English Language For Faculty of Arts Third Year

Assiut University
Faculty of Arts
Dept. of English
English For Arts Students

III
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English For Arts Students
III
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CONTENTS
1. Grammar………………………………...…4
2. Reading …………………………………...43
3. Writing …………………………………..257
4. Speaking ………………………………....285
5. Translation …………………………...…390
6. References………………………………..406
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GRAMMAR
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Grammar
 THE SENTENCE
I. Phrases and Sentences
A large part of our life is spent in transferring our own
thoughts to others. The commonest form of expressing
ourselves is, of course, in words. Such groups of words are
called Sentences. Not all groups of words are sentences.
For instance, consider the following groups of words:
(i) The the over moon cow jumped.
(ii) A in saves nine stitch time.
Such groups do not make sense – they are mere collections
of words.
Again, consider the groups
(i) Over the moon
(ii) To see such fun
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These groups make sense, but the sense is not complete.
The words do not express a whole idea. Such groups of
words, making sense but not complete sense, are called
Phrases.
II. Sentences
Consider a Third Group:
(i) The cow jumped over the moon.
(ii) The little dog laughed to see such fun.
These groups of words make complete sense. They are
called Sentences. A sentence, therefore, may be called a
group of words which makes complete sense and expresses
a complete thought.
Exercise 1
State which of the following groups of words are
sentences and which are phrases:
1. The old grey goose is dead.
2. With a pain all in her head.
3. Old gander is weeping.
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4. Go and tell Aunt Nancy.
5. To make her feather-bed.
Exercise 2
Construct sentences from each of the following phrases
1. Along the road.
_______________________________________________
_____________________________________________
2. Five yards of ribbon.
_______________________________________________
_____________________________________________
3. Driving furiously.
_______________________________________________
_____________________________________________
4. The weather being hot.
_______________________________________________
_____________________________________________
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5. To be a farmer‘s boy.
__________________________________________
________________________________________
 Consider the following sentences:
1. Too many cooks spoil the broth.
2. Where are you going to, my pretty maid?
3. Give me the daggers.
4. What a dark night it is!
In example 1 the sentence takes the form of a statement or
assertion about cooks. In example 2 the sentence takes the
form of a question. In example 3 the sentence takes the
form of command. In example 4 the sentence takes the
form of an exclamation.
A sentence may be, then: (i) a statement; (ii) a question;
(iii) a command (desire, request, wish); (iv) an
exclamation.
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Exercise 1
State the kind of each of the following sentences:
1. Life all depends upon the liver.
2. Does he live on turnips, tea or tripe?
3. What victories we all gain in Dreamland!
4. Stand fast.
5. I do not like Dr Fell.
Exercise 2
Write four sentences, one a statement, one a question,
one a command, one an exclamation, about each of the
following:
Example: Coal
Statement: Coal is one of the chief natural resources.
Question: what is its price per ton today?
Command: Shoot the coal on the dump.
Exclamation: How brittle his coal seems!
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- Tennis
_______________________________________________
_______________________________________________
_______________________________________________
_____________________________________________
- Cycling
_______________________________________________
_______________________________________________
_______________________________________________
_____________________________________________
- Swimming
_______________________________________________
_______________________________________________
_______________________________________________
_____________________________________________
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- Wind
_______________________________________________
_______________________________________________
_______________________________________________
_____________________________________________
- Money
_______________________________________________
_______________________________________________
_______________________________________________
_____________________________________________
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 PARTS OF SPEECH
Revision: There are eight parts of speech: nouns (names of
anything), pronouns (words standing instead of nouns),
adjectives (words limiting the meanings of nouns), verbs
(words expressing an action or state of being), adverbs
(words limiting the meaning of verbs), conjunctions
(joining words), prepositions (words used with nouns or
pronouns to make a phrase), interjections (words used to
express a sudden feeling).
Exercise 1
Find out the correct part of speech of the words in bold
1. I bought a beautiful dress at the mall.
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preposition
adjective
noun
2. What did she ask you to do?
conjunction
preposition
pronoun
3. I left my shoes under the kitchen table.
adjective
preposition
pronoun
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4. If we finish our work quickly we can go to the movies.
adverb
conjunction
verb
5. On Saturdays I work from nine to five.
verb
preposition
adverb
6. I want to go to a university in the United States.
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adjective
preposition
noun
7. I'm sure I've met your girlfriend before.
verb
preposition
interjection
8. Well, I don't think I'll be home before 6.
interjection
preposition
pronoun
9. Andy knocked on the door but nobody answered.

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adverb
adjective
conjunction
10. After lunch let's go out for a coffee.
pronoun
preposition
verb
Exercise 2
Fill in the blanks with words of the appropriate part of
speech.
1. She is ————— beautiful.
a) ravishing
b) ravishingly
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c) ravished
d) ravish
2. I was ——————– surprised.
a) Pleased
b) Pleasant
c) Pleasantly
d) Please
3. It was John who —————— the window.
a) Break
b) Broke
c) Broken
d) Breaking
4. She was quite ———————- to receive the prize.
a) Happily
b) Happy
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c) Happiness
d) None of these
5. It is only a ——————— arrangement.
a) Temporary
b) Temporarily
c) Temporal
d) Temperate
6. It was ——————– heavily.
a) Snowed
b) Snowing
c) Snow
d) None of these
7. They are eagerly —————— for your response.
a) awaiting
b) await
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c) awaited
d) none of these
8. The rioters were ——————- into custody.
a) Took
b) Taking
c) Taken
d) Take
9. The ——————— intervention of the policeman
saved his life.
a) Timed
b) Timely
c) Time
d) Timeliness
10. The meeting —————– for three hours.
a) Last
b) Lasted
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c) Lastly
d) None of these
ACTIVE AND PASSIVE VOICE
Passive voice verbs are used in writing much more often
than in speech, and they are used in some types of writing
much more often than in others. Passives are used more in
journalism (newspapers, magazines) than in fiction (novels,
stories), but most journalists and fiction writers use far
more active than passive sentences.
However, passives are very common in all types of
scientific and technical writing. Scientific articles often
contain more passive than active sentences. You should not
use passive voice verbs unless you have a good reason.
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Exercise 1
Change the active into passive if possible. Some verbs
are intransitive and cannot be changed.
1. A strange thing happened yesterday.
__________________________________________
2. Jackie scored the winning goal.
__________________________________________
3. My cat died.
__________________________________________
4. I agree with Dr. Ikeda's theory.
__________________________________________
5. Dr. Ikeda developed that theory.
__________________________________________
6. Timmy dropped the cup.
__________________________________________
7. The cup fell to the floor.
__________________________________________
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8. The assistant manager interviewed me.
_________________________________________
9. It rained hard yesterday.
_________________________________________
10. A hurricane destroyed the small fishing
village.
_________________________________________
11. Dinosaurs existed millions of years ago.
_________________________________________
12. A large vase stands on the table.
_________________________________________
Exercise 2
Define whether the following sentences are TRUE (T) or
FALSE (F) . Correct mistakes.
1. My neighbor is very proud of her new grandson who
born last week.
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2. I'm very fond of this old brooch because it was belonged
to my grandmother.
3. My family live in Scotland but I was educated in France.
4. I'm afraid I can't lend you my camera. It's repairing this
week.
5. The bridge was collapsed during the floods but
fortunately no one was using it at the
time.
6. If you aren't careful what you're doing with that hammer
someone will hurt in a
minute!
7. The word "stupid" was in my report but it wasn't referred
to you.
8. I'm sorry I'm late. I got held up in the traffic.
9. When did you discover that the money had been
disappeared?
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10. Children under the age of seven do not allow in this
pool.
Exercise 3
Change the active to the passive.
1. The company has cut all the salaries.
_________________________________________
2. The bank manager kept me waiting for half an
hour.
_________________________________________
3. Employers must pay all travel expenses for
this training course.
_________________________________________
4. Do you suppose your brother could have
written such a letter?
_________________________________________
5. They use a computer to do that job nowadays.
_________________________________________
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6. During the recession the firm was making
people redundant almost every week.
________________________________________
7. Nobody informed the police that there had
been a mistake.
_____________________________________
8. Where will your company send you next year?
_______________________________________
9. The news about the famine distressed
Josephine.
_______________________________________
10. I've still got the camera because no one has
claimed it.
_______________________________________
11. Has anyone ever asked you for your opinion?
_______________________________________
12. The children shouldn't have opened that
parcel.
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_______________________________________
13. All visitors must wear identity badges.
______________________________________
Exercise 4.
Define whether the following sentences are TRUE (T)
or FALSE (F). Correct mistakes.
1. Steak was eaten by me last night.
2. When we work hard, we accomplish a lot.
3. Jane wrote a very good composition for her writing class.
4. We laughed when the clown fell out of the car.
5. Workers built the road in two years at a cost of five
million dollars.
6. The people loved their leader and his mistakes were
forgiven by them.
7. The phone was answered by John on the first ring.
8. Paul teaches English in high school and writes short
stories in his free time.
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9. Most American cars are built in Detroit, Michigan.
10. My uncle worked hard all his life and left a sizable
estate when he died.
11. My father and I played chess for several hours
yesterday.
12. As we neared the house, a small dog sitting on the
porch could be seen by us.
13. Some people committed a lot of crimes in this
neighborhood last month.
14. If you studied more, your tests could be easily passed.
15. The students opened their books and began to read.
16. As John approaches his fortieth birthday, he is
reassessing the direction of his life.
17. The light was turned on by me as I entered my
bedroom.
18. That electronics company is expanding and many new
products are being developed
by them.
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19. Soldiers fought the Battle of Hastings in 1066.
20. Her earrings were put on by Jane before she went to the
party.
21. During the war thousands of persons were forced to
leave their homes.
22. Claire painted the living room and a new carpet was
laid by her.
23. Jack works hard during the week and his free time is
spent sailing his new boat.
24. Bob plays the piano and the guitar is played by him
also.
REPORTED SPEECH
There are two ways of reporting what a person says:
- Direct speech: He said, „I‟m going home.‟
„I‟m going home,‟ he said.
- Indirect speech: He says he‟s going home.
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He said he was going home.
We use a 'reporting verb' like 'say' or 'tell'. If this verb is in
the present tense, it's easy. We just put 'she says' and then
the sentence:
 Direct speech: I like ice cream.
 Reported speech: She says (that) she likes ice cream.
We don't need to change the tense, though probably we do
need to change the 'person' from 'I' to 'she', for example.
We also may need to change words like 'my' and 'your'.
We can choose if we want to use 'that' or not in English. It
is written between brackets () to show that it's optional. It's
exactly the same if you use 'that' or if you don't use 'that'.)
But, if the reporting verb is in the past tense, then usually
we change the tenses in the reported speech:
 Direct speech: I like ice cream.
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 Reported speech: She said (that) she liked ice cream.
Tense Direct Speech Reported Speech
present I like ice She said (that) she liked ice
simple cream cream.
present I am living in She said (that) she was living
continuous London in London.
She said (that) she had
past simple I bought a car bought a car OR She said
(that) she bought a car.
I was walking
past She said (that) she had been
along the
continuous walking along the street.
street
present I haven't seen She said (that) she hadn't
perfect Julie seen Julie.
past perfect* I had taken She said (that) she had taken
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English English lessons before.
lessons before
I'll see you She said (that) she would see

will
later me later.
I would help, She said (that) she would

would*
but..‖ help but...
I can speak
She said (that) she could
can perfect
speak perfect English.
English
I could swim
She said (that) she could
could* when I was
swim when she was four.
four
I shall come She said (that) she would

shall
later come later.
I should call She said (that) she should

should*
my mother call her mother
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She said (that) she might be
might* I might be late
late
She said (that) she must
I must study at study at the weekend OR

must
the weekend She said she had to study at
the weekend
* doesn't change.
Occasionally, we don't need to change the present tense
into the past if the information in direct speech is still true
(but this is only for things which are general facts, and even
then usually we like to change the tense):
 Direct speech: The sky is blue.
 Reported speech: She said (that) the sky is/was blue.
Reported Questions
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So now you have no problem with making reported speech
from positive and negative sentences. But how about
questions?
 Direct speech: Where do you live?
How can we make the reported speech here?
In fact, it's not so different from reported statements. The
tense changes are the same, and we keep the question word.
The very important thing though is that, once we tell the
question to someone else, it isn't a question any more. So
we need to change the grammar to a normal positive
sentence. A bit confusing? Maybe this example will help:
 Direct speech: Where do you live?
 Reported speech: She asked me where I lived.
Do you see how I made it? The direct question is in the
present simple tense. We make a present simple question
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with 'do' or 'does' so I need to take that away. Then I need
to change the verb to the past simple.
Another example:
 Direct speech: Where is Julie?
 Reported speech: She asked me where Julie was.
The direct question is the present simple of 'be'. We make
the question form of the present simple of be by inverting
(changing the position of)the subject and verb. So, we need
to change them back before putting the verb into the past
simple.
Here are some more examples:
Direct Question Reported Question
Where is the Post She asked me where the Post
Office, please? Office was.
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What are you doing? She asked me what I was doing.
Who was that fantastic She asked me who that fantastic
man? man had been.
So much for 'wh' questions. But, what if you need to report
a 'yes / no' question? We don't have any question words to
help us. Instead, we use 'if':
 Direct speech: Do you like chocolate?
 Reported speech: She asked me if I liked chocolate.
No problem? Here are a few more examples:
Direct Question Reported Question
Do you love me? He asked me if I loved him.
Have you ever been to She asked me if I had ever been
Mexico? to Mexico.
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She asked me if I was living
Are you living here?
here.
Reported Requests
There's more! What if someone asks you to do something
(in a polite way)? For example:
 Direct speech: Close the window, please
 Or: Could you close the window please?
 Or: Would you mind closing the window please?
All of these requests mean the same thing, so we don't need
to report every word when we tell another person about it.
We simply use 'ask me + to + infinitive':
 Reported speech: She asked me to close the window.
Here are a few more examples:
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Direct Request Reported Request
Please help me. She asked me to help her.
Please don't smoke. She asked me not to smoke.
Could you bring my book She asked me to bring her
tonight? book that night.
Could you pass the milk, She asked me to pass the
please? milk.
Would you mind coming She asked me to come early
early tomorrow? the next day.
To report a negative request, use 'not':
 Direct speech: Please don't be late.
 Reported speech: She asked us not to be late.
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Reported Orders
And finally, how about if someone doesn't ask so politely?
We can call this an 'order' in English, when someone tells
you very directly to do something. For example:
 Direct speech: Sit down!
In fact, we make this into reported speech in the same way
as a request. We just use 'tell' instead of 'ask':
 Reported speech: She told me to sit down.
Direct Order Reported Order
Go to bed! He told the child to go to bed.
Don't worry! He told her not to worry.
Be on time! He told me to be on time.
Don't smoke! He told us not to smoke.
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Time Expressions with Reported Speech
Sometimes when we change direct speech into reported
speech we have to change time expressions too. We don't
always have to do this, however. It depends on when we
heard the direct speech and when we say the reported
speech.
For example:
It's Monday. Julie says "I'm leaving today".
If I tell someone on Monday, I say "Julie said she was
leaving today".
If I tell someone on Tuesday, I say "Julie said she was
leaving yesterday".
If I tell someone on Wednesday, I say "Julie said she was
leaving on Monday".
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If I tell someone a month later, I say "Julie said she was
leaving that day".
So, there's no easy conversion. You really have to think
about when the direct speech was said.
Here's a table of some possible conversions:
now then / at that time
today yesterday / that day / Tuesday / the 27th of June
the day before yesterday / the day before /

