Electrochemistry Paper 2

1 (a) What is the meaning of electrolytes?
Apakah maksud elektrolit?
……………………………………………………………………………………………...
……………………………………………………………………………………………..
Aras rendah [1 mark]
(b) What is the meaning of non-electrolytes?

Apakah maksud bukan elektrolit?
……………………………………………………………………………………………...
……………………………………………………………………………………………..
(c) Diagram 2 shows the apparatus set-up to test the electrical conductivity of two
substances.
Rajah 2 menunjukkan susunan radas untuk menguji kekonduksian elektrik bagi
dua bahan.
Set A Set B
Diagram 1.1
Rajah 1.1
(i) Predict which light bulb will light up.
Ramalkan mentol mana yang akan menyala.
…………………………………………………………………………………….
Aras sederhana[1 mark]
(ii) Explain your answer in (a)(i).

Terangkan jawapan anda di (a)(i).
……………………………………………………………………………………..
……………………………………………………………………………………..
…………………………………………………………………………………….
Aras sederhana [2 marks]
(d) Classify the following substances into electrolytes and non-electrolytes.

Kelaskan bahan-bahan berikut kepada elektrolit dan bukan elektrolit.
Table salt,nitric acid,molten naphthalene,sugar solution,copper(II) nitrate solution,

molten lead, ammonia solution
Garam biasa, asid nitrik, naftalena lebur, larutan gula, larutan kuprum(II) nitrat,
plumbum lebur, larutan ammonia
1
Electrolytes Non-electrolytes
(e) Explain why a sugar solution does not conduct electricity while a common salt
solution conducts electricity.
Terangkan mengapa larutan gula tidak mengkonduksikan elektrik manakala
larutan garam biasa mengkonduksikan elektrik.
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………….
Aras tinggi [2 marks]
(f) Diagram 1.2 shows the apparatus set-up to test the electrical conductivity of lead(II)
bromide powder.
Rajah 1.2 menunjukkan susunan radas untuk menguji kekonduksian elektrik serbuk
plumbum(II) powder.
Diagram 1.2
Rajah 1.2
(i) The bulb did not light up after half an hour. Suggest an action which would
make the bulb light up.
Mentol tidak menyala selepas setengah jam. Cadangkan satu tindakan yang
membolehkan mentol menyala.
………………………………………………………………………………………...
Aras tinggi [1 mark]
(ii) Redraw the diagram in diagram 1.2, showing how the problem could be
rectified.
Lukiskan semula Rajah 1.2 untuk menunjukkan masalah telah diatasi.
2
3 Diagram 3 shows the apparatus set-up to investigate an electrolysis process. Material X
is replaced with materials in Table 3 as the electrolytes of the electrolysis process.
Rajah 3 menunjukkan susunan radas untuk menyiasat proses electrolyis. Bahan X
digantikan dengan bahan dalam Jadual 3 sebagai elektrolit dalam proses elektrolisis.
Diagram 3
Rajah 3
Electrolytes Does the ammeter needle deflects?
Elektrolit Adakah jarum ammeter terpesong?
Liquid benzene No
Cecair benzena Tidak
Molten sulphur
Leburan sulfur
Sodium chloride solution Yes
Larutan natrium klorida Ya
Solid sodium chloride No
Pepejal natrium klorida Tidak
Molten lead(II) bromide
Leburan plumbum(II) bromida
Dilute hydrochloric acid Yes
Asid hidroklorik cair Ya
Table 3
Jadual 3
(a) Complete Table 3.
Lengkapkan Jadual 3. Aras rendah [2 mark]
(b) (i) State the meaning of electrolytes.

Nyatakan maksud elektrolit.
………………………………………………………………………………………...
(ii) Name all the electrolytes in Table 3.

Namakan semua elektrolit dalam Jadual 3.
………………………………………………………………………………………...
(c) What is the indication if the ammeter needle deflects?

Apakah yang ditunjukkan jika jarum ammeter terpesong?
……………………………………………………………………………………………….
Aras sederhana [1 mark]
3
(d) Briefly explain why
Jelaskan dengan ringkas mengapa
(i) Ammeter needle does not deflects when liquid benzene is applied?
Jarum ammeter tidak terpesong apabila cecair benzene digunakan?
………………………………………………………………………………………...
(ii) Ammeter needle deflects when dilute hydrochloric acid is applied?

