Experiment 05:

Magnetic field of single coils /Biot Savart’s Law.

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The Islamia University

of Bahawalpur
Contents:

• Abstract

• History

• Introduction

• Related Terms

• Solenoid

• Magnetic Field

• Magnetic flux

• Magnetic lux density

• Hall probe

• Multimeter

• Apparatus

• Procedure

• Observation & Calculations

• Graph

• Conclusion

• Reference
Introduction :
A useful law that provides a method to calculate the magnetic field produced by an
arbitrary current distribution. • First discovered by Jean-Baptiste Biot and Félix Savart in the
beginning of 19th century.

One of the simplest derivations of the Biot-Savart law is a calculation using the field along the
axis of symmetry of a current carrying loop of wire. This derivation can also give you the field
at the center of the coil. You can measure the field as a function of current and test the derivation.
Definition :
The differential contribution dB to the magnetic field B from a length ds of a current I is given by
the formula

with the permeability of free space. Thus the total magnetic field vector B is the sum of all of
these small elements or, since they are differentially small, it is equivalent to the integral of dB
over the current source.
Several key points to remember:
 • B is a vector quantity which direction is determined by the cross product ds x r (and is
perpendicular to both ds and r)
• The integration takes place over the entire current source (finite or infinite)
• Since the integral is a vector integral, the expression for B is really three integrals, one for each
component of B.

General Methodology To Follow :

Methodology refers to the overarching strategy and rationale of your research

project. It involves studying the methods used in your field and the theories or principles
behind them, in order to develop an approach that matches your objectives.

It should include:

• The type of research you conducted

• How you collected and analyzed your data
• Any tools or materials you used in the research
• How you mitigated or avoided research biases
• Why you chose these methods
Electric fields and magnetic fields might seem different, but they're actually part of one larger force called the
electromagnetic field. Charges that aren't moving produce electric fields. But when those charges do move,
they also create magnetic fields. For example, a magnet is only a magnet because of moving charges inside it.
And charges moving in an electric wire also produce magnetic fields. If you move a compass near to an
electric wire, you'll find that the compass needle changes direction.
The Biot-Savart Law is an equation that describes the magnetic field created by a current-carrying wire, and
allows you to calculate its strength at various points.
To derive this law, we first take this equation for the electric field. This is the full version, where we use muu-
zero over 4pi instead of the electrostatic constant k. Since we're looking at a wire, we replace the
charge q with I dl, which is the current in the wire, multiplied by a length element in the wire. Basically, it's
treating this little chunk of the wire as our charge. And we also replace the electric field E with a magnetic
field element dB because a moving charge produces a magnetic field, not an electric field.
Last of all, we have to realize that a current has a direction (unlike a charge). So we need to make sure the
direction of the current affects our result. We do that by adding sine of the angle between the current and the
radius. That way, if the wire is curvy, we'll take that into account. And that's it - that's the Biot-Savart law.

The Bio-Savart law is a multivariable vector integral, and, in its full form, the Bio- Savart law equation is

→B=μ04π∫→I×→rr2B→=μ04π∫I→×r→r2
where μ0μ0 is the vacuum permeability constant, →II→ is a current, and →rr→ is the vector from the
source to the point of measurement. For an infinite, current-carrying wire, the Bio-Savart law formula can be
simplified to B=μ0I2πsB=μ0I2πs where s is the distance between the wire and the point of measurement.
This simplified form of the Bio-Savart law can be derived directly from the simplified form of the electric field
equation,

E=q4πϵ0s2
E=q4πϵ0s2
where ϵ0ϵ0 is the permittivity of free space constant and q is a charge, by noticing that the charge that creates
an electric field can be rewritten as IdlIdl which signifies a current over an infinitesimal distance. Defining
the charge in this way means that the system is moving, so the electric field equation no longer describes an
electric field; it describes a change in a magnetic field, and the electric field equation can be rewritten to read
E=Idl4πϵ0s2→dB=Idl4πϵ0s2
E=Idl4πϵ0s2→dB=Idl4πϵ0s2.
where dB is the change in the magnetic field. Integrating both sides of dB=Idl4πϵ0s2dB=Idl4πϵ0s2 and
making the substitutions to change from ϵ0ϵ0 to μ0μ0 results in the Bio-Savart law for an infinite current-
carrying wire as it is given above, B=μ0I2πsB=μ0I2πs. Note that it is convention to use ϵ0ϵ0 for an electric
field and μ0μ0 for a magnetic field.
The magnetic field is customarily given in units of Teslas, and this can be derived from simplifying the units in
the Bio-Savart law: the permittivity of free space constant has units of N/A2N/A2, Newtons per Amps
squared; the current has units of A, amps, and the distance has units of meters, m. Combined, the units of the
magnetic field from the Bio-Savart law work out to be Newtons per Amp- meter which has a 1:1 conversion
factor to Teslas, T. Because the Bio-Savart law, in this form, is non-directional, use the right-hand rule to find
the direction of the magnetic field. The right-hand rule states that, upon taking the right hand and pointing the
thumb in the direction of the current, the fingers will curl in the direction of the magnetic field. Figure 2
illustrates how to use the right-hand rule.
 ImportantExamples

I) Magnetic Field Due to a Finite Straight Wire

II) Magnetic Field Due to a Circular Current Loop
Apparatus:
• DC Power Supply ( Constanter)
• Three magnetic field coils of 75 ,100 ,300 turns respectively
• Meter stick attached along the axis of symmetry
• Banana wires to connect coils
• Alligator clips
• Digital voltmeter
• Jeck
• Hall Probe

Observaions & Calculaions

For 100 turns :

Distance (cm) M.F (mT) Distance (cm) M.F (mT)

0 3.54
1 3.25 -1 3.45
2 2.31 -2 3.03
3 1.31 -3 1.90
4 0.70 -4 0.91
5 0.35 -5 0.44
6 0.20 -6 0.25
7 0.12 -7 0.14
8 0.2 -8 0.08
9 0.1 -9 0.02
10 0 -10 0.00

For 200 turns :

Distance (cm) M.F (mT) Distance (cm) M.F (mT)

0 4.18 0 4.18
1 4.13 -1 4.07
2 3.88 -2 3.99
3 3.52 -3 3.83
4 2.90 -4 3.45
5 1.77 -5 2.27
6 0.93 -6 1.73
7 0.52 -7 0.96
8 0.32 -8 0.52
9 0.32 -9 0.31
10 0.22 -10 0.20
 11 0.17 -11 0.14
12 0.15 -12 0.11
13 0.13 -13 0.09
14 0.11 -14 0.07
15 0.09 -15 0.04
16 0.05 -16 0.03
17 0.02 -17 0.02
18 0.01 -18 0.00

For 300 turns :

Distance (cm) M.F (mT) Distance (cm) M.F (mT)

0 4.45 0 4.45
1 4.39 -1 4.39
2 4.37 -2 4.36
3 4.29 -3 4.34
4 4.19 -4 4.25
5 4.00 -5 4.22
6 3.53 -6 4.15
7 2.51 -7 4.11
8 1.23 -8 3.62
9 0.60 -9 2.79
10 0.33 -10 1.45
11 0.22 -11 0.67
12 0.16 -12 0.37
13 0.14 -13 0.22
14 0.08 -14 0.11
15 0.05 -15 0.07
16 0.02 -16 0.02
17 0.00 -17 0.00
 M.F (mT)
5

4.5

3.5

2.5

1.5

0.5

0
-20 -15 -10 -5 0 5 10 15 20