yesterday
Wednesday / the 5th of December
last night the night before, Thursday night
last week the week before / the previous week
tomorrow today / the next day / the following day / Friday
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Exercise:
Make reported speech. Start all your answers with
'she', and use the past simple of 'ask', 'say' or 'tell'. It's
the same day, so you don't need to change the time
expressions.
1) "Don't do it!"
2) "I'm leaving tomorrow."
3) "Please get me a cup of tea."
4) "She got married last year."
5) "Be quick!"
6) "Could you explain number four, please?"
7) "Where do you live?"
8) "We went to the cinema and then to a Chinese
restaurant."
9) "I'll come and help you at twelve."
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10) "What are you doing tomorrow?"
11) "Don't go!"
12) "Do you work in London?"
13) "Could you tell me where the post office is?"
14) "Come here!"
15) "I've never been to Wales."
16) "Have you ever seen The Lord of the Rings?"
17) "I don't like mushrooms."
18) "Don't be silly!"
19) "Would you mind waiting a moment please?"
20) "How often do you play sport?"
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READING
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Reading
Different Reading Techniques and When To Use Them
There are different reading techniques and the students
should be aware of which technique is most suited,
depending on the reading task required by the text or by
their teacher.
Training students to know their reading techniques and
deduce when best to apply them is indeed important,
especially under exam conditions when time constraints
come into play and decisions need to be made depending
on time availability and the importance of the task at hand.
The four main types of reading techniques are the
following:
 Skimming
 Scanning
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 Intensive
 Extensive
Skimming
Skimming is sometimes referred to as gist reading. The
goal of skimming is to get the general meaning (gist) of the
story without trying to decode exactly what each word
means.
You might typically do this with a magazine or newspaper
and would help you mentally and quickly shortlist those
articles which you might consider for a deeper read. You
might typically skim to search for a name in a telephone
directory.
Scanning
Picture yourself visiting a historical city, guide book in
hand. You would most probably just scan the guide book to
see which site you might want to visit. Scanning involves
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getting your eyes to quickly scuttle across sentence and is
used to extract specific pieces of information. Interestingly,
research has concluded that reading off a computer screen
actually inhibits the pathways to effective scanning and
thus, reading of paper is far more conducive to speedy
comprehension of texts.
Something students sometimes do not give enough
importance to is illustrations. These should be included in
your scanning. Special attention to the introduction and the
conclusion should also be paid.
Intensive Reading
You need to have your aims clear in mind when
undertaking intensive reading. Remember this is going to
be far more time consuming than scanning or skimming. If
you need to list the chronology of events in a long passage,
you will need to read it intensively. This type of reading
has indeed beneficial to language learners as it helps them
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understand vocabulary by deducing the meaning of words
in context. It moreover, helps with retention of information
for long periods of time and knowledge resulting from
intensive reading persists in your long term memory.
This is one reason why reading huge amounts of
information just before an exam does not work very well.
When students do this, they undertake neither type of
reading process effectively, especially neglecting intensive
reading. They may remember the answers in an exam but
will likely forget everything soon afterwards.
Extensive reading
Extensive reading involves reading for pleasure. Because
there is an element of enjoyment in extensive reading it is
unlikely that students will undertake extensive reading of a
text they do not like. It also requires a fluid decoding and
assimilation of the text and content in front of you. If the
text is difficult and you stop every few minutes to figure
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out what is being said or to look up new words in the
dictionary, you are breaking your concentration and
diverting your thoughts.
VOCABUARY
WORDS IN CONTEXT
Exercise: Circle a letter to show the meaning of the
boldface word or phrase as it is used in each sentence.
1. Never change a test answer unless you have a good
reason for doing so.
a. budget
b. justification
c. tutor
2. If you have time, check over your exam before you turn
it in.
a. review
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b. revise
c. add check marks
3. Skillful test-takers know how to budget their time.
a. equate time with money
b. work very quickly
c. plan how to best use
4. Paraphrasing a test question sometimes helps you to
understand it better.
a. reading it aloud
b. restating it in your own words
c. reading it your own words backward
5. Employing certain strategies can help you get better test
grades.
a. techniques used to accomplish
b. studying during peak hours
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c. hiring a tutor to coach you something
DESCRIPTIVE WORDS
Cross out two words that could not be used to describe each
boldface item. Use a dictionary if you‘re not sure of a
word‘s meaning.
1. con artists
charming reputable criminal convincing
compassionate
2. stranger
sibling outsider nonacquaintance mentor
unidentified
3. fraud
bargain trickery hoax opportunity scheme
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WORDS IN CONTEXT
Circle a letter to complete the sentence or show the
meaning of each boldface word or words.
1. Severe frustration and stress can result in stomach
ulcers.
a. violent tremors
b. open sores
c. dull aches
2. Phrases such as “simmer down” and “blow your top”
are examples of
a. figurative language.
b. bad grammar.
c. formal speech.
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3. Caffeine and alcohol can play a big part in uncontrolled
anger.
a. food groups
b. legally prohibited
c. chemical substances
4. A person who is suffering from anxiety feels
a. distressed, nervous, uneasy.
b. bored, drowsy, lethargic.
c. confident, sure, dominant.
5. A behavior that is consistently repeated without thinking
about it has become
a. expert.
b. incurable.
c. habitual.
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IDIOMS IN CONTEXT
Circle a letter to show the meaning of each boldface idiom.
1. Gary got raked over the coals by the shift supervisor.
a. praised
b. warned
c. scolded
2. Amy made the all-star team by the seat of her pants.
a. by sheer luck and little skill
b. by warming the bench
c. in spite of falling
3. We decided to go out on the spur of the moment.
a. suddenly
b. under pressure
c. arrive early
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4. Would a friend try to lead you down the garden path?
a. disappoint you
b. deceive you
c. surprise you
WORDS IN CONTEXT
Notice the boldface words. Then circle a letter to show how
each sentence should be completed.
1. Commercially available foods are
a. better than homemade.
b. advertised on television.
c. for sale in stores
2. The texture of a perfect biscuit should be
a. rough and grainy.
b. dense and rich.
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c. light and airy.
3. The cook will knead the dough by
a. baking it homemade.
b. pressing, rolling, and squeezing it.
c. allowing it to rise.
WORDS IN CONTEXT
Circle a letter to show the meaning of each boldface
word or phrase.
1. The Downtown Housing Consortium works to provide
shelter for the homeless.
a. partnership of several organizations
b. meeting of church officials
c. cluster of apartment buildings
2. Tutors are needed to help people learn to read better.
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a. financial sponsors
b. private teachers
c. trumpet players
3. Docents are needed at the art museum.
a. maintenance workers
b. gift shop clerks
c. tour guides and lecturers
4. I support the Food Bank because it is a worthy cause.
a. has very little funding
b. is worth a fortune
c. deserves help for good work
5. You must make a six-month commitment to volunteer
as a tutor.
a. donate your money
b. promise or pledge
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c. sign a binding contract
WORDS IN CONTEXT
Read the dictionary definitions of the ten boldface word
choices. Then circle the word that best completes each
sentence.
1. The ( acute / timorous ) kitten hid under the couch.
2. They say that a robin is the ( harbinger / siege ) of
spring.
3. The senator‘s opponents will try to ( stymie / embellish )
the passage of his bill.
4. On a clear night, you can see a ( paucity / myriad ) of
stars in the sky.
5. You might ( mollify / encroach ) a barking dog by
throwing it a bone.
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IDIOMS IN CONTEXT
All languages have certain expressions, or idioms, that
cannot be understood literally.
English has many thousands of idiomatic expressions.
That‘s why understanding idioms is an important part of
vocabulary development.
• Circle a letter to show the meaning of each boldface
idiom.
1. Some very successful people were born on the wrong
side of the tracks.
a. in small towns
b. into poverty
c. to beat the odds
2. That rookie can‟t hold a candle to the seasoned veteran.
a. be as skillful and powerful
b. have confidence and trust in
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c. earn as much money
3. We‘ll be all right as long as no one rocks the boat.
a. gets nervous
b. causes trouble
c. makes a mistake
4. Instead of using a prepared mix, she made that cake
from scratch.
a. over the campfire
b. with professional help
c. using basic ingredients
WORDS IN CONTEXT
Circle a letter to show how each sentence should be
completed. Hint: Pay attention to the boldface words.
Check a dictionary if you need help.
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1. An insurance company considers your issue age to be
a. your age at death.
b. the date you were born.
c. your age when the policy is written.
2. Insurance rates are
a. prices charged per unit of coverage.
b. also called death benefits.
c. subject to underwriting.
3. Payments made semiannually are paid
a. every two years.
b. one-half at a time.
c. twice a year.
WORDS IN CONTEXT
Circle a letter to show the meaning of the boldface word
or words.
60
1. Retail stores often send out mass mailings.
a. colorfully illustrated
b. holiday specials
c. in great numbers
2. The discount certificates are sent to preferred
customers.
a. regular buyers at the store
b. credit card shoppers
c. people who pay cash
3. This sales promotion does not provide a discount on
tobacco
products.
a. authorization
b. campaign
c. business
61
4. The discount coupon is valid only until February 10.
a. purchasable
b. legal
c. in effect
5. The register operator will ring up your purchase.
a. repair person
b. sales clerk
c. operations manager
6. An item put on layaway is not eligible for the 10 percent
discount.
a. to be paid in full at a later date
b. charged on a debit card
c. bedding items such as sheets
or words.
62
1. Excessive carbon dioxide contributes to the greenhouse
effect and global warming.
a. worldwide increase in temperatures
b. production of energy
c. comfortably warm weather conditions
2. Decayed organic waste can be used to improve the soil
in your garden.
a. leftover rocks, dirt, sand, etc.
b. unwanted plant and animal matter
c. byproducts of synthetic chemicals
3. Your house will be more energy-efficient if you insulate
your doors and windows.
a. replace wood with steel
b. carefully clean and paint
c. seal cracks to prevent drafts
63
4. When you buy in bulk, you reduce waste and save
money.
a. very bulky items
b. large amounts of something
c. multiple small packages
IDIOMS IN CONTEXT
idiom. Hint: Use context clues for help.
1. When we eat at an expensive restaurant, my friends and I
always go Dutch.
a. use our charge cards
b. take turns paying
c. split the check equally
2. Bob‘s goose was cooked the day he insulted the boss.
a. prospects were ruined
64
b. future was enhanced
c. poultry was roasted
3. Tricia isn‘t happy unless she‘s in the limelight.
a. the center of attention
b. in a good mood
c. with close friends
WORDS IN CONTEXT
or words.
1. The police kept the suspect under surveillance for
several nights.
a. being repeatedly questioned
b. watched over closely
c. fully informed of his rights
65
2. Fear of being caught will deter some vandals from
striking.
a. discourage
b. determine
c. terrify
3. A judge could impose a high fine on taggers.
a. take into consideration
b. suggest to a jury
c. lay on as a burden
WORDS IN CONTEXT
word or phrase.
1. Follow the directions in order.
a. one at a time
b. alphabetically
c. chronologically
66
2. After painting the walls, paint the woodwork.
a. window moldings, doors, etc.
b. wooden workbench
c. things like picture frames
3. Use spackling paste to fill cracks and holes.
a. flour-based paste that sparkles
b. special lubricating compound
c. patching substance made of powder and water
4. After spackling, sand and cover the area with a primer.
a. liquid glue or adhesive
b. special paint used for a first coat
c. first quality wall paint
WORDS IN CONTEXT
word or phrase.
67
1. Regardless of your position, be prepared to yield the
right-of-way.
a. without sending regards
b. in spite of
c. in regard to
2. A recent review of fatalities listed the main causes of
deadly traffic accidents.
a. criticism
b. commentary
c. examination
3. Several factors must be taken into account before you
decide to keep driving.
a. weighed and considered
b. tallied, added up
c. written in a ledger
68
4. Alcohol contributed to almost 39 percent of all car
accidents.
a. gave money to
b. managed to avoid
c. played a part in
IDIOMS IN CONTEXT
idiom. Hint: Use context clues for help.
1. A little bird told me that I could find you here.
a. your little sister said
b. learned from a secret source
c. a prophet predicted
2. Sandy never lets any grass grow under her feet.
a. keeps her yard
b. doesn‘t stop; well-mowed
69
c. prefers a flat, keeps moving smooth surface
3. Even before the lay-offs, we could see the writing on
the wall.
a. knew what was coming
b. read about it in the paper
c. not believe what we heard
4. Bob was pulling your leg when he told you that wild
story.
a. giving you a secret signal
b. wanted you to follow him
c. fooling around; teasing
Checking Your Word Power
After selecting your response, put the letter in the space
provided.
70
1. The opposite of consensus is
a. harmony
b. disagreement
c. cooperation
d. teamwork
2. The opposite of debilitate is
a. improve
b. ruin
c. inspect
d. deceive
3. The opposite of extricate is
a. trust
b. explain
c. hold
d. free
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4. Incongruous suggests
a. smoothness
b. stubbornness
c. dishonesty
d. disharmony
5. Reconciliation means coming to a(n)
a. purification
b. understanding
c. separation
d. evaluation
6. At what age is someone most likely to be precocious?
a. eight
b. eighteen
c. forty-eight
d. seventy-eight
72
7. If people behave in an unethical manner, they act
a. inappropriately
b. humorously
c. intelligently
d. politely
8. hedonist : pleasure :: a. teacher : school
b. athlete : joy
c. comedian : crying
d. judge : seriousness
provided.
1. The opposite of tentative is
a. uncertain
b. hesitant
c. doubtful
73
d. positive
2. The opposite of submissive is
a. disagreeable
b. charming
c. confused
d. attractive
3. The opposite of prolific is
a. plentiful
b. scanty
c. delicious
d. uneatable
4. The phrase closest in meaning to intervene is
a. travel to
b. butt in
c. have sympathy for
74
d. laugh at
5. Which comes closest to defining misnomer?
a. windy speaker
b. error in labeling
c. disturbing event
d. angry outburst
6. Which person would you most likely want to mollify?
a. a friend who is angry with you
b. a neighbor who says hello to you
c. a stranger on a bus
d. a person who is laughing
7. The word not associated with dissipate is
a. diminish
b. magnify
c. evaporate
75
d. vanish
8. alleviated : relieved :
a. abbreviated : shortened
b. reduced : increased
c. expected : surprised
d. confused : explained
provided.
1. The opposite of epilogue is
a. index
b. chapter
c. preface
d. graph
76
2. The opposite of posthumously is something done
a. in anger
b. while living
c. before thinking
d. for revenge
3. The opposite of inevitable is
a. inescapable
b. limited
c. definitely
d. unlikely
4. Transition suggests
a. change
b. extravagance
c. indifference
d. duplication
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5. Superfluous suggests
a. power
b. surplus
c. dishonesty
d. weakness
6. Veracity suggests
a. adventure
b. tenderness
c. popularity
d. honesty
7. If a person exhibits apathy, he or she displays
a. confidence
b. fear
c. joy
d. unconcern
78
8. polychromatic : dull :: a. flat : dismal
b. colorful : flashy
c. colorful : dreary
d. many : a lot
9. nepotism : resentment :: a. optimism : hatred
b. cooperation : appreciation
c. bitterness : admiration
d. abolish : boldness
10. chronic : persistent :
a. anger : frequently
b. happiness : temporary
c. humor : permanently
d. ceaseless : continuous
79
provided.
1. The opposite of infidelity is
a. dedication
b. talent
c. crankiness
d. loyalty
2. The opposite of antediluvian is
a. modern
b. stubborn
c. ambitious
d. boring
3. The opposite of rectify is
a. blame
b. request
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c. harm
d. fi x
4. Culpable is associated with
a. poverty
b. guilt
c. indecency
d. independence
5. A paradigm is a
a. disease
b. destination
c. schedule
d. model
6. Telepathy is most closely associated with
a. communication
b. charity
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c. illness
d. freedom
7. If a person acts in an equivocal manner, he or she is
acting
a. uncertainly
b. confidently
c. arrogantly
d. maturely
8. panacea : rare :
a. beautiful : desirable
b. view : occasionally
c. cure : unusual
d. noise : frequently
9. syndrome : related :
a. cluster : similar
82
b. group : unlike
c. symptoms : unreliable
d. collection : dependable
10. euphemism : tactful :
a. request : impolite
b. statement : politeness
c. exclamation : indifference
d. curse : rude
provided.
1. The opposite of benign is
a. nonthreatening
b. deadly
c. costly
d. inexpensive
83
2. The opposite of philanthropy is
a. good health
b. sickness
c. generosity
d. stinginess
3. The opposite of hypertension is
a. low blood pressure
b. high blood pressure
c. uncaring
d. uptight
4. Empathy suggests
a. misunderstanding of
b. anger within
c. identification with
d. nervousness about
84
5. The word most closely associated with vociferous is
a. infection
b. insecurity
c. intensity
d. information
6. Bilingual is most closely associated with
a. mathematics
b. social sciences
c. biological sciences
d. languages
7. If a person thinks he or she sees a specter, he or she
likely feels
a. frightened
b. delighted
c. unconcerned
d. confident
85
8. malicious : vicious :
a. laughing : crying
b. rebelling : obeying
c. kindliness : compassion
d. loss : tragedy
9. antithesis : identical :
a. captivating : interesting
b. opposite : same
c. alter : change
d. seek : search
10. omnipotent : weak :
a. weak : feeble
b. feeble : powerful
c. powerful : strong
d. strong : mighty
86
provided.
1. The opposite of dauntless is
a. tightness
b. fearless
c. timid
d. grouchy
2. The opposite of ambivalence is
a. harshness
b. certainty
c. accelerate
d. inspect
3. The opposite of finale is
a. demotion
87
b. promotion
c. demonstration
d. beginning
4. cognizant is associated with
a. awareness
b. ignorance
c. silliness
d. dishonesty
5. manhandle suggests
a. precision
b. distinction
c. weakness
d. mistreatment
6. penance is associated with
a. difficulty or complexity
88
b. transparency or thinness
c. price or cost
d. regret or punishment
7. introspection suggests
a. popularity
b. misery
c. thoughtfulness
d. extravagance
8. elucidate : light :
a. confuse : darkness
b. shout : shadowy
c. explain : overcast
d. sing: brilliant
9. belligerent : rival :
a. unfaithful : patriot
89
b. courageous : coward
c. cooperative : friend
d. insulting : stranger
10. recluse : alone :
a. host : busy bee
b. speaker : dancing bear
c. politician : squawking parrot
d. hermit : lone wolf
provided.
1. The opposite of acrimonious is
a. friendly
b. dangerous
c. spacious
d. hostile
90
2. The opposite of bounteous is
a. ugly
b. intelligent
c. stiff
d. scarce
3. The opposite of nondescript is
a. continuous
b. interfering
c. unique
d. ordinary
4. Vertigo is associated with
a. foolishness
b. dizziness
c. imagination
d. hatred
91
5. Which of the following is likely to be the most audible?
a. memo
b. gesture
c. whisper
d. shout
6. Multifaceted is associated with
a. expense
b. simplicity
c. variety
d. lying
7. If a person is wayward, he or she is likely to be
a. popular
b. talented
c. defiant
d. friendly
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8. contemporary : modern:
a. modern : up-to-date
b. up-to-date : old-fashioned
c. old-fashioned : current
d. current : out of style
9. extraneous : essential :
a. necessary : required
b. character : personality
c. happy : delighted
d. neat : sloppy
10. neophyte : beginner :
a. neighbor : stranger
b. rookie : trainee
c. expert : amateur
d. teacher : student
93
provided.
1. The opposite of capricious is
a. capable
b. healthy
c. predictable
d. stingy
2. The opposite of cacophony is
a. genuine
b. melodious
c. embarrassing
d. hilarious
3. The opposite of composure is
a. frantic
94
b. confident
c. secretive
d. calm
4. Gradient is concerned with
a. speed
b. incline
c. judgment
d. cost
5. Who would most likely receive an annuity?
a. beginning lawyer
b. experienced electrician
c. retired teacher
d. elected official
6. If a person is heterosexual, he or she is likely to be
interested in the
95
a. stock market
b. sports world
c. outdoor activities
d. opposite sex
7. If a material is diaphanous, then it can
a. be seen through
b. be purchased at a reasonable price
c. rarely be made
d. resist wear
8. homogeneous : similar :
a. large : small
b. neighborly : unfriendly
c. attractive : repulsive
d. identical : same
9. moribund : lively :
a. winning : joyful
96
b. sad : depressed
c. inactive : energetic
d. complex : interesting
10. blandness : vigor :
a. vigorous : peppy
b. peppy : dynamic
c. dynamic : exciting
d. dull : exciting
provided.
1. The opposite of a malediction is a
a. blessing
b. triumph
c. defeat
97
d. curse
2. The opposite of sedition is
a. laughter
b. reward
c. transfer
d. loyalty
3. The opposite of clamor is
a. unhealthy
b. colorful
c. quiet
d. include
4. Exacerbate means is to
a. regret
b. strengthen
c. classify
d. worsen
98
5. Gregarious is associated with
a. pollution
b. friendliness
c. gloominess
d. sympathy
6. Contraband is associated with goods obtained
a. illegally
b. by trading
c. on credit
d. with cash
7. If a person is a misanthrope, he or she is likely to
a. enjoy entertaining
b. enjoy family reunions
c. dislike exercise
d. dislike social gatherings
99
8. terrain : earth :
a. earth : sky
b. sky : ocean
c. ocean : sea
d. sea : sun
9. sophomoric : mature :
a. low : high
b. cold : frigid
c. hot : torrid
d. normal : average
10. foreboding : uneasiness :
a. warning : relaxation
b. announcement : indifference
c. caution : promptness
d. suspicion : worry
100
provided.
1. The opposite of magnanimous is
a. simple
b. stingy
c. quiet
d. bored
2. The opposite of embroil is to
a. become involved
b. participate voluntarily
c. quickly take sides
d. remain neutral
3. The opposite of generic is
101
a. special
b. common
c. happy
d. sad
4. Vis-à-vis often suggests
a. abundance
b. survival
c. comparison
d. embarrassment
5. Peripatetic is associated with
a. travel
b. competition
c. praise
d. deception
6. Monotheism is associated with the belief in
102
a. no God
b. one God
c. many gods
d. evolution
7. To disparage is to
a. explain fully
b. enjoy immensely
c. entertain reluctantly
d. find fault
8. credence : true :
a. disturbance : quiet
b. send : arrive
c. reliance : authentic
d. dependable : unreliable
9. tangible : unclear :: a. clear : blurry
103
b. blurry : hazy
c. hazy : misty
d. misty : smoggy
10. pseudonym : alias :
a. synonym : antonym
b. public : private
c. courage : bravery
d. deceive : restrict
provided.
1. The opposite of primeval is
a. polite
b. gigantic
c. modern
104
d. scary
2. The opposite of bereft is
a. painful
b. panicky
c. peppy
d. plentiful
3. The words most closely meaning the opposite of
domineering are
a. humbly staying in the background
b. excitedly taking part
c. disagreeable and bossy
d. noisily insisting on one‘s way
4. Colloquial is associated with language that is
a. regrettable
b. vague
105
c. necessary
d. conversational
5. Dystrophy is associated with
a. finances
b. security
c. disease
d. crime
6. If a person is said to be medieval, he or she is considered
a. old-fashioned
b. gallant
c. brilliant
d. progressive
7. Retrograde suggests going
a. forward
b. backward
106
c. down
d. up
8. potable : good :
a. handsome : unfortunate
b. curious : bored
c. poisonous : bad
d. honorable : surprising
9. adaptation : difficult :
a. adjustment : hard
b. irritation : soothing
c. change : pleasant
d. disturbance : expected
10. ostracize : include :
a. shun : banish
b. outburst : eruption
107
c. recognize : identify
d. expel : embrace
provided.
1. The opposite of sagacious is
a. interesting
b. foolish
c. expensive
d. ill
2. The opposite of specious is
a. honest
b. common
c. noisy
d. sharp
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3. The opposite of viable is
a. impatience
b. impressive
c. impractical
d. impolite
4. A meticulous person is
a. unfaithful
b. colorful
c. dull
d. thorough
5. A garrulous person is certainly not
a. opinionated
b. brief
c. weak
d. popular
109
provided.
1. The opposite of sagacious is
a. interesting
b. foolish
c. expensive
d. ill
2. The opposite of specious is
a. honest
b. common
c. noisy
d. sharp
3. The opposite of viable is
a. impatience
b. impressive
110
c. impractical
d. impolite
4. A meticulous person is
a. unfaithful
b. colorful
c. dull
d. thorough
5. A garrulous person is certainly not
a. opinionated
b. brief
c. weak
d. popular
provided.
111
1. The opposite of banal is
a. old-fashioned
b. fresh
c. common
d. insensitive
2. The opposite of guile is
a. cleverness
b. frankness
c. exaggeration
d. anger
3. The opposite of affluence is
a. anxiety
b. happiness
c. abundance
d. poverty
112
4. Lethargy suggests
a. snobbery
b. brilliance
c. maturity
d. fatigue
5. Enigma is most closely associated with a(n)
a. location
b. obligation
c. riddle
d. organization
6. If people do something in a clandestine manner, then
they do it
a. secretly
b. openly
c. skillfully
d. awkwardly
113
7. Catharsis is most closely associated with
a. illness
b. travel
c. purification
d. caution
8. dearth : expensive :
a. plenty : costly
b. many : priceless
c. abundant : cheap
d. saving : free
9. affi nity : fondness :
a. attraction : devotion
b. expectation : surprise
c. bitterness : love
d. appeal : hate
114
10. dichotomy : unity :
a. abbreviation : shortening
b. mutiny : revolt
c. loyalty : praiseworthy
d. division : wholeness
provided.
1. Alienation suggests
a. movement
b. participation
c. harmony
d. division
2. An aberration would certainly be
a. unexpected
b. expensive
115
c. worthless
d. predictable
3. The word most closely associated with collateral is
a. pleasure
b. pity
c. popularity
d. promise
4. Impunity suggests
a. exception
b. hastiness
c. weakness
d. disapproval
5. Who is likely to be the most gullible?
a. angry parent
b. experienced lawyer
116
c. young child
d. senior citizen
6. A hypothetical conclusion is always
a. accurate
b. uncertain
c. acceptable
d. unpopular
7. The word most closely associated with deleterious is
a. health
b. beauty
c. success
d. ruin
8. felicitous : unfortunate :
a. boring : inspiring
b. graceful : skillful
117
c. impatient : restless
d. honest : trustworthy
9. trepidation : trembling :
a. frightened : giggling
b. fear : shaking
c. dread : encouraging
d. foolishness : threatening
10. immutable : changeable :
a. changeable : adjustable
b. adjustable : fl exible
c. fl exible : rigid
provided.
118
1. Epitome is associated with the
a. most
b. least
c. worst
d. best
2. Which word is closest in meaning to ubiquitous?
a. universal
b. exclusive
c. dangerous
d. safe
3. Which of the following is most likely to be garnered?
a. death
b. injury
c. fortune
d. performance
4. A fastidious person is often
a. unfaithful
b. dishonest
119
c. popular
d. finicky
5. Latent suggests
a. tardiness
b. potential
c. weakness
d. mixture
6. Deprivation suggests
a. elegance
b. poverty
c. sensitivity
d. defiance
7. Which word is the opposite of placate?
a. calm
b. hush
c. encourage
d. upset
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8. debacle : commotion :
a. failure : joy
b. success : disappointment
c. victory : celebration
d. competition : friendliness
9. pragmatic : extravagant :: a. practical : excessive
b. praise : applaud
c. uncommon : unusual
d. gloomy : extreme
10. ominous : evil :
a. unlucky : disaster
b. promising : profit
c. expensive : sinful
d. threatening : wickedness
121
provided.
1. The opposite of cull is
a. store
b. discard
c. sell
d. trade
2. The opposite of covert is
a. erred
b. covered
c. uncovered
d. concealed
3. The opposite of arduous is
a. easy
b. hard
c. abundant
d. scarce
122
4. A word similar in meaning to astute is
a. awkward
b. foolish
c. mature
d. brilliant
5. A deterrent does not
a. limit
b. obligate
c. encourage
d. ridicule
6. A word similar in meaning to inexorable is
a. inescapable
b. exhausting
c. mysterious
d. changeable
7. Decorum is associated with
a. decorations
b. dishonesty
123
c. politeness
d. bravery
8. blatant : obvious :
a. distinct : vague
b. doubt : certainty
c. rough : easy
d. hidden : unclear
9. enhance : attractiveness :
a. mar : ugliness
b. expect : beauty
c. bitterness : loveliness
d. appealing : plainness
10. exonerate : lawyer :
a. rings : jeweler
b. heal : doctor
c. law : judge
d. crops : farmer
124
provided.
1. The opposite of acquiesce is to
a. agree
b. refuse
c. endorse
d. prove
2. The opposite of cogent is
a. smart
b. forceful
c. vague
d. happy
3. The opposite of perfunctory is
a. thorough
b. tardy
c. inconsiderate
d. calm
125
4. We are most likely to rationalize our
a. income
b. dreams
c. triumphs
d. mistakes
5. The person most likely to usurp authority is a(n)
a. boss
b. rebel
c. police officer
d. athlete
6. A person with eclectic musical interests would probably
a. like only one type of music
b. like many types of music
c. be unable to read music
d. be an accomplished musician
7. Which of the following is closest to a nemesis?
a. life-long hobby
b. impressive achievement
126
c. irreplaceable friend
d. pet peeve
8. sordid : honorable :
a. quiet : silent
b. sorrow : grief
c. dirty : clean
d. funny : dishonorable
9. inundate : overwhelm :
a. overwhelm : challenge
b. challenge : admit
c. admit : invent
d. invent : create
10. germane : pertinent :
a. appropriate : to the point
b. necessary : to burden with
c. impulsive : to cause anger
d. vanishing : to bring relief
127
COMPREHENSION PASSAGES
(1)
A Biography of Kilian Jornet
When you picture mountain climbers scaling Mount
Everest, what probably comes to mind are teams of
climbers with Sherpa guides leading them to the summit,
equipped with oxygen masks, supplies and tents. And in
most cases you'd be right, as 97 per cent of climbers use
128
oxygen to ascend to Everest's summit at 8,850 meters
above sea level. The thin air at high altitudes makes most
people breathless at 3,500 meters, and the vast majority of
climbers use oxygen past 7,000 meters. A typical climbing
group will have 8–15 people in it, with an almost equal
number of guides, and they'll spend weeks to get to the top
after reaching Base Camp.
But ultra-distance and mountain runner Kilian Jornet
Burgada ascended the mountain in May 2017 alone,
without an oxygen mask or fixed ropes for climbing.
Oh, and he did it in 26 hours.
With food poisoning.
And then, five days later, he did it again, this time in only
17 hours.
129
Born in 1987, Kilian has been training for Everest his
whole life. And that really does mean his whole life, as he
grew up 2,000 metres above sea level in the Pyrenees in the
ski resort of Lles de Cerdanya in Catalonia, north-eastern
Spain. While other children his age were learning to walk,
Kilian was on skis. At one and a half years old he did a
five-hour hike with his mother, entirely under his own
steam. He left his peers even further behind when he
climbed his first mountain and competed in his first cross-
country ski race at age three. By age seven, he had scaled a
4,000er and, at ten, he did a 42-day crossing of the
Pyrenees.
He was 13 when he says he started to take it 'seriously' and
trained with the Ski Mountaineering Technical Centre
(CTEMC) in Catalonia, entering competitions and working
with a coach. At 18, he took over his own ski-
mountaineering and trail-running training, with a schedule
that only allows a couple of weeks of rest a year. He does