Jarum ammeter terpesong apabila asid hidroklorik cair digunakan?
………………………………………………………………………………………...
(e) Both solid sodium chloride and sodium chloride solution consist of sodium
chloride. Sodium chloride solution deflects the ammeter needle but solid sodium
chloride does not.
Briefly explain the reason why.
Kedua-dua pepejal natrium klorida dan larutan natrium klorida mengandungi
natrium klorida. Larutan natrium klorida memesongkan jarum ammeter tetapi
pepejal natrium klorida tidak.
Jelaskan dengan ringkas sebab berlakunya perkara ini.
……………………………………………………………………………………………….
……………………………………………………………………………………………….
……………………………………………………………………………………………….
………………………………………………………………………………………………
4
Electrolysis of Molten Compounds
1 Diagram 1 shows the set-up of apparatus for the electrolysis of molten lead(II) bromide.
Rajah 1 menunjukkan susunan radas untuk elektolisis leburan plumbum(II) bromide.
Diagram /Rajah 1
(a) After half an hour, the bulb did not light up.
Selepas setengan jam, didapati mentol tidak menyala.
(i) Suggest an action which would make the bulb lights up.
Cadangkan satu tindakan untuk menyalakan mentol.
…………………………………………………………………………………………
(ii) Redraw Diagram 1 to show how the problem could be rectified.
Lukis semula Rajah 1 untuk menunjukkan masalah boleh diatasi.

(iii) Mark arrows to indicate the direction of movement of electrons in the
diagram drawn in (a)(ii).
Tanda menggunakan anak panah untuk menunjukkan arah pergerakan
electron pada gambar rajah yang dilukis di (a)(ii).
(b) Write all the formula of the ions present in molten lead(II) bromide.
Tuliskan semua ion yang hadir dalam leburan plumbum(II) bromide.
……………………………………………………………………………………………….
(c) Write the half equation occurred at the / Tuliskan setengah persamaan di
Anode/anod:………………………………………………………………………………..
Cathode/katod:…………………………………………………………………………….
(d) What is observed at the anode?
Apakah yang diperhatikan di anod?
……………………………………………………………………………………………….
Aras sederhana [1mark]
(e) Explain why the bulb does not light up in Diagram 1.
Terangkan mengapa mentol tidak menyala dalam Rajah 1.
………………………………………………………………………………………………..
5
1 Diagram 1 shows the set-up of apparatus for the electrolysis of dilute zinc chloride
solution, 0.2 mol dm -3 using carbon electrodes.
Rajah 1 menunjukkan susunan radas untuk elektrolisis larutan zink klorida cair, 0.2 mol
dm-3 menggunakan elektrod karbon.
Diagram/Rajah 1
(a) State all the ions that are present in the electrolyte.
Nyatakan semua ion yang terdapat dalam elektrolit.
……………………………………………………………………………………................
(b) Which of the ions that you state in 1(a) will be chosen for the discharging process at
anode and cathode?
Apakah ion yang anda nyatakan 1(a) akan dipilih untuk nyahcas di anod dan
katod?
Anode/anod:.........................................Cathode/katod:........................................
(c) State the reason for your answers in 1(b).
Nyatakan sebab untuk jawapan anda di 1(b).
Anode/anod:...............................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
Cathode/katod:..........................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
(d) Write the half equation for the reaction that occurs at the anode and cathode.
Tulis setengah persamaan untuk tindak balas yang berlaku di anod dan katod.
Anode/anod:.................................................................................................................
Cathode/katod:.............................................................................................................
2 Diagram 2 shows the set-up of apparatus for an electrolytic cell.

