Section 1

Part A:
For continuous-flow systems, time usually increases with increasing reactor volume.
The design equation for CSTR is
FA 0. X
V=
−rA
FA0 = Inlet flow rate
rA = reaction rate
X= Conversion
From the provided table reaction rate for 80 % conversion is 0.0040 mole/L hr.
(1/rA) = 1/0.0040 = 250 mole/L hr.
FA0 = 2 mole /hr.
X= 80% = 0.8
Plugging values in design equation gives;
V= 2 * 0.8* 250 = 400 Liter

Answer: V= 400 Liter = 0.4 m³

Part B
The design equation for PFR is :

By rearranging it and
calculating the volume:
From the given table these values are extracted to
calculated vales for Simpson formula;

X conversion (-rA) mole/L hr. 1/ (-rA) mole/L hr.

0 0.058 17.2
0.4 0.030 33.3
0.8 0.0040 250
 Levenspiel Plot PFR
X vs 1/(-rA) Exponential (X vs 1/(-rA))
250
1/(-rA) mole /L hr.

33.3
17.2
0 0.4 0.8
Conversion (X)

Now from Simpson eq:

Where FA0 = 2 mole/hr.

△X = (0+ 0.4 + 0.8) = 1.2
Putting values in eq.
V= 2*[{0.4} {1.2/3}* {17.2 + 4* 33.3 + 250}]
= 2* [{0.4} {1.2/3}*{400.4}]
= 2* [{0.4}{0.133* 400.4}]
V = 2* [0.4* 53.25]= 2* 21.301= 42.6 L

V= 42.6L = 0.0426 m³

Size comparison for CSTR & PFR:

For PFR volume calculated is 0.0426 m³

X conversion (-rA) mole/L hr. 1/ (-rA) mole/L hr.

0 0.058 17.2
0.4 0.030 33.3
0.8 0.0040 250

Levenspiel Plot for PFR

X vs 1/(-rA) Exponential (X vs 1/(-rA))
250
1/(-rA) mole /L hr.

33.3
17.2
0 0.4 0.8
Conversion (X)

FOR CSTR;
Fa0 = 2 mole /L hr.

Conversion (-rA) 1/(-rA) FAo/(-rA)

0 0.058 17.2 34.48
0.1 0.051 19.6 39.21
0.2 0.043 23.25 46.51
0.4 0.030 33.33 66.667
0.5 0.021 47.61 95.23
0.6 0.011 90.090 181.81
0.8 0.0040 250 500
 FA0/(-rA) vs X For CSTR
500

Fa0/(-rA)

181.81

95.23
66.66
34.48 39.21 46.51

0 0.1 0.2 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.8

X-Conversion

conclusion:
Volume of CSTR > Volume of PFR for the same conversion and conditions. The reason for this
is that CSTR always operates at lowest reaction rate. PFR starts at a high rate, and then
gradually decreases to the exit rate.

Part C
Dam-Kholer number for CSTR
−rAo∗V
Da=
FAo
In part A it is provided to calculate volume at 80 % of conversion by implementing that data in
the above equation I will calculate Da. Considering the reaction of D-leucin to L- leucine be
irreversible and 1st order(k1)
-rAo = 0.0040 mole/L hr.
V = 400 L
FAo = 2 moles/ hr.
Da = 0.0040* 400/2 = 0.8
Da = 0.8
Dam-Kholer number for PFR
−rAo∗V
Da=
FAo
Considering reaction to be irreversible, first order and achieving 80% conversion& 2mole/hr.
flow rate as mentioned.
Da= 0.0040* 42.6/2 = 0.09
Which clearly supports the results of the volume calculation Volume of CSTR > Volume of
PFR
Upscale – CSTR
By choosing CSTR and making same condition with 1000L Vol. of reactor the change will affect
the rate of reaction influencing the conversion rate
−rAo∗V
Da=
FAo
K1 = First order, irreversible reaction
0.8= 1000* (-rA0)/FAo
0.8* 2/1000= -rAo
-rAo = 0.0016 mole/l hr.
Thus; rate of reaction is increased as per demand of reactants and conversion will escalate