130
as many as 1,140 hours of endurance training a year, plus
strength training and technical workouts as well as specific
training in the week before a race. For his record-breaking
ascent and descent of the Matterhorn, he prepared by
climbing the mountain ten times until he knew every detail
of it, even including where the sun would be shining at
every part of the day.
Sleeping only seven hours a night, Kilian Jornet seems
almost superhuman. His resting heartbeat is extremely low
at 33 beats per minute, compared with the average man's 60
per minute or an athlete's 40 per minute. He breathes more
efficiently than average people too, taking in more oxygen
per breath, and he has a much faster recovery time after
exercise as his body quickly breaks down lactic acid – the
acid in muscles that causes pain after exercise.
All this is thanks to his childhood in the mountains and to
genetics, but it is his mental strength that sets him apart. He
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often sets himself challenges to see how long he can endure
difficult conditions in order to truly understand what his
body and mind can cope with. For example, he almost gave
himself kidney failure after only drinking 3.5 litres of water
on a 100km run in temperatures of around 40°C.
It would take a book to list all the races and awards he's
won and the mountains he's climbed. And even here,
Kilian‘s achievements exceed the average person as,
somehow, he finds time to record his career on his blog and
has written three books, Run or Die, The Invisible
Border and Summits of My Life
Task 1: Write the correct numbers to complete the
sentences
1. It is normal to find it hard to breathe at ……. meters
above sea level.
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2. Kilian reached the summit of Everest in …… hours on
his second attempt.
3. He was ……. years old when he walked a long way
without being carried.
4. At the age of ……. , he saw mountaineering as more
than a hobby.
5. At the age of ……., he became his own trainer.
6. At ……bpm, Kilian‘s pulse rate is much slower than
even very fit people.
Task 2 : Choose the best answer
1. The majority of climbers on Everest…….
A. need oxygen to finish their ascent.
B. are accompanied
C. make slow progress to the top
D. All of the above
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2. Kilian Jornet is unlike most Everest climbers because
………
A. he is a professional climber
B. he ascended faster
C. he found the climb difficult
D. All of the above
3. In his training now, Kilian ………..
A. demands a lot of himself
B. takes a lot of rest periods
C. uses a coach
D. None of the above
4. Kilian partly owes his incredible fitness to ……….
A. the way he makes extra time for sleep
B. his ability to recover from injury
C. where he grew up
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D. All of the above
5. His training includes ………..
A. psychological preparation
B. making sure he drinks enough water
C. trying to reduce his recovery time
D. None of the above
6. Kilian‘s books are …….
A. a long list of races and awards
B. discouraging to average people
C. best for an expert audience
D. another example of his impressive accomplishments
Task 3 : Disscussion
What physical challenges would you like to train for?
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-----------------------------------------------------------------------.
Task 4 : Match the words with the definitions
Kidneys – altitude – an ascent – breathless – a hike – to
scale – a Sherpa – endurance
1. to climb to the top of something ------------- .
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2. a mountain guide from the Himalaya mountains ----------.
3. the height of a place above sea level ---------.
4. not breathing easily ----------------.
5. a climb up a mountain or other object ---------.
6. the ability to do something difficult for a long time -------
7. two organs in the body that process liquid waste ----------
8. a long, hard walk --------------------------
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(2)
(2)
Cultural Behavior in Business
Much of today's business is conducted across international
borders, and while the majority of the global business
community might share the use of English as a common
language, the nuances and expectations of business
communication might differ greatly from culture to culture.
A lack of understanding of the cultural norms and practices
of our business acquaintances can result in unfair
judgments, misunderstandings and breakdowns in
communication. Here are three basic areas of differences in

138
the business etiquette around the world that could help
stand you in good stead when you next find yourself
working with someone from a different culture.
Addressing someone
When discussing this topic in a training course, a German
trainee and a British trainee got into a hot debate about
whether it was appropriate for someone with a doctorate to
use the corresponding title on their business card. The
British trainee maintained that anyone who wasn't a
medical doctor expecting to be addressed as 'Dr' was
disgustingly pompous and full of themselves. The German
trainee, however, argued that the hard work and years of
education put into earning that PhD should give them full
rights to expect to be addressed as 'Dr'.
This stark difference in opinion over something that could
be conceived as minor and thus easily overlooked goes to
show that we often attach meaning to even the most
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mundane practices. When things that we are used to are
done differently, it could spark the strongest reactions in us.
While many Continental Europeans and Latin Americans
prefer to be addressed with a title, for example Mr or Ms
and their surname when meeting someone in a business
context for the first time, Americans, and increasingly the
British, now tend to prefer using their first names. The best
thing to do is to listen and observe how your conversation
partner addresses you and, if you are still unsure, do not be
afraid to ask them how they would like to be addressed.
Smiling
A famous Russian proverb states that 'a smile without
reason is a sign of idiocy' and a so-called 'smile of
respect' is seen as insincere and often regarded with
suspicion in Russia. Yet in countries like the United States,
Australia and Britain, smiling is often interpreted as a sign
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of openness, friendship and respect, and is frequently used
to break the ice.
In a piece of research done on smiles across cultures, the
researchers found that smiling individuals were considered
more intelligent than non-smiling people in countries such
as Germany, Switzerland, China and Malaysia. However,
in countries like Russia, Japan, South Korea and Iran,
pictures of smiling faces were rated as less intelligent than
the non-smiling ones. Meanwhile, in countries like India,
Argentina and the Maldives, smiling was associated with
dishonesty.
Eye contact
An American or British person might be looking their
client in the eye to show that they are paying full attention
to what is being said, but if that client is from Japan or
Korea, they might find the direct eye contact awkward or
even disrespectful. In parts of South America and Africa,
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prolonged eye contact could also be seen as challenging
authority. In the Middle East, eye contact across genders is
considered inappropriate, although eye contact within a
gender could signify honesty and truthfulness.
Having an increased awareness of the possible differences
in expectations and behavior can help us avoid cases of
miscommunication, but it is vital that we also remember
that cultural stereotypes can be detrimental to building
good business relationships. Although national cultures
could play a part in shaping the way we behave and think,
we are also largely influenced by the region we come from,
the communities we associate with, our age and gender, our
corporate culture and our individual experiences of the
world. The knowledge of the potential differences should
therefore be something we keep at the back of our minds,
rather than something that we use to pigeonhole the
individuals of an entire nation.
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Task 1 : Choose the correct answer
1. The British trainee felt that the people who want to
be addressed as ‗Dr‘ must be ……….
A. Hard-working
B. Conceited and self-important
C. Doing a medical degree
D. From Germany
2. If you are not sure how to address someone, you
should …………..
A. Use the title you see on their business card
B. Make your decision based on cultural stereotypes
about their country
C. Address them the way you‘d like to be addressed
D. Ask them what they would like to call them
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3. There might be a misunderstanding if an American
smiles at a Russian business associate because the Russian
might think that the American is …………………
A. Being fake
B. Challenging their authority
C. Trying to break the ice
D. Disrespectful
4. The Japanese, South Koreans and Iranians might
interpret a smiling face as being…………..
A. Friendlier
B. Less open
C. Not as intelligent
D. Dishonest
5. Americans and British people sometimes use eye
contact to show that they ………..
A. Like the speaker
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B. Are really listening to what is being said
C. Are honest and truthful
D. Are attending to every need of the speaker
6. The last paragraph warns the reader not
to……………
A. Engage in international business
B. Let national cultures shape the way we behave and
think
C. Let miscommunication damage our business
relationships
D. Overgeneralize using our knowledge of cultural
stereotypes
Task 2 : Are the sentences true or false?
1. When doing business internationally, there is a
possibility that we might misinterpret what each other is
saying even though we are speaking the same language.
145
2. To the German trainee, having a PhD is equivalent to
being a medical doctor.
3. Sometimes, the smallest things can trigger a huge
emotional response in us, especially when they are things
we are not used to.
4. In the research done on the perceptions of smiles,
people from different countries were asked to rate photos of
smiling faces and non-smiling ones.
5. Making eye contact can be interpreted in different
ways in different cultures but is almost always a positive
thing.
6. The writer recommends keeping possible cultural
differences in the forefront of our minds when doing
business with people from different cultures.
Task 3 : Discussion
What practices have you encountered that seemed strange
or even inappropriate to you?
146
……………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………
………………..……………………………………………
………………………………………
Task 4 : Match the word with the definitions
Pompous, to break the ice, stark, to pigeonhole someone,
nuances, mundane, to stand someone in good stead, to be
conceived as
1. Subtle differences in meaning ……………..…..
2. To be useful to someone in the future…………
3. Arrogant and self-important ………………...
4. Extreme and obvious, often used with ‗difference‘ or
‗contrast‘ ………………...
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5. To be thought of as ………………………
6. Boring, uninteresting or ordinary………...
7. to do something that helps relieve the tension and get
conversation going, especially between people meeting for
the first time ………………..
8. to label someone and put them in a restrictive
category………………
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(3)
Preparing For a Flight
Sheila had gone to bed; she came out in her dressing gown
to meet me in the hall. ‗You‘re late, Ronnie,‘ she said. ‗Did
you have a bad trip‘
‗Not too bad,‘ I told her. ‗But there‘s been a bit of drama in
Tasmania. Johnnie Pascoe‘s bought it1 .‘
‗I heard it on the news. I‘m sorry. Why did you leave the
car outside?‘
1
Bought it. Air Force slang meaning has been killed in a crash.
149
‗I‘m going over there,‘ I said. ‗See if there‘s anything that I
can do. There‘s a freighter in about half an hour‘s time. I
want my leather coat and helmet.‘
She stared at me, astonished. ‗Your leather coat? I haven‘t
seen that for many years.‘
‗We haven‘t given it away?‘
She wrinkled her brows. ‗I don‘t think so.‘ She stood in
thought. ‗I remember wrapping it up in newspaper so that it
wouldn‘t make other thing dirty… I think it might be in the
trunk under Diana‘s bed.‘
‗Would the helmet be with it?‘
‗It might be. Peter had that last, two years ago, when he
went to that fancy dress party at school.‘
Diana woke up when we pulled the trunk out from under
her bed, and sat up sleepily, ‗Wha‘s the matter?‘
‗It‘s all right, darling,‘ Sheila told her. ‗Go to sleep again.
We just want Daddy‘s coat. He‘s going flying.‘
150
At eight years old one is easily satisfied. ‗Is that all?‘ she
said. She lay down and turned on her side; I pulled the
bedclothes over her and tucked them round her shoulders
for the night was chilly, and she went to sleep
immediately.
The coat was there in newspaper and we found the helmet
in the chest of drawers in Peter‘s room. Sheila said softly,
‗He put it on sometimes, in front of the looking glass.‘
We closed the door quietly behind us. ‗You‘d better have
something, Ronnie,‘ she said. ‗Dripping toast and cocoa?‘
It was a good idea, because I should be up all night. She
went into the kitchen and I went into the bedroom and
stuffed a little haversack full of pullovers and warm
clothes.
Sheila was busy in the kitchen. I put the haversack down in
the hall beside my coat and wandered out into the
workshop. Peter and I were planning a surprise for Diana,
because we were going to build her a doll‘s house, a big
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one with six rooms, for Christmas. I had got the plywood
and the lengths of small, sawn timber, and we had laid out
the baseboard. I stood looking at the drawing, pondering
this thing. I had another project on hand for Peter for
Christmas, a flying model airplane with a small diesel
motor, but that I was building in a corner of the workshop
at the aerodrome to make it a surprise.
I stood pondering the doll‘s house in the workshop,
savoring my home. Sheila came to me in a few minutes.
‗Don‘t stand mooning there,‘ she said. ‗The toast‘s ready.‘
‗What color shall we have the drawing room?‘ I asked.
‗Pink,‘ she said. ‗Pale pink walls. She likes pink. Now
come and eat your toast.‘
I left the workshop and went through to the kitchen and ate
the little meal she had prepared for me. Presently I glanced
at my watch, and it was time to go.
She said a little anxiously, ‗Don‘t go and buy it yourself,
Ronnie.‘
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‗I won‘t do that,‘ I promised her. ‗There‘s trouble enough
over there already.‘
(Nevil Shute, The Rainbow and the Rose)
In each case, only one of the four statements labeled A,
B, C, and D is correct in the context of the passage.
Choose which one it is.
(1) Sheila
A. was surprised to hear the news about Johnny Pascoe
B. read about what had happened to Johnny in the
newspaper
C. had heard about the accident on the radio
D. thought Ronnie had been delayed by the news of the
accident
(2) ‗She wrinkled her brows‘ suggests that Sheila was
A. Angry
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B. Surprised
C. Worried
D. Uncertain
(3) Sheila
A. Thought she had given her husband‘s coat away
B. Had no idea where it was
C. Knew where it was
D. Had a vague idea of where it was
(4) Diana
A. Was frightened because her father was going flying
B. Was disappointed that her father was going
C. Was woken by the movement in her bedroom
D. Woke up because it was cold night
(5) Diana
A. Was too young to understand what her mother said
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B. Was young enough to accept any explanation her
parents gave
C. Was too sleepy to understand what was happening
D. Did not ask any more questions because she thought
her parents would be angry
(6) ‗for the night was chilly‘ means
A. For the rest of the cold night
B. Because it was a cold night
C. Because she might catch a cold
D. As a protection against the cold
(7) Peter
A. Had only worn his father‘s helmet once
B. Had hidden the helmet in some newspaper
C. Liked to pretend that he was a pilot, like his father
D. Often put on fancy dress
155
(8) ‗I should be up all night‘ means that Ronnie
A. Would have to spend the night on his feet
B. Wouldn‘t be able to sleep that night
C. Would be in the air all night
D. Ought to stay awake all night
(9) Ronnie
A. Had bought some wood for a doll‘s house
B. Had made his daughter a doll‘s house
C. Had built a doll‘s house with his son
D. Was going to build a doll‘s house at Christmas
(10) Ronnie
A. Was making an airplane for his son in his workshop
B. Had to make the airplane at the aerodrome because
the proper tools for the project were there
C. Did not want his son to know about the airplane
D. Was making a surprise Christmas present for his two
children to play with together.
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(11) ‗pondering‘ means
A. Thinking about
B. Worrying about
C. Deciding
D. Admiring
(12) Ronnie
A. Was worried that he wouldn‘t be able to finish the
doll‘s house if he left
B. Did not care whether he ate or not before leaving
home
C. Enjoyed the smell of cooking from the kitchen
D. Wanted to enjoy the atmosphere at home before he
left
(13) When Sheila called Ronnie into the kitchen, he was
A. Looking at the moon
B. Looking depressed
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C. Worrying
D. Dreaming
(14) Ronnie
A. Was going to repaint his drawing room
B. Asked his wife what color she would like for their
drawing room
C. Knew that pink was one of his wife‘s favorite colors
D. Wondered what color Diana would like for the
drawing room of the doll‘s house
(15) ‗presently‘ means
A. Soon afterwards
B. Now
C. At present
D. Immediately
158
(4)
The Killer
Murder didn‘t mean much to Raven. It was just a new job.
You had to be careful. You had to use your brains. It was
not a question of hatred. He had only seen the Minister
once: he had been pointed out to Raven as he walked down
the new housing estate between the little lit Christmas trees,
an old rather grubby man without any friends, who was
said to love humanity.
The cold wind cut his face in the wide Continental street. It
was a good excuse for turning the collar of his coat well up
159
above his mouth. A hare-lip2 was a serious handicap in his
profession; it had been badly sewn in infancy, so that now
the upper lip was twisted and scarred. When you carried
about you so easy an identification you couldn‘t help
becoming ruthless in your methods. It had always, from the
first, been necessary for Raven to eliminate the evidence.
He carried an attaché case. He looked like any other
youngish man going home after his work; his dark overcoat
had a clerical air. He moved steadily up the street like
hundreds of his kind. A tram went by, lit up in the early
dusk: he didn‘t take it. An economical young man, you
might have thought, saving money for his home. Perhaps
even now he was on his way to meet his girl.
But Raven had never had a girl. The hare-lip prevented
that. He had learnt, when he was very young, how repulsive
it was. He turned into one of the tall grey houses and
climbed the stairs, a sour bitter screwed-up figure.
2
Hare-lip. Deformity (from birth) in which the upper lip is divided
160
Outside the top flat he put down his attaché case and put on
his gloves. He took a pair of clippers out of his pocket and
cut through the telephone wire where it ran out from above
the door to the lift shaft. Then he rang the bell.
He hoped to find the Minister alone. This little top-floor
flat was the socialist‘s home; he lived in a poor bare
solitary way and Raven had been told that his secretary
always left him at half-past six; he was very considerate
with his employees. But Raven was a minute too early and
the Minister half an hour too late. A woman opened the
door, an elderly woman with pince-nez and several gold
teeth. She had her hat on and her coat was over her arm.
She had been on the point of leaving and she was furious
at being caught. She didn‘t allow him to speak, but snapped
at him in German: ‗The Minister is engaged.‘
He wanted to spare her, not because he minded a killing but
because his employers might prefer him not to exceed
instructions. He held the letter of introduction out to her
161
silently; as long as she didn‘t hear his foreign voice or see
his hare-lip she was safe. She took the letter primly and
held it up close to her pince-nez. Good, he thought, she‘s
short-sighted. ‗Stay where you are,‘ she said, and walked
back up the passage. He could hear her disapproving
governess voice, then she was back in the passage saying:
‗The Minister will see you. Follow me, please.‘ He couldn‘t
understand the foreign speech, but he knew what she meant
from her behavior.
(Graham Greene, A Gun for Sale)
1. Raven killed people because
A. he was paid to do it
B. he liked taking risks
C. he thought it was his duty
162
D. he hated them
2. Raven knew who the Minister was because he had been
A. introduced to him
B. shown a picture of him
C. told what he looked like
D. present when the Minister made a public appearance
3. The Minister
A. was popular
B. was dishonest
C. was lonely
D. looked as noble as his ideals
4. Raven was glad of an excuse to turn up the collar of his
coat because
A. it was so cold
B. the street was so wide
C. the wind was cutting his face
D. he was conscious of his hare-lip
5. The hare-lip was bad for Raven‘s profession because
163
A. it made him look ugly
B. it made him easy to recognize
C. it had been badly sewn
D. it had made him ruthless
6. In this context, ‗to eliminate the evidence‘ implies
A. to kill witness
B. to burn papers
C. to carry documents away with him
D. to wipe away fingerprints
7. Raven looked as if he was aged
A. about 16
B. about 25
C. about 40
D. about 50
8. Raven did not take a tram because
A. it wasn‘t necessary to his plan
164
B. he always went home on foot
C. he was saving his money
D. he was going to meet his girl
9. Raven was walking along the street
A. in the early morning
B. in the early afternoon
C. in the early evening
D. at night
10. The Minister‘s office was
A. upstairs in a small house
B. at the top of a high building
C. in a Government building
D. on a new housing estate
11. When he arrived at the Minister‘s flat, Raven
A. took some tools out of his case
B. took some gloves out of his case
165
C. fixed the lift so that it could not go down
D. made preparations for a murder
12. The Minister‘s secretary almost always left at 6.30
because
A. The Minister liked to be alone in the evenings
B. The Minister expected his staff to work long hours
C. The Minister did not like to ask too much of other
people
D. She hadn‘t very much work to do
13. The woman who opened the door
A. was dressed in a hat and coat
B. was carrying her hat and coat
C. was wearing a hat and carrying her coat
D. was wearing a lot of jewelry
14. ‗She had been on the point of leaving‘ means
166
A. she had just left
B. she had been about to leave
C. she had been making up her mind to leave
D. she was anxious to leave
15. When she saw Raven, the woman
A. asked him what he wanted
B. told him to be quiet
C. said the Minister was busy
D. was terrified because he had got hold of her
16. Raven
A. did not want to kill the woman because it was not part of
his plan
B. did not want to kill her because he felt sorry for her
C. was afraid that if he killed her the Minister would escape
D. immediately decided to kill her as well as the Minister
167
17. ‗As long as‘ means
A. as well as
B. because
C. although
D. provided that
18. Raven was glad the woman was short-sighted because
A. she would not see him when he killed her
B. she would not see that the letter of introduction was not
genuine
C. she would not recognize him if she saw him again
D. she would not realize that he was foreign
19. The woman
A. did not understand the letter because it was in a foreign
language
B. went to ask the Minister for instructions
C. did not think the Minister should see Raven because he
had a hare-lip
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D. realized Raven‘s letter of introduction was not genuine
20. Raven realized that the woman wanted him to follow
her because
A. she spoke English
B. he knew a few words of her language
C. she showed him the way and came after him
D. what she was saying was obvious
169
(5)
A Private Arms Store
By the time he reached the camp site, it was after nine
thirty; but he rested a few minutes before starting work. He
had calculated that it would take him less than two hours to
move all the boxes to the cane thicket, and was determined
to reserve his strength as much as possible. The hardest part
of the job would come on the third night, and he must be
prepared for that.
The problem of handling the boxes, he had solved almost
by accident. At intervals, Mr. Wright received catalogues
from a mail order house in Singapore, and in one of them
170
Girija had seen a device that had interested him. It was a
gadget for those with heavy suitcases, who did not wish to
hire porters, and consisted of a strap attached to a bracket
with two small trolley wheels mounted on it. The strap was
fastened lengthwise round the suitcase, with the wheels at
one corner. There was a handle on the strap. The owner of
the suitcases simply grasped this handle and walked along,
trailing the case behind him, with half of the weight of it
carried on the trolley wheels. The price was six dollars.
Girija had sent for one and experimented. The thing
worked on firm ground; but up at the camp site, and with a
heavy box of rifles, the small wheels sank into the spongy
surface of the hillside and were useless. Larger wheels with
broader tyres were needed. He had found them eventually
on the estate. Before the Wright children had been sent
away to school in England, one of them had had a scooter.
It had been left in Mr. Wright‘s garage, and Girijia had had
171
no difficulty in removing the wheels. Mounted on an axle
made out of a spare jack handle, they worked quite well.
The transfer to the cane thicket was completed by mid-
night, and Girija began the journey back. In spite of his
resolve to conserve his energies, he was very tired, and
realized that he could no longer rely upon his wits to see
him through. Now, it would be a question of stamina.
There was a compensation. As his weariness increased, his
fears seemed to diminish. By the time he had completed the
next night‘s work, he had forgotten about leopards, and
feared the dark track from the stream bed to the tin
workings only because it threatened his powers of
endurance.
The nine boxes containing the rifles were the most
awkward to handle, and only one could be moved at a
time. It required twenty stumbling journeys each way to
shift all the boxes and ammunition containers, and the final
move from the stream bed to the oil store took five and a
172
half hours. When he had secured the padlock he sank down
on the ground in a state of collapse. It was another hour
before he could summon the strength to get on his bicycle
and ride back to the estate; and only the fear of being seen
returning to the estate compound at daybreak before he had
had time to wash and put on clean clothes, drove him to
make that final effort.
(Eric Ambler , Passage of Arms)
1. When he arrived at the camp site, Girijia
A. stayed where he was while he was calculating how long
the job would take him
B. waited for a time because he was too tired to carry the
boxes
C. waited until 9.30 before starting work
173
D. was careful to avoid getting too tired
2. ‗By accident‘ means
A. by chance B. casually C. fortunately
D. as the result of an accident
3. Girijia had seen the gadget he used
A. in a book sent from Singapore
B. in a book he had ordered from Singapore
C. in a book Mr. Wright had ordered for him
D. in a post-office in Singapore
4. The gadget was made to help
A. people with trolleys
B. people fasten suitcases
C. porters carry suitcases
D. lighten the weight of suitcases
5. ‗Hire‘ means
A. lend B. let C. employ D. borrow
6. ‗Lengthwise‘ means
A. from side to side C. from corner to corner
174
B. from top to bottom D. from end to end
7. ‗Trailing‘ means
A. pulling
B. following
C. tracking
D. going
8. ‗Experimented‘ means
A. experienced
B. proved
C. tried it on
D. tried it out
9. The gadget did not work well at the camp site because
A. the ground was not hard enough
B. it was not meant for carrying rifles
C. it could only be used on flat ground
D. Girija was not used to it
175
10. Girija
A. found some wheels lying in Mr. Wright‘s garage
B. stole a child‘s scooter from Mr. Wright‘s garage
C. got larger wheels from a child‘s scooter
D. removed the wheels from Mr. Wright‘s scooter
11. ‗Eventually‘ means
A. by chance
B. at last
C. in the event
D. at the end
12. ‗Removing‘ means
A. taking out
B. taking up
C. taking away
D. taking off
13. When Girija began his journey back
176
A. he knew he could not trust his intelligence any more
B. he understood that his success would depend on his
endurance
C. he decided to save his strength
D. he realized that his good humor would not be enough
14. After two nights‘ work, Girija
A. grew afraid of the path to the tin workings
B. no longer had the strength to walk to the tin workings
C. realized that there was no reason to be afraid of leopards
D. was too tired to worry about leopards anymore
15. The move from the stream bed to the oil store took a
long time because Girija
A. had to make a separate journey with each box of rifles
B. had to carry twenty boxes of rifles
C. fell down twenty times on the way
D. could only use the gadget for the ammunition containers
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16. ‗Awkward‘ means
A. unusual
B. heavy
C. dangerous
D. difficult
17. Girija eventually
A. hid the rifles and ammunition in a cane thicket
B. left them in the stream bed
C. shut them in the oil store
D. carried them to the estate compound
18. ‗Secured‘ means
A. hidden
B. tied
C. put away
D. locked
19. ‗Summon‘ means
A. call for
B. raise
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C. rise
D. fine
20. Girija
A. returned to the estate at dawn
B. was afraid that he would be seen on his way back to the
estate
C. took an hour to make the return journey to the estate
D. hurried back to the estate because he did not like
wearing dirty clothes
179
(6)
Guess Who‟s Coming to Dinner
Betty Hello, Jane. How lucky to run into you. Can you and
Tom come to dinner tomorrow evening?
Jane I think so. I don‘t think we‘re going out.
Betty I know it‘s rather short notice for you but we‟ve just
had a telegram from London. Bob‘s cousin, Lawrence, has
just come back from South America. He‘s coming for the
weekend and he‘s going to bring his wife. They‟ll be
staying with us here for the time being until they find
somewhere to live. They‘ve only just got married so
naturally we‘re looking forward to meeting Carmen and
we‘d like to introduce them both to all our friends.
180
Jane That sounds exciting. But I‘ve just remembered
something. We‘re going to take the children to the zoo
tomorrow. I‘m sure they won‘t be satisfied unless we look
at every animal and bird in the place. It‘s going to be
difficult for us to get back in time for dinner.
Betty Well, we‘re not going to have dinner until quite late,
probably about eight o‘clock. Lawrence and his wife are
coming tomorrow afternoon and that will give them rather
more time to get unpacked.
Jane I‟m sure we‟ll be back by eight. Who else is coming?
Betty I‘ve just rung Alison, but she wasn‘t in. It‘s often
rather difficult for her to get a baby-sitter. By the way, what
are you going to do about the children tomorrow night?
Jane They‘ll be all right. Catherine, the girl next door, will
be quite pleased to look after them if I ask her.
Betty I hope you‘ll like the meal. I‘m going to make a
special rice dish with chili sauce. I‘ve made it before from
181
time to time but Carmen will probably know much more
about it than I do. Still, I want them to feel at home.
Jane What time shall we come, then?
Betty The others are coming to the house about seven.
Then we‘ll have time for a drink before dinner and
everyone can get to know each other.
Jane We‘ll be looking forward to it. I expect we‘ll be on
time. We‘ll be round about seven if we can manage it. I
hope so, anyway.
Betty See you tomorrow, then. Goodbye for now.
A. Comprehension
Which of the following statements is correct in the
context of the passage?
1. Bob is (a) Betty‘s cousin (b) Betty‘s husband (c)
Jane‘s husband
2. Betty and her husband are looking forward to
meeting Carmen because (a) she has just got married (b)
182
they are wondering what Lawrence‘s wife is like (c) she is
South American
3. Betty is going to have dinner at eight o‘clock
because (a) Jane and her family will not be back before
then (b) people eat later in South America and she wants to
make her guests feel at home (c) she wants to give
Lawrence and Carmen an opportunity to get ready before
they meet people.
4. Alison (a) may not come to dinner party because it is
hard for her to find a baby-sitter (b) can‘t come to the
dinner party because she can‘t find a baby-sitter (c) won‘t
come to the party because she is out and won‘t be back in
time.
5. Jane and her husband will probably meet Lawrence
and Carmen (a) at eight o‘clock (b) before dinner (c) after
dinner.
183
B. Words
Choose the word or phrase from the alternatives given
which is closest in meaning to the words in italics in the
context of the passage.
1. It‟s rather short notice for you
(a) I haven‘t given you much time to remark
(b) I haven‘t given you much time to make arrangements
(c) I haven‘t given you much advice
2. Exciting
(a) Emotional
(b) Excitable
(c) Very interesting
3. Unless we look
(a) Except we look
(b) If we don‘t look
(c) If we look
184
4. By eight
(a) At eight
(b) For eight
(c) Not later than eight
5. Who else is coming?
(a) Which other person is coming?
(b) Which other people is coming?
(c) Which other people are coming?
6. She wasn‟t in
(a) She was off
(b) She was out
(c) She was away
7. Look after
(a) Take care of
(b) Be careful with
185
(c) Take notice of
8. From time to time
(a) Regularly
(b) Occasionally
(c) Seldom
C. Quite and Rather
Complete the following sentences, writing quite when
you think the meaning is comparatively (good), rather
when it suggests comparatively bad.
1. John found the examination……… easy but I
thought it was ………. difficult.
2. I‘m afraid we‘ll arrive ….... late for the party.
3. We‘re going to have dinner ………late because it
will be more convenient.
4. Jane thinks her cousin is ……. intelligent but I‘ve
always found her …….. boring.
186
5. How are you? I‘m …….well, thank you.
6. She wasn‘t well yesterday but today she looks …….
better.
7. She‘s ….attractive but…..tall to be an actress.
8. I feel ….tired. That case weighted …..more than I
expected.
D. Time (Collocations)
Complete the sentences with the correct preposition –
for , from , in , on , to
1. They‘ll be staying with us here......the time being.
2. It‘s going to be difficult to get back ….. time for the
party.
3. The trains from this station never leave …… time.
4. An inspector gets on the bus….. time….time.
5. Don‘t worry about it, sir. We‘ll repair it for you
……. no time.
E. Particles
187
Complete the sentence with the correct particle – back,
in, out, over, round, up
1. I‘ve just rung Alison but she didn‘t answer.
She must be …….
2. I‘m not sure if we‘ll be …… from the zoo by 6
o‘clock.
3. Excuse me. Is your husband …..? I want to ask him
some questions.
4. If the dinner doesn‘t start until eight, it won‘t be
…… till after midnight.
5. We‘ll be …… as soon as we return from the zoo.
6. He likes lying in bed. He wasn‘t …. when I rang him
at 10 o‘clock.
188
(7)
We can read of things that happened 5,000 years ago in the
Near East, where people first learned to write. But there are
some parts of the world where even now people cannot
write. The only way that they can preserve their history is
to recount it as sagas – legends handed down from one
generation of story-tellers to another. These legends are
useful because they can tell us something about migrations
of people who lived long ago, but none could write down
what they did. Anthropologists wondered where the
remote ancestors of the Polynesian people now living in
the Pacific Islands came from. The sagas of these people
189
explain that some of them came from Indonesia about
2,000 years ago.
But the first people who were like ourselves lived so long
ago that even their sagas, if they had any, are forgotten. So
archaeologists have neither history nor legends to help
them to find out where the first ‗modern men‘ came from.
Fortunately, however, ancient men made tools of stone,
especially flint, because this is easier to shape than other
kinds. They may also have used wood and skins, but these
have rotted away. Stone does not decay, and so the tools of
long ago have remained when even the bones of the men
who made them have disappeared without trace.
Robin Place: Finding Fossil Man
I. Comprehension
Give short answers to these questions in your own
words as far as possible. Use one complete sentence for
each answer
190
1. How can anthropologists learn about the history of
ancient peoples who have not left written records?
……………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………
2. Why did ancient men prefer to use flint for making
tools?
……………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………..……
II. Vocabulary
Give another word or phrase to replace these words as
they are used in the passage:
1. Preserve …………………………………..
2. Recount …………………………………...
3. Migrations ………………………………...
4. Anthropologists ……………………………
5. Remote …………………………………….
191
6. Decay ………………………………………
7. Without trace ……………………………….
III. Special Difficulties
A. Write sentences to bring out the difference between
the following pairs of words:
1. parts , places
……………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………
2. history , story
……………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………
3. wondered , wandered
……………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………
4. like , as
……………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………
192
5. find out , find
……………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………
6. ancient, old
……………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………
7. tools, instruments
……………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………
8. stone , rock
……………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………
9. skin, leather
……………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………...
B. What is the meaning of the word „happened‟ in the
following sentences?
193
1. We can read of things that happened 5,000 years ago.
……………………………………….
2. He happened to be an archaeologist.
…………………………………………………..
3. It happened that he knew the answer.
………………………………………………….
194
(8)
Why, you may wonder, should spiders be our friends?
Because they destroy so many insects, and insects include
some of the greatest enemies of the human race. Insects
would make it impossible for us to live in the world; they
would devour all our crops and kill our flocks and herds, if
it were not for the protection we get from insect-eating
animals. We owe a lot to the birds and beasts who eat
insects but all of them put together kill only a fraction of
the number destroyed by spiders. Moreover, unlike some of
the other insect eaters, spiders never do the least harm to
us or our belongings.
195
Spiders are not insects, as many people think, nor even
nearly related to them. One can tell the difference almost at
a glance, for a spider always has eight legs and an insect
never more than six.
How many spiders are engaged in this work on our behalf?
One authority on spiders made a census of the spiders in a
grass field in the south of England, and he estimated that
there were more than 2,250,000 in one acre; that is
something like 6,000,000 spiders of different kinds on a
football pitch. Spiders are busy for at least half the year in
killing insects. It is impossible to make more than the
wildest guess at how many they kill, but they are hungry
creatures, not content with only three meals a day. It has
been estimated that the weight of all the insects destroyed
by spiders in Britain in one year would be greater than the
total weight of all the human beings in the country.
T.H. Gillespie Spare that Spider

