 -6 -3 0 3

1
Oviedo 3 Pyrenees
4
C.Z 2 28, 29
31, 32 27 33
Huesca 30 34 42
5 Leon
Lleida 36
35
C.C.R
42 N Vigo
W.A.L.Z 37
Barcelona
38, 39
Mirandela
40, 41 48
Porto 46 Salamanca 8
42
47 49 6 Segovia 12
43, 44, 45 9 11
7 10
Madrid

C.I.Z
39

39
Lisboa
13 20
50 3
14 Murcia
51 15 O.M.Z 19
52
18, 22
16 17 21 Cordoba Cartagena

S.P.Z
23 B.R
Sevilla
Huelva
26
24, 25
Malaga

36 36

-12 -9 -6 -3 0

Precambrian and Paleozoic rocks Variscan granitoids

C.Z = Cantabrian Zone, W.A.L.Z = Western Asturian-Leonian Zone, C.I.Z = Central Iberian Zone, O.M.Z = Ossa Morena Zone, S.P.Z =
South Portuguese Zone, B.R = Betic Ranges, C.C.R = Catalonian Coastal Ranges
FIG. 7.2. Skarn deposits of Spain and Portugal.

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4

-6? -3? 0? 3? 6? 9?

Lille

49? 23 N 49?
20
22 Strasbourg
21
Brest 19 Paris
Nancy 17

Rennes
18

Dijon
47? Nantes 47?

-6? -3? 16
Lyon

45?
45?
Bordeaux

15

Nice
13 Montpellier 14
Biarritz Marseille
11, 12 43?

7, 8, 9, 10
43? 1 6
2 4 5 Perpignan
3
0? 3? 6? 9?

Precambrian and Paleozoic rocks Variscan granitoids

FIG. 7.3. Skarn deposits of France.

6? 7? 8? 9? 10?

0 50 Km

Z¸rich

Luzern
47? 47?

Bern Chur

Lausanne

Sion
1
GenËve 10?
2
46? 46?
Lugano

6? 7? 8? 9?

Precambrian and Paleozoic rocks Variscan granitoids

FIG. 7.4. Skarn deposits of Switzerland.

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9˚ 12˚ 15˚

56˚ 56˚

54˚ 54˚
6˚

Hamburg

Bremen

Berlin
52˚ 52˚

D¸sseldorf

Erfurt

3 Dresden
1, 2
5 4
50˚ 50˚

0 100 km

Stuttgart

7
48˚
M¸nchen
48˚

6˚ 9˚ 12˚ 15˚

Precambrian and Paleozoic rocks Plutons

FIG. 7.5. Skarn deposits of Germany.

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9? 6? 3?

N 58?
58? 3

4 5

0?

56?

56?
Edinburgh

Belfast

54?

54? 9

6
Dublin
7, 8 Galway
Nottingham

Limerick

52?

52? Cork

Cardiff London

50?
2
50?

9? 6? 3? 0?

Precambrian and Paleozoic rocks Caledonian granitoids

Tertiary plutons Variscan granitoids

FIG. 7.6. Skarn deposits of the British Isles.

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