Part D
1)
2) The rate of reaction will increase as temperature is escalated from 50 to 125 °C resulting in boosting
collision and increase kinetic energy of molecules

3) By increase in temp. volume do increase and effecting the conversion the main variable will be the
residence time i.e. High temp increases vol. and lesser time will be needed to achieve the conversio

Section 2
Part A
M2O + E-----k1--- > M2O.E {initiation}
M2O.E ------k2----> M2O + E {ES-complex}
M2O.E------k3--- > LL + E {Product}
From Michael Mentis Equation:
Initiation = k1= [M2O.E]/[M2O][E]
ES complex= k2= [M20][E]/[M2O.E]
Product = k3 = [LL][E]/{M2O.E]

ES-Complex
d[M2O.E]/dt = -k2 [E][M2O]-k1 [M2O.E]

Assumptions:

 Steady state Approximation

 Law of Mass Action
 Equilibrium approximation

Equilibrium approximation: The original analysis, Michaels and Mentis assumed that the
substrate is in instantaneous chemical equilibrium with the complex, which implies

k1[E][M2O]= k3[E.M2O]

Part B
If reaction is catalytic the catalyst will follow the heterogeneous regime of reaction in order to
get recovered at end. A subtle barrier is demolished which indicates the need of activation
energy. The temperature and pressure condition will be escalated as enzyme works at room
temp mostly.

Section 3
Part A
Molecular weight of D& L Lucien = 131.17 gram/ mole
The process starts with taking D-Lucien which is 80% converted to L-Lucien for the start
initiation.
The flow rate is 2 moles per hr.
Price for 10 gram of D-Lucien is $ 140.5
Price of reactor is $ 3800/Liter
Vol. of reactor = 100L
Total cost of “L-Lucien”
Chemical Price
Basis 2 mole/hr. Of D- Lucien
As we know that
Moles = Given Mass/Molar Mass
2 = GM/131.17
GM = 262.34 gram /hr.
For a 24 hour production mass needed will be 6296.16 g
Price of 10 gram of D Lucien = 140.5
Price od 1 gram of D Lucien = 140.5/10= $ 14.05
Price of 6296.16g of D Lucien = 14.05* 5296.16
Price of chemical = $ 88461.04 for 24 hour production
Reactor Price
Price of reactor is $ 3800/Liter
Vol. of reactor = 100L
Price of reactor having 100L volume= 100* 3800
Price of reactor = $ 380,000
Total cost
Combine cost of chemical and reactor = 88461.04 + 380,000
Total cost = $468,461.04
Part B
Assumption and Data Provided
Scale up reactor vol. = 200L
60g/l of glucose gives 48g/l of D- Lucien in 24 hr.
Price of glucose = $ 1.12/kg
As mass/volume attribute of glucose is given we will multiply it by the total volume of 200L
reactor size to get mass in grams then convert it to kg for sake of getting answer in moles as per
requirement.
Taking basis of 60g/l of glucose in 24 hrs is employed.
Total mass of glucose used = 60g/L*200L= 12000g
Mass of glucose = 12 kg
Molar mass of glucose = 180.1g/mole
Mole of glucose used= 12000g/180.1g/mole
Mole of glucose needed per hr.= 2.77 mole /hr
Mole of glucose used in 24 hr. = 66.629 mole

 Price of 12 kg glucose for 24 hr. production = 1.12 * 12 = $13.44

 Price of glucose used for 2.77 mole per hr. = $0.56

Reactor price
Total vol. * price rate = 200* 3800
Reactor price = $760,000
Total cost:
Reactor + Chemical Price for 24 hr. production = 760,000 +13.44
Total Cost=$760,013.44