from The Listener
196
I. Comprehension
each answer.
1. Why have we reason to be grateful to insect-eating
animals?
……………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………
2. How can we tell the difference between a spider and an
insect?
……………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………….
3. What do you understand by the statement ‗One authority
on spiders made a census of the spiders in a grass field.‘?
……………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………….
II. Vocabulary
197
1. destroy ………………………………………
2. devour ……………………………………….
3. fraction ………………………………………
4. belongings ……………………………………
5. estimated ……………………………………..
A. Write sentences to bring out the difference
between the following pairs of words:
1. all…together, altogether
……………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………
2. other, else
……………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………
198
3. least, last
……………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………
4. harm, hurt
……………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………….
5. glance, glimpse
……………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………
6. work, job
……………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………….…
7. estimated, calculated
……………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………
B. Which verbs could be used in place of get in these
sentences:
199
1. They would devour all our crops and kill our flocks
and herds, if it were not for the protection we get from
insect-eating animals.
…………………………………………………………….
2. I got this hat at the shop on the corner.
……………………………………………………………..
3. Will you get that book for me please? It‘s on the
shelf.
……………………………………………………………..
4. I got a letter from my brother yesterday.
……………………………………………………………..
5. I‘m sorry, I didn‘t get that remark.
……………………………………………………………..
6. I didn‘t laugh because I didn‘t get the joke.
……………………………………………………………..
C. Supply the correct form of say or tell in these
sentences:
200
1. Will you please ……. me the time?
2. I‘m not very good at ……. stories.
3. You must ……. your prayers and go to bed.
4. Please ……. nothing more about it.
5. I can ……. you something about it.
6. We ……. goodbye and left.
7. I want you to …… the truth.
D. Supply the correct form of make or do in the
following sentences:
1. I …… a number of proposals, none of which was
accepted.
2. I‘ll ……. the washing up.
3. Will you help me to …… this crossword puzzle?
4. You‘ve …… quite a few mistakes.
5. I‘ve .... an appointment for you for next week.
6. They …. an announcement about it on the radio.
7. I‘ll …… my best to help you.
201
(9)
Modern alpinists try to climb mountains by a route which
will give them good sport, and the more difficult it is, the
more highly it is regarded. In the pioneering days,
however, this was not the case at all. The early climbers
were looking for the easiest way to the top, because the
summit was the prize they sought, especially if it had
never been attained before. It is true that during their
explorations they often faced difficulties and dangers of the
most perilous nature, equipped in a manner which would
make a modern climber shudder at the thought, but they
did not go out of their way to court such excitement. They
had a single aim, a solitary goal -- the top!
202
It is hard for us to realize nowadays how difficult it was for
the pioneers. Except for one or two places such as Zermatt
and Chamonix, which had rapidly become popular, Alpine
villages tended to be impoverished settlements cut off from
civilization by the high mountains. Such inns as there were
generally dirty and flea-ridden; the food simply local
cheese accompanied by bread often twelve months old, all
washed down with coarse wine. Often a valley boasted no
inn at all, and climbers found shelter wherever they could --
sometimes with the local priest who was usually as poor as
his parishioners, sometimes with shepherds or cheese-
makers. Invariably the background was the same: dirt and
poverty, and very uncomfortable. For men accustomed to
eating seven-course dinners and sleeping between fine
linen sheets at home, the change to the Alps must have been
very hard indeed.
WALTER UNSWORTH
Matterhorn Man
203
I. Comprehension
each answer.
1. In what way does the attitude of the modern climber
towards mountains differ from that of the pioneer?
……………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………
2. Name three factors which made most Alpine villages
inhospitable places.
……………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………
II. Vocabulary
1. route ………………………………….
204
2. regarded ………………………………
3. summit ………………………………..
4. sought …………………………………
5. faced …………………………………..
6. perilous ………………………………
7. shudder ………………………………
8. court ………………………………….
9. solitary ……………………………….
10. coarse ……………………………….
11. boasted ……………………………...
12. invariably ……………………………
A. Write sentences to bring out the difference
between the following pairs of words:
1. case, situation
……………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………
205
2. especially, specially
……………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………
3. realize, understand
……………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………
4. except for, except
……………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………
5. coarse, course
……………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………
6. home, house
……………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………
B. Explain the meaning of the phrases in italics:
1. They did not go out of their way to court such
excitement.
206
……………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………..….
2. Please ask him to get out of the way; I can‘t get past.
……………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………
3. We bought a beautiful out-of-the-way cottage, miles
from anywhere.
……………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………….
4. Please move that table. Can‘t you see it‘s in the way?
……………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………
5. I‘ll call in and see you on my way home from work.
……………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………...
6. We must do this exercise in the way we have been
taught.
207
……………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………….
Reading Comprehension Practice Test
1. Questions 1-7.
In the sixteenth century, an age of great marine and
terrestrial exploration, Ferdinand Magellan led the first
expedition to sail around the world. As a young Portuguese
noble, he served the king of Portugal, but he became
involved in the quagmire of political intrigue at court and
lost the king's favor. After he was dismissed from service to
the king of Portugal, he offered to serve the future Emperor
Charles V of Spain.
A papal decree of 1493 had assigned all land in the New
World west of 50 degrees W longitude to Spain and all the
land east of that line to Portugal. Magellan offered to prove
that the East Indies fell under Spanish authority. On
September 20, 1519, Magellan set sail from Spain with five
208
ships. More than a year later, one of these ships was
exploring the topography of South America in search of a
water route across the continent. This ship sank, but the
remaining four ships searched along the southern peninsula
of South America. Finally they found the passage they
sought near a latitude of 50 degrees S. Magellan named this
passage the Strait of All Saints, but today we know it as the
Strait of Magellan.
One ship deserted while in this passage and returned to
Spain, so fewer sailors were privileged to gaze at that first
panorama of the Pacific Ocean. Those who remained
crossed the meridian we now call the International Date
Line in the early spring of 1521 after ninety-eight days on
the Pacific Ocean. During those long days at sea, many of
Magellan's men died of starvation and disease.
Later Magellan became involved in an insular conflict in
the Philippines and was killed in a tribal battle. Only one
ship and seventeen sailors under the command of the
209
Basque navigator Elcano survived to complete the
westward journey to Spain and thus prove once and for all
that the world is round, with no precipice at the edge.
The sixteenth century was an age of great ___exploration.
A. cosmic B. land C. mental D. common man E. none of
the above
2. Magellan lost the favor of the king of Portugal when he
became involved in a political ___.
A. entanglement B. discussion C. negotiation D. problems
E. none of the above
210
3. The Pope divided New World lands between Spain and
Portugal according to their location on one side or the other
of an imaginary geographical line 50 degrees west of
Greenwich that extends in a ___ direction.
A. north and south B. crosswise C. easterly D. south east E.
north and west
4. One of Magellan's ships explored the ___ of South
America for a passage across the continent.
A. coastline B. mountain range C. physical features D.
islands E. none of the above
5. Four of the ships sought a passage along a southern ___.
A. coast B. inland C. body of land with water on three sides
D. border E. answer not available
6. The passage was found near 50 degrees S of ___.
A. Greenwich B. The equator C. Spain D. Portugal E.
Madrid
7. In the spring of 1521, the ships crossed the ___ now
called the International Date Line.
211
A. imaginary circle passing through the poles B. Imaginary
line parallel to the equator C. area D. land mass E. answer
not found in article
8. Questions 8-14 Marie Curie was one of the most
accomplished scientists in history. Together with her
husband, Pierre, she discovered radium, an element widely
used for treating cancer, and studied uranium
212
and other radioactive substances. Pierre and Marie's
amicable collaboration later helped to unlock the secrets of
the atom.
Marie was born in 1867 in Warsaw, Poland, where her
father was a professor of physics. At the early age, she
displayed a brilliant mind and a blithe personality. Her
great exuberance for learning prompted her to continue
with her studies after high school. She became disgruntled,
however, when she learned that the university in Warsaw
was closed to women. Determined to receive a higher
education, she defiantly left Poland and in 1891 entered the
Sorbonne, a French university, where she earned her
master's degree and doctorate in physics.
Marie was fortunate to have studied at the Sorbonne with
some of the greatest scientists of her day, one of whom was
Pierre Curie. Marie and Pierre were married in 1895 and
spent many productive years working together in the
physics laboratory. A short time after they discovered
213
radium, Pierre was killed by a horse-drawn wagon in 1906.
Marie was stunned by this horrible misfortune and endured
heartbreaking anguish. Despondently she recalled their
close relationship and the joy that they had shared in
scientific research. The fact that she had two young
daughters to raise by herself greatly increased her distress.
Curie's feeling of desolation finally began to fade when she
was asked to succeed her husband as a physics professor at
the Sorbonne. She was the first woman to be given a
professorship at the world-famous university. In 1911 she
received the Nobel Prize in chemistry for isolating radium.
Although Marie Curie eventually suffered a fatal illness
from her long exposure to radium, she never became
disillusioned about her work. Regardless of the
consequences, she had dedicated herself to science and to
revealing the mysteries of the physical world.
The Curies' ____ collaboration helped to unlock the secrets
of the atom.
214
A. friendly B. competitive C. courteous D. industrious E.
chemistry
9. Marie had a bright mind and a __personality.
A. strong B. lighthearted C. humorous D. strange E.
envious
10. When she learned that she could not attend the
university in Warsaw, she felt___.
A. hopeless B. annoyed C. depressed
215
D. worried E. none of the above
11. Marie ___ by leaving Poland and traveling to France to
enter the Sorbonne.
A. challenged authority B. showed intelligence C. behaved
D. was distressed E. answer not available in article
12. _____she remembered their joy together.
A. Dejectedly B. Worried C. Tearfully D. Happily E.
Sorrowfully
13. Her ____ began to fade when she returned to the
Sorbonne to succeed her husband.
A. misfortune B. anger C. wretchedness D. disappointment
E. ambition
14. Even though she became fatally ill from working with
radium, Marie Curie was never ____.
A. troubled B. worried C. disappointed D. sorrowful E.
disturbed
15. Questions 15-19.
216
Mount Vesuvius, a volcano located between the ancient
Italian cities of Pompeii and Herculaneum, has received
much attention because of its frequent and destructive
eruptions. The most famous of these eruptions occurred in
A. D. 79.
The volcano had been inactive for centuries. There was
little warning of the coming eruption, although one account
unearthed by archaeologists says that a hard rain and a
strong wind had disturbed the celestial calm during the
preceding night. Early the next morning, the volcano
poured a huge river of molten rock down upon
Herculaneum, completely burying the city and filling in the
harbor with coagulated lava.
217
Meanwhile, on the other side of the mountain, cinders,
stone and ash rained down on Pompeii. Sparks from the
burning ash ignited the combustible rooftops quickly. Large
portions of the city were destroyed in the conflagration.
Fire, however, was not the only cause of destruction.
Poisonous sulphuric gases saturated the air. These heavy
gases were not buoyant in the atmosphere and therefore
sank toward the earth and suffocated people.
Over the years, excavations of Pompeii and Herculaneum
have revealed a great deal about the behavior of the
volcano. By analyzing data, much as a zoologist dissects a
specimen animal, scientist have concluded that the eruption
changed large portions of the area's geography. For
instance, it turned the Sarno River from its course and
raised the level of the beach along the Bay of Naples.
Meteorologists studying these events have also concluded
that Vesuvius caused a huge tidal wave that affected the
world's climate. In addition to making these investigations,
218
archaeologists have been able to study the skeletons of
victims by using distilled water to wash away the volcanic
ash. By strengthening the brittle bones with acrylic paint,
scientists have been able to examine the skeletons and draw
conclusions about the diet and habits of the residents.
Finally, the excavations at both Pompeii and Herculaneum
have yielded many examples of classical art, such as
jewelry made of bronze, which is an alloy of copper and
tin.
The eruption of Mount Vesuvius and its tragic
consequences have provided us with a wealth of data about
the effects that volcanoes can have on the surrounding area.
Today volcanologists can locate and predict eruptions,
saving lives and preventing the destruction of cities and
cultures.
Herculaneum and its harbor were buried under ___lava.
A. liquid B. solid C. flowing D. gas E. answer not available
16. The poisonous gases were not ___ in the air.
219
A. able to float B. visible C. able to evaporate D. invisible
E. able to condense
17. Scientists analyzed data about Vesuvius in the same
way that a zoologist ___ a specimen.
A. describes in detail B. studies by cutting apart C.
photographs D. chart E. answer not available
220
18. ____have concluded that the volcanic eruption caused a
tidal wave.
A. Scientist who study oceans B. Scientist who study
atmospheric conditions C. Scientist who study ash D.
Scientist who study animal behavior E. Answer not
available in article
19. Scientist have used ___water to wash away volcanic
ash from the skeletons of victims.
A. bottled B. volcanic C. purified D. sea E. fountain
Conflict had existed between Spain and England since the
1570s. England wanted a share of the wealth that Spain had
been taking from the lands it had claimed in the Americas.
Elizabeth I, Queen of England, encouraged her staunch
admiral of the navy, Sir Francis Drake, to raid Spanish
ships and towns. Though these raids were on a small scale,
Drake achieved dramatic success, adding gold and silver to
England's treasury and diminishing Spain's omnipotence.
221
Religious differences also caused conflict between the two
countries. Whereas Spain was Roman Catholic, most of
England had become Protestant. King Philip II of Spain
wanted to claim the throne and make England a Catholic
country again. To satisfy his ambition and also to retaliate
against England's theft of his gold and silver, King Philip
began to build his fleet of warships, the Armada, in January
1586.
Philip intended his fleet to be indestructible. In addition to
building new warships, he marshaled one hundred and
thirty sailing vessels of all types and recruited more than
nineteen thousand robust soldiers and eight thousand
sailors. Although some of his ships lacked guns and others
lacked ammunition, Philip was convinced that his Armada
could withstand any battle with England.
The martial Armada set sail from Lisbon, Portugal, on May
9,1588, but bad weather forced it back to port. The voyage
resumed on July 22 after the weather became more stable.
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The Spanish fleet met the smaller, faster, and more
maneuverable English ships in battle off the coast of
Plymouth, England, first on July 31 and again on August 2.
The two battles left Spain vulnerable, having lost several
ships and with its ammunition depleted. On August 7,
while the Armada lay at anchor on the French side of the
Strait of Dover, England sent eight burning ships into the
midst of the Spanish fleet to set it on fire. Blocked on one
side, the Spanish ships could
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only drift away, their crews in panic and disorder. Before
the Armada could regroup, the English attacked again on
August 8.
Although the Spaniards made a valiant effort to fight back,
the fleet suffered extensive damage. During the eight hours
of battle, the Armada drifted perilously close to the rocky
coastline. At the moment when it seemed that the Spanish
ships would be driven onto the English shore, the wind
shifted, and the Armada drifted out into the North Sea. The
Spaniards recognized the superiority of the English fleet
and returned home, defeated.
Sir Francis Drake added wealth to the treasury and
diminished Spain's ____.
A. unlimited power B. unrestricted growth C. territory D.
treaties E. answer not available in article
21. Philip recruited many ___soldiers and sailors.
A. warlike B. strong C. accomplished D. timid E. non
experienced
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22. The ____ Armada set sail on May 9, 1588.
A. complete B. warlike C. independent D. isolated E.
answer not available
23. The two battles left the Spanish fleet ____.
A. open to change B. triumphant C. open to attack D.
defeated E. discouraged
24. The Armada was ___ on one side.
A. closed off
B. damaged
C. alone
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D. circled E. answer not available in this article
The victory of the small Greek democracy of Athens over
the mighty Persian empire in 490 B. C. is one of the most
famous events in history. Darius, king of the Persian
empire, was furious because Athens had interceded for the
other Greek city-states in revolt against Persian domination.
In anger the king sent an enormous army to defeat Athens.
He thought it would take drastic steps to pacify the
rebellious part of the empire. Persia was ruled by one man.
In Athens, however, all citizens helped to rule. Ennobled by
this participation, Athenians were prepared to die for their
city-state. Perhaps this was the secret of the remarkable
victory at Marathon, which freed them from Persian rule.
On their way to Marathon, the Persians tried to fool some
Greek city-states by claiming to have come in peace. The
frightened citizens of Delos refused to believe this. Not
wanting to abet the conquest of Greece, they fled from their
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city and did not return until the Persians had left. They
were wise, for the Persians next conquered the city of Etria
and captured its people.
Tiny Athens stood alone against Persia. The Athenian
people went to their sanctuaries. There they prayed for
deliverance. They asked their gods to expedite their victory.
The Athenians refurbished their weapons and moved to the
plain of Marathon, where their little band would meet the
Persians. At the last moment, soldiers from Plataea
reinforced the Athenian troops.
The Athenian army attacked, and Greek citizens fought
bravely. The power of the mighty Persians was offset by
the love that the Athenians had for their city. Athenians
defeated the Persians in archery and hand combat. Greek
soldiers seized Persian ships and burned them, and the
Persians fled in terror. Herodotus, a famous historian,
reports that 6400 Persians died, compared with only 192
Athenians.
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Athens had ____the other Greek city-states against the
Persians.
A. refused help to B. intervened on behalf of C. wanted to
fight D. given orders for all to fight E. defeated
26. Darius took drastic steps to ___ the rebellious
Athenians.
A. weaken B. destroy C. calm D. placate E. answer not
available
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27. Their participation___to the Athenians.
A. gave comfort B. gave honor C. gave strength D. gave
fear E. gave hope
28. The people of Delos did not want to ___ the conquest
of Greece.
A. end B. encourage C. think about D. daydream about E.
29. The Athenians were ___by some soldiers who arrived
from Plataea.
A. welcomed B. strengthened C. held D. captured E.
The Trojan War is one of the most famous wars in history.
It is well known for the ten-year duration, for the heroism
of a number of legendary characters, and for the Trojan
horse. What may not be familiar, however, is the story of
how the war began. According to Greek myth, the strife
between the Trojans and the Greeks started at the wedding
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of Peleus, King of Thessaly, and Thetis, a sea nymph. All
of the gods and goddesses had been invited to the wedding
celebration in Troy except Eris, goddesses of discord. She
had been omitted from the guest list because her presence
always embroiled mortals and immortals alike in conflict.
To take revenge on those who had slighted her, Eris
decided to cause a skirmish. Into the middle of the banquet
hall, she threw a golden apple marked ―for the most
beautiful.‖ All of the goddesses began to haggle over who
should possess it. The gods and goddesses reached a
stalemate when the choice was narrowed to Hera, Athena,
and Aphrodite. Someone was needed to settle the
controversy by picking a winner. The job eventually fell to
Paris, son of King Priam of Troy, who was said to be a
good judge of beauty.
Paris did not have an easy job. Each goddess, eager to win
the golden apple, tried aggressively to bribe him. ―I'll grant
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you vast kingdoms to rule, ― promised Hera. ―Vast
kingdoms are nothing in
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comparison with my gift,‖ contradicted Athena. ―Choose
me and I'll see that you win victory and fame in war.‖
Aphrodite outdid her adversaries, however. She won the
golden apple by offering Helen, Zeus' daughter and the
most beautiful mortal, to Paris. Paris, anxious to claim
Helen, set off for Sparta in Greece.
Although Paris learned that Helen was married, he accepted
the hospitality of her husband, King Menelasu of Sparta,
anyway. Therefore, Menelaus was outraged for a number of
reasons when Paris departed, taking Helen and much of the
king's wealth back to Troy. Menelaus collected his loyal
forces and set sail for Troy to begin the war to reclaim
Helen.
Eris was known for ___both mortals and immortals.
A. scheming against B. involving in conflict C. feeling
hostile toward D. ignoring E. comforting
31. Each goddess tried ___to bribe Paris.
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A. boldly B. effectively C. secretly D. carefully E. answer
not stated
32. Athena ___ Hera, promising Paris victory and fame in
war.
A. denied the statement of B. defeated C. agreed with D.
restated the statement E. questioned the statement
One of the most intriguing stories of the Russian
Revolution concerns the identity of Anastasia, the youngest
daughter of Czar Nicholas II. During his reign over Russia,
the Czar had planned to revoke many of the harsh laws
established by previous czars. Some workers and peasants,
however, clamored for more rapid social reform. In 1918 a
group of these people, known as Bolsheviks, overthrew the
government. On July 17 or 18, they murdered the Czar and
what was thought to be his entire family.
Although witnesses vouched that all the members of the
Czar's family had been executed, there were rumors
233
suggesting that Anastasia had survived. Over the years, a
number of women
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claimed to be Grand Duchess Anastasia. Perhaps the best –
known claimant was Anastasia Tschaikovsky, who was
also known as Anna Anderson.
In 1920, eighteen months after the Czar's execution, this
terrified young woman was rescued from drowning in a
Berlin river. She spent two years in a hospital, where she
attempted to reclaim her health and shattered mind. The
doctors and nurses thought that she resembled Anastasia
and questioned heer about her background. She disclaimed
any connection with the Czar's family.
Eight years later, though, she claimed that she was
Anastasia. She said that she had been rescued by two
Russian soldiers after the Czar and the rest of her family
had been killed. Two brothers named Tschaikovsky had
carried her into Romania. She had married one of the
brothers, who had taken her to Berlin and left her there,
penniless and without a vocation. Unable to invoke the aid
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of her mother's family in Germany, she had tried to drown
herself.
During the next few years, scores of the Czar's relatives,
ex-servants, and acquaintances interviewed her. Many of
these people said that her looks and mannerisms were
evocative of the Anastasia that they had known. Her
grandmother and other relatives denied that she was the
real Anastasia, however. Tried of being accused of fraud,
Anastasia immigrated to the United States in 1928 and took
the name Anna Anderson. She still wished to prove that she
was Anastasia, though, and returned to Germany in 1933 to
bring suit against her mother's family. There she declaimed
to the court, asserting that she was indeed Anastasia and
deserved her inheritance.
In 1957, the court decided that it could neither confirm nor
deny Anastasia's identity. Although we will probably never
know whether this woman was the Grand Duchess
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Anastasia, her search to establish her identity has been the
subject of numerous books, plays, and movies.
Some Russian peasants and workers___for social reform.
A. longed B. cried out C. begged D. hoped E. thought much
34. Witnesses ___ that all members of the Czar's family
had been executed.
A. gave assurance B. thought C. hoped D. convinced some
E. answer not stated
35. Tschaikovsky ____any connection with the Czar's
family.
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A. denied B. stopped C. noted D. justified E. answer not
stated
36. She was unable to ___the aid of her relative.
A. locate B. speak about C. call upon D. identify E. know
37. In court she ___ maintaining that she was Anastasia and
deserved her inheritance.
A. finally appeared B. spoke forcefully C. testified D. gave
evidence E. answer not stated
King Louis XVI and Queen Marie Antoinette ruled France
from 1774 to 1789, a time when the country was fighting
bankruptcy. The royal couple did not let France's insecure
financial situation limit their immoderate spending,
however. Even though the minister of finance repeatedly
warned the king and queen against wasting money, they
continued to spend great fortunes on their personal
pleasure. This lavish spending greatly enraged the people
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of France. They felt that the royal couple bought its
luxurious lifestyle at the poor people's expense.
Marie Antoinette, the beautiful but exceedingly impractical
queen, seemed uncaring about her subjects; misery. While
French citizens begged for lower taxes, the queen
embellished her palace with extravagant works of art. She
also surrounded herself with artists, writers, and musicians,
who encouraged the queen to spend money even more
profusely.
While the queen's favorites glutted themselves on huge
feasts at the royal table, many people in France were
starving. The French government taxed the citizens
outrageously. These high taxes paid for the entertainments
the queen and her court so enjoyed. When the minister of
finance tried to stop these royal spendthrifts, the queen
replaced him. The intense hatred that the people felt for
Louis XVI and Marie Antoinette kept building until it led
to the French Revolution. During this time of struggle and
239
violence (1789-1799), thousands of aristocrats, as well as
the king and queen themselves, lost their lives at the
guillotine. Perhaps if Louis XVI and Marie Antoinette had
reined in their extravagant spending, the events that rocked
France would not have occurred.
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The people surrounding the queen encouraged her to spend
money ____.
A. wisely B. abundantly C. carefully D. foolishly E.
joyfully
39. The minister of finance tried to curb these royal ___.
A. aristocrats B. money wasters C. enemies D. individuals
E. spenders
Many great inventions are greeted with ridicule and
disbelief. The invention of the airplane was no exception.
Although many people who heard about the first powered
flight on December 17,1903, were excited and impressed,
others reacted with peals of laughter. The idea of flying an
aircraft was repulsive to some people. Such people called
Wilbur and Orville Wright, the inventors of the first flying
machine, impulsive fools. Negative reactions, however, did
not stop the Wrights. Impelled by their desire to succeed,
they continued their experiments in aviation.
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Orville and Wilbur Wright had always had a compelling
interest in aeronautics and mechanics. As young boys they
earned money by making and selling kites and mechanical
toys. Later, they designed a newspaper-folding machine,
built a printing press, and operated a bicycle-repair shop. In
1896, when they read about the death of Otto Lilienthal, the
brother's interest in flight grew into a compulsion.
Lilienthal, a pioneer in hang-gliding, had controlled his
gliders by shifting his body in the desired direction. This
idea was repellent to the Wright brothers, however, and
they searched for more efficient methods to control the
balance of airborne vehicles. In 1900 and 1901, the Wrights
tested numerous gliders and developed control techniques.
The brothers' inability to obtain enough lift power for the
gliders almost led them to abandon their efforts.
After further study, the Wright brothers concluded that the
published tables of air pressure on curved surfaces must be
wrong. They set up a wind tunnel and began a series of
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experiments with model wings. Because of their efforts, the
old tables were repealed in time and replaced by the first
reliable figures for air pressure on curved surfaces. This
work, in turn, made it possible for them to design a
machine that would fly. In 1903 the Wrights built their first
airplane, which cost less than one thousand dollars. They
even designed and built their own source of propulsion- a
lightweight gasoline engine. When they started the engine
on December 17, the airplane pulsated wildly before taking
off. The plane managed to stay aloft for twelve seconds,
however, and it flew one hundred twenty feet.
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By 1905 the Wrights had perfected the first airplane that
could turn, circle, and remain airborne for half an hour at a
time. Others had flown in balloons or in hang gliders, but
the Wright brothers were the first to build a full-size
machine that could fly under its own power. As the
contributors of one of the most outstanding engineering
achievements in history, the Wright brothers are accurately
called the fathers of aviation.
The idea of flying an aircraft was ___to some people.
A. boring B. distasteful C. exciting D. needless E. answer
not available
41. People thought that the Wright brothers had ____.
A. acted without thinking B. been negatively influenced C.
been too cautious D. had not given enough thought E. acted
in a negative way
42. The Wright's interest in flight grew into a ____.
A. financial empire B. plan C. need to act D. foolish
thought E. answer not in article
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43. Lilenthal's idea about controlling airborne vehicles was
___the Wrights.
A. proven wrong by B. opposite to the ideas of C. disliked
by D. accepted by E. opposed by
44. The old tables were __ and replaced by the first reliable
figures for air pressure on curved surfaces.
A. destroyed B. canceled C. multiplied D. discarded E. not
used
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45. The Wrights designed and built their own source of
____.
A. force for moving forward B. force for turning around C.
turning D. force to going backward E. none of the above
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WRITING
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TOPIC SENTENCES
Writers often express their main idea in a clearly defined
sentence known as a topic sentence.
Topic sentences are usually found at the beginning of a
paragraph in order to immediately establish the main idea.
But this is not always the case—topic sentences can be
found anywhere in a paragraph, and sometimes, the author
chooses not to use one at all. Still, looking for the topic
sentence is a good skill to have when ferreting out the
meaning of a reading passage.
TOPIC SENTENCE: A sentence that introduces or defines
the topic of a paragraph. This is frequently the first
sentence in a paragraph—but not always.
EXERCISES:
A) For the following three questions, choose the topic
sentence that best fits the paragraph.

