Magnetohydrodynamics energy transport inside a double lid-driven wavy-walled chamber: Impacts of inner solid cylinder and two-phase

nanoliquid approach

Journal Pre-proof

Magnetohydrodynamics energy transport inside a double lid-driven

wavy-walled chamber: Impacts of inner solid cylinder and two-phase
nanoliquid approach

A.I. Alsabery, M.A. Sheremet, M. Sheikholeslami, A.J. Chamkha,

I. Hashim

PII: S0020-7403(20)31095-X
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijmecsci.2020.105846
Reference: MS 105846

To appear in: International Journal of Mechanical Sciences

Received date: 11 March 2020

Revised date: 26 May 2020
Accepted date: 1 June 2020

Please cite this article as: A.I. Alsabery, M.A. Sheremet, M. Sheikholeslami, A.J. Chamkha, I. Hashim,
Magnetohydrodynamics energy transport inside a double lid-driven wavy-walled chamber: Impacts of
inner solid cylinder and two-phase nanoliquid approach, International Journal of Mechanical Sciences
(2020), doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijmecsci.2020.105846

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Highlights
• Galerkin weighted residual finite-element method was applied to solve
the dimensionless governing equations subject to the boundary condi-
tions.

• The two-phase nanofluid model is utilized for modelling the nanofluid

heat transfer within the wavy-walled cavity.

• Comparisons with previously experimental and numerical published

works verify good agreement with the proposed method.

• The effects of central solid cylinder, uniform magnetic field, Brownian

diffusion of nanoparticles and thermophoresis were explained.

1
 +V

Adiabatic

Water
Al2O3

Solid
L T g rΘ Tc

B
γ

Adiabatic

-V
L
(a) Physical model (b) grid-points-FEM
Ψ max =0.044
0.04 0.9
0.05
0.035 0.8

0.03 0.7 0.04

0.025
0.6
0.5 0.03
0.02
0.4
0.015
0.3 0.02
0.01
0.2
0.005 0.01
0.1
0

(a) streamlines (b) isotherms (c) nanoparticle distribution

2
 Magnetohydrodynamics energy transport inside a double
lid-driven wavy-walled chamber: Impacts of inner solid
cylinder and two-phase nanoliquid approach

A.I. Alsaberya,b , M.A. Sheremetc , M. Sheikholeslamid , A.J. Chamkhae,f , and I. Hashimb,∗

a
Refrigeration & Air-conditioning Technical Engineering Department,
College of Technical Engineering, Islamic University College, Najaf, Iraq
b
Department of Mathematical Sciences, Faculty of Science & Technology,
Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 UKM Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
c
Department of Theoretical Mechanics,
Tomsk State University, 634050 Tomsk, Russia
d
Department of Mechanical Engineering,
Babol Noshirvani University of Technology, Babol, Iran
e
Institute of Research and Development,
Duy Tan University, Da Nang 550000, Vietnam
f
Institute of Theoretical and Applied Research (ITAR),
Duy Tan University,Hanoi 100000, Vietnam

June 1, 2020

Abstract

Control of energy transport and convective liquid circulation is a challenge in

various engineering devices. Solution to this major problem can be obtained by
different techniques such as magnetic field impact, irregular shape of the walls, in-
ternal solid obstacles, nanoliquids, moving walls and so on. The current study is
devoted to a numerical analysis of nanoliquid mixed convective circulation and ther-
mal transmission within a lid-driven wavy chamber with a central solid cylinder in
the presence of a uniform magnetic influence, Brownian diffusion of nanoparticles
and thermophoresis effects. The governing equations are formulated by employing
the conservation laws in dimensionless form and the results are calculated by the
finite-element method. Validations with experimental/numerical data are accom-
plished which lend confidence in the numerical data of the existing code. Analysis
of the nanoliquid circulation and energy transport is conducted for a wide range
of control parameters. It has been revealed that the augmentation of nano-sized
particles enhances the overall energy transport in the case of low Reynolds number.
∗
Corresponding author: ishak h@ukm.edu.my

1
 Keywords: Mixed convective flow; Wavy-walled driven cavity; Magnetic field; Ther-
mophoresis and Brownian; Inner solid cylinder; Two-phase nanoliquid approach

2
Nomenclature
A amplitude
~
B applied magnetic field
B magnitude of magnetic field
Cp specific heat capacity
d side length of inner block
df diameter of the base fluid molecule
dp diameter of the nanoparticle
D dimensionless side length of the inner block, D = d/L
DB Brownian diffusion coefficient
DB0 reference Brownian diffusion coefficient
DT thermophoretic diffusivity coefficient
DT 0 reference thermophoretic diffusion coefficient
g gravitational accleration
Ha Hartmann number
Gr Grashof number
k thermal conductivity
Kr square wall to nanofluid thermal conductivity ratio, Kr = kw /knf
L width and height of enclosure
Le Lewis number
N number of undulations
NBT ratio of Brownian to thermophoretic diffusivity
Nu average Nusselt number
Pr Prandtl number
R dimensionless solid cylinder radius, R = r/L
Re Reynolds number
ReB Brownian motion Reynolds number
Ri Richardson number, Ri = Gr/Re2
Sc Schmidt number
T temperature
T0 reference temperature (310 K)
Tf r freezing point of the base fluid (273.15 K)
v, V velocity and dimensionless velocity vector
uB Brownian velocity of the nanoparticle
x, y & X, Y space coordinates & dimensionless space coordinates

Greek symbols
α thermal diffusivity
γ inclination angle of magnetic field
β thermal expansion coefficient
δ normalized temperature parameter
θ dimensionless temperature
µ dynamic viscosity
ν kinematic viscosity
ρ density
σ electrical conductivity
ϕ solid volume fraction
ϕ∗ normalized solid volume fraction
φ average solid volume fraction

