6/6/2012

Fluid Dynamics and Heat Transfer

E-Outreach Workshop • Ultimate Objective: Determination of velocity
on field, pressure field, temperature field, density
Computational Fluid Dynamics field.
– Determination of quantities of engineering interest:
The National Mission on Education Through ICT different types of forces (lift/drag), heat transfer
(MHRD, Government of India) coefficient, etc.
– Determination of other derived flow fields, e.g.,
June 12 – 22, 2012 vorticity field.
Indian Institute of Technology Bombay
• Analytical (theoretical) or experimental or
Course Coordinators Project Coordinator Project Manager computational (numerical) approaches to
Bhalchandra Puranik Professor D. B. Phatak Mukta Atrey achieve the objective.
Atul Sharma

E-Outreach Workshop on CFD Bhalchandra Puranik, MED, IIT Bombay

Investigation Approaches Investigation Approaches

• Analytical (theoretical) • Experimental
 Governing equations/mathematical models  Dimensional analysis/model studies.
(Conservation of mass, momentum and energy).
 Measurement of relevant quantities (velocity,
 Sometimes additional equations are needed: equation
of state, turbulence closure, chemical reactions, etc. pressure, temperature, etc.).
 Analytical approach => “Closed-form” solutions.  Analysis of measurement data – flow field
 Often times requires use of advanced mathematical information.
techniques.  Capable of being most realistic.
 Limited to simple geometrical and physical situations  Equipment issues, scaling issues,
– restricted use.
measurement issues.
 Time consuming, and can be very expensive.

E-Outreach Workshop on CFD Bhalchandra Puranik, MED, IIT Bombay E-Outreach Workshop on CFD Bhalchandra Puranik, MED, IIT Bombay

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Investigation Approaches The “CFD(HT) Activity”

• Computational (numerical)
 Use of a computer to solve the governing equations.
 “Number crunching”, i.e., solution obtained in terms of
numbers.
 Analysis of solution (plotting, etc.).
 Can handle complicated geometries and physics.
 Truncation errors, model limitations, issues with
numerical schemes, computational cost (still an issue
in some cases).
 Very affordable and hence highly popular, in recent
times!!
One description:
“Activity where the integral/differential governing
equations of fluid flow (and heat transfer) are
replaced with approximate algebraic equations
that are solved within the domain of interest to
obtain the relevant flow field information on a
discrete basis”.
=> Final outcome of a CFD analysis is a collection
of numbers.

E-Outreach Workshop on CFD Bhalchandra Puranik, MED, IIT Bombay E-Outreach Workshop on CFD Bhalchandra Puranik, MED, IIT Bombay

Why CFD? Objectives of the Course

• Research • Introduction of Fundamentals of Computational Fluid
 Complementary tool to experiments and theory. Dynamics and Heat Transfer (CFDHT).
 Valuable flow field information that experimental – Level of material: advanced undergraduate/beginning
measurements may not be able to provide. postgraduate.

• Design and Analysis of systems • Review of essential fluid dynamics: background for
 Cost-effective tool to run “what-if” scenarios to arrive at CFDHT.
optimum designs. • Introduction to the methods/algorithms that are working
• Companion tool in teaching Fluid Dynamics “behind the screen” when a CFD software operates.
and Heat Transfer – Focus on “numerical methods” and not on “numerical analysis”.
 Appreciation of reality by students. – Model problems and their numerical solutions => Development of
codes (open source programming environment “Scilab”).
 Generation of interest in Fluid Dynamics and Heat
Transfer phenomena. • No CFD software will be introduced.

E-Outreach Workshop on CFD Bhalchandra Puranik, MED, IIT Bombay E-Outreach Workshop on CFD Bhalchandra Puranik, MED, IIT Bombay

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Expected Outcome An Example1

• Understanding the governing equations: origin,
derivations, manipulations.
• Understanding the basic techniques in CFDHT.
• Development of capability to write computer Free Stream
Mach number = 9.6
codes to appreciate the working of a CFD
software.
• Generating a knowledge base to formulate and
teach CFDHT course(s) in your program(s). High Mach number flow past a “Double Cone”
(Viscous, compressible flow with complex features)

1Praveen Nair, A Solution-Mapped High-Resolution Scheme for Hypersonic Heat Flux Prediction,
Ph. D. thesis, IIT Bombay, 2011.