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1. The term spices is a pleasant one, whether it connotes
fine French cuisine or a down-home, cinnamon-flavored
apple pie. ____________. In the past, individuals traveled
the world seeking exotic spices for profit and, in searching,
have changed the course of history. Indeed, to gain control
of lands harboring new spices, nations have actually gone
to war.
a. The taste and aroma of spices are the main elements that
make food such a source of fascination and pleasure.
b. The term might equally bring to mind Indian curry made
thousands of miles away and those delicious barbecued ribs
sold on the corner.
c. It is exciting to find a good cookbook and experiment
with spices from other lands—indeed, it is one way to
travel around the globe!
d. The history of spices, however, is another matter
altogether, and at times, it can be filled with danger and
intrigue.
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2. ___________________. It rained in April; it rained in
May. It rained in the mornings; it rained in the afternoons.
It poured, it drizzled, it showered, it misted—but always it
rained. But the good news is we won‘t have a drought this
summer.
a. The rain makes me gloomy.
b. This spring was the rainiest on record.
c. Rain is nice, but I prefer sunshine.
d. Scientists know very little about the global climate.
3. It weighs less than three pounds and is hardly more
interesting to look at than an overly ripe cauliflower.
____________________. It has created poetry and music,
planned and executed horrific wars, and devised intricate
scientific theories. It thinks and dreams, plots and schemes,
and easily holds more information than all the libraries on
Earth.
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a. The human brain is made of gelatinous matter and
contains no nerve endings.
b. The science of neurology has found a way to map the
most important areas of the human brain.
c. Nevertheless, the human brain is the most mysterious
and complex object on Earth.
d. However, scientists say that each person uses only 10%
of his or her brain over the course of a lifetime!
B) For the following questions, a topic sentence is given.
Try choosing the sentence that best develops or supports it.
4. A fireplace should be lined with special fire bricks to
prevent heat transfer.
a. Normal bricks are not dense enough to withstand
excessive heat.
b. Fire codes also require a smoke alarm in every room.
c. Good up-drafts can make a pleasant fire, however.
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d. Modern houses don‘t use as much lumber as older
homes did.
5. Cosmetic plastic surgery is one of the fastest-growing
segments of U.S. medicine.
a. Cosmetic plastic surgery can have dangerous side
effects, some of which can be fatal.
b. Americans are eager to make their bodies as perfect as
possible and to minimize the visible signs of aging.
c. The price of cosmetic plastic surgery is also on the rise.
d. This increase in cosmetic plastic surgery says something
quite disturbing about our culture.
6. If a car suddenly begins to skid on ice, a driver‘s
instinctive reaction might be the wrong one.
a. Skids can be a terrifying experience.
b. Cars can be very unpredictable on ice.
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c. Many people instinctively turn the wheel in the wrong
direction, making the skid worse.
d. New tires can help reduce the risk of skidding on ice.
7. The ―lead‖ inside the common pencil is actually not lead
at all.
a. Lead is commonly mined in Africa.
b. Pencils were invented in 1603 by William Ledbelly.
c. Even when sharpened, a pencil may not write as well as a
pen.
d. The substance used in pencils today is graphite.
8. The Greek ideal of the hero most closely resembles
today‘s free agent superstar.
a. A superstar is an athlete who commands a great salary
based on his individual skills.
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b. The Greek warrior‘s focus was on grasping at
immortality, and he did this by ensuring that his name
would live on, long after he died.
c. The Greek hero valued self-interest above loyalty to a
cause, his king, or to his army, just as the free-agent
superstar values his contract salary above any special team,
coach, or the game.
d. The Greek hero was impressive in his performance on
the battlefield as well as in the sports arena.
9. There is no instruction by the old bird in the movements
of flight; no conscious imitation by the young.
a. The most obvious way in which birds differ from
humans in behavior is that they can do all that they have to
do, without ever being taught.
b. More extraordinary than the fact that a bird is able to fly
untaught, is that it is able to build a nest untaught.
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c. Young birds frequently make their first flights with their
parents out of sight.
d. Young birds brought up in artificial environments will
build the proper kind of nest for their species when the time
comes.
10. Parents play an important role in their children‘s
academic success.
a. Video games have a negative impact on children‘s
academic success.
b. Studies show that children of parents who regularly
assist with homework and show an active interest in their
child‘s studies bring home better grades.
c. Studies show that watching less television and spending
less time playing video games help children get better
grades.
d. Children who are avid readers get much better grades
than their peers.
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11. In special cases, needy people who have nowhere else
to go are permitted to enter the United States as refugees.
a. Other people, however, enter the United States illegally.
b. The total number of newcomers was over one million.
c. United States immigration laws put limits on the number
of people permitted to enter the United States.
d. As many as 12 million people may be living in the
United States illegally.
13. More and more people are eating organically grown
fruits and vegetables.
a. Organic food is usually more expensive than non-organic
food.
b. A wide variety of organic chocolate products are now
available in stores.
c. Raw foods are enjoying increasing popularity, now that
people are discovering how a raw-foods diet leaves you
feeling and looking great.
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d. Fresh organic produce contains more vitamins, minerals,
and enzymes than non-organic produce.
14. In Oklahoma, a girl is forbidden to take a bite from her
date‘s hamburger.
a. It‘s illegal for teenagers to take a bath during the winter
in Clinton, Indiana.
b. Youngsters may not spin Yo-Yos on Sunday in
Memphis, Tennessee.
c. It may be hard to believe, but these types of strange laws
are still on the books!
d. It is illegal to parade an elephant down Main Street in
Austin, Texas.
15. A cat‘s whiskers are among the most perfect organs of
touch.
a. The hairs themselves are very sensitive.
b. Whiskers are generally white in color.
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c. Touch is very important to a cat.
d. Dogs have very sensitive noses.
17. People are now living longer than ever before for many
different reasons.
a. Some people in the Soviet Union‘s Caucasus Mountains
live to be over 100 years of age.
b. No one seems to understand this phenomenon.
c. Advances in medical science have done wonders for
longevity.
d. The people in this region do not seem to gain anything
from medical science.
18. For 16 years, he spread violence and death throughout
the west.
a. Jesse was gunned down on April 3, 1882.
b. He left a trail of train and bank robberies.
c. His crimes were committed during the late 1860s.
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d. Jesse Woodson James was the most legendary of all
American outlaws.
C) For the final two questions, choose the sentence that
does not support the given topic sentence.
19. In ancient Greece, honor was not just the domain of the
warrior.
a. A great orator [speaker], who could sway the public with
his logic and wit, was greatly respected.
b. A revered poet‘s name lived on long after he died.
c. Great wealth was characteristic of the truly great kings.
d. A warrior‘s quest for the esteem of his peers would bring
him great prizes, which would secure a long-lasting
reputation.
20. In Moby Dick, Herman Melville wrote that the whale
men were ―enveloped in whale lines,‖ that each man relied
on the others during moments of danger.
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a. The small boats that pursued the whales left the whaling
ship far behind; each man in a boat had to depend on the
others to stay alive.
b. Once the whale was harpooned, the whale line unraveled
so fast that water had to be poured on it to keep it from
smoking.
c. The whale line was the rope, dozens of yards long, that
attached to the harpoon; it was raveled under the seats of all
the men metaphorically connecting each man to the next.
d. One wrong move and the line would snap a man right
out of the boat; thus, his life depended on whether the crew
would cut the whale loose to save him, or leave him in the
ocean during the heat of the hunt.
More EXERCISES ON TOPIC SENTENCES
The topic sentence is the most important sentence of a
paragraph. It states the main idea and introduces the reader
to the topic.
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1. CHOOSING TOPIC SENTENCES
Choose the best topic sentence for each group of
supporting sentences. Write it on the line provided.
Example: ___________b_____________. I usually go
skiing every weekend in the winter even though it is
expensive. I love the feeling of flying down a mountain.
The views are beautiful from the top of a mountain and
along the trails. Even the danger of falling and getting hurt
can‘t keep me away from the slopes on a winter day.
a) Skiing is expensive.
b) Skiing is my favourite sport.
c) Skiing is dangerous.
1.)_____________________________________________.
North Americans send cards for many occasions. They
send cards to family and friends on birthdays and holidays.
They also send thank-you cards, get well cards, graduation
cards, and congratulation cards. It is very common to buy
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cards in stores and send them through the mail, but turning
on the computer and sending cards over the Internet is also
popular.
a) Sending cards is very popular in North America.
b) Birthday cards are the most popular kind of card.
c) It is important to send thank-you cards.
2.) ____________________________________________ .
I enjoy summer sports like water skiing and baseball. The
weather is usually sunny and hot, so I can go to the beach
almost every day. Gardening is my hobby and I spend
many summer days working in my garden. Unfortunately,
the days pass too quickly in summer.
a) I like to garden in summer.
b) Summer is my favourite season.
c) Summer is to short.
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3.) ________________________________________ . First
of all, we need money to repair old roads and build new
roads. We also need more to pay teachers‘ salaries and to
pay for services such as trash collection. Finally, more tax
money is needed to give financial help to the poor citizens
of the city. It is clear that the city will have serious
problems if taxes are not raised soon.
a) We should raise city taxes.
b) City taxes are too high.
c) City taxes pay for new roads.
4.) _________________________________________ . For
example, a person can have breakfast in New York, board
an airplane, and have dinner in Paris. A businesswoman in
London can instantly place an order with a factory in Hong
Kong by sending a fax. Furthermore, a schoolboy in Tokyo
can turn on a TV and watch a baseball game being played
in Los Angeles.
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a) Airplanes have changed our lives.
b) Advances in technology have made the world seem
smaller.
c) The fax machine was an important invention.
5.) ___________________________________________ .
One thing you must consider is the quality of the
university‘s educational program. You also need to think
about the school‘s size and location. Finally, you must be
sure to consider the university‘s tuition to make sure you
can afford to go to school there.
a) It is expensive to attend a university in the United States.
b) There are several factors to consider when you choose a
university to attend.
c) You should consider getting a good education.
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2. WRITING A TOPIC SENTENCE
Write a topic sentence for each paragraph. Make sure
your topic sentence expresses the main idea of the
paragraph.
Example: Miami is the perfect place to take a vacation. It is
always sunny and warm. The beaches are gorgeous, with
soft white sand and beautiful water. There are many fine
restaurants in the Miami area, and most of the hotels offer
terrific entertainment nightly. It‘s no wonder that Miami is
my first choice for a vacation destination.
1.) ____________________________________________ .
He has collected stamps and coins ever since he was a
child. He is very proud of his valuable collections. Paul
also enjoys painting and drawing. Recently he has become
interested in gardening. Out of all his hobbies, Paul‘s
favourite one is reading. He usually reads at least one book
every week. Paul keeps busy with all of his hobbies.
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2.) _____________________________________________
. I can‘t wait to come home from school and eat the
delicious meals she has prepared. She is famous for her
desserts like peach pie and chocolate soufflé. She is always
experimenting with new recipes and trying different
ingredients. No one in the world can cook the way my
mother does.
3.) ____________________________________________ .
It never starts in cold weather. The horn and the left turn
signal don‘t work properly. Worst of all, the radio only gets
one station and the CD player is completely broken. I wish
I could get a new car.
4.) ____________________________________________ .
First and most importantly, the work is very interesting. I
learn new things every day and I get to travel a lot. In
addition, my boss is very nice. She is always willing to help
266
me when I have a problem. I have also made many new
friends at my job. Last, but not least, the salary is fantastic.
5.) ____________________________________________.
To start things off, my plane was six hours late. When I
finally got to my hotel, I was very disappointed. It was
small and dirty. On the third day, my wallet was stolen, and
I lost all my credit cards. It rained very day except one, and
on that day I got a terrible sunburn. All in all, it wasn‘t a
vacation to remember.
B) SUPPORTING SENTENCES
The supporting sentences develop the main idea in the topic
sentence. They add details to the topic.
Read the following paragraphs and underline the
supporting sentences.
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1.) Use of the internet has grown very quickly. In 1983,
there were 562 computers connected to the Internet. By the
turn of the century, there were 72.3 million computers in
247 countries on-line. Experts say that the Internet is now
growing at a rate of approximately 40 percent a year. As
time goes on, the Internet is becoming more and more
popular.
2.) There are many reasons I hate my apartment. The
plumbing doesn‘t work properly and the landlord refuses to
fix it. I also have noisy neighbours who keep me up all
night. Furthermore, there are so many bugs in my
apartment that I could start an insect collection. I really
want to move.
3.) Vegetables and fruits are an important part of a healthy
diet. First, fruits and vegetables are packed with the
vitamins and minerals you need to keep your body
functioning smoothly. In addition, they give you the
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carbohydrates you need for energy. Fruits and vegetables
have lots of fiber to help your digestive system work
properly. Finally, many scientists believe that the nutrients
in fruits and vegetables can help fight diseases. If you eat a
diet rich in fruits and vegetables, you‘ll be on the road to
better health.
C) IRRELEVANT SENTENCES
Every supporting sentence in a paragraph must relate to the
main idea stated in the topic sentence. A sentence that does
not support the main idea does not belong in the paragraph,
thus such a sentence should be omitted. When a sentence
does not belong in a paragraph, it is called an irrelevant
sentence.
Example: The students in the class come from many
different party of the world. Some are from European
countries, such s France, Spain, and Italy. Others are from
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Middle Eastern countries like Saudi Arabia and Israel. Still
other students were born in Asian countries, including
Japan and Korea. Korean food is delicious. The largest
number of students is from Latin American countries like
Mexico, Venezuela and Peru. The class is an interesting
mix of people from many different countries.
There is one irrelevant sentence in each paragraph that
follows. Find that sentence and cross it out.
1)There are several ways people can conserve natural
resources. One way is to turn lights off and appliances
when they are not in use. Another way is to drive cars less.
My favourite kind of car is convertible. People can also
insulate their houses better. Finally, by reusing things like
bottles and plastic bags, people can reduce the amount of
waste. By practicing these simple guidelines, we can save
our natural resources.
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2.) Cats make wonderful house pets. They are very loving
and friendly. Cats are alsoclean. They don‘t eat much, so
they are not expensive. Unfortunately, some people are
allergic to their hair. Cats look beautiful and they‘re fun to
have in your home.
3.) The capital city of a country is usually a very important
city. The government offices are located in the capital city
and political leaders usually live there nearby. There are
many different types of governments in the world. The
capital may also be the centre of culture. There are often
museums, libraries, and universities in the capital. Finally,
the capital city can serve as a centre of trade, industry and
commerce, so it is often the financial centre of the country.
4.) The Japanese automobile industry uses robots in many
stages of its production process. In fact, one large Japanese
auto factory uses robots in all of its production stages.
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Some Japanese universities are developing medical robots
to detect certain kinds of cancer. Another automobile
factory in Japan uses them to paint cars as they come off
the assembly line. Furthermore, most Japanese factories use
robots to weld the parts of the finished car together.
5.) The packaging of many products is very wasteful. Often
the packaging is twice as big as the product. Packaging is
used to protect things that are breakable. Many food items,
for example, have several layers of extra packaging. Most
of these extra layers could be eliminated.
D) CONCLUDING SENTENCES
Some paragraphs end with a concluding sentence. This
sentence states the main idea of the paragraph again using
different words. It summarizes the main points of the
paragraph, or makes a final comment on the topic.
Concluding sentences are not always necessary. In fact,
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short paragraphs that are part of longer pieces of writing
often do not have concluding sentences.
Write a concluding sentence for each paragraph.
1.) There are many reasons why I like wearing a uniform to
school. First of all, it saves time. I don‘t have to spend time
picking out my clothes every morning. Wearing a uniform
also saves money. It‘s cheaper to purchase a new uniform
than to go out and buy lots of school clothes. In addition, I
don‘t have the pressure of keeping up with the latest styles.
Most importantly, wearing a school uniform gives me a
sense that I belong. I really think that it adds to the feeling
of school spirit and
community.____________________________________
2.) There are many reasons why I am against wearing a
school uniform. For one thing, I don‘t like they style of the
uniform. The navy blazer and plaid skirt are too
conservative for me. Secondly, the uniform isn‘t
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comfortable. I prefer to wear baggy pants and a sweater
instead of a skirt and a jacket. Finally, I want the freedom
to express my individuality through my style of dressing._
_______________________ .
3.) Credit cards have a lot of advantages. First of all, credit
cards are convenient because you don‘t have to carry a lot
of cash around. You can buy the products and services you
need even if you do not have cash in your pocket. In
addition, credit cards are very helpful in emergencies.
Finally, you can become a better money manager as you
learn to use credit cards
responsibly._____________________________________.
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SPEAKING
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Speaking
If you want to learn to speak English like a native speaker,
focus on the following two areas:
2.1. Everyday Expressions
Greetings
Greetings (things that you say at the beginning of a
conversation) seem straightforward and easy for English
learners. However, they are essential to conversation. You
need good greetings to be understood well while you are
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traveling an English-speaking country. Check out these
most common ones.
Good morning. This phrase is used as a standard greeting
for English speakers in the morning. It is not super formal,
but speakers should definitely use it when communicating
with others they do not know or people of authority
(teachers, police, important people). Further, this phrase is
only used until 12 p.m. (noon). If you try to use it in the
afternoon, you might get a few funny looks.
Good afternoon. So, you made a mistake and tried
using good morning after 12 p.m.? Good afternoon is the
phrase you should use, and though the line between
afternoon and evening is a little blurry, you can use this
phrase until 5 p.m.
Good evening. Evening generally takes place between 5
p.m. and 10 p.m., some say evening goes right until the
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moment you fall asleep. In any case, this phrase is used for
that period of time after dinner.
Hello / Hi / Hey. Don‘t want to be confused about what
time of day it is? You can use these phrases. Hello has the
highest formality and should be used for people you don‘t
know or in formal situations. Hi is slightly less formality,
but I wouldn‘t use it for people in authority. Hey should
only be used for friends and family.
How are you? / How is it going? This question normally
comes after the greetings above, and it is used to ask
someone how they are feeling. Though a speaker is asking,
it‘s normally bad etiquette to go into too much detail.
Simply saying ―good‖ or ―not so good‖ as a response is
generally enough.
The greetings above are the bare essentials. Check out this
post for more. For cool ways to talk about how you are,
check out these alternatives to the response ―good.‖
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Travelling:
At the Airport
When you go to an English-speaking country, your first
encounters of English will probably be at an airport. Check
out these phrases to make checking into your flight (letting
the airline know you have arrived) a breeze!
I would like… This phrase is the standard and polite way
to say that you want or you would desire something. For
example, if you‘re thirsty, you might say ―I would like
some water.‖
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What time is my flight? Airports are not always great for
communicating travel times, but this question will help
make sure you don‘t miss your flight and you get to your
English-speaking destination.
What airline am I flying? An airline is the company
which owns the plane you‘re flying on.
Where is my gate? A gate is the point of entry to the
airplane, and it is the place where you will wait before
boarding your flight.
Where is the restroom? A restroom is a place where you
go to freshen up and use the toilet. This phrase has many
variations, and countries call this room many different
things: a bathroom, a washroom, the toilets.
How much does the magazine cost? Who wants to travel
without some entertainment? By asking how much a
particular magazine (a book-like publication with short
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articles) costs, you can figure out how much money you
have to pay for it. You can also replace the word magazine
with other words for items you might want to buy: water
bottle, snack (a small meal) or book.
On the Airplane
So, you‘ve made it through the airport, and you‘re on the
airplane. Check out these phrases for having a good flight.
Are meals included? A meal is a collection of food served
at one time. Not all airlines provide meals, so it may be
good to ask if you‘ll be fed on your flight.
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May I have something to eat/drink? Your meals aren‘t
included? Use this phrase to get some food or a drink
anyway.
May I purchase headphones? What good is the television
on the plane if you don‘t have any headphones (devices
that you can plug in to hear the TV)? Ask the flight
attendant (the person working on the airplane) if you can
buy a pair.
What time is it? This is a standard question for figuring
out what time of the day it is. This may be a useful question
to ask when you are flying over different time zones.
At Customs
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After the airport and the airplane comes the most stressful
experience for travelers: customs. This is the part where
you have to explain why you have arrived in a country and
tell officers what your intentions are. But don‘t stress!
These phrases will help you out.
I have a connecting flight. If you‘ve arrived in a country
where you will not be staying, this is how you say you will
be boarding another plane to go somewhere else.
I am traveling for leisure. If you‘re traveling for fun or for
vacation, use this phrase to let the officer know.
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I am traveling for work. If you‘re traveling on behalf of
your company or you are on business, this phrase will tell
the officer that.
I will be here for ___ days. In the blank, give the number
of days you will be at your English-speaking destination.
I am visiting family. If you have family members at your
destination, the customs officer will want to know this.
Make sure you tell them the name and address of your
family if they ask.
I am staying at _____. The customs officer may ask you
where you will be sleeping at your destination. Have the
name of your hotel ready.
Arriving at Your Destination
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After the air travel comes the real fun part: your destination
(the place where you are visiting). These common phrases
will help you get around and explore.
Do you have a map? Using a map (a picture guide of your
destination) will definitely be helpful to find things around
your destination like a restaurant, attractions (tourist
locations that you want to see) and even your hotel.
Where is the currency exchange? A currency exchange is
a place where you take the money you use in your own
country and get it changed to the money they use at your
destination.
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Where is the bus stop? Finding a bus stop will be
especially helpful if you want to find a cheap way to get
around. Asking “where is this bus going?” will also be
helpful to know if you‘re heading to the right place.
Where can I find a taxi? No bus? That‘s fine: take a taxi.
It is also called a cab in some places.
I would like to go to _____. Fill in the blank with the place
you want to go, and you‘ll be on your way.
Do you know where this hotel is? If you get lost, always
try to find your way back to the hotel.
I don‟t understand. This phrase will help native English
speakers know that English isn‘t your first language. You
can also say “I don‟t speak English very well” and ask
them to “please speak slowly” if you‘re still having
trouble.
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At the Hotel
Aside from your flight, the next more important thing while
abroad is your accommodation, and if you‘re staying in a
hotel and not with friends or family, the following phrases
will come in handy.
Does the room have a bathroom? As noted
before, bathroom is another word for restroom (so
is washroom and toilets), and it‘s always good to know
whether your room has a private bathroom (one that only
you use) or a shared bathroom (one that people from
multiple rooms use).
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How many beds are in the room? This question will also
be helpful to know if there are enough places to sleep for
the number of people in your hotel room.
I would like one queen bed, please. A queen bed is one
that allows two people to sleep comfortably on it.
I would like two double beds, please. Two people can
sleep on a double bed, but sometimes, only one person
sleeps in a double bed so they have extra space.
What floor am I on? A floor in this situation refers to the
level of the hotel.
Where are the elevators? In the event that you‘re on a
high floor, you may want to use the elevator (the device
that lifts and lowers you between floors of the hotel) to help
you get to your room.
How do I access the Internet? Some hotels may have
WiFi (wireless internet connection), and should you want to