Rajah 2 menunjukkan susunan radas untuk satu sel elektrolisis.
Diagram/Rajah 2
6
(a) State the energy change in the cell .
Nyatakan perubahan tenaga dalam sel itu.
……………………………………………………………………………………................
(b) Label the anode in the cell.
Labelkan anod dalam sel itu.
(c) State one observation at the anode.
Nyatakan satu pemerhatian pada anod.
……………………………………………………………………………………................
(d) Write the half equation for the reaction that takes place at the anode.
Tuliskan setengah persamaan untuk tindak balas yang berlaku di anod.
……………………………………………………………………………………................
(e) State the factor that affects the selective discharge of ions at the cathode of the
cell.
Nyatakan faktor yang mempengaruhi discas secara pilihan ion di katod sel itu.
……………………………………………………………………………………...............
(f) What happens to the colour intensity of the solution in the cell?
Explain your answer.
Apakah yang berlaku kepada keamatan warna larutan dalam sel itu?
Terangkan jawapan anda.
……………………………………………………………………………………...............
……………………………………………………………………………………...............
……………………………………………………………………………………...............
3 Table 3 shows the descriptions and observations for two experiments I and II.
Jadual 3 menunjukkan penerangan dan pemerhatian untuk dua eksperimen I dan II.
Experiment Description Observation
Eksperimen Penerangan Pemerhatian
I Electrolysis of 1 mol dm -3 Brown deposits are formed at the
copper(II) sulphate solution using cathode and gas bubbles are
carbon electrodes released at the anode.
Elektrolisis 1 mol dm-3 larutan Enapan perang terbentuk pada
kuprum(II) sulfat menggunakan katod dan gelembung-gelembung
elektrod karbon gas dibebaskan di anod.
II Electrolysis of 1 mol dm -3 Mass of anode decreases and
copper(II) sulphate solution using mass of cathode increases
copper electrodes Jisim anod berkurang dan jisim
Elektrolisis 1 mol dm-3 larutan katod bertambah
kuprum(II) sulfat menggunakan
elektrod kuprum
Table 3
Jadual 3
7
(a) Based on Experiment I:
Berdasarkan Eksperimen I:
(i) What is the formula of the ion that is selectively discharged at the anode?
Apakah formula bagi ion yang dipilih untuk nyahcas di anod?
…………………………………………………………………………………….......
(ii) State the reason for your answer in (a)(i).
Nyatakan sebab untuk jawapan anda di (a)(i).
..........................................................................................................................
(iii) Write the half equation for the reaction that occurs at the anode.
Tulis setengah persamaan untuk tindak balas yang berlaku di anod.
..........................................................................................................................
(iv) Describe briefly the chemical test to confirm the product at the anode.
Huraikan secara ringkas ujian kimia untuk mengesahkan hasil di anod.
…………………………………………………………………………………….......
…………………………………………………………………………………….......
…………………………………………………………………………………….......
(v) How does the intensity of the blue colour copper(II) sulphate change?
Bagaimanakah keamatan warna biru larutan kuprum(II) sulfat berubah.
Jelaskan jawapan anda.
…………………………………………………………………………………….......
..........................................................................................................................
(b) Based on Experiment II:
Berdasarkan Eksperimen II:
(i) Write the half equation for the reaction that occurs at the anode.
Tulis setengah persamaan untuk tindak balas yang berlaku di anod.
..........................................................................................................................
(ii) How does the intensity of the blue colour copper(II) sulphate change?
Bagaimanakah keamatan warna biru larutan kuprum(II) sulfat berubah.
Jelaskan jawapan anda.
…………………………………………………………………………………….......
..........................................................................................................................
8
4 When concentrated aqueous sodium chloride solution is electrolysed using carbon
electrodes, gases are collected at the electrodes.
Apabila larutan akueus pekat natrium klorida dielektrolisiskan menggunakan elektrod
karbon, gas-gas terhasil dikumpulkan pada elektrod.
(a) Draw a labelled diagram for the set-up of apparatus to carry out the electrolysis.
Lukiskan satu gambar rajah berlabel susunan radas untuk menjalankan elektrolisis.
(b) Name the gases collected at the anode and cathode.

Namakan gas yang terkumpul pada anod dan katod.
Anode/anod:................................................................................................................
Cathode/katod:............................................................................................................
(c) Write the half equation for the reaction that occurs at the anode and cathode.
Anode/anod:.................................................................................................................
Cathode/katod:.............................................................................................................
(d) Suggest a chemical test to identify the gas produced at the anode.
Cadangkan satu ujian kimia untuk mengenalpasti gas yang terhasil di anod.
……………………………………………………………………………………...................
.....................................................................................................................................
(e) Why is concentrated hydrochloric acid not used for the manufacture of chlorine gas
by electrolysis?
Mengapakah asid hidroklorik pekat tidak digunakan dalam pembuatan gas klorin
melalui elektrolisis?
……………………………………………………………………………………..................
.....................................................................................................................................
9
5 Diagram 5 shows two electrolytic cells.
Rajah 5 menunjukkan dua sel elektrolisis..
Electrolytic cell I
Sel elektrolisis I
Electrolytic cell II
Sel elektrolisis II
Diagram 5
Rajah 5
Electrolytic cell I uses carbon electrodes and electrolytic II uses copper electrodes.
Sel elektrolisis I menggunakan elektrod karbon dan sel elektrolisis II menggunakan
elektrod kuprum.
(a) State three different observations and the corresponding inferences in Table 5.1.
The observations should not include the colour change of the electrolyte.
Nyatakan tiga pemerhatian yang berbeza dan inferens yang sepadan dalam Jadual
5.1. Pemerhatian itu tidak termasuk perubahan warna elektrolit.
Observation/Pemerhatian Inference/Inferens
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(b) State one hypothesis for this experiment.
Nyatakan satu hipotesis bagi eksperimen ini.
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
(c) For this experiment, state:
Bagi eksperimen ini, nyatakan:
(i) The manipulated variable / Pembolehubah dimanipulasikan:
.......................................................................................................................
.....
(ii) The responding variable / Pembolehubah bergerak balas:
.......................................................................................................................
.....
(iii) The constant variable / Pembolehubah dimalarkan:
.......................................................................................................................
.....
(d) Electrolytic cell I is used to carry out the electrolysis of the following solutions:
1.0 mol dm-3 sodium hydroxide
1.0 mol dm-3 potassium iodide
1.0 mol dm-3 nitric acid
Classify the solutions by completing Table 5.2.