subscript

3
 c cold
f base fluid
h hot
nf nanofluid
p solid nanoparticles
s solid cylinder

1 Introduction

Management of transport processes is a major task for many engineering systems [1–3].
Solution to this problem allows the optimization of the working process the enhancement
of the heat and mass transfer. Different techniques can be employed for achievement of
thermal management including nanoliquids, irregular walls, magnetic and electric fields,
porous insertions, solid obstacles, moving walls, local heat sources/sinks and so on. Thus,
Öztop et al. [4] described the magnetic impact and moving wall on the mixed convection
circulation and thermal transmission within a wavy cavity having heat sources. They
have found that the thermal transmission can be improved or degraded by nanoparticles
concentration. Alsabery et al. [5] made an investigation on the time-dependent energy
transport of water based nanofluid inside a heated enclosure having moving vertical
walls and having inner solid cylinder. Authors have revealed that the wavy border and
internal cylinder can be very good thermal management techniques. It should be noted
that the differences of the present study from this one is an analysis of steady mode
for a wide domain of governing parameters. Hussain et al. [6] have examined mixed
convective heat transfer within a cavity involving effects of moving walls, volumetric
heat generation/absorption and uniform magnetic field. It has been shown that the
highest thermal transmission can be received for maximum heat absorption rate.
Hussain et al. [7] have simulated entropy production and mixed nanoliquid convective
thermal transmission inside a partly heated chamber with moving borders and magnetic
field influence. They have demonstrated that total entropy production and the Bejan
number enhance with a rise of the Reynolds number and nanoparticles concentration.
Mixed convective liquid circulation and energy transport parameters in a square top
lid-driven chamber having a heated inner triangular body was numerically explained
by Gangawane and Manikandan [8]. They found an obvious diminishing in the energy
transport intensity at high Reynolds numbers. Problem of power-law liquid flow and
thermal transmission within a double-sided lid-driven enclosure under the impact of
isothermally heated triangular block has been solved numerically by Manchanda and
Gangawane [9] using the commercial Ansys Fluent software. It has been revealed that
thermal transmission rate improves by rising shear-thinning behavior. Sajjadi et al.
[10] have calculated MHD convective motion in a cubical cavity by employing the lattice
Boltzmann technique. They have shown the flow structure and isotherms toward multiple
amounts of Hartmann and Grashof numbers. Elshehabey and Ahmed [11] have studied
numerically mixed nanoliquid convective flow within the lid-driven container following
the uniform magnetic force. It has been ascertained that an inclined magnetic field
overcomes the liquid motion. Other interesting results on the considered topic can be
found in [12–21].

4
 The present study deals with a numerical investigation of steady mixed convection of
a nano-suspension within a wavy cavity in the presence of a uniform magnetic influence,
centrally-placed solid circular cylinder, wavy wall, moving vertical walls, nanoparticles
Brownian diffusion and thermophoresis effect.

2 Mathematical Formulation

The current numerical research explains the mixed convective flow and transferring of
heat case inside a 2D wavy-walled chamber of a length L and solid inner cylinder that is
placed within the enclosure center with radius r, as portrayed in Fig. 1. The nanoliquid
motion is considered to be incompressible and laminar. The moving vertical surfaces are
preserved at fixed various temperatures with Th at the left surface that is higher than
the temperature of right surface Tc . The top wavy and bottom horizontal surfaces of
the taken cavity are kept adiabatic. The surfaces of the chamber are impermeable and
the domain of interest is filled with water-Al2 O3 nanofluid. A magnetic field inclination
angle (γ) is employed into the chamber. Furthermore, the Boussinesq approximation
holds appropriate. Using such approaches, the control partial differential equations of
the Newtonian liquid and laminar circulation are written as follows [5, 17]:
∇ · v = 0, (1)
ρnf v · ∇v = −∇p + ∇ · (µnf ∇v) + (ρβ)nf (T − Tc )~g
~
+σnf v × B, (2)
(ρCp )nf v · ∇Tnf = −∇ · (knf ∇Tnf ) − Cp,p Jp · ∇Tnf , (3)
1
v · ∇ϕ = − ∇ · Jp , (4)
ρp
The inner circular cylinder heat conduction equation can be written as:
∇2 Ts = 0. (5)
Using the Buongiorno’s approach, the mass flux of nanoparticles (Jp ) is evaluated as the
following [5, 17]:
Jp = Jp,B + Jp,T , (6)
kb T
Jp,B = −ρp DB ∇ϕ, DB = , (7)
3πµf dp
∇T kf µf
Jp,T = −ρp DT , DT = 0.26 ϕ. (8)
T 2kf + kp ρf T
Thermo-chemical characteristics of the nanoliquid that used in this work are defined as
the following [5, 22]:
(ρCp )nf = (1 − ϕ)(ρCp )f + ϕ(ρCp )p , (9)
knf
αnf = , (10)
(ρCp )nf
ρnf = (1 − ϕ)ρf + ϕρp , (11)
(ρβ)nf = (1 − ϕ)(ρβ)f + ϕ(ρβ)p , (12)
µnf  
−0.3 1.03
= 1/ 1 − 34.87 (dp /df ) φ , (13)
µf
!10 !0.03
knf 0.4 T kp
= 1+ 4.4ReB Pr0.66 φ0.66 , (14)
kf Tf r kf

5
 +V
+V +V
Adiabatic
Adiabatic
Water
Al2O3 Water
Al2O3

Solid
L T g rΘ Tc Solid
L T g rΘ Tc

B
γ B
γ

Adiabatic
Adiabatic
L
-V L
(a) (b)

Figure 1: Schematic diagram of the physical model together with the inner solid cylinder
and the coordinate system for (a) case 1 (counter-direction lid-driven) and (b) case 2
(in-direction lid-driven).

where ReB is defined as

ρf uB dp 2kb T
ReB = , uB = , (15)
µf πµf d2p

where df describes the molecular diameter of that host liquid (water) which is given as
Corcione [22]:
6M
df = ∗ , (16)
N πρf
where (ρCp )nf is the heat capacitance of nanoliquid, αnf defines the nanofluid effective
thermal diffusivity, ρnf is the effective nanoliquid density, βnf is the nanoliquid thermal
µ k
expansion coefficient, while µnff
and knff
evaluate the nanoliquid dynamic viscosity ratio
and thermal conductivity ratio, respectively. The employed electrical conductivity ratio
σnf /σf can be described as Maxwell [23]:
 
σ
σnf 3 σfp − 1 ϕ
= 1 + σ  
σp
 . (17)
σf p
+ 2 − − 1 ϕ
σf σf

The following dimensionless parameters are utilized:

x y v pL2 ϕ DB
X= , Y = , V= , P = , ϕ ∗ = , DB ∗
= ,
L L U0 ρnf νf2 φ DB0
DT Tc Tnf − Tc Ts − Tc s
DT∗ = , δ= , θnf = , θs = , S= . (18)
DT 0 Th − Tc Th − Tc Th − Tc L

Eqs. (1)–(8) on using Eq. (18), we obtained the following non-dimensional control
equations:

∇ · V = 0, (19)
ρf µnf 1 2 (ρβ)nf
V · ∇V = −∇P + ∇ V+ Ri θnf
ρnf µf Re ρnf βf

6
 ρf σnf
+ V × B*, (20)
ρnf σf
(ρCp )f knf 1 (ρCp )f DB ∗
V · ∇θnf = ∇2 θnf + ∇ϕ∗ · ∇θnf
(ρCp )nf kf Re · Pr (ρCp )nf Re · Pr ·Le
(ρCp )f DT∗ ∇θnf · ∇θnf
+ , (21)
(ρCp )nf Re · Pr ·Le · NBT 1 + δθnf
DB ∗ DT∗ ∇2 θnf
V · ∇ϕ∗ = ∇2 ϕ∗ + · , (22)
Re · Sc Re · Sc · NBT 1 + δθnf
∇2 θs = 0, (23)

where V describes the velocity dimensionless vector (U0 , V0 ) and B* is the dimensionless
kb Tc
vector of the magnetic force (Ha2 sin γ, Ha2 cos γ). Other parameters as: DB0 = 3πµ f dp
f f k µ
describes Brownian diffusion coefficient, DT 0 = 0.26 2kf +k p ρf θ
φ shows thermophoretic
U0 L Gr νf φDB0 Tc
diffusion coefficient. Re = νf , Ri = Re2
, Sc = DB0 , NBT = DT 0 (Th −Tc ) , Le =
kf gβf (Th −Tc )L3
qσ ν
f
(ρCp )f φDB0 , Gr = νf2
, Ha = BL µf and Pr = αff are, respectively, Reynolds
number, Richardson number, Schmidt number, diffusivity ratio parameter (Brownian dif-
fusivity/thermophoretic diffusivity), Lewis number, Grashof number, Hartman number
and Prandtl number of the used base liquid.
The selected conditions of dimensionless boundaries for Eqs. (19)–(23) are given by:

