International Journal of Contemporary Applied Researches Vol. 6, No.

8, August 2019
(ISSN: 2308-1365) www.ijcar.net

Hurdles Posed by Attempts to Translate Euphemism and Taboo Expressions

with Reference to Glorious Quran
Rufaida Mohamed Almahdi Mekki Abdul Karim
College of Languages, Graduate College, Sudan University of Science and Technology

Abstract
This paper sets out to explore the difficulties translators are bound to come across when dealing
euphemistic and taboo expressions within the context of the Glorious Quran. The Qur’anic text
abounds in types of figurative language which are intended to avoid taboo or offensive language.
Euphemism is one of the linguistic reasons that play an important role in any language. It is an
indirect means by which Jews rely on expression that refers to something embarrassing or
otherwise. (1) If there is any indication embarrassing or non-religious or may result in a recent
bad reaction by the listener either to the word pronunciation or to link to something suggestive of
bad, or other things hateful. Mostly, our Arabic language has received the attention of scholars,
old and new, they have researched within different terms in the sciences of the Koran and
interpretation and jurisprudence, and the sciences of rhetoric and science of modern evidence.
Perhaps the high level of Arab eloquence enabled them to express everything that goes on in their
lives in a sophisticated and polite manner.

Keywords: euphemism, taboo, Qur’anic text, indirect means, jurisprudence

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Introduction

In reference to the dictionaries of language, we find that the euphemism is contained in the article
( ‫ )ل ط ف‬and its meaning revolves around tenderness, elegance and genteelness. In the
terminological dictionaries, we find that the term euphemism in Arabic has given the term
(Euphemism) in English language. We find that most of these dictionaries of interest in this
picture as it is in the glossary of modern linguistics terms syntax "euphemism for the term" or the
word versus the term (Euphemism) and here we find a reference to be in the singular words and
compound phrases alike. In the Unified Dictionary of Linguistics, the term is used to denote
euphemism versus the English term. We note here that the term is expressed by a compound
term.

The glossary of terms has a set of terms versus English and it is a kindness of expression
exposing a moderating speech, a hint of revolutionary humiliation, a metaphor for politeness. We
note here that Baalbeki cited three terms that directly expressed the concept of euphemism, The
other terms disdain, pun and metaphor carry the meaning of euphemism , but closer in its
pronunciation to the sciences of rhetoric than to the significance.

In the dictionary of theoretical linguistics, Muhammad al-Khali mentioned the term pun and the
kindness of the expression. Against the English term (Euphemism), in the glossary of Arabic
terminology, Mubarak places a "pun" against the English term (Euphemism). Also in the
dictionary of Arabic terms in the language and literature is another term against the term
(Euphemism) as the two classifiers agree with Ramzi Baalki in the translation of the English
term underestimation ()

After this presentation of terminology on euphemism we note that the most common terms in
modern dictionaries in modern semantic science, It is (kindness, gentleness, kindness, expression,
softening of the phrase or word and underestimation. The most prominent thing that can be noted
on the first five terms that they share one root which is (kindness) The study chose the term
kindness to express the concept, because it is the closest term to the concept and because the term
softening in which the indication that it came in order to get rid of something not pleasant and
this Emphasizes the expression of the concept of kindness.

Culture, Euphemism and Slang

A culture's vocabulary contains a record of the culture's values, fears, hostilities, and mistakes.
Literate societies have refined their vocabularies to such a high degree that all manners of thought
can be expressed with great clarity. There are, however, many areas of human interaction where
language serves as evidence of various social phenomena as well as being the medium for explaining it.
A significant portion of the English vocabulary has been devised to replace existing words with the

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same meaning. Many slang terms, euphemisms, colloquial terms, and technical terms came into use so
that people could avoid writing or saying prohibited terms for unpleasant subjects.