Sel elektrolisis I digunakan untuk menjalankan elektrolisis bagi larutan-larutan
berikut:
1.0 mol dm-3 natrium hidroksida
1.0 mol dm-3 kalium iodida
1.0 mol dm-3 asid nitrik
Kelaskan larutan-larutan itu dengan melengkapkan Jadual 5.2.
Solution that produces gas at the Solution that does not produce gas at
anode when electrolysed the anode when electrolysed
Larutan yang menghasilkan gas di Larutan yang tidak menghasilkan gas
anod apabila dielektrolisiskan di anod apabila dielektrolisiskan
(f) In electrolytic cell I, the colour of the solution changes from dark blue to light blue.
In electrolytic cell II, there is no change of colour in the solution.
Explain the difference.
Dalam sel elektrolisis I, warna larutan berubah daripada biru gelap ke biru muda.
Dalam sel elektrolisis II, warna larytan tidak berubah.
Terangkan perbezaan ini.
Cell I/Sel I:..................................................................................................................
11
Cell II/Sel II:.................................................................................................................
1 Diagram 1 shows the set-up of apparatus to purify a sample of impure copper (containing
zinc as impurities) by electrolysis.
Rajah 1 menunjukkan susunan radas untuk menulenkan kuprum tak tulen (mengandungi
zink sebagai bendasing) melalui elektrolisis.
Diagram/Rajah 1
(a) Based on Diagram 1, which one of the terminal , R or S is the anode?
Berdasarkan Rajah 1, antara terminal R dan S, yang manakah anod?
……………………………………………………………………………………................
(b) (i) Name a suitable electrolyte used in this experiment.
Namakan satu elektrolit yang sesuai digunakan dalam eksperimen ini.
...................................................................................................................
(ii) Is there any colour change in the electrolyte in (b)(i) during electrolysis? Give
reasons.
..........................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................
(c) (i) What can be observed at the cathode and at the anode after half an hour?
Apakah yang boleh diperhatikan pada katod dan anod selepas setengah jam?
Anode/anod:........................................................................................................
Cathode/katod:....................................................................................................
(ii) Write the half equation for the reaction that occurs at the anode and cathode.
Anode/anod:........................................................................................................
Cathode/katod:....................................................................................................
(c) Would the impurities deposit on the cathode? Explain your answer.
Adakah bendasing akan terenap di katod? Terangkan jawapan anda.
...................................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................
12
2 Diagram 2 shows the set-up of apparatus to coat an iron spoon with a layer of silver.
Rajah 2 menunjukkan susunan radas untuk menyadurkan sudu besi dengan argentum.
Diagram/Rajah 2
(a) Name the industrial process shown in Diagram 2.
Namakan proses industri yang ditunjukkan dalam Rajah 2..
……………………………………………………………………………………................
(b) State two reasons why the process in 1(a) is carried out.
Nyatakan dua sebab proses di 1(a) dijalankan.
……………………………………………………………………………………................
.................................................................................................................................
(c) State one observation at the anode.
Nyatakan satu pemerhatian pada anod.
……………………………………………………………………………………................
(d) Write the half equation for the reaction that occurs at the anode and cathode.
Anode/anod:........................................................................................................
Cathode/katod:....................................................................................................
(e) Name one metal that can be used to replace silver.
Namakan satu logam yang boleh digunakan untuk menggantikan argentum.
……………………………………………………………………………………................
(f) At the end of the process, it is found that some parts of the spoon are not coated
with silver.
Give a reason for this and suggest a method to improve this process.
Pada akhir proses, didapati bahawa beberapa bahagian sudu tidak tersadur
dengan argentum.
Berikan sebab untuk pemerhatian ini dan cadangkan satu cara untuk memperbaiki
proses tersebut.
……………………………………………………………………………………...............
……………………………………………………………………………………...............
……………………………………………………………………………………...............
13
3 Diagram 3 shows the apparatus set-up to investigate the electroplating of an iron spoon
with copper using electrolysis.
Rajah 3 menunjukkan susunan radas untuk menyiasat penyaduran sudu besi dengan
kuprum menggunakan elektrolisis.
Diagram /Jadual 3
(a) Plan how you would record all the observations in this experiment.
Rancang bagaimana anda merekodkan semua pemerhatian dalam eksperimen ini.

