Course:- 28117

Class:- 289073
HERIOT WATT UNIVERSITY
DEPARTMENT OF PETROLEUM ENGINEERING

Examination for the Degree of

Meng in Petroleum Engineering

Formation Evaluation Section B

Wednesday 3rd January 2001

12.30 - 14.30

NOTES FOR CANDIDATES

1. This is a Open Book Examination.

2. 15 minutes reading time is provided from 12.15 – 12.30.

3. Examination Papers will be marked anonymously. See separate instruction for

completion of Script Book front covers and attachment of loose pages. Do not
write your name on any loose pages which are submitted as part of your answer.

4. Section B is a specific log based problem.

5. Attempt ALL Questions. Answer Section B in the blue books provided.

6. Return all logs with your Answer Books.

7. Marks for each Question are given in brackets.

8. This examination represents 100% of the Class assessment.

9. State clearly any assumptions used and intermediate calculations made in

numerical questions. No marks can be given for an incorrect answer if the method
of calculation is not presented. When the result is obtained using a chart book
figure, give the number of the figure (eg, Rint-2a, CP-18, Gen-7).
 Section B

This Section deals with a suite of down-hole logs, attached. The information you
require is as follows:

You have three suites of logs comprising, SP (Spontaneous Potential), GR (Gamma

Ray), DIL (Dual Induction), SFL (Spherically Focused Log), DT (Sonic/Acoustic), DTL
(Long-Spaced Sonic), CAL (Caliper), SGR (Total Spectral Gamma), CGR (Computed
Th + Gamma), PEF (Photoelectric Effect), DRHO (Bulk Density), NPHI (Neutron
Porosity), DPHI (Computed Density Porosity), LLS (Laterolog Shallow), LLD
(Laterolog Deep), EPT (Electromagnetic Propagation Tool) and a computed apparent
Total PHI.

The hole-size is 8.5 inches and the mud is water-based.

The zones of interest are from 6410-6510 feet.
The formation temperature at 6500 ft is 185ºF.

Mud properties are:

Rmf = 0.36 ohm.m @75˚ F
Rmc = 0.40 ohm.m @75˚ F

B9
Zone the log on the neutron and density porosity log gamma-ray trace.
Indicate:

(a) The possible/probable lithology and,

(b) Where permeable, the potential/probable fluid contents.

Mark a maximum of 5 zones, including shales and hand this log back with your
answer book.

(15)

B10
Determine the lithology within the intervals 6390-6400; 6432-6440;
6460-6470; and 6490-6500 by plotting 1 data point per interval on both a Neutron-
Density cross-plot and a M&N Plot.

Does the Pe curve back up your analysis?

If any ambiguity is seen, suggest potential causes and at least one solution.

(25)
B11
Determine the appropriate Rw at both 6396 and 6500 feet using the SP and Rwa
methods. Highlight any possible causes of discrepancies if you observe them.

(10)

B12
Briefly discuss why the EPT porosity data show distinct separations from the
computed total porosity curve. Do these separations enhance your understanding of
this log suite?

(5)

(Enclosures: 3 Logs, Pe values for various minerals, N - D Cross-plot template, M & N

Plot template)

End of Paper
 Gamma Ray and Spontaneous Potential
Schlumberger

Rweq Determination from ESSP

SP-1
Clean formations

This chart and nomograph calculate the equivalent forma- Example: SSP = 100 mV at 250°F
tion water resistivity, R weq, from the static spontaneous R mf = 0.70 ohm-m at 100°F
potential, E SSP, measurement in clean formations. or 0.33 ohm-m at 250°F
Enter the nomograph with ESSP in mV, turning through
Therefore, R mfeq = 0.85 × 0.33
the reservoir temperature in °F or °C to define the
= 0.28 ohm-m at 250°F
R mfeq /R weq ratio. From this value, pass through the R mfeq
value to define R weq. R weq = 0.025 ohm-m at 250°F Rweq
For predominantly NaCl muds, determine R mfeq as E SSP = –K c log(R mfeq /R weq ) (ohm-m) SP
follows: K C = 61 + 0.133 T°F 0.001
a. If R mf at 75°F (24°C) is greater than 0.1 ohm-m, K C = 65 + 0.24 T°C
correct R mf to formation temperature using Chart
Gen-9, and use R mfeq = 0.85 R mf.
b. If R mf at 75°F (24°C) is less than 0.1 ohm-m, use
Chart SP-2 to derive a value of R mfeq at formation
temperature.

