Annotated Bibliography

“What types of juvenile punishment have been developed to help prevent future crimes?”
Research Project
By: Cierra Truett
Date: 2/20/20

Fagan, Jeffrey A. "The Contradictions of Juvenile Crime & Punishment." Daedalus, vol. 139, no.

3, 2010, p. 43+.

Gale General OneFile, https://linkgalecom.proxy039.nclive.org/apps/doc/

A234925758/ITOF?u=shel41774&sid=ITOF&xid=4b797c04. Accessed 1 Apr. 2020.
In the essay titled The Contradictions of Juvenile Crime & Punishment; Fagan discusses
how juvenile correctional systems are not that different from adult correctional systems.
In this essay, he discusses how the youth are restricted on their actions and are deprived
of different aspects that make them who they are. For example, privacy is non-existent,
access to media is restricted, and their choice of clothing and language are off-limits.
Instead of allowing these forms of self-expression, they are sacrificed in order to focus on
security, control, discipline, and self-control. These four goals are prioritized because
their goal as a correctional facility is to punish. Deeper into the essay, Fagan discusses
how they bring in youth for other reasons also. They may be in the facility because their
homes are too criminogenic, they are homeless, or because they are sexually active at
young ages.

Goldson, Barry. "Capital Punishment." Dictionary of Youth Justice, edited by Barry Goldson,
Willan Publishing, 1st edition, 2008. Credo Reference,
https://login.proxy039.nclive.org/loginurl=https://search.credoreference.com/content/entr
y/willanyouthj/capital_punishment/0?institutionId=5377. Accessed 24 Feb. 2020.

In the article titled “Capital Punishment” from Dictionary of Youth Justice, the article
discusses the history of juvenile capital punishment and how its laws have changed over
time. The first execution of a juvenile offender was in 1642 when Tomas Graunger lost
his life in Plymouth Colony. Around 350 years later, the death penalty was abolished in
all states of the United States for those under the age of 18 at the time of their court case
hearing. While 69 countries still allow the death penalty as a sentence, the death penalty
for juvenile offenders has been practically universally abolished. In England, Scotland,
 and Wales, the death penalty for murder was abolished in 1969. The death penalty held a
spot on the statute for high treason and piracy until December 10th, 1999-International
Human Rights Day- that the government ratified the “second Optional Protocol”,
completely abolishing capital punishment in Britain.
Grisso, Thomas. "Adolescent Offenders with Mental Disorders." The Future of Children, vol. 18,

no. 2, 2008. ProQuest,

https://login.proxy039.nclive.org/loginurl=https://search.proquest.com/docview/1519298
520?accountid=10163,doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/foc.0.0016.
In an article by Thomas Grisso titled "Adolescent Offenders with Mental Disorders", he
points out that "youth with mental disorders make up a significant subgroup of youth who
appear in U.S. juvenile courts." He notes that juvenile justice systems today are
struggling to determine how best to respond to those youths needs both to safeguard their
own welfare and to reduce reoffending and its consequences for the community. "When
adolescents face problems affecting their welfare, most communities in the United States
have at least four public systems available. These four systems specialize in education,
child protection, juvenile justice, and mental health." Prior to the 1990s, law enforcement
officers, juvenile services, and the court system had some say so regarding whether they
would arrest and charge youth with mental disorders, especially for minor offenses
committed by younger youth with no prior criminal history. A wave of serious juvenile
violence in the 1980s caused majority of U.S states to reevaluate their juvenile statutes
during the 1990s to limit their discretion.

"Juveniles." Encyclopedia of Capital Punishment in the United States, Louis J. Palmer,

McFarland, 2nd edition, 2008. Credo Reference,

https://login.proxy039.nclive.org/loginurl=https://search.credoreference.com/content/entr
y/mcfcpus/juveniles/0?institutionId=5377. Accessed 24 Feb. 2020.
In an article titled “Juveniles” from Encyclopedia of Capital Punishment in the United
States, the article talks about how between 1776 and 1972, there were 277 executions in
the United States of a minor that was accused of a capital offense. In the court case of
Thompson v. Oklahoma, the Constitution denied the execution of minor who was under
sixteen years of age at the time of their offense. The result of the court case ruling in
Thompson marked a break with traditional American capital punishment. In the court
case of Stanford v. Kentucky, the Supreme Court stated that “the imposition of a capital
punishment at sixteen or seventeen years of age did not constitute cruel or unusual
punishment under the Constitution.” The decision made in the case of Stanford v.
Kentucky was overruled by the decision made in Roper v. Simmons which stated “The
 Eighth and Fourteenth Amendments forbid the imposition of the death penalty on
offenders who were under the age of 18 when their crimes were committed.”