(b) For this experiment, state:
Bagi eksperimen ini, nyatakan:
(i) The manipulated variable

Pembolehubah dimanipulasikan:
.........................................................................................................................
(ii) The responding variable

Pembolehubah bergerak balas:
..........................................................................................................................
(iii) The fixed variable

Pembolehubah dimalarkan:
..........................................................................................................................
14
(c) State one hypothesis for this experiment.

Nyatakan satu hipotesis bagi experimen ini.
...................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
(d) (i) In which set would the iron spoon is successfully coated with copper?
Dalam set manakah sudu besi berjaya disadurkan?
..........................................................................................................................
(ii) Based on your answer in (d)(i), state two different observations and the
corresponding inferences in Table 3.1.
Nyatakan dua pemerhatian yang berbeza dan inferens yang sepadan dalam
Jadual 3.1.
Observation Inference
Pemerhatian Inferens
Table/ Jadual 3.1

15
1 Diagram 1 shows a simple cell using zinc and copper as the electrodes and blue solution of
X as the electrolyte. The reading of the voltmeter is 1.8V.
Rajah 1 menunjukkan satu sel ringkas menggunakan zink dan kuprum sebagai elektrod
dan larutan biru X sebagai elektrolit. Bacaan voltmeter ialah 1.8V.
Voltmeter
1.8V
Copper rod Zinc rod
Rod Kuprum Rod Zink
Blue solution of X
Larutan biru X
Diagram/Rajah 1
(a) In Diagram 1 , show the direction of the flow of electrons.

Dalam Rajah 1, tandakan arah aliran elektron.
(b) Which metal reacts as the negative terminal?
Logam yang manakah bertindak sebagai terminal negatif ?
………………………………………………………………………………………..................
(c) What is the energy change in the cell above?

Apakah perubahan tenaga di dalam sel di atas?
………………………………………………………………………………….........................
(d) Name the ion that gives the blue colour of solution X.
Namakan ion yang memberikan warna biru larutan X.
...........................................................................................................................................
(e) (i) After a few minutes, the copper rod becomes thicker. Give a reason.
Selepas beberapa minit, rod kuprum menjadi tebal. Berikan satu sebab.
……………………………………………………………………………………...............
.................................................................................................................................
Aras sederhana [1mark]
(ii) Write a half equation for your answer in (e)(i).
Tuliskan setengah persamaan bagi jawapan anda di (e)(i).
……………………………………………………………………………….......................
16
(f) (i) State the change in the reading of the voltmeter if zinc rod is replaced by
magnesium rod.
Nyatakan perubahan yang berlaku kepada bacaan voltmeter jika rod zink diganti
dengan rod magnesium?
…………………………………………………………………………………...................
(ii) Explain your answer in (f)(i).
Jelaskan jawapan anda di (f)(i).
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
(g) Write the overall ionic equation for the cell.
Tuliskan persamaan ion keseluruhan bagi sel.
.......................................................................................................................................
2 Diagram 2.1 shows two types of cell.

Rajah 2.1 menunjukkan dua jenis sel.
P Q R S
Copper plate Copper plate Zinc plate
Kepingan kuprum Kepingan kuprum Kepingan zink
Copper(II) sulphate solution
Larutan kuprum(II) sulfat

Cell / sel X Cell / sel Y
Diagram / Rajah 2.1
17
(a) State the name of cell X and cell Y.
Namakan sel X dan sel Y.
Cell X:Sel X..............................................................................................................
Cell Y:Sel Y : ..........................................................................................................

Aras rendah [2 marks]
(b) Write the formulae of all ions present in copper(II) sulphate solution.
Tuliskan formula bagi semua ion yang hadir dalam larutan kuprum(II) sulfat
.................................................................................................................................
(c) Based on the cell X;

