IDUSTRIAL HAZARDS DUE TO

FIRE ACCIDDENTS, MECHANICAL

AND ELECTRICAL EQUIPMENTS

PREPARED BY :
KOSARAJU SAI VIVEK,
I M.PHARMACY,
DEPARTMENT OF
PHARMACEUTICS,
Jss college of pharmacy
 Industrial hazards:
 It can be defined as any condition produced by or
in industries that may cause injury or death to
personal or loss of product or property.
Hazards may be due to

 Heat & Cold

Physical
 Radiation
Chemical
 Fire & Explosion
Biological

Mechanical

Electrical

Pollution
FIRE ACCIDDENTS
 Fire is an exothermic chemical reaction between
oxygen and fuel.
 Combustion
 Slow combustion eg: cotton waste burning
 Rapid combustion eg: petroleum product
 Spontaneous combustion eg: paint, scrap
 NFPA classification system

 The NFPA diamond is an easy way to determine the safety risks

associated with hazardous materials. According to the red section
of the diamond, The following numbering system is used to
indicate flammability
 0 - will not burn
 1 - must be preheated to burn
 2 -ignites when moderately heated
 3 -ignites at normal temperature
 4 -extremely flammable
CLASSIFICATION OF FIRES

1. Class A fires:- fires that occur in ordinary material

such as wood, paper rages, rubber and rubbish.
2. Class B fires:- with flammable material like
oil, paint, gasoline etc…….
3. Class C fires:- with gases and vapours .
4. Class D fires:- with combustible metals such as
magnesium, titanium, lithium, sodium etc….
5. Class E fires:- involved electricity in any form..
 SOURCES OF FIRE HAZARDS

 Hot surfaces
 Combustible and flammable liquids
 Heat utilization equipment's (over heating)
 Chemical process equipment's
 Lightening
 Gas cylinders
 Ovens and furnaces
 Reactor
 Welding and cutting
 Spark from metal to metal contact
 Carelessness
CAUSES OF FIRE AND EXPLOSION
HAZARDS :
1. Improper storage of flammable oils, greases and fluids,
combustible wastes etc.
2. Smoking by employees.
3. Poor house keeping.
4. Defective heating equipment, electrical equipment and
wiring.
5. Explosive gas leakage.
6. Ignition of gases, vapours or combustible dusts.
7. Inadequate of electric motors.
8. Sparking in electric wires and equipment.
 PROTECTION AND PREVENTION

Fire protection is better than fire combating. Following are the

safety measures against fire and explosion hazards
1) Prohibition of smoking in manufacturing area
2) Oxygen present in a flammable atmosphere may be reduced by
dilution with gases as nitrogen, carbon dioxide, steam or
combination of these inerts in exhaust gases from fuels, automobile
engines and jet engines.
3) Operating outside the range of flammability.
4) Eliminating the ignition sources:
i. Flames such as burner flames, matches& cigarette lighters &
heaters.
ii. Hot surface such as heated wires, rods or fragments
 Installation of combustible gas indicators.
 Adequate ventilation facility.
 Fire alarms & fire fighting equipment or fire
extinguishers to be installed in factory at suitable
location.
 Provide automatic sprinkles with adequate &
reliable water supply.
 Proper storage of combustible materials & removal
of waste materials.
MECHANICAL HAZARDS
 Mechanical hazards are those associated with
power driven machine weather automated or
manually operated machines driven by hydraulic or
electrical power
MECHANICAL INJURIES
 The types of injuries results are

cutting , tearing , shearing , crushing , breaking

, straining or puncturing .
 PREVENTION OF MACHANICAL
HAZARDS

 IT can be reduced by the application of appropriate safeguards

 Safeguarding is to minimize the risk of accidents of machine-
operator contact

TYPES OF SAFEGUARDING
1. Point of operation guards
2. Feeding/ ejection method
Point of operation guards
Point of operation guards are three types
1. fixed guards
2. Interlocked guards
3. adjustable
• Fixed Guards
it provide a permanent barrier between workers
and point of operation
 INTERLOCKED GUARDS
 They shut down the machine when the guard is
not securely in place
ADVANTAGES
 Allow safe access for removing jams or for
maintenance
ADJUSTABLE GUARDS
 They provide a barrier against a variety of
different hazards
FEEDING AND EJECTION SYSTEMS

 Automatic feed systems feed the stocks to the

machine from rolls. It eliminate the need of
operators to enter the danger zone
 Advantages of this is the operators do not reach in
to the danger zone to retrieve work pieces
LOCKOUT/ TAGOUT SYSTEMS
 It is a method that was especially designed to protect
against unexpected startup of a machine
 In the lockout system a padlock is placed through a
gate covering
 The lock usually has the label that gives the name
,department and telephone extension of a person.
The lock is removed only by the person
 Locked out by ABC
Elec.maintenance
Ext .912

In tagout system the tags should be used

DANGER
This tag may be
removed by xyz
Maintenance dpt
Ext .591
 GENERAL PRECAUTIONS

 All the operator should be trained in the safe

operation and maintenance of their machine.
 All machine operators should be trained in the
emergency procedures to take when accident occur.
 All employee should know how to activate
emergency shut down controls.
 Inspection, maintenance, adjustment, repair and
calibration of safe guards should be carried out
regularly.
 Supervisors should ensure the safe guards and
properly in place when machine are in use.
 Short-cuts that violate safety principle and practice
should be avoided.
 PROBLEMS ACTIONS
Machine operating without the safety Stop machine immediately &
guard. activate the safety guard.

Maintenance worker cleaning a Stop machine immediately & lock or

machine that is operating. tag it out.

A robot is operating without a Stop the robot & correct the barrier.
protection barrier.

Visitor is wearing a necktie & Immediately pull the visitor back &
observes a lathe machine. have him remove the tie.
An operator is observed disabling a Stop the operator, secure the guard &
guard. take disciplinary action.
ELECTRICAL HAZARDS
 A shock is caused by electrical current passing
through human body. The quantity and path of this
current determines the level of damage.
 The electrical hazards occurs when a person makes
contact with a conductor carrying a current and
simultaneously contacts the ground.
 SOURCES OF ELECTRICAL
HAZARDS
 The major causes of electrical shock are:
• Contact with a base wire carrying current.
• Working with electrical equipment that lacks the label
for safety inspection.
• Electrical equipment that has not been property
grounded.
• Working with electrical equipment on damp floors.
 Using metal ladders to work on electrical
equipment.
 Lighting strikes.
 Working on electrical equipment without ensuring
that the power has been shut off.
 IMPROPER WIRING

 One common mistake is to jump the ground wire to

the neutral wire.
 If the neutral circuit becomes corroded or loose, the
voltage on the ground wire increases to a dangerous
level.
 INSULATION FAILURE

 The degradation of insulation can cause a base wire

and resulting shock to anyone coming in contact
 It is caused by environments toxic .these are
 Direct sunlight
 Sparks
 Repeated exposure to elevated temperature
SAFETY PRECAUTIONS FOR ELECTRICAL
HAZARDS

 Ensure that power has been disconnected from the

system before working with it. Capacitors can store
current after power has been shut off.
 Allow only fully authorized and trained people to
work.
 Do not wear conductive materials such as metal
jewelry.
 Periodically inspect insulation.
 If working on a hot circuit, use the buddy system
and wear protective clothing.
 Do not use a fuse with a greater capacity than was
prescribed.
 Verify circuit voltage before performing work.
 Do not use water to put on electrical fire.
 Discharge capacitors before working on the
equipment.
 Use fuses and circuit breakers for protection
against excessive current.