At the left moving vertical surface:

∂ϕ∗ D∗ 1 1 ∂θ
U = 0, V = λl , = − ∗T · · , θ = 1, (24)
∂n DB NBT 1 + δθ ∂n
At the right moving vertical surface:
∂ϕ∗ D∗ 1 1 ∂θ
U = 0, V = λr , = − ∗T · · , θ = 0, (25)
∂n DB NBT 1 + δθ ∂n
At the top adiabatic wavy surface:
∂ϕ∗ ∂θ
U = V = 0, = 0, = 0, 1 − A(1 − cos(2N πY )), 0 ≤ X ≤ 1 (26)
∂n ∂n
At the bottom horizontal adiabatic surface:
∂ϕ∗ ∂θ
U = V = 0, = 0, = 0, (27)
∂n ∂n
θ = θs , at the surface of the inner cylinder, (28)
∂ϕ∗ D∗ 1 1 ∂θ ∂θ ∂θs
U = V = 0, = − ∗T · · , = Kr , (29)
∂n DB NBT 1 + δθ ∂n ∂n ∂n

where Kr = ks /knf shows the thermal conductivity ratio onward the inner cylinder
surface. Local Nusselt number does obtained through the heated left vertical surface as:
 
knf ∂θ
N unf = − . (30)
kf ∂X X=0

Besides, the average Nusselt number does estimate toward the heated left vertical surface
of the cavity as:
Z 1
N unf = N unf dY. (31)
0

7
3 Numerical Method and Validations

The Galerkin weighted residual method along with the finite element technique are uti-
lized to study the control equations (19)–(23) subject to the boundary conditions (24)–
(29). The finite element analysis for the momentum equation Eq. (20) stands giving by
the following scheme:
Modifying the momentum equation of the vector mode (V) to the Cartesian coordi-
nates system (X, Y ) gives the following:
!
∂U ∂U ∂P ρf µnf 1 ∂2U ∂2U
U +V =− + +
∂X ∂Y ∂X ρnf µf Re ∂X 2 ∂Y 2
ρf σnf
+ Ha2 (V sin γ cos γ − U sin2 γ),
ρnf σf
!
∂V ∂V ∂P ρf µnf 1 ∂2V ∂2V (ρβ)nf
U +V =− + 2
+ + Ri θnf
∂X ∂Y ∂Y ρnf µf Re ∂X ∂Y 2 ρnf βf
ρf σnf
+ Ha2 (U sin γ cos γ − V cos2 γ).
ρnf σf

Next, we apply the penalty finite element method by reducing the pressure (P ) with
the inclusion of the penalty parameter (λ) and getting [24]:
 
∂U ∂V
+P = −λ
.
∂X ∂Y
The resulting momentum equations into the X and Y -directions become:
  !
∂U ∂U ∂λ ∂U ∂V ρf µnf 1 ∂2U ∂2U
U +V = + + 2
+
∂X ∂Y ∂X ∂X ∂Y ρnf µf Re ∂X ∂Y 2
ρf σnf
+ Ha2 (V sin γ cos γ − U sin2 γ),
ρnf σf
  !
∂V ∂V ∂λ ∂U ∂V ρf µnf 1 ∂2V ∂2V (ρβ)nf
U +V = + + 2
+ + Ri θnf
∂X ∂Y ∂Y ∂X ∂Y ρnf µf Re ∂X ∂Y 2 ρnf βf
ρf σnf
+ Ha2 (U sin γ cos γ − V cos2 γ).
ρnf σf
The weighted integral (weak) formulation regarding the momentum equations is obtained
through multiplying with an interior domain (Φ) and integrating it over the computa-
tional area which is discretised toward small triangular components being given by in
Fig. 2. The next weak formulations are achieved:
Z ! Z !
k k ∂U k ∂V k
k ∂U k ∂U ∂Φi
Φi U + Φi V dXdY = λ + dXdY
Ω ∂X ∂Y Ω ∂X ∂X ∂Y
Z !
ρf µnf 1 ∂2U k ∂2U k
+ Φi 2
+ dXdY
ρnf µf Re Ω ∂X ∂Y 2
ρf σnf h i
+ Ha2 Φi V k sin γ cos γ − Φi U k sin2 γ ,
ρnf σf
Z ! Z !
k k ∂U k ∂V k
k ∂V k ∂V ∂Φi
Φi V + Φi V dXdY = λ + dXdY
Ω ∂X ∂Y Ω ∂Y ∂X ∂Y
Z ! Z
ρf µnf 1 ∂2V k ∂2V k (ρβ)nf k
+ Φi 2
+ 2
dXdY + Ri Φi θnf dXdY
ρnf µf Re Ω ∂X ∂Y ρnf βf Ω
ρf σnf h i
+ Ha2 Φi U k sin γ cos γ − Φi V k cos2 γ .
ρnf σf

8
Determining the interpolation functions by implementing an approximation for the ve-
locity distribution and temperature distribution as:
m
X m
X m
X
U≈ Uj Φj (X, Y ), V ≈ Vj Φj (X, Y ), θ≈ θj Φj (X, Y ).
j=1 j=1 j=1