Berdasarkan sel X;
(i) What happen to the intensity of blue colour of copper(II) sulphate solution?
Apakah yang berlaku kepada keamatan warna biru larutan kuprum(II) sulfat
……………………………………………….........................................................
(ii) Write a half equation for the reaction that occurs at the copper plate Q.
Tulis setengah persamaan bagi tindak balas yang berlaku di kepingan
kuprum Q.
…………………………………………………………………...............................
(d) Based on the cell Y;
Berdasarkan sel Y;
(i) State the energy change occurred in cell Y.
Nyatakan perubahan tenaga yang berlaku dalam sel Y.
……………………………………………….........................................................
(ii) What is the expected observation at the zinc plate S?
Apakah pemerhatian yang dijangkakan pada kepingan zink S?
…………………………………………………………….......................................
(iii) If the zinc plate S is replaced by a magnesium strip, describe what will
happen to the voltmeter reading.
Jika kepingan zink S digantikan dengan pita magnesium, nyatakan apa yang
berlaku kepada bacaan voltmeter.
……………………………………………….........................................................
Aras tinggi[1 mark]
(e) Diagram 2.2 shows the set up of apparatus when cell X is combined with cell Y.
Rajah 2.2 menunjukkan susunan radas apabila sel X digabungkan dengan sel Y.
18
P Q R S Zinc plate
Copper plate Copper plate
Kepingan Kepingan Kepingan

(i)
On Diagram 2.2, draw arrows () to show the direction of the electrons flow.
Pada Rajah 2.2, lukiskan anak panah () untuk menujukkan arah pengaliran
elektron.
3 Diagram 3 shows the combination between a chemical cell and an electrolytic cell.
Rajah 2 menunjukkan gabungan satu sel kimia dengan satu sel elektrolisis.
Cell Y
Sel Y rods Concentrated sodium chloride solution

Carbon
Larutan natrium klorida pekat
Rod karbon
Magnesium rod Copper rod
Rod magnesium Rod kuprum

Cell X 2 mol dm-3 copper(II) sulphate solution
Sel X Larutam kuprum(II) sulfat 2 mol dm-3

Diagram / Rajah 3
Referring to Cell X,
Merujuk kepada Sel X,
(a) (i) State the energy change occurred in cell X.
Nyatakan perubahan tenaga yang berlaku dalam sel X.
……………………………………………….........................................................
(ii) State the negative terminal. Give your reason.
19
Nyatakan terminal negative. Berikan sebab.
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
(iii) Write the half-equation to represent the reaction at the magnesium electrode.
Tuliskan setengah persamaan bagi mewakili tindak balas di elektrod magnesium.
.............................................................................................................................
(iv) State the change observed at the copper electrode.
Nyatakan perubahan yang diperhatikan pada elektrod kuprum.
............................................................................................................................
Referring to Cell Y,
Merujuk kepada Sel Y,
(b) (i) State all the ions present in concentrated sodium chloride solution.
Nyatakan semua ion yang terdapat dalam larutan natrium klorida pekat.
..............................................................................................................................
Aras rendah[1 mark]
(ii) Name the gas collected at the anode.

Namakan gas yang terkumpul di anod.
.............................................................................................................................
20
1 Diagram 1.1 shows the apparatus set-up for an experiment of Set I, Set II and Set III to
construct the electrochemical series based on the potential difference between two
different metals in a voltaic cell.
Rajah 1.1 menunjukkan susunan radas satu eksperimen bagi Set I, Set II dan Set III untuk
membina siri elektrokimia berdasarkan beza keupayaan antara dua logam berbeza dalam
sel voltan.
Diagram / Rajah 1.1
(a) Record the voltmeter readings in the spaces provided in Diagram 1.1.
Rekod bacaan voltmeter dalam ruang yang disediakan dalam Rajah 1.1.
21
(b) State the variables for this experiment:
Nyatakan pembolehubah bagi eksperimen ini:
(i) Manipulated variable
Pembolehubah dimanipulasikan:
...............................................................................................................................
(ii) Responding variable
Pembolehubah bergerak balas:
...............................................................................................................................
(iii) Fixed variable
Pembolehubah dimalarkan:
...............................................................................................................................
(c) State one hypothesis for this experiment.
Nyatakan satu hipotesis untuk eksperimen ini.
........................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................
(d) State the operational definition for the construction of electrochemical series in this
experiment.
Nyatakan definisi secara operasi bagi pembinaan siri elektrokimia dalam eksperimen
ini.
........................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................
(e) Based on the voltmeter readings in Diagram 1.1, arrange copper, zinc, magnesium
and lead, starting with the most electropositive metal.
Berdasarkan bacaan voltmeter dalam Rajah 1.1, susunkan kuprum, zink, magnesium
dan plumbum, bermula dengan logam yang paling elektropositif.
........................................................................................................................................
(f) Diagram 1.2 shows the result of the experiment for Set II after 20 minutes.
Rajah 1.2 menunjukkan keputusan eksperimen bagi set II selepas 20 minit.
Diagram/Rajah 1.2
22
(i) State the colour change of copper(II) nitrate solution in Diagram 1.2.
Nyatakan perubahan warna bagi larutan kuprum(II) nitrat dalam Rajah 1.2.
...............................................................................................................................
(ii) State the inference based on the answer in 1(f)(i).