Rmfeq /Rweq 0.005

0.3 0.3

0.4 0.4
0.5 Rmfeq 0.01
0.6 0.6 (ohm-m)
0.01
0.8 0.8
1 1 0.02 0.02

0.04
0.06
2 2
0.1
aw /amf or Rmfe /Rwe

0.05
3 0.2

4 4
0.4
5 0.6 0.1
6 6
1
8 8
10 10 2 0.2

4
25 00° C

6
0°
C
2

20 20
10
15

50
C

Formation 0.5
10
0
50°

0°
°
0°C

temperature
F
40

30
C

20
0°
30
0°C

F
100

20

40 40
°F
0°F

40
°F

50 1.0
60
+50 0 –50 –100 –150 –200
100
ESSP, static spontaneous potential (mV)
2.0
© Schlumberger

2-5
 Gamma Ray and Spontaneous Potential
Schlumberger

Rw versus Rweq and Formation Temperature

SP-2
(English)

0.001
500°F
400°F

0.002 300°F

SP 200°F

150°F
0.005
100°F
75°F
0.01
Saturation

0.02
R weq or R mfeq (ohm-m)

0.05

0.1

0.2

500°
F
400
°F
0.5 300
°F
200
°F
150
N

°F
aC

1.0 100
la

75° °F
t7

F
5°
F

2.0
0.005 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.05 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.5 1.0 2 3 4 5
R w or Rmf (ohm-m)
© Schlumberger

These charts convert equivalent water resistivity, R weq , from
Chart SP-1 to actual water resistivity, R w. They may also be used
to convert R mf to R mfeq in saline muds.
Use the solid lines for predominantly NaCl waters. The
dashed lines are approximate for “average” fresh formation
waters (where effects of salts other than NaCl become signifi-
cant). The dashed portions may also be used for gyp-base mud
filtrates.
Example: R weq = 0.025 ohm-m at 120°C
From chart, R w = 0.031 ohm-m at 120°C
Special procedures for muds containing Ca or Mg in solution
are discussed in Reference 3. Lime-base muds usually have a
negligible amount of Ca in solution; they may be treated as
regular mud types.

2-6
 Crossplots for Porosity, Lithology and Saturation
Schlumberger

Porosity and Lithology De te rmination from

CP-1c
Formation De nsity Log and CNL* Compe nsate d Ne utron Log
For CNL logs before 1986, or labeled NPHI

Fresh water, liquid-filled holes (ρf = 1.0)

1.9
45 45
40
2.0
Sulfur 40 40
Salt
35
2.1 35
Ap 35

40
pro
xim 30
co gas ate
rre
2.2 ctio sit
y 30 30
CP n ro

35
o
P 25

φD, density porosity (p.u.) (ρma = 2.71; ρf = 1.0)

ne
d sto 25 25
2.3 a n

30
s
20 tz e)
uar on
Q st
20
ρb, bulk density (g/cm3)

e
(lim 20
15 e

25
t
2.4 lci
5 Ca
1
15
10 20
2.5
10
ite
10
om
5

ol

15
D

2.6 5
5
0

10
2.7 0
0

5
2.8 Langbeinite –5
Polyhalite
0
–10
2.9
ite
dr
hy

–15
0

An

3.0
0 10 20 30 40

*Mark of Schlumberger
φCNLcor , neutron porosity index (p.u.) (apparent limestone porosity)
© Schlumberger

4-16