The nonlinear residual comparisons toward the momentum equations that are received
from the Galerkin weighted residual finite-element procedure are:
    
m
X Z m
X m

∂Φj X ∂Φj 
R(1)i = Uj Uj Φj  + Vj Φj  Φi dXdY
j=1 Ω j=1
∂X j=1
∂Y
 
m
X Z Xm Z
∂Φi ∂Φj ∂Φi ∂Φj
+λ  Uj dXdY + Vj dXdY
j=1 Ω ∂X ∂X j=1 Ω ∂X ∂Y
m
X Z  
ρf µnf 1 ∂Φi ∂Φj ∂Φi ∂Φj
+ Uj + dXdY
ρnf µf Re j=1 Ω ∂X ∂X ∂Y ∂Y
    
m
X m
X
ρf σnf
+ Ha2  Vj Φi  sin γ cos γ −  Uj Φi  sin2 γ  ,
ρnf σf j=1 j=1
    
m
X Z m
X m

∂Φj X ∂Φj 
R(2)i = Vj Uj Φj  + Vj Φj  Φi dXdY
j=1 Ω j=1
∂X j=1
∂Y
 
m
X Z Xm Z
∂Φi ∂Φj ∂Φi ∂Φj
+λ  Uj dXdY + Vj dXdY
j=1 Ω ∂Y ∂X j=1 Ω ∂Y ∂Y
 
m Z   Z m
ρf µnf 1 X ∂Φi ∂Φj ∂Φi ∂Φj (ρβ)nf 
X
+ Vj + dXdY + Ri θj Φj  Φi dXdY
ρnf µf Re j=1 Ω ∂X ∂X ∂Y ∂Y ρnf βf Ω j=1
    
m
X m
X
ρf σnf
+ Ha2  Uj Φi  sin γ cos γ −  Vj Φi  cos2 γ  .
ρnf σf j=1 j=1

where the superscript k is the approximate index, subscripts i, j and m are the residual
number, node number and iteration number, respectively. The Newton-Raphson itera-
tion algorithm was applied for simplifying the nonlinear expressions into the momentum
equations.
To make sure that the used numerical method is validated, a comparison between the
figures of the existent numerical work and the one obtained by Costa and Raimundo [25]
was described in Fig. 3 for the mixed convective circulation within a square chamber
having various temperatures on sides and solid inner cylinder. A comparison is provided
in Fig. 4 for the case of two-phase nanoliquid approach for the convective energy trans-
port inside a square enclosure considered by Corcione et al. [26]. Also, we have validated
the used nanofluid model in the existing investigation for the thermal conductivity and
the dynamic viscosity properties by validating with experimental works of Chon et al.
[29] and Ho et al. [30] and the proved computational models of Corcione et al. [26] as
explained in Fig. 5. The provided validations demonstrate high confidence toward the
accuracy regarding the current computational technique.

9
 Figure 2: Grid-points distribution for the grid size of 9811 elements.

−1

−2

−3

−4

−5

−6

−7

−8

0.9
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1

(a)

−0.5

−1

−1.5

−2

−2.5

−3

0.9
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1

(b)

Figure 3: Comparison of (top) streamlines and (bottom) isotherms; (left) Costa and
Raimundo [25] and (right) current study for (a) R = 0.2 and (b) R = 0.4 at Ra = 105 ,
φ = 0, Ha = 0, N = 0, Kr = 1 and Pr = 0.7.

4 Results and Discussion

The present paragraph describes computational results of the fluid flow (streamlines),
temperature fields (isotherms), nanoparticle distribution, local and average heat transfer

10
 −0.5

−1

−1.5

−2

−2.5

(a)

0.8

0.7

0.6

0.5

0.4

0.3

0.2

(b)
0.05
0.045
0.04
0.035
0.03
0.025
0.02
0.015
0.01

(c)

Figure 4: Corcione et al. [26] (left), current study (right) of (a) streamlines, (b) isotherms
and (c) nanoparticle distribution for Ra = 3.37 × 105 , φ = 0.04, Ha = 0, N = 0 and
R = 0.

(local and average Nusselt numbers). The following non-dimensional characteristics are
described; nanoparticles concentration (0 ≤ φ ≤ 0.04), Reynolds number 1 ≤ Re ≤ 100),
Richardson number (0.01 ≤ Ri ≤ 100), Hartmann number (0 ≤ Ha ≤ 50), number of
undulations (0 ≤ N ≤ 4) and non-dimensional radius of solid cylinder (0.05 ≤ S ≤ 0.25).
The magnitudes of the remaining parameters are fixed at Pr = 4.623, A = 0.1, ks = 0.76
W/m·K, Θ = 360, Le = 3.5 × 105 , Sc = 3.55 × 104 , NBT = 1.1 and δ = 155, respectively.
The local and average Nusselt numbers are also calculated for diverse magnitudes Re,
Ri, Ha and R. Table 1 explains the thermo-chemical properties of water (host fluid)
phase plus the solid particles Al2 O3 phase.

11
 Exp. Chon et al. 1.5 Exp. Ho et al.
1.1
Num. Corcione et al. Num. Corcione et al.
Num. Present Work 1.45 Num. Present Work
1.4
1.08 1.35
1.3

µnf /µf
1.06
knf /kf

1.25
1.2
1.04
1.15

1.02 1.1
1.05

1 1
0 0.005 0.01 0.015 0.02 0.025 0.03 0.035 0.04 0 0.005 0.01 0.015 0.02 0.025 0.03 0.035 0.04
φ φ

(a) (b)

Figure 5: (a) thermal conductivity ratio with Chon et al. [29] and Corcione et al. [26];
(b) dynamic viscosity ratio with Ho et al. [30] and Corcione et al. [26].

Table 1: Thermo-physical properties of base fluid (water) with Al2 O3 nanoparticles at

T = 310K [27, 28].

Physical properties Fluid phase (water) Al2 O3

Cp (J/kgK) 4178 765
ρ (kg/m3 ) 993 3970
k (Wm−1 K−1 ) 0.628 40
β × 105 (1/K) 36.2 0.85
µ × 106 (kg/ms) 695 –
dp (nm) 0.385 33