Nyatakan inferens berdasarkan jawapan dalam 1(f)(i).
..............................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
(iii) State the relationship between the change in the size of copper electrode with
time.
Nyatakan hubungan antara perubahan saiz elektrod kuprum dengan masa.
..............................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
(g) Metal X is placed between magnesium and zinc in the electrochemical series.
Predict the voltage produced if magnesium in Set II is replaced by metal X.
Logam X terletak di antara magnesium dan zink dalam siri elektrokimia.
Ramalkan voltan yang terhasil jika magnesium dalam Set II digantikan dengan logam
X.
................................................................................................................................
(h) The following half-equations show the reaction that occcurs at the lead electrode and
copper electrode in Set III.
Balance the equations by writing the number of electrons in the boxes provided.
Write the ionic equation.
Berikut adalah setengah persamaan menunjukkan tindak balas yang berlaku pada
elektrod plumbum dan elektrod kuprum dalam Set III.
Seimbangkan persamaan dengan menulis bilangan elektron dalam petak yang
disediakan.
Tuliskan persamaan ion.
At lead electrode: Pb Pb2+ + e

Pada elektrod plumbum
At lead electrode: Cu2+ + e Cu

Pada elektrod plumbum
Ionic equation
Persamaan ion
………………………………………………………………………………………………......
23
(i) Table 1 shows the information about pairs of metals and its positive terminal in voltaic
cells.
Jadual 1 menunjukkan maklumat berkenaan pasangan logam dan terminal positifnya
dalam sel voltan.
Pair of metals Positive terminal
Pasangan logam Terminal positif
Silver and copper Silver
Argentum dan kuprum Argentum
Iron and copper Copper
Ferum dan kuprum Kuprum
Tin and copper Copper
Stanum dan kuprum Kuprum
Gold and copper Gold
Aurum dan kuprum Aurum
Table 1
Jadual 1
Classify silver, iron , tin and gold into metals which are more electropositive than
copper and metals which are less electropositive than copper.
Kelaskan argentum, ferum, stanum dan aurum kepada logam-logam yang lebih
daripada kuprum dan logam-logam yang kurang elektropositif daripada kuprum.
Metals which are more Metals which are less electropositive

electropositive than copper than copper
Logam yang lebih elektropositif Logam yang kurang elektropositif
daripada kuprum daripada kuprum
2 Diagram 2 shows two beakers containing copper plates immersed in different solutions.
Rajah 2 menunjukkan dua buah bikar yang mengandungi logam kuprum dicelupkan ke
dalam dua larutan yang berbeza.
Diagram 2
Rajah 2
(a) (i) Predict whether displacement reaction occurs in Set I and Set II.
Ramalkan sama ada tindak balas penyesaran berlaku dalam Set I dan Set II.
Set I:.....................................................................................................................
Set II:.....................................................................................................................
24
(ii) State one observation for the dispalcement reaction that occurs in (a)(i).
Nyatakan satu pemerhatian bagi tindak balas penyesaran yang berlaku di (a(i).
...............................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................
(iii) Write the ionic equation for the displacement reaction that occurs in (a)(i).
Tuliskan persamaan ion bagi tindak balas penyesaran yang berlaku di (a)(i).
...............................................................................................................................
(b) Based on your answer in (a)(i), arrange copper, lead and silver in the order of
increasing electropositivity.
Berdasarkan jawapan anda di (a)(i), susunkan kuprum, plumbum, dan argentum
dalam tertib penambahan keelektropositifan.
.......................................................................................................................................
(c) If copper is replaced with zinc in Set I, state whether zinc can displaced lead from
lead(II) nitrate solution. Explain your answer.
Jika kuprum digantikan dengan zink, nyatakan sama ada zink boleh menyesarkan
plumbum daripada larutan plumbum(II) nitrat. Jelaskan jawapan anda.
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
(d) State two uses of the electrochemical series.
Nyatakan dua kegunaan siri elektrokimia.
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
3 Diagram 3 shows a Daniell cell. The voltage is 1.10 V.