Mears, Daniel P., Justin T. Pickett, and Christina Mancini. "Support for Balanced Juvenile
Justice: Assessing Views about Youth, Rehabilitation, and Punishment." Journal of Quantitative
of Criminology, vol. 31, no. 3, 2015, pp. 459-479. ProQuest,

https://login.proxy039.nclive.org/loginurl=https://search.proquest.com/docview/1706017
308?accountid=10163, doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10940-014-9234-5.
In the article titled Support for Balanced Juvenile Justice: Assessing Views About Youth,
Rehabilitation, and Punishment, they discuss how they are not trying to hurt the youth
and their reputation but rather trying to protect them. The punishments in the juvenile
justice system are not as harsh so they are trying to make sure that youth correct their
ways and turn their life around for the better before they get older. They attempt to
“save” the children so that way they are mentally, physically, and morally in good
standings. This way, if they are not where they need to be, they can be taught the
necessary information so they can be on track and set themselves on the right track for
their future.

"Juvenile Law and Justice." Great American Court Cases, Gale, edited by Mark F. Mikula, et al.,
Gale, 1st edition, 1999. Credo Reference,
https://login.proxy039.nclive.org/loginurl=https://search.credoreference.com/content/entr
y/greatcourts/juvenile_law_and_justice/0?institutionId=5377. Accessed 24 Feb. 2020.

In an article from Great American Court Cases, it is stated that the juvenile justice
systems in the United States follow a “cyclical” pattern when a lenient period is followed
by a period of harsh treatment. Stronger punishments do not decrease juvenile crime.
Another lenient period of reform, rehabilitation and education occurs. For some juvenile
law observers, the only answer is increase education and rehabilitation. Since the late
1980s, public discussion of juvenile laws has called for stricter rules and harsher
punishments. Juveniles that were accused of certain crimes were transferred to adult court
in a record number of hearings in the 1990s. The Predator Act of 1996 was designed to
automatically prosecute repeat violate federal fingers as adults and to increase jail time
for certain crimes, was renamed after it received harsh public criticism. Depending on the
severity of the case, juveniles were not charged but instead brought before the court with
a “petition”.
Scott, Elizabeth S.; Steinberg, Laurence

Future of Children, v18 n2 p15-33 Fall 2008

https://eric.ed.gov/?id=EJ815071

In the journal article titled “Adolescent Development and the Regulation of Youth
Crime” by Elizabeth S. Scott and Laurence Steinberg, Scott and Steinberg explore the
drastic changes in the punishment of youth offenders between the 19th century and the
early 21st century. At the beginning of the juvenile court era, majority of juveniles in the
system were trailed and convicted as an adult. Early efforts to rehabilitate rather than
punish youth were ineffective due to an increase in juvenile crime at the end of the 20th
century. The public felt as though juveniles should be held to the same standard of
accountability as adults. “In 2005, the U.S. Supreme Court deemed the death penalty for
juveniles as cruel and unusual punishment.” The writers of the article feel that the
juvenile justice policy needs to be reevaluated for the 21st century. They feel that there
should be a developmental model and juvenile defenders should be in an intermediate
legal category, which would mean that they are neither children nor adults.

Trudy van, der S., et al. "Follow-Up of a Social Skills Training (SST) for Juvenile Delinquents:

Effects on Reoffending." Journal of Experimental Criminology, vol. 15, no. 2, 2019, pp. 243-

252. ProQuest,

https://login.proxy039.nclive.org/loginurl=https://search.proquest.com/docview/2103362
544?accountid=10163, doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11292-018-9340-8.

In the Journal of Experimental Criminology, their objectives were to examine the long-
term effects on re-offending of an individual, social skills training for juvenile
delinquents in the Netherlands and whether effects differed based on demographics and
various offense history characteristics. Social skills training for juvenile offenders is
thought to reduce re-offenders by decreasing social skills deficits. Even though there is
already existing research on the effects of social skills training, the focus of this research
would target populations of adolescents with emotional and behavioral disorders. This
study investigated the outcome of social skills training for juvenile delinquents had any
post-treatment effects on reducing long-term recidivism. The eight to twelve-week
training targets youth 12-18 years old who are at a moderate risk for re-offending and
whose cognitive and social skills are related to the criminal behavior being shown. The
results show that there was no decrease in criminal behavior, however, there were no
negative effects to the training.