12
4.1 Effect of nanoparticles loading

Figure 6 explains the streamlines, isotherms and the isoconcentration contours inside the
considered chamber for two cases of vertical walls motion direction at Re = 100, Ri = 10,
Ha = 20, N = 3, R = 0.15 and different magnitudes of the nanoparticles concentration.
In the case 1, when we have a counter direction of borders motion, namely, the left
wall tends to move to the bottom segment, while the right one moves to the upper part,
regardless of the nanoparticles volume fraction, four convective cells take place within the
cavity. The two main cells are placed close to the moved vertical walls and the shape of
these cells is defined by the temperature gradient, therefore, natural convection for these
cells is dominated over the forced convection induced by the moved walls. The other
two circulations are placed near the central solid cylinder and directions of these vortices
are defined by the direction of cells close to the isothermal vertical walls. Increasing
of the nanoparticles concentrations results in a widening of the convective cells about
the moving walls, while the circulations near the cylinder are decreased in sizes and the
core of the right minor circulation is displaced to the upper part. Such a modification
of the convective flow results in a growth of the convective circulation intensity owing
to a significant penetration of the temperature difference from the vertical walls into
the cavity. The temperature distributions illustrate an appearance of thermal boundary
layers about the isothermal borders and the thickness of these layers is increased with the
increase of the nanoparticles concentration. In the central part, the distribution of the
isotherms reflects the temperature stratification by the heating from the upper segment
to the bottom one. In the case of isoconcentrations, one can observe a formation of
three zones, namely, a zone of high φ near the left heated wall, a zone of low φ near the
right cooled border and a zone of high φ near the cylinder surface. It is worth noting
that the circulation of nanoparticles within the zones close to the isothermal walls is
defined by the borders directions and for the same reason, nanoparticles circulation is
near the central cylinder. An enhancement of the nanoparticles volume fraction causes
the widening of the nanoparticles zones close to the vertical borders.
A change of the left vertical border motion direction (Case 2) leads to modification
of flow structure, heat transfer performance and nanoparticles distribution within the
cavity. In this case, one can find a formation of three circulations, namely, a major one
is near the left border, another one is near the right wall and a minor vortex is located
between the central cylinder and the right vortex. Such a flow structure can be explained
by a combination of inertia force and buoyancy force due to a motion of the heated wall
in the upper direction. As a result, the thermal stratification of the working fluid can be
found in the major part of the chamber owing to natural heating of the chamber from
the upper part with the bottom one. Unnatural vortex can be observed close to the
right wall due to opposition of inertia and buoyancy forces. In this case, the ascending
thermal boundary layer appears close to the left vertical border, where the inertia force
coincides with the buoyancy force. Heating of the cavity in this case is more essential in
comparison with the case 1 due to multiplication effect of the left wall inertia force and
the buoyancy force. The distribution of nanoparticles illustrates an appearance of two
zones, namely, the major zone in the cavity and a minor one near the right wall.
Figure 7 demonstrates profiles of the local N u along the left vertical surface for
different nanoparticles concentrations and for the two considered cases. In case 1, a
growth of vertical coordinate reflects a rise of N unf for 0 ≤ Y ≤ 0.2 due to a rise of the
temperature difference between the heated wall and the cold temperature wave from the
right cold wall, for 0.2 ≤ Y < 0.5, the local N u shows a reduction affected by the counter
action of the inertia force and the buoyancy force. While for 0.5 < Y < 0.95, N unf rises

13
 Ψ max =0.0257
0.9
0.05
0.02 0.8
0.015 0.7
0.04
0.01 0.6
0.5 0.03
0.005
0.4
0
0.3 0.02
−0.005
0.2
−0.01 0.1 0.01

(a) φ = 0.01
Ψ max =0.03
0.9
0.025 0.05
0.8
0.02
0.7
0.04
0.015 0.6
0.01 0.5 0.03
0.005 0.4
0 0.3 0.02

−0.005 0.2
0.1 0.01
−0.01

(b) φ = 0.04

Case 1

Ψ max =0.021
0.9
0.05
0.01 0.8
0.7
0 0.04
0.6

−0.01
0.5
0.03
0.4
−0.02 0.3 0.02
0.2
−0.03
0.1 0.01

(a) φ = 0.01
Ψ max =0.0246
0.02 0.9
0.05
0.8
0.01
0.7
0.04
0 0.6
0.5
−0.01 0.03
0.4
−0.02
0.3 0.02
−0.03 0.2
0.1 0.01
−0.04

(b) φ = 0.04
Case 2

Figure 6: Variations of the streamlines (left), isotherms (middle), and nanoparticle dis-
tribution (right) with various solid volume fraction (φ) for case 1 and case 2 at Re = 100,
Ri = 10, Ha = 20, N = 3 and R = 0.15.

14
and for Y > 0.95, the local Nusselt number is reduced. The described Nusselt number
nature is related to the interaction between the temperature difference and the moving
wall effect. An augmentation of the nanoparticles volume fraction makes a clear reduction
on N unf for 0 ≤ Y < 0.45, while for 0.45 < Y < 0.95 N unf increases with φ. Also, it
can be noted that the increasing of φ reflects a reduction of decreasing zone for the local
N u. In the case 2, N u decreases with Y and the effect of φ is negligible. Reduction of
the local N u with Y -coordinate for case 2 can be achieved by a widening of the ascending
thermal boundary layer, where with the Y -coordinate temperature gradient decreases.

φ = 0.01 25 φ = 0.01
6 φ = 0.02 φ = 0.02
φ = 0.03 φ = 0.03
φ = 0.04 φ = 0.04
5 20

4 15

N unf
Nunf

3
10

5
1

0
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
Left wall Left wall
(a) (b)

Figure 7: Variations of N unf interface with Y for (a) case 1 and (b) case 1 for various φ
at Re = 100, Ri = 10, Ha = 20, N = 3 and R = 0.15.

Conduct of the average N u at the left boundary with the Richardson number and
φ for the considered cases is presented in Fig. 8. In case 1, for a low value of the
Reynolds number (Re = 10) a growth of the nanoparticles concentration reflects an
obvious rise of the average Nusselt number. While, for high values of the Richardson
number (Ri > 70) it is possible to enhance the energy transport using less nanoparticles
volume fraction (φ = 0.03). Such a non-linear behavior of the average Nusselt number
with the nanoparticles concentration for high Ri can be explained by a domination of
the buoyancy force from the heated wall. Within a similar time, for Ri < 20 N unf
decreases with Ri, while for 20 < Ri < 100 the average N u rises with Ri. For Re = 100
(case 1), the influence of φ is non-linear, while for Ri > 5 N unf enhances with Ri.
This non-linear influence of the nanoparticles volume fraction becomes more essential
for high Reynolds numbers, because in this case, a rise of Ri characterizes an essential
increase of the Grashof number. For case 2, N unf augments with Ri and φ. A weak
non-linear impact of φ is found for Ri > 60. An interesting notion can be defined by the
following behavior; the impact of the nanoparticles concentration is more significant for
small magnitudes of the Richardson number in the case of Re = 10, while for Re = 100
this impact tends to be more essential for high Richardson numbers. In comparison with
Case 1, the average Nusselt number is an increasing function of the Richardson number
owing to a positive combined influence of inertia and buoyancy forces.

15
 9
1.6

8
1.5

1.4 7

N unf
Nunf

1.3 6

1.2 5

1.1
φ=0 4 φ=0
φ = 0.01 φ = 0.01
1 φ = 0.03 φ = 0.03
φ = 0.04 3 φ = 0.04
10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
Ri Ri

(a) (b)

Case 1

2.2 13
12
2
11
10
1.8
9
Nunf
Nunf

1.6 8
7
1.4 6
5
1.2 φ=0 φ=0
φ = 0.01 4 φ = 0.01
φ = 0.03 φ = 0.03
φ = 0.04 3 φ = 0.04
1
10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
Ri Ri

(a) (b)
Case 2

Figure 8: Variances of N unf with Ri for various φ, (a) Re = 10 and (b) Re = 100 and
for case 1 and case 2 at Re = 100, Ha = 20, N = 3 and R = 0.15.

