METAMORPHOSIS

DEFINITION

 Metamorphosis is a process by which animals undergo extreme, rapid physical changes

sometime after birth. ... Commonly known examples of metamorphosis include the process
undergone by most insects, and the transformation of tadpoles into frogs.

IMPORTANCE OF METAMORPHOSIS

 Larval and adult stages have different functions and don’t compete for food
 Helps survive harsh winters
 Example: butterflies and moths spend the winter as pupae encased in cocoons buried in soil

IMPORTANCE OF METAMORPHOSIS IN INSECTS

 One main factor in insect success.

 Can exploit seasonally-available foods.
 Different stages requiring lots of energy are separate - no competition between
adults & larvae for food & space.
 Insects can survive harsh weather as eggs or pupae.

IMPORTANCE OF METAMORPHOSIS IN AMPHIBIANS

 The bull frog is an animal that undergo metamorphosis and the environmental cues as well
as the genetic control are responsible for its development.
 The genetic control is the turning on and transcription of genes that incur changes in the
gene expression which causes the metamorphosis in all animals.
 REGENERATION

DEFINITION

Regeneration can be defined as the natural ability of living organisms to replace worn
out parts, repair or renew damaged or lost parts of the body, or to reconstitute the
whole body from a small fragment during the post embryonic life of an organism.
Regeneration is thus also a developmental process that involves growth, morphogenesis
and differentiation.

IMPORTANCE OF REGENARATION

 Regeneration, as one aspect of the general process of growth, is a primary attribute of

all living systems.
 Without it there could be no life, for the very maintenance of an organism depends
upon the incessant turnover by which all tissues and organs constantly renew
themselves.
 Regeneration is the process of renewal, restoration, and growth that makes genomes,
cells, organisms, and ecosystems resilient to natural fluctuations or events that cause
disturbance or damage.
 Every species is capable of regeneration, from bacteria to humans.
 ENIVORNMENTAL REGULATION IN ANIMAL DEVELOPMENT

It can be through regulation of normal development and disruption of normal

development

IMPORTANCE OF ENVIRONMENTAL REGULATION

 The environment can affect development in several ways. ...

 Seasonal cues such as photoperiod, temperature, or type of food can alter development
in ways that make the organism more fit.
 Changes in temperature also are responsible for determining sex in several organisms,
including many types of reptiles and insects.

References

https://www.britannica.com/science/metamorphosis

https://www.thoughtco.com/types-of-insect-metamorphosis-1968347

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK9971/

http://www.nature.com/subjects/regeneration

https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF02705151

https://www.slideshare.net/MerlynH/environmental-regulation-of-animal-development