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use it, you‘ll have to ask how to access it. You could also
ask “what is the password for the WiFi?”
Is there free breakfast? Some hotels include a small
breakfast free of charge. Ask at the reception desk about
this.
My room needs towels. Most of the time, housekeeping
(the people who clean the room) will make sure that you
have everything you need. Should they forget, ask
for towels or bed sheets or toilet paper.
My room is messy, and I would like it cleaned. Should
the room not be clean, don‘t be afraid to ask to have it
cleaned again.
How do I call for room service? Room service means that
someone will come up to your room to deliver food and
sometimes even alcohol.
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How do I call down to the front desk? The front desk is
another word for the reception desk. Most are open all day
and night, and if you need something, you should call down
to these people first.
Around Town
Vocabulary for the airport and your hotel is fine, but you
traveled to visit a new place! Check out these phrases to
help you out while you‘re exploring.
Where can I find a grocery store? Grocery stores are
places where you can buy food if you don‘t want to eat in
restaurants.
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Where is the hospital? A hospital may be needed if you or
someone you‘re traveling with gets sick or injured.
Where can I find a restaurant? Tired of making your
own meals? Heading to a restaurant will be a good way to
try local cuisine.
Where is the bank? If you run out of money, you may
need to go by a bank to get more.
How do you get to ____? Using this phrase will help you
determine how to get to the places you wanted to visit.
How far is it to _____? This phrase will help you figure
out whether something is close enough to walk to or if you
should take a taxi or a bus.
Directions. While asking for directions, people will use
these phrases to help you get where you want to go:
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 It‟s to the right. This means that what you want is to
the right-hand side.
 It‟s to the left. This means that what you want is to
the left-hand side.
 It‟s straight ahead. This means that you‘re heading
in the right direction and you should keep going.
 It‟s at the corner. A corner is a spot where two roads
intersect.
 It‟s two blocks ahead (or three blocks, or four…). A
block is a section of road between two intersecting streets.
At a Restaurant
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After a long day exploring, food is always a welcome
break. Check out these helpful restaurant phrases and this
post about ordering food.
A table for two/four. The number indicates how many
people will be eating with you at the restaurant.
I would like to drink… Finish this phrase with the name
of the drink you want, and your thirst will be quenched.
Popular drinks are water, soda pop (carbonated sweet
drinks), beer and wine.
May I see a menu? A menu will help you decide what you
want to eat.
I would like to order ____. Fill in the blank with an item
off of the menu or one of these items:
 I‟ll have soup. Soup is a common way to start meals.
 I‟ll have a salad. If it‘s too warm for soup, try
a salad.
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 I‟ll have a hamburger. Hamburgers are quite
common restaurant foods. Make sure to let the server know
what you want on it though.
 I‟ll have chicken. Don‘t eat beef? Try some chicken.
I‟ll have an appetizer. An appetizer is a small dish you eat
before the main course.
I would like dessert. A dessert is a sweet dish you eat after
the main course.
May I have the bill? The bill indicates how much you
have to pay after you eat the meal. Make sure to ask for
this. At some restaurants, the waiters will not bring it to
your table unless you ask.
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Dialogue Examples:
1. A Bank Clerk and A Bank Customer
Bank Clerk: Good morning, welcome to the Grammar
Bank. How can I help you?
Customer: Good morning. I would like to open a bank
account.
Bank Clerk: Sure thing. What kind of account would you
like to open? A savings account or a checking account?
Customer: What's the difference?
Bank Clerk: A checking account is designed to use for
everyday transactions. Yet; the money in a savings account
is meant to stay in the account and earn interest over time.
Customer: I see, actually I want to apply for a credit card.
That's why I need an account.
Bank Clerk: Okay then, you probably want a checking
account.
Customer: Well, thank you. I'd like that.
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Bank Clerk: Sure, we will have you fill out an application
form, please.
Customer: No problem.
Bank Clerk: How much of a credit limit were you looking
for?
Customer:I would like a $10,000 spending limit.
Bank Clerk: Alright, we will see what we can do. We
might be able to get you one of our gold cards with a
$10,000 spending limit.
Customer: Wonderful. Will I also collect points when I
use the card?
Bank Clerk: Sure, with our gold card you will get 10
reward points for every dollar spent.
Customer: Perfect, I have filled out the form. Do you need
anything else?
Bank Clerk: You just need to deposit a minimum of $250
into your new checking account.
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Customer: Very well, here you are.
Bank Clerk: Thank you, your account is set up now and
your credit card will be mailed to your address within 5 to
10 business days.
Customer: Thank you for your help, have a good day.
Bank Clerk: Thank you, you too.
2. Doctor and Patient
Patient's mother: Good morning, doctor.
Doctor: Good morning.
Patient's mother: My daughter hasn't been feeling well
and she has a fever, can you please have a look?
Doctor: Let's see, hi sweetie, what's your name?
Dana: Dana.
Doctor: Can you please take off your jacket and lie down
on the bed Dana?
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Patient's mother She is a little scared.
Doctor: Don't worry, it's not going to hurt, I will just listen
to you, I promise.
Dana: Alright.
Doctor: Let me listen to your back and check your throat.
Patient's mother: How is she?
Doctor: Her throat looks red, I think she has an infection. I
will prescribe her some antibiotics, she should take them
twice a day.
Patient's mother: How long does she need to take them?
Doctor: About a week but she can continue for another
week if she doesn't feel better. She should probably rest for
a few days too and not go to school.
Patient's mother: She has become very weak recently. She
gets cold very easily too.
Doctor: It's probably the fever, she may have caught the
infection from anyone.
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Patient's mother: Can she take a shower?
Doctor: Absolutely, taking a cool shower actually help
reduce the fever in a natural way.
Patient's mother: Wow, I didn't know that. When should
we come back again?
Doctor: I want to see her next week, but if she gets worse,
you can come and see me regardless.
Patient's mother: Thank you so much, doctor.
Doctor: You are welcome, it's my pleasure, I hope she gets
well soon.
Patient's mother: Thank you again, good-bye.
Doctor: Good-bye.
3. A Pharmacist and a Customer
Pharmacist: Good morning. How can I help you?
Customer: Good morning, I have this prescription.
Pharmacist: Let me see. Okay, I think we have it. Let me
get that for you...
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Pharmacist: Here you go.
Customer: Oh, Thank God. You are the fifth pharmacist
that I have asked for it today.
Pharmacist: I am glad that we can help you.
Customer: Thank you, and can you tell me how I should
use it?
Pharmacist: Certainly! You need to take these pills once a
day before you go to sleep.
Customer: Okay, how long do I need to take them for?
Pharmacist: Ten days for this one. It's important that you
finish all the package, if you forget to take it at night, you
need to take two in the morning.
Customer: Okay, is it safe to take with aspiring?
Pharmacist: No, you cannot take aspirin while you are on
this, no painkillers allowed.
Customer: I see, are there any side effects?
Pharmacist: Rare but possible drowsiness, dizziness,
blurred vision, upset stomach, nausea, nervousness,
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constipation... It is recommended that you avoid physically
demanding activities after taking this; also no driving.
Customer: Oh, now I see why I should take it before I go
to sleep.
Pharmacist: Exactly!
Customer: Well, okay then. Can I pay with my card?
Pharmacist: Sure! That will be $14. Is there anything else
I can help you with?
Customer: No, that would be all, thank you.
Pharmacist: You are welcome, here is your receipt.
Customer: Thank you for your help, have a good day.
Pharmacist: Thank you, you too.
4. Ordering fast food
A Cashier And A Customer
Cashier: Hello, may I take your order?
Customer: Hi, I'll have a double cheeseburger.
Cashier: With everything on it?
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Customer: No onions, please.
Cashier: Sure, would you like the combo deal or just the
sandwich?
Customer: How much is the combo?
Cashier: The combo is $4.99, it comes with medium fries
and drink.
Customer: Okay, let's change it to a combo then.
Cashier: Certainly, what would you like to drink?
Customer: Coke, please.
Cashier: Diet Coke or regular?
Customer: Regular.
Cashier: Of course, would you like anything else?
Customer: No, that'll be all. Thanks.
Cashier: For here or to go?
Customer: For here.
Cashier: That will be $5.45 please.
Customer: Thank you. Here you go.
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Common Problems
Even with careful planning and these phrases, you may
encounter some problems. Here are some phrases to help
you out if something bad happens.
I have lost my passport. If you‘ve lost your passport,
you‘ll need to find an embassy for your home country. Use
this phrase and fill in the name of your country in the
blank: where is the embassy for _____?
Someone stole my money. If someone stole your money or
something else from you, you‘ll need to contact the police.
In the United States, you can call 911 on a phone.
Help! If something bad is happening to you, calling out this
word will get people‘s attention and will get you assistance.
Hopefully, you won‘t need any of those phrases for
emergencies. It‘s better to be prepared, anyway!
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Enjoy your trip!
Vocabulary for Paying: Credit Cards, Cash or Debit?
When it‘s time to pay, it‘s a good idea to ask your friends
how they want to pay.
That way, when your server comes you‘re ready and you
don‘t take up too much of their time. Try one of these
phrases, they all mean the same thing: that you would like
to pay.
 Can we/I get the bill, please?
 Can we/I settle the tab, please?
 Can we/I settle up, please?
 What do we/I owe you?
Your server may ask you if you want ―separate bills,‖ this
means you‘ll only pay for what you had. If you‘re feeling
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generous, though, and want to pay for everything, it‘s fine
to say:
 ―I got this‖
 ―It‘s on me‖
If you‘re staying for a year or two in a foreign country,
your local bar and the people that work in it may become
your best friends (or at least will be a great source of
information).
Smaller neighborhood pubs and bars tend to attract more
local people, so you can really immerse yourself in the
culture quickly by going to them. In North America too, if
you‘re polite you‘ll be remembered and treated better than
if you were rude.
Most bars often serve tourists, so don‘t be shy—try out
some of the phrases you‘ve seen here and enjoy the
summer.
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Positive Phrases in English
to Spread Smiles and Good Feelings
For Complimenting
A compliment is something nice you say to someone else
about them. You could compliment someone‘s appearance
(clothing, smile, eyes, etc.) It makes you feel good to give
one, and also feels good to receive compliments.
1. Your skirt is so pretty.
If you like what someone is wearing, tell them! Whether
it‘s their skirt, hat, shirt, shoes, jacket, earrings or nail
polish, your compliment will be appreciated. Synonyms for
―pretty‖ include ―handsome,‖ ―chic,‖ ―beautiful,‖ ―lovely‖
and ―cute.‖
Your hat is so cute. Where did you get it?
2. You look great today.
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Everyone feels better when they know they look good. This
phrase can be used to tell someone that generally, they look
especially good today.
You can replace ―great‖ with words like ―good,‖
―beautiful,‖ ―cute,‖ ―handsome‖ or ―amazing.‖
You look really cute today!
3. You‟re a fantastic cook.
This structure can be used to compliment any type of
person:
You‟re a(n) + [adjective] + [type of person].
Instead of ―cook,‖ you could use nouns such as ―teacher,‖
―friend,‖ ―writer,‖ ―singer,‖ ―painter,‖ ―musician,‖
―listener,‖ ―babysitter,‖ etc.
And you can use any synonym of ―fantastic,‖ such as
―superb,‖ ―talented‖ or ―excellent.‖
If your adjective begins with a vowel, don‘t forget to use
―an‖ instead of ―a,‖ like this:
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You‟re an amazing mother!
4. I like your new haircut.
When you notice something different about someone, it‘s
nice to say something. Whether it‘s a new haircut, car,
shoes or cell phone case, a compliment makes the
person feel like they made a good choice.
I really like your new belt.
5. You have the best style.
Yes, here‘s yet another compliment about appearance! And
don‘t worry, you don‘t have to mean that someone is
actually ―the best‖ to use it.
This phrase can be used to compliment a few things other
than ―style,‖ such as ―ideas,‖ ―laugh,‖ ―smile,‖
―technique,‖ ―art supplies,‖ ―books,‖ ―dog,‖ etc.
You could also use other superlatives in place of ―the best‖
to make a wide range of compliments, such as ―the
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coolest,‖ ―the most creative,‖ ―the brightest,‖ ―the
prettiest,‖ etc.
You have the best voice. I love hearing you sing!
For Encouraging
Sometimes you can help someone a lot by telling them
positive words. You can use kind, caring words to make
someone feel amazing and motivated to accomplish (do)
something. Below are five phrases for encouraging others.
1. You can do it!
This phrase helps make someone feel confident and
determined. It tells them that they‘re able to do something.
The phrase ―We can do it!‖ was used in a famous American
wartime poster in 1943.
President Obama‘s 2008 campaign slogan (phrase), ―Yes
we can!‖ means almost the same as ―We can do it.‖
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To encourage yourself, say ―I‖ instead of ―you‖ or ―we‖: I
can do it! There‘s even a children‘s book called ―‗I Can Do
It‘ Day.‖
This phrase is often used when someone has doubts about
their abilities. For example:
A: This engineering exam is going to be really hard.
B: You can do it, Chad!
2. Don‟t give up!
Sometimes, instead of telling someone what to do,
it‘s helpful to tell them what not to do. Because of this,
many encouraging phrases begin with the word ―don‘t,‖
such as ―Don‘t stop!‖ or ―Don‘t lose hope!‖
(The famous song by Journey, ―Don‘t Stop Believing,‖ is
another example of this.)
To ―give up‖ is a phrasal verb that means to lose hope and
stop trying. Let‘s say a friend tells you a riddle or a puzzle
that you try to figure out. After 15 minutes of wrong
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guesses, you might say ―I give up.‖ Your friend would then
tell you the correct answer.
But if you‘re working towards something important, it‘s
nice to hear someone remind you ―Don‘t give up!‖
A: I can‟t remember the next line! Ah, I don‟t know if I can
memorize this poem by the end of the week.
B: Don‟t give up!
3. You‟re almost there!
This is a great motivating phrase to help someone finish a
task or goal. If someone is so close to finishing, why not
just finish?
In this phrase, ―there‖ usually does not mean an actual
place (though it can). Instead, it often means the state of
being finished or done.
A: I‟ve been writing this paper for two months. All I have
left is the conclusion, but I don‟t want to work on it!
B: You‟re almost there!
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4. You‟ve made it this far.
This phrase also points out how much progress someone
has already made. They‘re not still at the beginning;
they‘ve come ―this far,‖ or this distance.
The verb ―to make‖ is usually used when you‘re creating
something. However, the phrase ―to make it‖
informally means to accomplish, finish or achieve
something.
It‘s also often used to describe success in becoming
famous. In that case, ―She made it‖ could mean ―She‘s
famous now.‖
But ―You‘ve made it this far‖ means that you‘ve
accomplished this much already.
A: Do you think I‟ll ever sell 100 copies of my e-book?
B: Of course you will—you‟ve made it this far! You only
have 60 more to sell.
5. Keep it up!
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One meaning of the phrasal verb ―to keep up‖ is to stay at
the same level or pace as something. For example, if you
can keep up with your class assignments, it means you can
stay on schedule and finish all of your assignments on time.
But the phrase ―keep it up‖ has its own separate meaning:
to continue doing well. So it‘s used when someone has
already been doing a good job with something, and you
want them to keep working hard.
This piano piece sounds excellent; you must have practiced
a lot. Keep it up!
For Appreciating
When you appreciate something, you think about
how important it is to you. To appreciate someone means
that you value them. The phrases below can be used to let
someone know that you appreciate (are grateful for) them.
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1. Thanks for your help.
Saying thank you for anything makes people feel
appreciated, needed and loved. You can use either of the
following structures:
Thanks (so much) for + [a thing].
Thanks (so much) for + [-ing verb].
For example, ―Thanks for coming!‖ or ―Thanks so much
for babysitting for us next week‖ are both actions expressed
with -ing verbs. In the example below we‘re thanking
someone for a thing: a card.
Thanks for the lovely birthday card you sent in the mail.
It really made my birthday special!
2. I couldn‟t have done it without you.
This phrase lets someone know they are irreplaceable.
Similarly, you could say ―What would I do without you?‖
The question isn‘t really meant to be answered. It simply
expresses that the person is very helpful.
314
Thanks for helping me plan this wedding. I couldn‟t have
done it without you!
3. I‟m so proud of you.
Feeling pride about someone else is one of the
happiest feelings humans can feel. So when you‘re really
pleased with what someone else has done, tell them you‘re
proud of them.
Your art portfolio is fantastic—you‟ve worked really hard!
I‟m so proud of you.
4. You‟re s so awesome.
This phrase is very simple, yet effective. ―Awesome‖ can
be replaced with ―incredible,‖ ―genius,‖ ―helpful,‖ ―sweet‖
or any other appropriate adjective.
You‟re so talented. You play the piano really well!
5. I appreciate your support.
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―I appreciate you‖ tells someone that you value them. If
someone provides you with support, it means they help you
or agree with you.
―Support‖ can be substituted with ―help,‖ ―time,‖ ―effort‖
or any other relevant noun.
I appreciate your positive attitude.
For Giving Positive Feedback
When you judge someone‘s performance or creation, it‘s
important to give positive feedback along with any
criticisms (things to improve). This means to point out both
something they did well and something they can do better.
In American, the ―criticism sandwich‖ is one way to do
this. To make this type of sandwich, you begin with a
positive, then a negative, and end with another positive.
The two positives are like the two outer slices of bread,
which is why it‘s called a ―sandwich.‖
Here are five phrases for giving positive feedback.
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1. You did a good job on the project.
You can use this phrase (or variations) to let someone know
they‘ve done well on a certain task. Here are two possible
structures:
Like many other phrases in this list, you can replace ―good‖
with any appropriate synonym.
You can also replace ―project‖ with something more
specific. In fact, the more specific you can be, the better the
feedback. If you remove ―on,‖ you can use an -ing verb to
describe an action. Here‘s what the two structures look like:
You did a good job + on + [thing].
You did a good job + [-ing verb] + [details].
An example of the second structure is ―You did a good job
playing the song at the right tempo (speed).‖
You did a great job on your website. I really like the
design!
2. Great work on the presentation.
317
This is pretty similar to the previous phrase, but a bit more
casual. Again, you can replace ―great‖ with other positive
adjectives, and ―the presentation‖ with other types of
creations.
Excellent work on the interview questions!
3. I like the way you give instructions.
―I like the way you…‖ is used to compliment an action, so
it must be followed by a verb.
I like the way you made the headings bold and blue. That
style really helps the headings stand out.
4. You are improving a lot.
This tells someone that they are getting better. If you want
to follow this phrase with a criticism, be specific about
what they can do to continue improving.
You are improving a lot. Keep on practicing English 15
minutes each day!
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5. I can tell you worked really hard on this.
When someone puts a lot of time and effort into something,
they will love to be recognized for it. This phrase
communicates that you know they‘ve spent a lot of time
carefully working on something.
I can tell you worked really hard on the monthly newsletter.
For Congratulating
Finally, to congratulate is to tell someone you‘re happy for
their good news. You usually congratulate others during a
celebration, such as a birthday, a wedding or for the birth of
a child.
1. Happy anniversary!
An anniversary celebrates the day a couple were married.
For example, if two people celebrate their 50th wedding
anniversary, it means the couple has been married for 50
years.
319
You can also use ―Happy‖ for several other holidays and
occasions, such as ―Happy New Year,‖ ―Happy retirement‖
and the all time favorite, ―Happy birthday!‖
Happy 30th anniversary!
2. Congratulations!
This is a word that can be used to congratulate anyone in a
variety of situations. You could say it when your friend
gets a new job, when your boss buys a new house, when a
friend has a baby or when your cousin gets engaged (to be
married).
Congratulations on the new job!
3. I‟m so happy for you!
This phrase can be used when someone shares good news
with you. ―Happy‖ can be replaced with similar words,
such as ―excited,‖ or ―thrilled.‖
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I can‟t believe he proposed (asked you to marry him)! I‟m
so happy for you!
4. Good job!
You can say this short phrase to anyone about pretty much
anything. When your friend passes his test: ―Good job!‖
When your neighbor redecorates her living room: ―Good
job!‖
This cake looks amazing. Good job!
5. Good luck with your new job.
Finally, you can wish someone good luck to show you hope
something goes well. It‘s most common to say ―good luck‖
before an exam, an interview or a big performance, for
example.
Good luck with your presentation on Friday! You‟re going
to be great.
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Phrases for Introducing Yourself and
Making Friends
Here are some phrases for introducing yourself when you
meet new people, and questions to learn more about them.
1. Hi! I‟m [Name]. (And you?)
Here‘s an informal greeting you can use when you meet
new friends. If the person doesn‘t tell you their name, you
can ask ―And you?‖ or ―And what‘s your name?‖
Hi! I’m Rebecca. And you?
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2. Nice to meet you.
After you learn each other‘s names, it‘s polite to say this
phrase.
A: Hi Rebecca, I‟m Chad.
B: Nice to meet you, Chad.
A: Nice to meet you too.
3. Where are you from?
Ask this question to find out which country someone is
from. You answer this question with ―I‘m from ~.‖
Can you answer this question in English? Say both the
question and answer aloud right now. (Four times,
remember?)
A: Nice to meet you, Sergio. So, where are you from?
B: I‟m from Spain.
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4. What do you do?
Most adults ask each other this question when they meet. It
means what do you do for a living (what is your job).
I think this question is boring, so I ask other questions. But
many people will probably ask you this, so it‘s important to
know what it means.
A: What do you do, Cathleen?
B: I work at the university as a financial specialist.
5. What do you like to do (in your free time)?
Instead of asking for someone‘s job title, I prefer to
ask what they enjoy doing. The responses (answers) are
usually much more interesting!
A: So Cathleen, what do you like to do in your free time?
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B: I love to read and to garden. I picked two buckets of
tomatoes last week!
6. What‟s your phone number?
If you want to keep in contact with someone you just met,
ask this question to find out their phone number. You can
replace ―phone number‖ with ―email address‖ if you want
to know their email address.
You might also hear people use the more casual ―Can I get
your ~?,‖ as in, ―Can I get your phone number?‖
It would be great to meet up again sometime. What’s your
phone number?
7. Do you have Facebook?
Many people keep in touch (contact) through Facebook.
Use this question to find out if someone has a Facebook
account. You might also ask, ―Are you on Facebook?‖
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Let‟s keep in touch! Do you have Facebook?
Phrases for Work
Here are some basic phrases you might use at a job.
1. How can I help you?
If you work in customer service, you‘ll use this phrase a
lot. It‘s also a common phrase when answering the phone.
[On the phone]: Hello, this is Rebecca speaking. How can I
help you?
2. I‟ll be with you in a moment.
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When someone wants to see you, use this phrase if you
need a minute to finish something first. If a client is waiting
at a store, you can also use this phrase to show that their
turn is next.
You can replace ―moment‖ with ―minute‖: ―I‘ll be with
you in (just) a minute.‖
Another common phrase for this situation is ―I‘ll be right
with you.‖
Good morning! I’ll be with you in a moment.
3. What time is our meeting?
You can use this question‘s structure to ask the time of any
event: ―What time is [event]?‖
If you want to ask about a meeting on a certain day, add
―on [day].‖ For example, ―What time is our meeting on
Thursday?‖
327
What time is our meeting on Wednesday?
4. Please call me (back) at…
When you want someone to call you or to call you back (to
return your call), use this phrase to give your phone
number.
Hi, this is Cathleen from the financial office.
I‟m wondering if you found those missing receipts.
Please call me back at 555-5555. Thanks!
5. (Oh really?) Actually, I thought…
When you disagree with someone, ―Actually, I thought…‖
will make you sound kinder and more polite than saying
―No‖ or ―You‘re wrong.‖ This phrase is useful when you
have a different idea than someone else.
A: So Sam‟s coming in tonight at 8, right?
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B: Actually, I thought he wasn‟t working at all this week.
A: Oh, ok. I‟ll have to look at the schedule again.
6. Actually, I [verb]…
You can use ―actually, I…‖ with many different verbs:
―heard,‖ ―learned,‖ ―am,‖ ―can,‖ ―can‘t,‖ etc. You should
use it for the same situation as above: when you have a
different idea than someone else.
A: Did you finish the reports?
B: Actually, I am running a bit behind, but they‟ll be done
by noon!
C: When you type, always put two spaces between
sentences.
D: Actually, I learned to put a single space between
sentences.
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7. I‟m (just) about to [verb]…
When you‘re going to start something very soon, you‘re
―just about to‖ do something.
I’m just about to send those faxes.
I’m about to go and pick up some coffee. Do you
want anything?
330
TRANSLATION
331
Translation
Translation of Passages needs very good command over
both languages. In the preface to his translation of Ovid‘s
Epistles in 1680, Dryden (1680/1992: 25) reduces all translation to
three categories:
 „metaphrase‟ : ‗word by word and line by line‘
translation, which corresponds to literal translation;
 „paraphrase‟ : ‗translation with latitude, where the
author is kept in view by the translator, so as never to be
lost, but his words are not so strictly followed as his sense‘;
this involves changing whole phrases and more or less
corresponds to faithful or sense-for-sense translation;
 „imitation‟ : ‗forsaking‘ both words and sense; this
corresponds to Cowley‘s very free translation and is more
or less what today might be understood as adaptation.
Graphically, we might represent this as follows: literal
332
translation free translation adaptation word for word sense
for sense metaphrase paraphrase imitation
 Rules for Translation of Passages:
1. Read the passage two or three times.
2. Understand the meaning of the passage.
3. Translate into the language coherently.
4. Direct Speech should be changed into Indirect Speech.
5. Have a rough draft first and then a fair draft.
333
I. Passages from English into Arabic
1. Trees are useful to us. They give us timber and
firewood. The timber is used to make chairs, tables and
other furniture. We get oil from the oil seeds of some trees.
The leaves and fruits of some trees are used to prepare
medicines.
2. Food is essential for all living beings. Without food
man cannot live long. Every man has to eat a certain
quantity of food. If he eats less than that quantity, his health
will fail and he will fall ill. So every man has to eat enough
food to live.
334
3. Once a speeding car hit an old gentleman. The driver
lifted the wounded man. He comforted gentleman saying
that he was lucky. He said that the accident had taken place
in front of a doctor‘s house.
4. Electricity gives us comfort and happiness. The fans
that run by electricity give as cool air. The washing
machine and the grinders are very useful to women.
Electricity runs factories. The electric lamps give brighter
light than the old kerosene lamp.
5. Television is one of the wonders of modern science.
Many useful programs on education, health and agriculture
are telecasted. Interesting plays and films are shown at
regular intervals. It is used for commercial advertisement. It
was invented by John Baird.