4.2 Effect of Richardson number

Figure 9 examines the streamlines, isotherms and the isoconcentration contours for the
considered case 1 and various Richardson numbers. Similar to the fact that a rise of Ri
is attached to an enhancement in the Grashof number, an increase of Ri is related with
the enhancement of the temperature difference. For Ri = 0.01 (Fig. 9a) one can find
two convective cells near the vertical moving walls. Taking into account low value of
Ri, the analyzed convective mode is a forced convection. Therefore, heating of the left
lower part and the cooling of the right upper zone of the cavity occur. The distribution of
nanoparticles characterizes a formation of high concentration zones near the bottom wall
and cylinder surface, while near to the upper wavy wall, one can find an appearance of a
low concentration zone. For Ri = 1 (Fig. 9b) the mixed convection regime is observed,
where the sizes of the two major vortices are decreased and minor recirculations can be
found within the cavity. The heating and the cooling of the considered cavity exist in the
left and right parts, respectively. Here, the natural convection and the forced convection
have equal effects. Such a regime is characterized by an interaction between low and
high nanoparticles volume fraction zones close to the cylinder surface. Furthermore, a
rise of Ri reflects a domination of a natural convection mode, where convective cells close
to the isothermal vertical walls are decreased in sizes, while circulations between these

16
vortices and the internal cylinder are increased in sizes. A temperature stratification
zone is formed within the central chamber part and the thicknesses of the thermal,
concentration and the dynamic boundary layers reduce.
Figure 10 illustrates the distributions of the local heat transfer (N u) at the heated
border with the Richardson number for case 1 and case 2 at φ = 0.02, Re = 100,
Ha = 20, N = 3 and R = 0.15. For Case 2 (Fig. 10b), a rise of the Richardson number
leads to the boosting of the local N u, while for Case 1 (Fig. 10a) the influence of Ri on
N unf is non-linear. It is interesting to emphasize that for Ri ∈ (0.01, 1) in Case 1, N unf
decreases with a maximum value for Y ∈ (0.8, 1), while for Ri ∈ (10, 100) the local N u
increases with a maximum magnitude for Y ∈ (0, 0.2). It is necessary to note that an
opposite behavior of the local Nusselt number at Ri = 100 for Case 1 compared to the
lower values of Ri. Such an essential modification of the local Nusselt number profile
can be explained by the domination of natural convection and essential reduction of the
thermal boundary layer thickness at the vertical isothermal walls.
The effects of the Richardson and Reynolds numbers on the average N u (rate of the
energy transport) along the left vertical boundary for Cases 1 and 2 are presented in Fig.
11. In Case 2 (Fig. 11b), a growth of Ri and Re characterizes the rise of the energy
transfer intensity, while a significant growth of N unf occurs for the high Richardson
numbers. In the case of counter effect of the inertia force and buoyancy force (Fig. 11a)
a growth of Ri has a non-linear effect on the average N u.

4.3 Effect of Hartmann number

Contours of the streamlines, isotherms and the nano-sized particles isoconcentrations are
described in Fig. 12 for Case 1 at φ = 0.02, Re = 100, Ri = 10, N = 3, R = 0.15 and
different magnitudes of Ha. The Hartmann number characterizes the uniform magnetic
field influence. An increment of Ha illustrates a modification of the central recirculations
zones, where the right vortex located near the cylinder displaces to the upper part (see
Fig. 12d). Such a modification leads to a change of the temperature field. The central
temperature stratification zone with heating from the upper segment is rotated with
heating from the left upper part. Nanoparticles concentrations are changed as well. The
nanofluid flow is suppressed by the magnetic influence owing to a braking impact of the
Lorentz force.
Figure 13 presents the distributions of the local N u within the left vertical surface for
various magnitudes of the Hartmann number and different cases at φ = 0.02, Re = 100,
Ri = 10, N = 3 and R = 0.15. Such a behavior of the local heat transfer has been
explained earlier. A growth of Ha reflects an obvious diminution of the local Nusselt
number. Simultaneously, for Case 1 a growth of Ha explains a depression of the local
Nusselt number decreasing zone. It should be noted that a more essential reduction with
Ha occurs for the following range Ha ∈ (25, 50) where domination of heat conduction
can be found.
Variations of the energy transport intensity with Ha and R are presented in Fig. 14
for different Reynolds numbers at φ = 0.02, Ri = 10 and N = 3. For high rates of the
Reynolds number (Re = 100 in Fig. 14b) a growth of the cylinder radius reflects on the
average N u decreasing, while the growing of the Hartmann number degrades N unf for
various values of Re. It should be noted that for a low Ha, the impact of R is more
essential for R > 0.2. A more essential diminution of N unf occurs for Ha ∈ (25, 50) in
Case 2. In Case 1 for Ha ≥ 25 the average N u is a growing function of R, while for

17
 Ψ max =0.0454
0.9
0.04 0.05
0.8
0.035
0.7
0.03 0.04
0.6
0.025
0.5
0.02 0.03
0.4
0.015
0.3
0.02
0.01
0.2
0.005 0.1
0.01

(a) Ri = 0.01
Ψ max =0.044
0.04 0.9
0.05
0.035 0.8

0.03 0.7 0.04

0.025
0.6
0.5 0.03
0.02
0.4
0.015
0.3 0.02
0.01
0.2
0.005 0.01
0.1
0

(b) Ri = 1
Ψ max =0.0269
0.9
0.05
0.02 0.8

0.015
0.7
0.04
0.6
0.01
0.5 0.03
0.005
0.4
0
0.3 0.02
−0.005 0.2
−0.01 0.1 0.01

(c) Ri = 10
Ψ max =0.0126
0.01 0.9
0.05
0.8
0
0.7
0.04
0.6
−0.01
0.5
0.03
0.4
−0.02
0.3 0.02
−0.03 0.2
0.1 0.01

(d) Ri = 100

Figure 9: Variations of the streamlines (left), isotherms (middle), and nanoparticle dis-
tribution (right) with various Richardson number (Ri) for case 1, φ = 0.02, Re = 100,
Ha = 20, N = 3 and R = 0.15.

18
 18 Ri = 0.01 35 Ri = 0.01
Ri = 1 Ri = 1
Ri = 10 Ri = 10
16 Ri = 100 Ri = 100
30
14
25
12

10 20
Nunf

Nunf
8 15

6
10
4
5
2

0 0
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
Left wall Left wall
(a) (b)

Figure 10: Variations of N unf interface with Y for (a) case 1 and (b) case 2 for various
Ri at φ = 0.02, Re = 100, Ha = 20, N = 3 and R = 0.15.

9 Ri = 0.01 Ri = 0.01
Ri = 1 Ri = 1
Ri = 10 12 Ri = 10
8 Ri = 100 Ri = 100

7 10

6
8
Nunf
Nunf

5
6
4

3 4

2
2
1
10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
Re Re

(a) (b)

Figure 11: Variations of N unf with Re for various Ri, (a) case 1 and (b) case 2 at
φ = 0.02, Ha = 20, N = 3 and R = 0.15.

Ha < 25, N unf has a non-monotonic behavior, namely, for Ha = 0 the average Nusselt
number tends to rise with R for R < 0.15 and for R > 0.15 it decreases. While for
Ha = 10 the average N u rises with R for R < 0.21 and for R > 0.21 it decreases.