Taboo

According to the dictionary of Slang and Euphemism, taboo" is a Polynesian word for any of a
number of religious prohibitions which forbid specified behavior usually under the threat of some
kind of punishment. Many of the taboos of this type are absolute, that is, they are always in effect
regardless of the situation. Many of them involve offenses toward the spirit world and religious
custom. The term "taboo" is often used for any prohibition imposed by social convention. Although
some Western taboos are supported by law, few of them are codified as specific laws. This
dictionary is partly concerned with verbal taboos, that is, prohibitions against the use of specific
words or the discussion of certain subjects.

Verbal taboos are selective in Western society, and they are not usually absolute. Taboos against
profanity are observed both publicly and privately among devoutly religious persons, but most taboos
are observed only in public and are clearly linked to the social setting, the sex, the age, the status of
the speaker, and the audience. Included among the expressions usually prohibited are profanity,
curses, oaths, discussions of sexual matters, and terms for excrement, prostitution, death,
homosexuality, and mental illness. Most verbal prohibitions are supported by little more than the
traditions of etiquette. They are defied often and with little if any punishment, and not all levels of
society observe these taboos.

Human fears of-human sexuality have long borne the blame for the prohibition of sexually-oriented
speech. Sexual joking and sexual verbal play are less restricted than similar joking about feces, urine,
nasal mucus, or putrid sweat, however. Mention of these and similar excrements are far more
offensive than verbal sexual play. Certainly the area of sexual and excremental the middle-class
Victorian's concerns with propriety also embraced manners, dress, religion, personal habits, and
possessions. The model Victorian is always clean, well-dressed, and a prude of the first water.
Although a number of Victorians certainly did fit that description, a very large number were poor,
dirty, ignorant, alcoholic, diseased, unskilled, exploited, immoral, amoral, vulgar, dishonest,
unsuccessful, and, in present day terms, discriminated against. Persons who possessed one or more
qualities on this long list of social woes had formed a substantial part of the English population for
centuries. Nineteenth-century England offered many people the opportunity to achieve a level
of prosperity and a degree of economic independence never before known in the general populace.
For many it meant not just an increase in income but a fairly rapid alteration of behavior and attitudes,
invariably to a more genteel state. Books of etiquette, elaborate lists of table manners, and religious
tracts of all types were available for the instruction of those aspiring to respectability. The values of
the times were characterized by self-satisfaction, exaggerated delicacy, bourgeois opulence, and a
moral complacency built on a conviction that progress was the reward of virtue and poverty was

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the penalty of sloth and vice. Victorian standards were not imposed by the queen or by the
"gentry." They were eagerly sought after and self-imposed by a middle class working to create an
orthodoxy of gentility on a massive scale. A major characteristic of this social development was the
rift between the lower classes and the rapidly expanding middle class. This middle class seemed to have
a commitment to being as unlike the laboring and serving classes as possible. Some of the most
conspicuous class markers of this period were found in language usage, in particular, the use of
verbal "distancing" by the middle class. Whereas a member of the laboring class could say "bloody"
with every other breath, the proper Englishman would not utter it except under the most dire
circumstances, if ever. The "dropping" of an H, asin'at(hat)or'otel (hotel), was an indelible sign of
lowness, and although this extracted no new penalties for the lower-class speaker, it was an
unspeakable lapse on the lips of the middle-class Victorian. The public utterance of low language
regardless of content was simply not to be done.

It can be assumed that the lower classes also developed behavioral distancing to avoid looking
foppish, prudish, impotent, weak, educated, or effeminate. This only served to widen the distance
between the haves and the have-nots. This pattern can be observed today in the lower socioeconomic
levels. It accounts in part for the perpetuation of nonstandard English varieties despite free public
education.

There is no question that sexual behavior was included in the rigid orthodoxy of the middle-
class Victorian, especially as it related to feminine chasitity. Sloppy dress and manners were a sign of
sloppy morals. Unattached women in the lower classes were assumed to be sexually free. The sight of
a slatternly, drunken prostitute on the streets of the poorer neighborhoods was very common. The
notion of unmarried cohabitation was repugnant to the prosperous Victorians, and the vocabulary
of sexual intrigue was, like the intrigue itself, out of place in polite society.
Protecting Children

According to the dictionary of slang and euphemism A reason frequently cited for censoring
language is the protection of children. Western society hopes to improve itself by controlling very
carefully the training and education of its children. Parents try to keep children from cursing and
swearing in order to protect them from the social condemnation heaped on indiscriminate users of
low language. Some people take considerable pains to keep children from hearing bad language, and
children become the source of difficulties if they use bad language. For instance:

1. They will embarrass their parents by using bad language publicly.

2. They will embarrass their parents by asking the meaning of sexual or
excretory terms.
3. They will develop a bad reputation due to their low language.
4. They will adopt the lifestyle associated with the free use of profanity and
vulgarisms. In general the use of such language is a sign of resistance to

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socialization.