335
6. The crow is a common bird found in our country. It
eats all kinds of waste food materials thrown out of the
house. It also eats rats and decayed things found in the
street. The crow removes all bad smelling things by eating
them. So it is called the scavenger of the sky.
7. India is a very big nation. It is as large as the whole
of Europe minus Russia. Gandhiji is the father of our
nation. He fought bravely against the foreign rulers who
ruled India. Nonviolence was the only one weapon that he
used to fight for his cause. India became independent on
15th August, 1947.
8. A Policeman has to protect the public from thieves
and wicked men. He has to give help to all those who need
336
it, especially to strangers, foreigners and old people. He
must be brave and strong so that he can prevent violent
people behaving rudely. In a difficulty the policeman has
the right to call upon anybody for help. To refuse to help
the policeman is an offence against good citizenship.
9. Africa is the home of rhinoceros. They also live in
India. He is the big, ugly animal with two horns on his
snout. It is not made of bone but of pressed hair. However
it is solid enough to with stand blows against hard objects.
But the horn has a weakness. If a bullet hits it the rhino
falls down stunned.
10. A poor man was once wrongly imprisoned. After
some years he was set free and given a sum of money as
compensation for the imprisonment. He went straight away
to the market and bought all the birds he saw in cages. To
337
the great surprise of the shopkeepers, he opened the cages
and set the birds free. He explained that he pitied anything
that was in prison for no fault at all.
11. In the home market there is a considerable reduction
in the rate of incoming orders, particularly for those
consumer goods affected by increase in VAT from 8 to 14
percent. With no appreciable upturn expected in the home
market, the ability to keep most of the factories properly
loaded will be dependent upon continuing success in
obtaining network is of vital importance.
12. In 1940 Germany attacked Britain but was not
successful, mainly because of the British victory in the
Battle of Britain. In 1941 Germany invaded Russia and
Japan attacked Pearl Harbor, an action which brought the
US into the war. In 1942 Japan increased its control over
338
several countries in Asia but was checked by US forces in
the Pacific. In the same year, at the Battle of El Alamein,
Allied forces began to defeat Germany and Italy in northern
Africa. In 1943 the Allies took Italy and Russian forces
began to advance on Germany from the east. In 1944 the
Allies invaded northern Europe with the Normandy
landings and began to defeat Germany in Europe. The war
ended in 1945 when the Allies took control of Germany,
Hitler killed himself, and Japan was defeated as a result of
the atom bombs being dropped on the cities of Hiroshima
and Nagasaki. Germany and Japan surrendered separately
in 1945.
339
‫‪II.‬‬ ‫‪Passages from Arabic into English‬‬
‫ثذأ اٌؼبَ اٌذساع‪ ٝ‬اٌدذ‪٠‬ذ ‪ ٚ ,‬فشذ اٌزالِ‪ُ ١‬ز وث‪١‬شاً ثز٘بث‪ ُٙ‬إٌ‪ ٝ‬اٌّذسعخ‬ ‫‪.1‬‬
‫اٌفصً ِجزغّب ً ‪ ٚ ,‬وبْ ِغش‪ٚ‬ساً ثٕظبَ‬