E-Outreach Workshop on CFD Bhalchandra Puranik, MED, IIT Bombay E-Outreach Workshop on CFD Bhalchandra Puranik, MED, IIT Bombay

An Example1 An Example1

Supersonic
Exit
ld
r Fie
Fa

al l
W
Nitrogen
P∞=36.05Pa,
T∞ = 185.6 K
M∞=9.59

“Structured” Mesh/Grid “Unstructured” Mesh/Grid

Problem Setting

1Praveen Nair, A Solution-Mapped High-Resolution Scheme for Hypersonic Heat Flux Prediction, 1Praveen Nair, A Solution-Mapped High-Resolution Scheme for Hypersonic Heat Flux Prediction,
Ph. D. thesis, IIT Bombay, 2011. Ph. D. thesis, IIT Bombay, 2011.

E-Outreach Workshop on CFD Bhalchandra Puranik, MED, IIT Bombay E-Outreach Workshop on CFD Bhalchandra Puranik, MED, IIT Bombay

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An Example1

Mach number contours

PART I
Essentials of Fluid Dynamics
Bhalchandra Puranik

1Praveen Nair, A Solution-Mapped High-Resolution Scheme for Hypersonic Heat Flux Prediction,
Ph. D. thesis, IIT Bombay, 2011.

E-Outreach Workshop on CFD Bhalchandra Puranik, MED, IIT Bombay E-Outreach Workshop on CFD Bhalchandra Puranik, MED, IIT Bombay

Topics (Part I) Reference Books (Part I)

• Introduction and Mathematical background. – M. C. Potter, D. C. Wiggert, “Fluid Mechanics”, India Edition,
Cengage Learning, 2010.
• Fluid Dynamics: Integral analysis. – V. Gupta, S. K. Gupta, “Fluid Mechanics and Its Applications”, 2nd
• Kinematics of fluid motion. Edition, New Age International, 2011.
– R. W. Fox, P. J. Pritchard, A. T. McDonald, “Introduction to Fluid
• Fluid Dynamics: Differential analysis. Mechanics”, 7th Edition (SI Version), Wiley India Edition, 2010.
• Some analytical solutions of the governing – M. L. Boas, “Mathematical Methods in the Physical Sciences”, 2nd
Edition, Wiley, 2002. (Indian Edition)
equations.
– M. C. Potter, J. L. Goldberg, E. F. Aboufadel, “Advanced
• Introduction to numerical solution methodology Engineering Mathematics”, Third Edition, Oxford University
Press, 2005. (Indian Edition)
using the Finite Difference Method.
– J. D. Anderson, “Computational Fluid Dynamics: The Basics with
Applications”, International Edition, McGraw-Hill, 1995.
– K. A. Hoffmann, S. T. Chiang, “Computational Fluid Dynamics for
Engineers – Volume I”, Engineering Education System, 1993.

E-Outreach Workshop on CFD Bhalchandra Puranik, MED, IIT Bombay E-Outreach Workshop on CFD Bhalchandra Puranik, MED, IIT Bombay

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Introduction - 1 Introduction - 2
• Scope of Fluid Mechanics: Equilibrium and • Fluids: Liquids and Gases.
motion of fluids. • Microscopic (Molecular) or Macroscopic
approaches:
• Applications: Various branches of Science – Molecular: “Follow each molecule”; Practically,
statistical methods.
and Engineering; Natural phenomena; – Macroscopic: “Overall/average behavior”; Continuum
Sports. model.
• Continuum model:
• Fluid*: When at rest, cannot resist a shear – Continuous distribution of fluid matter and the
force, no matter how small => no static associated properties.
– Disregard the discrete molecular structure.
equilibrium under the action of shear force. – Use methods of differential calculus (point-wise smooth
distribution of fluid properties).

E-Outreach Workshop on CFD Bhalchandra Puranik, MED, IIT Bombay E-Outreach Workshop on CFD Bhalchandra Puranik, MED, IIT Bombay

Introduction - 3 Introduction - 4
• Continuum model: • Important physical properties:
– Validity of continuum model? – Pressure (p): molecular origin, compressive in
– Concept of a “fluid point” => statistically consistent nature.
values of properties (e.g., density) in an
infinitesimally small volume. – Density (r): mass per unit volume.
– The mean free path (l) << Linear dimension of the – Specific weight ( = rg): weight per unit volume.
“fluid point volume” << Characteristic dimension of
the problem (L). – Specific volume (v=1/ r):volume per unit mass.
– The Knudsen number, Kn = l /L. – Dynamic viscosity (m):characterization of the
– If Kn < 0.001 (approx.), continuum model is valid. resistance offered by a fluid in motion to the
– Invalid for (i) highly rarefied flows, (ii) applied shear forces.
micro/nanoscale flows.