4.4 Influence of undulation parameter

Figure 15 shows the streamlines, isotherms and nanoparticles isoconcentration contours

for Case 1 at φ = 0.02, Re = 100, Ri = 10, Ha = 20, R = 0.15 and assorted values of
the undulations number. It should be observed that an augmentation of the undulations
number results in a diminution of the nanoliquid flow space inside the cavity. Such a
modification changes the flow structures mainly, while the isotherms and nanoparticles
isoconcentrations are modified weakly. The distributions of the local N u are shown
in Fig. 16 for φ = 0.02, Re = 100, Ri = 10, Ha = 20 and R = 0.15, different N
and analyzed cases. In Case 2 (Fig. 16b) a rise of the undulations number leads to a

19
 Ψ max =0.0267
0.9
0.05
0.02 0.8
0.015 0.7
0.04
0.01 0.6

0.005 0.5 0.03

0.4
0
0.3 0.02
−0.005
0.2
−0.01
0.1 0.01
−0.015

(a) Ha = 0
Ψ max =0.027
0.9
0.05
0.02 0.8

0.015 0.7
0.04
0.6
0.01
0.5 0.03
0.005
0.4
0
0.3 0.02
−0.005
0.2
−0.01 0.1 0.01

(b) Ha = 15
Ψ max =0.0267
0.9
0.05
0.02 0.8
0.7
0.015 0.04
0.6
0.01
0.5 0.03
0.005
0.4
0 0.3 0.02
−0.005 0.2
0.1 0.01
−0.01

(c) Ha = 25
Ψ max =0.0232 −3
x 10
20 0.9
0.05
0.8
15 0.7
0.04
0.6
10
0.5 0.03
5 0.4
0.3 0.02
0
0.2
−5 0.1 0.01

(d) Ha = 50

Figure 12: Variations of the streamlines (left), isotherms (middle), and nanoparticle
distribution (right) with various Hartmann number (Ha) for case 1, φ = 0.02, Re = 100,
Ri = 10, N = 3 and R = 0.15.

20
 Ha = 0 25 Ha = 0
Ha = 15 Ha = 15
6
Ha = 25 Ha = 25
Ha = 50 Ha = 50
20
5

4 15

N unf
Nunf

3
10

2
5
1

0
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
Left wall Left wall
(a) (b)

Figure 13: Variations of N unf interface with Y for (a) case 1 and (b) case 2 for various
Ha at φ = 0.02, Re = 100, Ri = 10, N = 3 and R = 0.15.

1.26
Ha = 0
Ha = 10
3.8 Ha = 25
1.24 Ha = 50
1.22 3.6

1.2 3.4
1.18
Nunf
Nunf

3.2
1.16
3
1.14
1.12 2.8
1.1
Ha = 0 2.6
1.08 Ha = 10
Ha = 25
Ha = 50 2.4
1.06
0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25
R R

(a) (b)

Figure 14: Variations of N unf with R for various Ha, (a) Re = 10 and (b) Re = 100 at
φ = 0.02, Ri = 10 and N = 3.

diminution of the local Nusselt number, whilst for Case 1 one can obtain a non-linear
influence of N . It is worth noting that the maximum value of N unf located in a zone
for Y > 0.8 decreases and moves from the upper wall.
Figure 17 demonstrates an obvious reduction in the average N u with Ha for all
magnitudes of the Reynolds number, while for Re = 10 N unf decreases with N that can
be described by a diminution of temperature gradient presented in Fig. 16. In Case 2
(Fig. 17b) a non-linear impact of N on N unf is observed. As it has been mentioned
above, a growth of the internal cylinder radius increases the average Nusselt number for
Case 1, while for Case 2 also N unf changes non-monotonic, as shown in Fig. 18.

21
 Ψ max =0.0277
0.025 0.9
0.05
0.02 0.8
0.7
0.015 0.04
0.6
0.01
0.5 0.03
0.005
0.4
0
0.3 0.02
−0.005 0.2
−0.01 0.1 0.01

(a) N = 0
Ψ max =0.0283
0.025 0.9
0.05
0.8
0.02
0.7
0.015 0.04
0.6
0.01
0.5 0.03
0.005
0.4
0
0.3 0.02
−0.005 0.2
−0.01 0.1 0.01

(b) N = 1
Ψ max =0.027
0.025 0.9
0.05
0.02 0.8

0.015
0.7
0.04
0.6
0.01
0.5 0.03
0.005
0.4
0
0.3 0.02
−0.005 0.2
−0.01 0.1 0.01

(c) N = 2
Ψ max =0.0276
0.025 0.9
0.05
0.02 0.8
0.7
0.015 0.04
0.6
0.01
0.5 0.03
0.005
0.4
0 0.02
0.3
−0.005 0.2
0.01
−0.01 0.1

(d) N = 4

Figure 15: Variations of the streamlines (left), isotherms (middle), and nanoparticle
distribution (right) with various number of undulations (N ) for case 1, φ = 0.02, Re =
100, Ri = 10, Ha = 20 and R = 0.15.

22
 16
N =0 40 N =0
N =1 N =1
N =2 N =2
14 N =3 N =3
N =4 35 N =4
12
30

10 25
Nunf

Nunf
8 20

6 15

4 10

2 5

0 0
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
Left wall Left wall
(a) (b)

Figure 16: Variations of N unf interface with Y for (a) case 1 and (b) case 2 for various
N at φ = 0.02, Re = 100, Ri = 10, Ha = 20 and R = 0.15.
1.9
N =0 N =0
N =1 4.4 N =1
1.8 N =2 N =2
N =4 N =4
4.2
1.7
4
1.6
3.8
Nunf
Nunf

1.5
3.6
1.4 3.4

1.3 3.2

1.2 3

2.8
1.1
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50
Ha Ha

(a) (b)

Figure 17: Variations of N unf with Ha for various N , (a) Re = 10 and (b) Re = 100 at
φ = 0.02, Ri = 10 and R = 0.15.

4.5 Effect of solid cylinder radius

Figure 19 presents the streamlines, isotherms and the nanoparticles isoconcentration

contours for Case 1 at φ = 0.02, Re = 100, Ri = 10, Ha = 20, N = 3 and various values
of the internal cylinder radius. An augmentation of the cylinder size leads to a more
essential blockage of the nanoliquid flow. For small and moderate sizes of the cylinder
(R = 0.05, 0.1 and 0.2) one can find four vortices, where two of them are placed near the
cylinder surface. The isotherms indicate the temperature changes near and inside the
cylinder where heat conduction is a dominated regime. For R = 0.25 the circulations
near the cylinder splits into two vortices due to a deformation of the flow by the cylinder
and vortices near the isothermal walls. At the same time, a high size of cylinder changes
the heating direction and as a result, one can find the cylinder heating from the left
upper corner. The nanoparticles isoconcentrations are changed with a reduction of the
motion cavity space.