For many members of the middle class and above, most of these dangers are real. Even so, the
degree to which all public communications can be regulated for the sake of children is a matter of
constant dispute that will never be resolved to everyone's total satisfaction. Many of the notions that
people have about the use of taboo words are instilled when they are children. Like so much of one's
early training, especially that in cleanliness and grooming, these patterns persist into adulthood.

Current attitudes about prohibited topics are to some extent moral leftovers from the Victorian
Period. Certainly, middle-class Victorians observed strong verbal restrictions, but the restrictions were
not based totally on the Victorians' repugnance toward sex and excrement. The social structures that
account for verbal prohibitions were in effect long before the Victorian Era and are still in effect now.

Euphemism Defined

First: It comes to the word or a euphemist to escape from a socially inappropriate or

reprehensible word or phrase has been mentioned at Ramzi Baalbaki and this definition indicates
that euphemism represents the process of replacing another word and that the reason behind this
euphemism is to escape from something unpleasant or unacceptable to the verbal position Or to
the traditions and value of society.

Second: It is the replacement of an unpleasant expression with another more acceptable than it
was ruled by Muhammad al-Khojali, pointing out that the kindness includes two aspects of the
old abandoned word and the new improved word that sees more acceptable than the old word,
which necessitated this replacement.

Third: It is the replacement of one expression with another that is more acceptable than the first
expression was received by Mubarak, and we find in his definition a clear reference to the
process of replacement, which takes place between the old hateful and the new euphemism.

Fourth: the use of euphemistic metaphor in the place of the word wrenching or hateful () In this
definition also an indication that euphemism comes a single word or compound words.

Fifth: It is the use of a word or phrase place of expression is explicit and exposed or rude or
repulsive, or stinging and hurtful ()

To illustrate the kindness of this study, some examples in the Arabic language are illustrated and
indicate the arrogance of expression in the past. It was called the one who works with all the
waste (scavenger), who collects garbage and then gentle this word and became a waste worker
and then became a cleaner until it ended to Homeland worker "A positive factor is nice without
embarrassment."

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One of the abominable words in our contemporary language, which also calls for euphemism, is
the word "spinsterhood", which is used to refer to older girls, who were not lucky in marriage. If
we want to measure this term on the scale of kindness, we find that it has a harsh and
embarrassing significance that does not allow us to reuse it. However, we find that this term is
repeated among some categories and in the media and therefore must be dispensed with and used
of another term or phrase for the purpose .Therefore, it must be dispensed with and the use of
another word or another phrase that serves the purpose, but in a gentle way to get rid of this
embarrassing connotation of our girls, any guilt injures their feelings and inflamed their chronic
pain with one word we have been fed and narrowed us since history We cannot replace or temper
(10), there are many words and phrases that may express in a gentle manner polite If we say
"girls who have not entered the golden cage yet or girls who have never married.

Euphemism and Contemporary Language

What is often used in our contemporary language is what expresses people with a disability; it
has been a long time and was called the term hurtful people with disabilities have been kind of
the word became so-called euphemism is a special needs.

The word "prison" or "imprisonment" of the words of heavy hatred and now we are using instead
a center of rehabilitation and rehabilitation as well as for the prisoner person has become called a
guest and is a signify nice.

