Definition

o Nanotechnology is science, engineering, and technology conducted at the nanoscale,

which is about 1 to 100 nanometers (nm).
o Nanomaterials usually has at least one external dimension that measures 100 nm or
less or with internal structures measuring 100 nm or less.
What's so special about the nanoscale?

Illustration demonstrating the effect of the increased surface area

provided by nanostructured materials?
1g

Surface area
Classifications
Applications
Nanoscale material synthesis method
Hydrolysis is any chemical reaction in which a molecule of water breaks one or more chemical
bonds. The term is used broadly for substitution, elimination, and solvation reactions in which
water is the nucleophile.

Solution combustion synthesis_.mp4 Sol-gel auto combustion method for nanoparticles synthesis.mp4
Analytical techniques
Morphology characterization: SEM, TEM, AFM
o Microscopy is the technical field, which used microscopes to view objects and areas of
objects that cannot be seen with the naked eye (objects that are not within the
resolution range of the normal eye)

o Most light microscopes has

 200 nm resolution and
 < 2000× magnifications

o Magnification is the ability to make

small objects seem larger.
o Resolution is the ability to
distinguish two objects from each
other.
?? Light microscopy has limits to both
its resolution and its magnification.
o A Scanning electron microscopy
 < 20 nm resolution in annular dark-field imaging mode and
 Magnifications of up to about 3,000,000x

Scanning electron microscopy.mp4

o Originate from the o Reflected back after
atoms of the sample elastic interactions
Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) animation of 3 types of imaging.mp4
Compositional analysis EDS, EDX, EDAX
A STEM has > 50 pm resolution in annular dark-field imaging mode and magnifications of
up to about 10,000,000x

Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM).mp4 Transmission Electron Microscopy.mp4

Objective Lenses: The objective lens gathers
light from the specimen, magnifies the image
of the specimen, and projects the magnified
image into the body tube.

Projector lens: Used to assist in magnifying

the image and to project the magnified image
onto the phosphorus screen.
X-ray diffraction is scattering of X-rays by the atoms of a crystal
that produces an interference effect so that the diffraction
pattern gives information on the structure of the crystal.

What is X-ray Diffraction.mp4

XRD and In situ XRD.mp4
ZnO XRD pattern
Crystallographic planes
Miller indices are used to specify directions and planes.
o Intercepts made by the plane…..take reciprocal …. miller indices
UV-vis/UV-vis-DRS
Optical properties: ………………. how it interacts with light?
A band gap, also called an energy gap, is an energy range in a solid where no electronic states can exist.
Semiconductor materials
o Semiconductor materials are nominally small band gap insulators.
o Doping with impurities alter its electronic properties in a controllable way.
o The search for new semiconductor materials and the improvement of existing
materials is an important field of study in materials science.
Doping
Intrinsic semiconductors: pure form of semiconductor materials
Extrinsic semiconductors: materials formed by adding some impurity to the pure
semiconductors
The bandgap of a semiconductor can be of two basic types (direct band gap or an indirect).
o The minimal-energy state in the CB and the maximal-energy state in the VB are each
characterized by a certain crystal momentum (k-vector).
o If the k-vectors are the same, the material has a direct band gap.
 An electron can directly emit a photon
o If the k-vectors are different, the material has an indirect gap.
 A photon cannot be emitted because the electron must pass through an intermediate
state and transfer momentum to the crystal lattice.

LED Catalysis
DRS: Kubelka–Munk

(𝐹 (𝑅)h ν)2 𝑣𝑠 h ν
Where F(R) is the K–M function; K is the K–M molar absorption coefficient; is the photon
energy, A is the proportionality constant, and Eg is bandgap

Eg = 1240/

F(R) = K/S, where K = (1-R)2 and S = 2R

R = %R/100

Kubelka-Munk function Band gap from Diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (DRS).mp4

BET
Reaction
Quantachrome Instruments Gas Sorption Show_.mp4 An Introduction to BET Surface Area Measurement (1).mp4
Different types of physisorption isotherms -- for different adsorbents.
Type I: Microporous;
Type II: Non-porous or macroporous with strong interaction;
Type III: Non-porous or macroporous with weak interaction;
Type IV: Mesoporous with strong interaction;
Type V: Mesoporous with weak interaction;
Type VI: layer-by-layer adsorption.

An introduction to gas sorption analysis, pore size and BET surface area measurement.mp4
DTG (DTA-TGA)

Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA).mp4

 0 120 240 360 480 600 720 840 960
90 0.5
80 0.0
-0.5

(b) P TP 1 (TG A)
70

(a) P TP 1 (D TA )
(130 °C ) -1.0
60 -1.5

m : -56.4 %
50 -2.0

TG A (m g)
D TA (uV )

40 -2.5
30 -3.0
-3.5
20 -4.0
10 -4.5
0 a -5.0
-10 b -5.5
-6.0
-20 -6.5
(430 °C )
-30 -7.0
0 120 240 360 480 600 720 840 960
Tem perature (°C )

o Vaporization of adsorbed H2O molecules,

o PVA intramolecular decay,
o Metal hydroxides
o PVA side chains decompositions, intermolecular/PVA main chain
decomposition,
o Decomposition of the crystalline part occurred to give carbon,
hydrocarbons, and ash