23
 N =0 4.2
1.55 N =1
N =2
N =4 4
1.5

1.45
3.8
1.4

N unf
N unf

1.35 3.6

1.3
3.4
1.25
3.2 N =0
1.2
N =1
N =2
1.15 3 N =4
0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25
R R

(a) (b)

Figure 18: Variation of average Nusselt number with R for various N , (a) Re = 10 and
(b) Re = 100 at φ = 0.02, Ri = 10 and Ha = 20.

The local Nusselt number profiles are obviously demonstrated in Fig. 20 for the two
cases at φ = 0.02, Re = 100, Ri = 10, Ha = 20, N = 3 and different values of R. An
increase of the cylinder radius results in a reduction of N unf . In Case 1 (Fig. 20a), for
R = 0.25 the local Nusselt number increases with the Y -coordinate, while for smaller
sizes of cylinder one can find a formation of a decreasing zone for N unf for 0.2 ≤ Y < 0.5.
The behavior of the average Nusselt number with R and Ha has been described earlier.
Here, it should be noted that for R = 0.25 and Re = 10 reduction of N unf occurs not so
significant like for R < 0.25. Taking into account these data, it is possible to conclude
that all considered parameters can be used for thermal and hydrodynamic management,
as presented in Fig. 21.

5 Conclusions

Thermal and hydrodynamic management in the case of a square differentially-heated cav-

ity has been considered. Control of the heat and mass transfer with flow structures has
been performed using the following conditions, e.g. uniform magnetic field, wavy form
of the upper border, moving vertical borders, central solid cylinder and water-based
nanoliquid. Numerical analysis has been conducted by utilizing the non-homogeneous
nanoliquid approach with the finite-element technique. During the analysis, it has been
noted that an inclusion of nano-sized particles can intensify the energy transport for low
magnitudes of the Reynolds number, when natural convection is a dominated mode. Ad-
dition of magnetic impact suppresses the thermal transmission and nanoliquid flow. An
augmentation of the undulations number diminishes the energy transport intensity, while
the right choice of the internal cylinder radius can intensify the thermal transmission.
Moreover, unidirectional motion of the vertical walls illustrates linear changes of the
governing parameters that in the first place, can be explained by the positive interaction
between the inertia force and the buoyancy force. In the case of waviness influence, it
is possible to highlight the nanofluid flow intensification when the wave peak is located
over the cylinder. In this case, a narrowing of the nanofluid flow section characterizes
an acceleration of the convective flow. As a result, it is possible to conclude that an
effective selection of all considered parameters allows the heat transfer strength inside
the considered chamber to rise.
The present analysis can be extended for the three-dimensional case where the spatial

24
 Ψ max =0.0261
0.9
0.02
0.05
0.8
0.015 0.7
0.04
0.01 0.6
0.005 0.5 0.03
0 0.4
−0.005 0.3 0.02
−0.01 0.2
−0.015 0.1 0.01

(a) R = 0.05
Ψ max =0.0265
0.9
0.05
0.02 0.8
0.015 0.7
0.04
0.01 0.6

0.005 0.5 0.03

0
0.4
0.3 0.02
−0.005
0.2
−0.01
0.1 0.01
−0.015

(b) R = 0.1
Ψ max =0.0273
0.025 0.9
0.05
0.8
0.02
0.7
0.015 0.04
0.6
0.01
0.5 0.03
0.005 0.4

0 0.3 0.02
0.2
−0.005
0.1 0.01
−0.01

(c) R = 0.2
Ψ max =0.0271 −3
x 10
25 0.9
0.05
20 0.8
0.7
15 0.04
0.6
10 0.5 0.03
5 0.4
0.3 0.02
0
0.2
−5 0.01
0.1

(d) R = 0.25

Figure 19: Variations of the streamlines (left), isotherms (middle), and nanoparticle
distribution (right) with various solid cylinder radius (R) for case 1, φ = 0.02, Re = 100,
Ri = 10, Ha = 20 and N = 3.

25
 R = 0.05 25 R = 0.05
6 R = 0.1 R = 0.1
R = 0.2 R = 0.2
R = 0.25 R = 0.25
5 20

4
15

Nunf
Nunf

3
10

5
1

0
0
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
Left wall Left wall
(a) (b)

Figure 20: Variations of N unf interface with Y for (a) case 1 and (b) case 2 for various
R at φ = 0.02, Re = 100, Ri = 10, Ha = 20 and N = 3.
1.26 R = 0.05
R = 0.05
R = 0.1 R = 0.1
1.24 R = 0.2 3.8 R = 0.2
R = 0.25 R = 0.25
1.22 3.6
1.2
3.4
1.18
Nunf

3.2
Nunf

1.16

1.14 3

1.12 2.8
1.1
2.6
1.08
2.4
1.06
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50
Ha Ha

(a) (b)

Figure 21: Variations of N unf with Ha for various R, (a) Re = 10 and (b) Re = 100 at
φ = 0.02, Ri = 10 and N = 3.

distributions of the governing variables will be studied under the mentioned influence of
magnetic field, corrugated walls and nanoparticles. At the same time, it is possible to
analyze the influence of a heat-conducting and heat-generating inner cylinder that is
more useful for the electronics cooling. An approach of turbulent heat transfer can also
be useful for various engineering applications.

Acknowledgments

We are grateful for the financial support received from the Malaysian Ministry of Edu-
cation under the research grant FRGS/1/2019/STG06/UKM/01/2. The work of M.A.
Sheremet was supported by the Grants Council under the President of the Russian
Federation (Grant No. MD-821.2019.8). We thank the respected reviewers for their
constructive comments which lead to an improvement of the paper.

26
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29
 Department of Mathematical Sciences,
Faculty of Science & Technology,
Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia,
43600 UKM Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia

May 26, 2020

Dear Editor International Journal of Mechanical Sciences

Dear Professor Oztop,

Author Contributions Section
A.I. Alsabery: Conceptualization; Data curation; Formal analysis; Investigation; Methodology; Software;
Validation; Visualization; Writing–original draft. M.A. Sheremet: Visualization; Investigation; Methodology;
Writing-Original draft. M. Sheikholeslami: Writing–review & editing; Resources; Methodology; Writing–
original draft. A.J. Chamkha: Investigation; Editing. I. Hashim: Funding acquisition; Methodology; Project
administration; Writing–Reviewing and Editing.

Yours sincerely,

Ishak Hashim
ishak h@ukm.edu.my
 Ishak Hashim
Department of Mathematical Sciences,
Faculty of Science & Technology,
Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia,
43600 UKM Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia

March 12, 2020

Professor Marian Wiercigroch,

Board of Editors International Journal of Mechanical Sciences

Dear Professor Marian Wiercigroch,

Conflict of interest statement
On behalf of the co-authors, I declare that we don’t have any conflict of interest.

Yours sincerely,

Ishak Hashim
ishak h@ukm.edu.my