E-Outreach Workshop on CFD Bhalchandra Puranik, MED, IIT Bombay E-Outreach Workshop on CFD Bhalchandra Puranik, MED, IIT Bombay

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Introduction - 5 Introduction - 6
• Dynamic viscosity: • Dynamic viscosity:
– A simple shear flow: only u=u(y) – t(stress set-up in the fluid to oppose the
du applied shear stress).
Q’
y
Q u y
dy – In general n
y  du 
x P u    
P’
 dy 
– Rate of shear strain (segment PQ): – If n=1, we have a Newtonian fluid, and
 du  
  u  y t  ut   du 
 l  l
1 QQ ' PP '  1  dy      
t  0      du  dy 
t  l PQ  t  y  dy
 
 
E-Outreach Workshop on CFD Bhalchandra Puranik, MED, IIT Bombay E-Outreach Workshop on CFD Bhalchandra Puranik, MED, IIT Bombay

Introduction - 7 Introduction - 8
– Taylor series expansion (function of one variable) – Vector products and differentiation rules
2 3  
df d 2 f x  d 3 f x  A  B  Ax Bx  Ay By  Az Bz  AB cos 
f ( x  x)  f ( x)  x   2  3     
dx dx 2! dx 3! A  B  AB sin 
– Taylor series expansion (function of two variables)
iˆ ˆj kˆ
f f  
f ( x  x, y  y )  f ( x, y )  x   y   A  B  Ax Ay Az  iˆ Ay Bz  Az B y   ˆj  Az Bx  Ax Bz   kˆAx B y  Ay Bx 
x y
Bx By Bz
  2 f x 2  2 f y 2  2 f xy   
 2   2    d  da  dA
 x 2!

2
y 2! xy 2!  dt
 
aA 
dt
Aa
dt
 
– Leibnitz rule (differentiation of an integral) d   dA   dB
v( x ) v( x ) dt

AB  dt
 B  A
dt
d f dv du  
f ( x, t ) dt   dt  f ( x, v)  f ( x, u )   dA   dB
dx u ( x )
d
u( x) x dx dx
dt

A B  dt
 B  A
dt

E-Outreach Workshop on CFD Bhalchandra Puranik, MED, IIT Bombay E-Outreach Workshop on CFD Bhalchandra Puranik, MED, IIT Bombay

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Introduction - 9 Introduction - 10
– Fields – Gradient, divergence.
• “Field” => continuous distribution of a physical quantity •  is normal to the surface   constant.
represented using appropriate functions of space (and time).
•  represents the largest spatial rate of change of  .
• Scalar field: Temperature field, T  T  x, y , z  .
  • Vector operator  :
• Vector field: Velocity field, V  V  x, y, z , t.
– Directional derivative and gradient  ˆ  ˆ 
  iˆ  j k
• Rate of change of a field variable with respect to distance in a x y z
given direction => directional derivative. • If  is a scalar,  is a vector.
• Let     x, y , z  be a field. The directional derivative in a
direction s • Divergence of a vector field (a scalar).
d  A A A
   sˆ  A  x  y  z
ds x y z
 ˆ  ˆ   2  2  2
  iˆ j k Gradient of  •      2  2  2    2
x y z x y z

E-Outreach Workshop on CFD Bhalchandra Puranik, MED, IIT Bombay E-Outreach Workshop on CFD Bhalchandra Puranik, MED, IIT Bombay

Introduction - 11 Introduction - 12
– Gradient, divergence, curl. – Integral theorems of use in the present course material
• Curl of a vector field (a vector). A n̂ Unit vector, normal to the
iˆ ˆj kˆ
  surface A, +ve if pointing
 
 B  outward from the enclosed
x y z
Bx By Bz
 volume.

•      0

•  
   V  0
   Gauss’ theorem Divergence theorem
•   
 

    V     V   2V

 
•  
  V    V    V  d   nˆdA    Bd   B  nˆdA
    A  A
•  
  V    V    V
 scalar

E-Outreach Workshop on CFD Bhalchandra Puranik, MED, IIT Bombay E-Outreach Workshop on CFD Bhalchandra Puranik, MED, IIT Bombay