Rajah 3 menunjukkan satu sel Daniell. Voltan sel ialah 1.10V.
Diagram 3
Rajah 3
(a) What is the use of the porous pot?
Apakah kegunaan pasu berliang?
.......................................................................................................................................
25
(b) Mark the electron flow by using an arrow in Diagram 3.
Tandakan arah aliran elektron dengan menggunakan anak panah dalam Rajah 3.
(c) Which metal electrode is the negative terminal ?
Elektrod logam manakah yang merupakan terminal negatif?
.......................................................................................................................................
(d) Write the half-equation for the reaction that occurs at the positive terminal.
Tuliskan setengah persamaan bagi tindak balas yang berlaku di terminal positif.
.......................................................................................................................................
(e) State one observation in this experiment.
Nyatakan satu pemerhatian dalam eksperimen ini.
.......................................................................................................................................
(f) In a separate experiment,the zinc strip and zinc sulphate solution are replaced with
the pairs of metal and solutions in Table 3.The voltmeter readings are recorded as
follows:
Dalam eksperiman yang lain,kepingan zink dan larutan zink sulfat digantikan dengan
pasangan logam dan larutan dalam Jadual 3. Bacaan voltmeter direkodkan seperti
berikut:
Metal Solution Voltage(V)
Logam Larutan Voltan(V)
Magnesium Magnesium sulphate
2.72
Magnesium Magnesium sulfat
Iron Iron(II) sulphate
0.78
Ferum Ferum sulfat
Aluminium Aluminium sulphate
2.00
Aluminium Aluminium sulfat
Table 3
Jadual 3
(i) Referring to the voltage values in Table 3, arrange magnesium, iron, copper and
aluminium in increasing order of their positions in the electrochemical series.
Dengan merujuk kepada nilai voltan dalam Jadual 3, susunkan magnesium,
ferum, kuprum dan aluminium dalam tertob menaik untuk kedudukan logam
dalam siri elektrokimia.
...............................................................................................................................
(ii) Calculate the voltage of the cell if the copper and copper(II) sulphate solution
are replaced with magnesium and magnesium sulphate solution while the zinc
and the zinc sulphate solution are maintained.
Hitung nilai voltan sel sekiranya kuprum dan larutan kuprum(II) sulfat digantikan
dengan magnesium dan larutan magnesium sulfat sementara zink dan larutan
zink sulfat dikekalkan.
26
27

Electrochemistry Paper 2

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Electrochemistry Paper 2

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1 (a) What is the meaning of electrolytes?

Apakah maksud elektrolit?

(b) What is the meaning of non-electrolytes?

(ii) Explain your answer in (a)(i).

(d) Classify the following substances into electrolytes and non-electrolytes.

Table salt,nitric acid,molten naphthalene,sugar solution,copper(II) nitrate solution,

Aras sederhana [3 marks]

Aras tinggi [2 marks]

(b) (i) State the meaning of electrolytes.

(ii) Name all the electrolytes in Table 3.

(c) What is the indication if the ammeter needle deflects?

(ii) Ammeter needle deflects when dilute hydrochloric acid is applied?

Aras tinggi [2 marks]

2 Diagram 2 shows the set-up of apparatus for an electrolytic cell.

Aras tinggi [2 marks]

(b) Name the gases collected at the anode and cathode.

Aras sederhana [6 marks]

(ii) The responding variable / Pembolehubah bergerak balas:

(iii) The constant variable / Pembolehubah dimalarkan:

Classify the solutions by completing Table 5.2.

Aras sederhana [3 marks]

Cell I/Sel I:..................................................................................................................

Aras tinggi [3 marks]

(i) The manipulated variable

(ii) The responding variable

(iii) The fixed variable

(c) State one hypothesis for this experiment.

Table/ Jadual 3.1

Copper rod Zinc rod

Rod Kuprum Rod Zink

(a) In Diagram 1 , show the direction of the flow of electrons.

(c) What is the energy change in the cell above?

2 Diagram 2.1 shows two types of cell.

Kepingan kuprum Kepingan kuprum Kepingan zink

Copper(II) sulphate solution

Larutan kuprum(II) sulfat

Cell X:Sel X..............................................................................................................

Cell Y:Sel Y : ..........................................................................................................

(c) Based on the cell X;

Kepingan Kepingan Kepingan

Sel Y rods Concentrated sodium chloride solution

Magnesium rod Copper rod

Rod magnesium Rod kuprum

Sel X Larutam kuprum(II) sulfat 2 mol dm-3

(ii) Name the gas collected at the anode.

Diagram / Rajah 1.1

(ii) State the inference based on the answer in 1(f)(i).

At lead electrode: Pb Pb2+ + e

At lead electrode: Cu2+ + e Cu

Metals which are more Metals which are less electropositive

Aras sederhana [3 marks]

3 Diagram 3 shows a Daniell cell. The voltage is 1.10 V.

Aras sederhana [2 marks]

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