(9) See: Arabic language complex, the intermediate lexicon,

(10) (Al-Rai Amman Newspaper, Issue 3198-23 April 2010, p. 32).
(11)Janet Holmes: Women, Men and the Language of Literature. Yousef Tawfiq, University of
Jordan Publications, p. 213.
In modern fluent language, we use euphemisms on the invitation cards for individuals such as:
sleep well to express the unwillingness of children to attend instead of "prohibits taking children
or non-attendance of children." Official Places. It is also the word dwarf, which is called the short
person, where we find the use of the term short to indicate the desired meaning without being
associated with the negative negative embarrassment of the word "dwarf" This indicates that the
human "polite language uses language in a way that express respect for others and positive polite
behavior Express the friendliness.

We also find those who use the composition of the "precious eye" to indicate who has lost one of
his eyes, we say: so his eye is dignified and we do not say "so his eye is cursed" because these
words cause injury to the feelings of that person is considered heavy on hearing as well, but we
say his eye is generous in soothing and sowing optimism From the severity of the first word
cross-eyed the Prophet peace be upon him - describe the eyes with beloved ones where he said:

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that God said: ―Allaah said: If my servant is afflicted by his beloved ones, he will be patient
compensated them Paradise)),13

It is kindness, "also our saying," so do not say honesty instead of saying a liar and that is also the
correct phrase, which we have become used to denote the syntax and conjugation, which is a
word with a negative significance

The above shows the need for society to use euphemism to express the affairs of daily life and to
ensure a healthy social communication that improves the linguistic taste of individuals.

Verbal Aggression

Verbal aggression is known in every human society and is totally absent in all other animal societies.
Verbalizing hostilities obviously serves a valuable social purpose if it attenuates aggression and
lessens the chance of injury or death among the populace.

Verbal aggression is not only symbolic of physical aggression, it is often an essential adjunct to
physical aggression, a sign of impending physical aggression, or a cause of physical aggression. A
society's general prohibition against aggression or violence applies also to verbal aggression. The
typical tools of verbal aggression—oaths, curses, etc.—all have negative connotations. Verbal
aggression depends on impact for its effectiveness, and it is suppressed except when tensions seem to
justify its use.

Derogatory nicknames are also a type of verbal aggression. Terms for persons of different classes
or races make up the bulk of these words. Derogation is completely opposite of identification and is
meant to offend. (In some cases, however, the same term—for example, nigger—can serve both
purposes, depending on who is using it.) Terms exist for stupid men and slovenly women as well as
for specific races or nationalities. Many of the latter terms are known to be deeply resented by the
recipients of the names, and this makes them even more effective as verbal weapons. Even polite and
standard terms are used as modifiers meaning "wretched" in compounds such as "Irish fortune" or
"Mexican mud."

A common form of defense or aggression in many species of animals is dung-throwing. This is not
frequently practiced by humans (see the entry flying pasty) but is analogous to scatological epithets.
Often the use of such terms as verbal aggression accounts in part for the strength of the prohibition
against them. Human association with any fecal material, including one's own, is strongly
prohibited.

What is Euphemism?

The term "euphemism" refers to the substitution of a milder expression for a harsh or unacceptable one.
This includes classical euphemisms, such as "pass on" for "die," but also refers to any circumlocution

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of a prohibited word or phrase. "Crap" is readily recognized as a euphemism for the word "shit." Other
words such as "dung," "excrement," or "alvine dejections" are used to avoid all of the lowly and
common words for this topic. The process of making topics presentable for more formal or polite
situations is also part of euphemizing. Euphemisms and the process of euphemizing have the
following characteristics.

1. A euphemism is an expression substituted for another expression which

has acquired a negative connotation.
2. A euphemism is an expression which is a synonym for a word or phrase
of lower status.
3. A euphemism is an expression deliberately created to raise the status of a
concept.
4. Euphemism is used to protect oneself or one's audience from embarrass
ment or other emotional discomfort.
5. In the area of sexual taboo, euphemism signifies that the speaker is
avoiding sexual overtures.
6. Euphemism is used in polite, sexually mixed company to avoid the
coarse terms of all-male groups.
7. Euphemism is used in polite company to avoid the typical speech of
lower levels of society.

