SCIENCE REVIEWER

MATTER – Anything that occupies space and has mass.
PHASES OF MATTER
- SOLID- packed closely in an orderly arrangement,
very strong, vibrate and rotate in fixed positions
- LIQUID- packed closely in a disorderly arrangement,
strong, move and exchange positions within the liquid
- GAS- Far apart in a disorderly arrangement, Weak,
Move in random motion
- PLASMA- made up of charged particles. Electrified
gases
3. JOHN DALTON- (1766 – 1844) - Atomic Theory; In 1809,
he described atoms as solid, indestructible particles that
make up all matter; An English Chemist; Concluded that
that properties of matter could be explained in terms of
atoms; Atomic theory of matter.
Dalton's Atomic Theory
• Each element is composed of extremely small
particles called atoms.
• All atoms of a given element are identical, but they
differ from those of other elements.

SOLID LIQUID GAS • Atoms are neither created nor destroyed in any
Fixed No Fixed No Fixed chemical reaction.
Shape Shape Shape
Fixed Fixed No Fixed • A given compound always has the same relative
Volume Volume Volume numbers and kinds of atoms.
Not Compressible Not Compressible Very Compressible
4. CHARLES-AUGUSTIN DE COULOMB- States that
. bodies/particles bearing the same charges repel one
MELTING- Solid to a liquid, addition of energy as heat another; bodies/particles bearing the opposite charges
FREEZING- Liquid becomes a solid as energy as heat is attract one another
removed. 5. EUGEN GOLDSTEIN- found out that the tubes also
CONDENSATION- Gas to liquid emitted light from the (+) electrode
SUBLIMATION- Solid changes directly into a gas without 6. JOSEPH JOHN THOMSON- The mass of the ray was
passing through a liquid state. about 1000x lighter than Hydrogen, PLUM PUDDING
DEPOSITION- Gas changes directly into a solid without MODEL; he provided the first hint that an atom is made of
passing through a liquid stage. even smaller particles; he studied the passage of an
BOILING- It occurs throughout the liquid. Liquid to gas. electric current through a gas; As the current passed
EVAPORATION- Liquid to gas through the gas, it gave off rays of negatively charged
BOILING EVAPORATION particles; concluded that the negative charges came from
within the atom; He also discovered electrons
Occurs at boiling point Occurs at any temperature 7. Since the gas was known to be neutral, having no charge,
below boiling point he reasoned that there must be positively charged particles
Occurs through out the liquid Occurs only at the surface of in the atom.
the liquid 8.
Bubbles are observed No bubbles 9. ERNEST RUTHERFORD- Gold Foil Experiment, Nuclear
Occurs rapidly Occurs slowly
Model or the Planetary Model
SUB-ATOMIC PARTICLES- Atoms are made up of Electron,
10. JAMES CHADWICK- Discovered NEUTRON and that it is
Proton and Neutron.An element also have an atomic number
found in the Nucleus; He also measured the energy of the
and atomic mass.
protons emerging from the hydrogen atoms.
Atomic Number = Number of Protons = Number of Electrons 11.
Atomic Mass (A) = Number of Protons + Number of Neutrons 12. MAX PLANCK- Quantum Theory
Neutron = Mass number – Atomic Number 13. LOUIS DE BROGLIE- Dualistic Nature of Light – light as a
particle and a wave.
PROTONS- located inside the nucleus 14. NIELS BOHR-Proposed another model of atomBohr
ATOMIC NUMBER- number of protons in an element studied with Rutherford; In his model, he placed each
NEUTRONS- located inside the nucleus, has no charge electron in an orbit (specific energy level).
ATOMIC MASS- The mass of the atom is concentrated in the 15. WERNER HEISENBERG- “Uncertainty Principle”
its center (nucleus) 16. ERWIN SCHRÖDINGER- Developed the Quantum
ELECTRONS- located outside the nucleus,has a negative Mechanics
charge 17. JOSEPH PROUST -“a given compound always contains
the same elements in the same proportions by mass”;He
SCIENTISTS
called it the Law of Definite Proportions.
1. LEUCIPPUS AND DEMOCRITUS - Greek Philosophers 18. ROBERT MILLIKAN - He was by far the most famous
who conceived the idea of indivisibility. American scientist. He wanted to find the accurate
2. ANTOINE-LAURENT LAVOISIER- 1700’s – 1800’s Law of electrical charge of electrons. He measured oil droplets,
Conservation of Mass “Father of Chemistry”; Late 1700s, where all this proved electrons were negatively charged.
He concluded that a chemical reaction neither creates nor 19.
destroys matter, but that matter is conserved; He called it The Modern View of the Atom
the Law of Conservation of Matter.
• An atom is the smallest particle of an element that still
retains the identity and properties of the element.
 • An average atom is about 10−10 m in diameter.

• Atoms are made up of even smaller particles.

• These subatomic particles are protons, neutrons, and

electrons.

• protons and neutrons make up the nucleus of an

atom. Wave Model

• electrons occupy the space that surrounds the • atomic model is based on the principles of wave
nucleus of the atom. mechanics.

• are associated with electrical charges.
ELECTRON
• Discovered by J.J. Thomson in 1897.
• It is located outside the nucleus
• Electrons do not move about an atom in a definite
path.
• atom has a small positively charged nucleus
surrounded by a large region in which there are
enough electrons to make an atom neutral.

• It has a negative charge

• The number of electrons is equal to the number of

protons.

Proton PERIODIC TABLE

• Protons were discovered in 1919 by Ernest 1. JOHANN DOBEREINER- German chemist who
Rutherford. formed the triads of elements with similar properties
2. JOHN NEWLANDS- In 1863, an English chemist
• It is located inside the nucleus. proposed the Law of Octaves.
3. DMITRI MENDELEEV- In 1869 he published a table
• It is positively charge.
of the elements organized by increasing atomic mass.
• Protons give the chemical characteristics of an 4. LOTHAR MEYER- At the same time, he published his
element. own table of the elements organized by increasing
atomic mass.
• The number of Protons determines the atomic 5. HENRY MOSELEY- He rearranged the elements in
number (z) of an element. order of increasing atomic number.
NEUTRON PERIODIC LAW- “When elements are arranged in order of
increasing atomic number, their chemical and physical
• discovered in 1932 by British scientist James
properties show periodic pattern”
Chadwick
MODERN PERIODIC TABLE
• It is also located inside the nucleus.
- divided into 118 squares for each elements
• It has no charge, neutral.
- rows are known as Periods
• Protons and Neutrons are collectively known as - There are 7 periods
Nucleon. - Periods are named from top to bottom
- columns are known as Groups or Families
• The number of Protons and Neutrons determines the - Groups are labeled with either Roman or Arabic
atomic mass (a) of an element. numbers with Letters A and B
- Groups IA and IIA together with Helium are called the s
Isotop n 0
p e +¿¿ −¿¿
block elements.
es - Groups IIIA to VIIIA are called the p block elements
- The Groups with letter B constitutes the d-block
Protiu 0 1 1 elements which are referred as the transition elements.
m - The lanthanides and actinides also transition elements
(called inner transition elements) but they are also
Deute 1 1 1 called the f-block elements
rium
ATOMIC RADIUS- Is a measure of the size of its atoms
IONIZATION ENERGY- Is the minimum amount of energy
Tritiu 2 1 1
required to remove the most loosely bound electron, the
m
valence electron, of an isolated neutral gaseous atom or
ISOTOPES - are atoms of an element that have the same molecule.
number of protons but different numbers of neutrons. ELECTRONEGATIVITY- chemical property that describes the
tendency of an atom to attract a shared pair of electrons
towards itself.