‫َ‬ ‫‪ِ ٚ‬مبثٍخ صِالءُ٘ ‪ ٚ .‬دخً اٌ ُّذسطُّ‬
‫اٌزالِ‪١‬ز ‪ ٚ‬زّبع‪ ٚ , ُٙ‬لبي ٌ‪ ” : ُٙ‬اخز‪ٙ‬ذ‪ٚ‬ا فبٌؼٍ ُُ أعبطُ اٌزمذَ ‪١ٌ ٚ ,‬ظ إٌدب ُذ‬
‫أصجر‬
‫َ‬ ‫صؼجب ً ػٍ‪ ٝ‬اٌّدز‪ٙ‬ذ‪ ٚ , ٓ٠‬اٌّدز‪ُ ٙ‬ذ دائّب ً ‪٠‬سبفظُ ػٍ‪ٚ ٝ‬لزٗ ‪ ٚ ‖.‬لذ‬
‫اٌسبع‪ٛ‬ة ظش‪ٚ‬سحً ِٓ ظش‪ٚ‬ساد اٌس‪١‬بح ‪ِٙ ٚ‬بسحً الصِخً ٌىً ػًّ ‪ِ ٚ‬ب َ‬
‫صاي‬
‫اإلٔغبْ ِزؼٍّب ً ف‪ِ ٝ‬ذسعخ اٌس‪١‬بح زز‪٠ ٝ‬الل‪ ٝ‬ززفٗ‪.‬‬
‫رؼٍ‪١‬ك ػٍ‪" ٝ‬زىب‪٠‬خ األش‪١‬بء" ِٓ ٔبش‪ٔٛ‬بي خ‪ٛ١‬غشافه‬ ‫‪.2‬‬
‫أفؼٍذ ِغ ٘زا اٌف‪١‬ذ‪ ٛ٠‬ػٍ‪ِ ٝ‬غز‪ ،ٓ١٠ٛ‬أ‪ٌّٙٚ‬ب رشو‪١‬ض اٌّز‪٠‬ؼخ ػٍ‪ ٝ‬اٌذ‪ٚ‬س اٌز‪ٞ‬‬
‫‪ٍ٠‬ؼجٗ اإلٔغبْ ف‪ٔ ٟ‬ظبَ االلزصبد االعز‪ٙ‬الو‪ٚ ٟ‬اٌز‪ ٞ‬ػبدح ال ‪ُ٠‬زوش ف‪ٟ‬‬
‫اٌزفغ‪١‬شاد االلزصبد‪٠‬خ أ‪ ٚ‬ػٍُ االلزصبد ثشىً ػبَ‪ .‬فزخجشٔب اٌّز‪٠‬ؼخ ثأْ ػٍّبء‬
‫االلزصبد لذ سعّ‪ٛ‬ا ص‪ٛ‬سح ِٕظّخ ‪ٚ‬ثغ‪١‬طخ ٌ‪١‬فغش‪ٚ‬ا ٘زا إٌظبَ االلزصبد‪ٞ‬‬
‫االعز‪ٙ‬الو‪ ٟ‬ثشىً ِجغػ ‪ٚ‬وأٔٗ ٔظبَ ِزىبفئ ثذ‪ ْٚ‬عٍج‪١‬بد أ‪ِ ٚ‬شبوً‪ٌٚ .‬ىٓ‬
‫ثبٌطجغ ٘زا إٌظبَ ٌٗ رأث‪١‬ش ال ‪٠‬غز‪ٙ‬بْ ثٗ ػٍ‪ ٝ‬ز‪١‬بح االٔغبْ‪ٚ .‬ثبٔ‪ّٙ١‬ب‪ ،‬اٌّز‪٠‬ؼخ‬
‫رسب‪ٚ‬ي أْ رغ‪١‬ش اٌّف‪ َٛٙ‬اٌشبئغ ٌ‪ٙ‬زا إٌظبَ‪ ،‬فزشو‪١‬ض٘ب األ‪ٚ‬ي ٌ‪١‬ظ ػٍ‪ ٝ‬سزٍخ‬
‫‪340‬‬
‫"األش‪١‬بء" ‪ٚ‬اإلٔغبْ اٌز‪ٌٛ ٞ‬الٖ ٌّب وبْ إٌظبَ ِ‪ٛ‬خ‪ٛ‬د لػ‪ .‬اإلٔغبْ‪ ،‬زغت ٘زٖ‬
‫اٌّز‪٠‬ؼخ‪ٍ٠ ،‬ؼت اٌذ‪ٚ‬س األعبع‪ ٟ‬ف‪٘ ٟ‬زا إٌظبَ‪ ،‬ف‪ِٛ ٛٙ‬خ‪ٛ‬د ف‪ ٟ‬وً ِشزٍخ ِٓ‬
‫إٌظبَ‪ ِٓ ،‬االعزخشاج إٌ‪ ٝ‬اٌشِ‪.ٟ‬‬
‫ف‪ِ ٟ‬شزٍخ االعزخشاج‪ ...‬اٌّز‪٠‬ؼخ رخجشٔب ثإٔٔب ف‪ ٟ‬اٌ‪ٛ‬لذ اٌشا٘ٓ أصجسٕب‬
‫ٔغز‪ٍٙ‬ه ِ‪ٛ‬اسدٔب اٌطج‪١‬ؼ‪١‬خ إٌ‪ ٝ‬اٌذسخخ أْ اٌى‪ٛ‬وت ٌُ ‪٠‬ؼذ ‪٠‬مذس ػٍ‪ ٝ‬االعز‪١‬ؼبة‪.‬‬
‫‪ٚ‬ػٕذِب ‪٠‬غزٕفذ ثٍذاْ "اٌؼبٌُ األ‪ٚ‬ي" وً ِب ػٕذ٘ب ِٓ ِ‪ٛ‬اسد غج‪١‬ؼ‪١‬خ‪ ،‬ال رسب‪ٚ‬ي‬
‫أْ رز‪ٛ‬لف ػٓ االعزخشاج ِغز‪ٙ‬ذفخً االعز‪ٙ‬الن االلزصبد‪ ٞ‬ثً رأخز رغزخشج‬
‫اٌّ‪ٛ‬اسد اٌطج‪١‬ؼ‪١‬خ اٌّطٍ‪ٛ‬ثخ ِٓ ثٍذاْ "اٌؼبٌُ اٌثبٌث" وأٔ‪ٙ‬ب ِّزٍىبر‪ٙ‬ب ٘‪ ،ٟ‬ثغط‬
‫إٌظش ػٓ ‪ٚ‬ظغ إٌبط ف‪٘ ٟ‬زٖ اٌجٍذاْ "غ‪١‬ش اٌّزمذِخ" ‪ٚ‬زم‪ٌٙ ُٙ‬زٖ اٌّ‪ٛ‬اسد‬
‫اٌطج‪١‬ؼ‪١‬خ‪ٚ .‬أوثش ِب ٌفذ ٔظش‪ ٞ‬ف‪٘ ٟ‬زا اٌدضء‪ ٛ٘ ،‬أْ ػٍّبء االلزصبد ‪٠‬زىٍّ‪ْٛ‬‬
‫ػٓ ٔظبَ االلزصبد االعز‪ٙ‬الو‪ ٟ‬وأٔٗ ‪ٚ‬ظغ غج‪١‬ؼ‪ ٟ‬ف‪١‬زدبٍ٘‪ ْٛ‬غشلبد اٌّؼ‪١‬شخ‬
‫اٌز‪ ٟ‬وبٔذ ِ‪ٛ‬خ‪ٛ‬دح لجٍٗ ‪ٚ‬لذ ال رضاي أوثش رىبفؤاً ث‪١‬ئ‪١‬بً‪ٚ .‬ثبألزش‪ ،ٜ‬إٌبط ػٍ‪ٝ‬‬
‫و‪ٛ‬وت األسض ف‪ ٟ‬وً اٌجٍذاْ وبٔ‪ٛ‬ا ‪٠‬ؼ‪١‬ش‪ ْٛ‬ثطش‪٠‬مخ ال رعش ثبٌج‪١‬ئخ ٌّذح‬
‫لش‪ ،ْٚ‬خ‪١‬ال ‪ٚ‬ساء خ‪ٌّ .ً١‬برا؟ ألٔ‪ٙ‬ب ال رشزش‪ٚ ٞ‬ال رغز‪ٍٙ‬ه ػٍ‪ ٝ‬اٌذسخخ‬
‫اٌّطٍ‪ٛ‬ثخ ِٓ لجً إٌظبَ االعز‪ٙ‬الو‪.ٟ‬‬
‫٘زا ِب أذ٘شٕ‪ ٟ‬أوثش ف‪٘ ٟ‬زا اٌجشٔبِح‪ :‬أدسوذ إٔٔب ٔؼ‪١‬ش ف‪ٔ ٟ‬ظبَ ال ‪٠‬سزشَ‬
‫اإلٔغبْ وشاِزٗ ‪ٚ‬ششفٗ ‪ٚ‬زز‪ ٝ‬إٔغبٔ‪١‬زٗ‪ ،‬ثً ‪٠‬غؼ‪ ٟ‬ف‪ ٟ‬إ٘بٔز‪ٙ‬ب ‪ ِٓ -‬خالي‬
‫اإلػالٔبد اٌىث‪١‬فخ اٌّ‪ٛ‬خ‪ٛ‬دح ف‪ ٟ‬وً ِىبْ ‪ٚ‬خص‪ٛ‬صب ً ػٍ‪ ٝ‬اٌزٍف‪١‬ض‪—ْٛ٠‬زز‪ٝ‬‬
‫‪341‬‬
‫رشزغً أوثش ٌى‪ ٟ‬رىغت أوثش ٌى‪ ٟ‬رع‪١‬غ ٘زا إٌم‪ٛ‬د ثششاء أش‪١‬بء أوثش‪ ،‬وً ٘زا‬
‫ٌى‪٠ ٟ‬ذػُ ٔظبَ ال ‪٠‬سزشِٗ ‪ٚ‬ال‪٠‬شزّٗ‪ٚ .‬ثبألزش‪ ،ٜ‬وإٔٔب ٔشزش‪" ٞ‬األ‪ ٞ‬ث‪ٛ‬د" أ‪ٚ‬‬
‫أ‪ ٞ‬عٍغ ػٍ‪ ٝ‬زغبة أغبٔ‪١‬زٕب‪ .‬فبٌّز‪٠‬ؼخ ردؼٍٕب ٔزغبءي‪ ً٘ :‬اٌغٍغ رمبثً‬
‫أغبٔ‪١‬زٕب؟ ‪ٚ‬سوضد اٌّز‪٠‬ؼخ وث‪١‬شا ػٍ‪٘ ٝ‬زٖ إٌمطخ‪ ِٓ :‬اٌّفش‪ٚ‬ض أْ رى‪ ْٛ‬أ‪ٚ‬ي‬
‫ِغؤٌ‪١‬خ أل‪ٔ ٞ‬ظبَ الزصبد‪ ٞ‬أ‪ ٚ‬ع‪١‬بع‪ ٟ‬أْ ‪٠‬ذػُ ‪٠ٚ‬غبػذ ‪٠ٚ‬سّ‪ٌ .ٟ‬ىٓ ٌألعف‪،‬‬
‫ٔظبِٕب االلزصبد‪ ٞ‬اٌسبٌ‪٠ ٟ‬ج‪١‬غ س‪ٚ‬زٕب ِٓ أخً االعز‪ٙ‬الن اٌذائُ ‪ٚ‬األسثبذ‬
‫اٌالٔ‪ٙ‬بئ‪١‬خ‪.‬‬
‫أ‪ٚ‬ال ػٍ‪ ٝ‬األسخر ٕ٘بن ِششسبْ سئ‪١‬غ‪١‬بْ اال ‪ّ٘ٚ‬ب ِششر ِٓ اٌسضة‬ ‫‪.3‬‬
‫اٌذ‪ّٛ٠‬لشغ‪ِٚ ٟ‬ششر ِٓ اٌسشة اٌدّ‪ٛٙ‬س‪ٌٚ .ٞ‬ىٓ ِٓ اٌدذ‪٠‬ش ثبٌزوش اْ ٕ٘بن‬
‫ِششس‪ِ ٓ١‬خزٍف‪ ِٓ ٓ١‬أزضاة ِزٕ‪ٛ‬ػخ ‪ٚ‬اٌ‪ ٝ‬زذ ِب ٘زا اٌزٕ‪ٛ‬ع ‪ّ٠‬ثً ػجبسح ػٓ‬
‫س‪ٚ‬ذ اٌذ‪ّٛ٠‬لشاغ‪١‬خ ‪ٚ‬ف‪ٌ ٟ‬ت ‪ٚ‬خ‪ٛ‬ف ‪ٚ‬لٍت اٌش‪ٚ‬ذ ٘زٖ ٔدذ اٌزؼذد‪٠‬خ‪ٌٚ .‬ىٓ ف‪ٟ‬‬
‫اٌ‪ٛ‬لذ ٔفغٗ اٌش‪ٚ‬ذ ‪ٚ‬اٌ‪ٛ‬الغ ػٍ‪ ٝ‬األسض ش‪١‬ئبْ ِخزٍفبْ أ‪ ٚ‬ثبألزش‪٠ ٜ‬غ‪١‬طش‬
‫اٌسشة اٌذ‪ّٛ٠‬لشاغ‪ٚ ٟ‬اٌسضة اٌدّ‪ٛٙ‬س‪ ٞ‬ػٍ‪ ٝ‬االٔزخبثبد ثشىً وج‪١‬ش‪ِٓ .‬‬
‫خالي اٌفزشح ِب لجً االٔزخبثبد ٔدذ ِٕبفغخ شذ‪٠‬ذح ‪ٚ‬زز‪ ٝ‬ششعخ ث‪ ٓ١‬اٌّششس‪ٓ١‬‬
‫‪ ِٓٚ‬خالي ٘زٖ إٌّبفغخ اٌز‪ ٟ‬رغمػ ف‪ ٟ‬شجبن "إْ وٕذ س‪٠‬سب فمذ ٌم‪١‬ذ‬
‫إػصبسا"‪.‬‬
‫‪342‬‬
‫‪ِٕ ٟ٘:‬ظّخ د‪١ٌٚ‬خ ِمش٘ب ٔ‪ٛ٠ٛ١‬سن ر‪ٙ‬ذف إٌ‪ ٝ‬زفظ‬ ‫األُِ اٌّزسذح‬ ‫‪.4‬‬
‫اٌغالَ ز‪ٛ‬ي اٌؼبٌُ ‪ٚ‬زً اٌّشىالد اٌذ‪١ٌٚ‬خ‪ .‬رأعغذ ٘زٖ إٌّظّخ ف‪ ٟ‬ػبَ‬
‫‪ٚ 5491‬لبِذ ِسً ػصجخ األُِ‪ٚ ،‬أِب ِؼظُ د‪ٚ‬ي اٌؼبٌُ اٌّغزمٍخ ف‪ ٟٙ‬أػعبء‬
‫ف‪ٙ١‬ب ‪ٚ‬و ًً ِٕ‪ٙ‬ب ٌذ‪ٙ٠‬ب ص‪ٛ‬د ‪ٚ‬ازذ ف‪ ٟ‬اٌدّؼ‪١‬خ اٌؼبِخ‪ٚ .‬أِب ِدٍظ األِٓ فٍذ‪٠‬خ‬
‫اٌغٍطخ ثبرخبر اٌزذاث‪١‬ش اٌؼغىش‪٠‬خ ‪ٚ‬االلزصبد‪٠‬خ ‪ٚ‬رٌه ٌسً إٌضاػبد اٌذ‪١ٌٚ‬خ‪.‬‬
‫‪ٛ٠ٚ‬خذ ٌذ‪ ٜ‬األُِ اٌّزسذح فش‪ٚ‬ع أخش‪ِ ٜ‬ثً اٌجٕه اٌذ‪ِٚ ٌٟٚ‬سىّخ اٌؼذي‬
‫اٌذ‪١ٌٚ‬خ ف‪ٌٕٛ٘ ٟ‬ذا ‪ِٕٚ‬ظّخ األُِ اٌّزسذح ٌٍطف‪ٌٛ‬خ‪ٚ ،‬أِب ثبْ و‪ ِْٛ ٟ‬ف‪ٛٙ‬‬
‫األِ‪ ٓ١‬اٌؼبَ اٌسبٌ‪ٌ ٟ‬ألُِ اٌّزسذح‪.‬‬
‫أذٌؼذ اٌسشة اٌؼبٌّ‪١‬خ اٌثبٔ‪١‬خ ف‪ ٟ‬ػبَ ‪ٚ 5494‬أز‪ٙ‬ذ ػبَ ‪5491‬‬ ‫‪.5‬‬
‫ث‪ ٓ١‬د‪ٚ‬ي اٌّس‪ٛ‬س( أٌّبٔ‪١‬ب ‪ٚ‬ا‪٠‬طبٌ‪١‬ب ‪ٚ‬اٌ‪١‬بثبْ) ‪ٚ‬د‪ٚ‬ي اٌسٍفبء (ثش‪٠‬طبٔ‪١‬ب ‪ ٚ‬اٌذ‪ٚ‬ي‬
‫اٌ‪ٛ‬الؼخ رسذ زىُ اإلِجشاغ‪ٛ‬س‪٠‬خ اٌجش‪٠‬طبٔ‪١‬خ ‪ٚ‬فشٔغب ‪ٚ‬أعّذ الزمب د‪ٚ‬ي‬
‫االرسبد اٌغ‪ٛ‬ف‪١‬ز‪ٚ ٟ‬اٌ‪ٛ‬ال‪٠‬بد اٌّزسذح األِ‪١‬شو‪١‬خ ٌ‪ٙ‬زٖ اٌسشة)‪ٚ .‬شبسوذ اٌؼذ‪٠‬ذ‬
‫ِٓ اٌذ‪ٚ‬ي ثشىً ِجبشش أ‪ ٚ‬غ‪١‬ش ِجبشش ف‪٘ ٟ‬زٖ اٌسشة‪.‬‬
‫ِىزجخ اٌى‪ٔٛ‬دشط ٘‪ ٟ‬اٌّىزجخ اٌ‪ٛ‬غٕ‪١‬خ ٌٍ‪ٛ‬ال‪٠‬بد اٌّزسذح األِش‪٠‬ى‪١‬خ‬ ‫‪.6‬‬
‫‪ٚ‬رأعغذ اٌّىزجخ ف‪ ٟ‬ػبَ ‪ٚ 1811‬ر‪ٛ‬خذ ف‪ ٟ‬شبسع االعزمالي ف‪ ٟ‬اٌؼبصّخ‬

‫‪343‬‬
‫األِش‪٠‬ى‪١‬خ ‪ٚ‬اشٕطٓ‪ٛ٠ٚ .‬خذ ف‪ ٟ‬اٌّىزجخ أوثش ِٓ ‪ ْٛ١ٍِ 115‬وزبة ‪ ٟ٘ٚ‬ثبٔ‪ٟ‬‬
‫أوجش ِىزجخ ف‪ ٟ‬اٌؼبٌُ ثؼذ اٌّىزجخ اٌجش‪٠‬طبٔ‪١‬خ ِٓ ز‪١‬ث اٌشف‪ٛ‬ف اٌخبٌ‪١‬خ ‪ٚ‬ػذد‬
‫اٌىزت‪ٚ ،‬رغزمجً ٘زٖ اٌّىزجخ ٔغخز‪ ِٓ ٓ١‬وً وزبة أِش‪٠‬ى‪٠ ٟ‬زُ ٔششٖ ِغ زم‪ٛ‬ق‬
‫اٌطجغ‪.‬‬
‫عبارات بسيطة ‪:‬‬
‫حوار األدٌان والحضارات سوف ٌساهم إلى حد كبٌر فً تضٌٌق هوة‬ ‫‪.1‬‬
‫الخالفات بٌن الشرق والغرب‪.‬‬
‫علً المجتمع الدولً أي ٌدٌن الجرائم الوحشٌة التً ترتكب فً حق‬ ‫‪.2‬‬
‫الشعب الفلسطٌنً األعزل‪.‬‬
‫اإلرهاب أفه ٌغذٌها الظلم‪.‬‬ ‫‪.3‬‬
‫تعد مكتبة اإلسكندرٌة احد كنوز المعرفة لما تحوٌه من كتب قٌمة‬ ‫‪.4‬‬
‫ومخطوطات تارٌخٌة نادرة تجمع ما بٌن التراث القدٌم والحدٌث‪.‬‬
‫ٌجب أن نهتم باألطفال وننمً مواهبهم لٌكون لدٌهم القدرة على اإلبداع‬ ‫‪.5‬‬
‫واالبتكار ولٌس مجرد التقلٌد‪.‬‬
‫لم ولن تتخلً مصر عن دورها القٌادي فً مساندة قضاٌا األمة العربٌة‪.‬‬ ‫‪.6‬‬
‫‪344‬‬
‫تولً الحكومة اهتماما ٌ كبٌرا ٌ إلنتاج الطاقة النووٌة ألغراض سلمٌة‪.‬‬ ‫‪.7‬‬
‫ٌجب أن تكون المنتجات المصرٌة عالٌة الجودة لكً تتمكن من منافسة‬ ‫‪.8‬‬
‫المنتجات األخرى فً األسواق العالمٌة‪.‬‬
‫إن الخسائر الناتجة عن الحروب فادحة إلى الدرجة التً ٌتحتم معها حل‬ ‫‪.9‬‬
‫جمٌع المشكالت سلمٌا‪.‬‬
‫الحٌاة فً معسكرات الشباب لها فوائد عظٌمة فهً تعلمهم التعاون‬ ‫‪.11‬‬
‫واالعتماد على النفس والتضحٌة من أجل اآلخرٌن‪.‬‬
‫إن التسامح الدٌنً هو ما ٌمٌز الحٌاة فً مصر‪ ,‬حٌث ٌتزاور المسلمون‬ ‫‪.11‬‬
‫والمسٌحٌون فً األعٌاد والمناسبات المختلفة‪.‬‬
‫البد وأن ٌكون هناك حوارا فكرٌا بٌن الشرق والغرب لتفادي صراع‬ ‫‪.12‬‬
‫الحضارات‪.‬‬
‫ٌحتج الكثٌر من الناس على نظام العولمة ألنهم ٌرون أنه ٌخدم مصلحه‬ ‫‪.13‬‬
‫الدول الغنٌة فقط دون الدول الفقٌرة ‪.‬‬
‫لقد أصبح تطوٌر التعلٌم من أهم األهداف التً تسعً الحكومة جاهدة‬ ‫‪.14‬‬
‫لتحقٌقها‪.‬‬
‫إن مصر تحتاج إلى جهود المخلصٌن من أبنائها حتى تتغلب على كل‬ ‫‪.15‬‬
‫المشاكل التً تعوق تقدمها‪.‬‬
‫‪345‬‬
References
Alexander, L.G. Fluency in English: An Integrated Course
for Advanced Students. London: Longman, 1970.
Croft, Kenneth. Reading and Word Study. Washington,
D.C.: The American University Language Center
(Prentice Hall, Inc.), 1960.
Fowler, W.S. First Certificate English: Language and
Composition. UK: Thomas Nelson and Sons Ltd,
1986.
---. First Certificate English: Reading Comprehension. UK:
Thomas Nelson and Sons Ltd, 1986
Eckersley, C.E. Brighter Grammar 3. UK: Longman, 1990.
Humphreys, G.S. Teach Yourself English Grammar.
London: T. and A. Constable Ltd., 1953.
Kent, Smith R. Building Vocabulary for College. 8th ed.
Wadworth. Boston: Wadsworth, Cengage Learning,
2012.
346
Meikle John, J.M.D. The Art of Writing English. London:
MeikleJohn and Holden 1910 seventh edition
Munday, Jeremy. Introducing Translation Studies. New
York: Routledge, 2016.
Quinley, Elliott. Vocabulary: Everyday Living Words.
California: Saddleback Educational Publishing,
2002.
Walker, Elaine and Steve Elseworth. Grammar Practice.
UK: Longman,1991.
Online Sources
―Arabic Writing Examples.‖ American Council on the
Teaching of Foreign Languages: ACTFL.
https://www.actfl.org/publications/guidelines-and-
manuals/actfl-proficiency-guidelines-
2012/arabic/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%83%D8%AA
%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%A9/arabic-writing-
examples
347
“Common Phrases in English.” Basic English Speaking.
https://basicenglishspeaking.com/100-common-
phrases-and-sentence-patterns/
―Different Reading Techniques.‖ How to Learn.
https://www.howtolearn.com/2012/08/different-
reading-techniques-and-when-to-use-them/
“Exercises on Idioms.” English Grammar.
https://www.englishgrammar.org/idioms-phrases-
exercise/
―Learn Arabic with Us.‖
https://blogs.transparent.com/arabic/reading-
comprehension-answers/
―Learn English.‖ http://learnenglish.nu/english-learning-
language.php?english-learning=307
https://www.cs.uky.edu/~cheng/GMAT/GMAT_reading1.h
tml
348
―Translation.‖
http://translationea.blogspot.com/2012/04/blog-
post.html#!/2012/04/blog-post.html
―Translation.‖ https://www.modars1.com/t71583-topic
―Translation of Passages.‖ http://www.english-for-
students.com/Translation-of-Passages.html
―Parts of Speech Quizzes.‖ English Club.
https://www.englishclub.com/grammar/parts-of-
speech-quiz.htm
―Reported Speech.‖ Perfect English Grammar.
https://www.perfect-english-grammar.com/reported-
speech.html
349

English Language For Faculty of Arts Third Year

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Assiut University

English For Arts Students

I. Phrases and Sentences

A large part of our life is spent in transferring our own

thoughts to others. The commonest form of expressing

ourselves is, of course, in words. Such groups of words are

called Sentences. Not all groups of words are sentences.

For instance, consider the following groups of words:

(i) The the over moon cow jumped.

(ii) A in saves nine stitch time.

Such groups do not make sense – they are mere collections

Again, consider the groups

(i) Over the moon

(ii) To see such fun

The words do not express a whole idea. Such groups of

words, making sense but not complete sense, are called

Consider a Third Group:

(i) The cow jumped over the moon.

(ii) The little dog laughed to see such fun.

These groups of words make complete sense. They are

called Sentences. A sentence, therefore, may be called a

group of words which makes complete sense and expresses

State which of the following groups of words are

sentences and which are phrases:

1. The old grey goose is dead.

2. With a pain all in her head.

3. Old gander is weeping.

5. To make her feather-bed.

Construct sentences from each of the following phrases

1. Along the road.

2. Five yards of ribbon.

4. The weather being hot.

 Consider the following sentences:

1. Too many cooks spoil the broth.

2. Where are you going to, my pretty maid?

3. Give me the daggers.

4. What a dark night it is!

In example 1 the sentence takes the form of a statement or

assertion about cooks. In example 2 the sentence takes the

form of a question. In example 3 the sentence takes the

form of command. In example 4 the sentence takes the

A sentence may be, then: (i) a statement; (ii) a question;

(iii) a command (desire, request, wish); (iv) an

State the kind of each of the following sentences:

1. Life all depends upon the liver.

2. Does he live on turnips, tea or tripe?

3. What victories we all gain in Dreamland!

5. I do not like Dr Fell.

Write four sentences, one a statement, one a question,

one a command, one an exclamation, about each of the

Statement: Coal is one of the chief natural resources.

Question: what is its price per ton today?

Command: Shoot the coal on the dump.

Exclamation: How brittle his coal seems!

Revision: There are eight parts of speech: nouns (names of

anything), pronouns (words standing instead of nouns),

adjectives (words limiting the meanings of nouns), verbs

(words expressing an action or state of being), adverbs

(words limiting the meaning of verbs), conjunctions

(joining words), prepositions (words used with nouns or

pronouns to make a phrase), interjections (words used to

express a sudden feeling).

Find out the correct part of speech of the words in bold