The keys to understanding euphemism are avoidance and etiquette. This dictionary also includes
terms which are not recognized as euphemisms but meaning has played a major role in developing
and sustaining verbal taboos, but once a social convention is established, breaking it is a social
violation and nothing more serious. It is not always clear, however,- whether a person is r avoiding
taboo terms in response to social convention or for psychopathologic-cal reasons. The results are the
same.

For some people certain words assume a kind of magical or mystical power. Words about death and
some of the best-known "dirty words" seem to have that kind of power for some people. Personal
prohibitions against certain words and concepts are quite complex and are due to different causes
in different individuals. The basis for most of them is acquired at an early age.

Euphemism in the linguistic heritage

Ibn Qutaybah (d. 276 AH) was one of the first to use the term "euphemism" in the Arabic
linguistic heritage. As mentioned in his book (the eyes of news) under independent title called
euphemism in speech and answer and good compensation (1). He mentioned some incidents and
self-news on kindness towards what was reported about Abu Hatem " Almighty "Tell us Alasmae
said: Ziad was ill and entered sharih when he sent out stolen bin Ajda asking him how you left
the prince.
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He said he left him ordering and ending masroug said: shuraih did not feel one said: I left him by
commandment and end crying The son of shuraih had died and did not feel one of them
tomorrow people ask him and said how it became up to my son illiteracy said now housing Alza,
and his family hoped. The apparent meaning of the answer to shuraih that the prince is good and
that he is in full force, but he meant that he orders the commandment and end the crying upon his
death, he wanted to say Ziad ready to die in his words and style of this kind of mention of death
explicitly.

As for the Masroug saying: Shuraiha of compensation, it is indicative of Shuraih talk about the
description of the case of Ziad explicitly as he resorted to exposure or better answer. We find
Abu Hilal military (d. 359 e) in the author (industries) the term euphemism agrees because Ben
Qutaiba, adds to the definition of euphemism and see it means that it softens the meaning of the
good accents and the hybrid meaning to improve.

(14) Ibn Qutayba Abu Muhammad Abdullah bin Qutaybah al-Dinuri, Oyoun al-Akhbar, Vol.
(15) The same source, p. 217

Chapter thirty-five of the ninth chapter to talk about kindness and after he issued his definition of
the euphemism began to list some of the news and incidents that support what he went in his
definition as he says of that Yahya bin Khalid Barmaki said to Abdul Malik bin Saleh you are
hateful (17).

He said: If the hatred you have the survival of good and evil, I have for the remainder said Yahya
what I saw nobody protested the hatred until others make it good ().

Envy is a negative characteristic and it is a social scourge that kills individuals and man But
Abdul Malik bin Saleh this version of the military has worn hatred new clothes through which the
word hatred to give a positive connotation contrary to the known negative connotation and this
evidenced by the military to improve hybrid and palliative him.

Alaskary goes on some news system and strewn command gives a clear picture of what the Arabs
of great maintenance in improving the vocabulary and meanings (18).

In addition to the term euphemism was previously mentioned by Ibn Qutaiba and Abi Hilal
Alaskari The concept of euphemism in this study are the most important:

1 / Kindness term:

In al-Tha'alabi (d. 429) in his book (metaphor and exposure), in the previous, which mentioned
the story of the wife of Rifaa divorced by her husband and then married another one ,she told the
prophet peace upon him by saying that the one with whom Hadaba dress, said the Messenger of
Allah peace be upon him

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(For more news and incidents related to kindness, see: ibid., Pp. 483-484.
Tha'alabi metonymy and exposure achieve Osama Khaliji Cairo 1997, p. 23.

Do you want to blame Rifa? Do not even taste his honey and taste your honey, said al-Thaalbi
"look" to the kindness of this talk and the great luster and good nickname for the genitals and
marriage by honey.

This kindness in the choice of words and phrases is not strange to our Prophet Muhammad, peace
be upon him, in his response to his wife Rifaa was keen to describe genitals by honey to avoid
any embarrassing situation when he addressed to woman.

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http://academic.csuohio.edu/kneuendorf/content/
http://www.islam101.com/quran/QTP/index.htm

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