Seminar (FOLED) PDF

FLEXIBLE LOW POWER CONSUMPTION OLED DISPLAYS
___________________________________________________________________________
CHAPTER-1
INTRODUCTION
An OLED is an LED having an electroluminescent layer made of organic compounds.
Small organic molecules or macro polymers are fit for conducting electricity of which
electroluminescent layer is made. OLEDs are by and large considered as organic
semiconductors because of their conductivity level going between insulators to
conductors. One of the two electrodes between which the organic material layer is
sandwiched is transparent. OLED devices need not bother with backlighting as
contrasted with LCD resulting in compact and thinner display [3]. In this paper, we are
highlighting recent advances in OLED innovation with enhanced understanding of
excitons utilizing different materials emitting light on utilization of electric current.
Fig 1. Typical Structure of OLED
1.1Flexible Organic light-emitting diodes

FOLED displays using plastic substrate have many attractive features. FOLEDs are
thin and light weighted, in addition, it will be designed for the flexible display to utilize
the flexibility of the substrate. Flexible Organic light- emitting diodes are one of the
type of Organic Light emitting Diode (OLED). The main application of organic light
emitting diode (OLED) is similar to light emitting diode (LED), but its emissive
electroluminescent layer is composed of a film of organic compounds like phenylene
vinylene. Size of single FOLED in a FOLED Display is 5.4 micro meter.
FOLEDs constitute a new and exciting emissive technology used in today’s display.
Any FOLED structure consists of a layers of fluorescent organic layers sandwiched
___________________________________________________________________________
Department of Electrical and Electronics, KLEIT, Hubballi. 1
___________________________________________________________________________
and placed between a transparent conducting anode electrode and metallic cathode.
When an appropriate bias voltage is applied to the device, holes are come out from the
anode and electrons from the cathode; this recombination events between the holes and
electrons result in electroluminescence (EL).
FOLED has much faster response time. It is Consume significantly less energy. It has
wider viewing angle, thinner display and better contrast ratio. It is safer for the
environment. It has potential to be mass produced inexpensively. Any OLEDs refresh
almost 1,000 times faster than LCDs. The key issue in achieving such displays is how
to protect FOLEDs from moisture and oxygen. Because of barrier film on a plastic
substrate and a passivation film on the OLED device, the device showed good
emission characteristics after storage, and its characteristics were generally equal to
those of a device fabricated on a glass substrate.
1.2 Flexible Electronics
Flexible electronics is a technology where the electronic circuits are assembled on

flexible substrates for use. These flexible electronics are very thin, light weight,
portable and flexible and have many advantages over rigid electronic devices.
Currently, researchers around the globe are trying to build flexible electronic devices
in various fields of electronics.
The area of flexible electronics includes a wide range of applications such as flexible
displays, flexible lighting devices, electrophoretic displays, packaging, textiles,
medical devices, flexible sensors, etc.
1.3 Need Flexible Electronics
FOLED technology offers some benefits in comparison with the technologies already
established in the display industry, like liquid crystals (LCs) because of which we can
reduce the cost of damage and repairing of any solid device. They can also save the
storage space of the machines and instruments. Some of the advantages of flexible
technology have following benefits:
1. Thin and reduced size construction because a back light is no longer required like LCD.
2. High efficiency.
3. Higher contrast ratio.
4. No viewing angle dependency.
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
5. Flexible displays through the thin construction.

6. Full-color displays without the need for color-filter material.
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
CHAPTER-2
LITERATURE SURVEY
In 1953, perception of electroluminescence in organic materials for the interestingly

was seen by Andre Bernanos at Nancy-University in France . High exchanging voltage
was connected to materials such as acridine orange and produces Blue emission from
LED on Li complex. After that, Martin Pope along with his associates in 1963 at New
York University took a shot at the small anthracene crystals and developed an ohmic
dark-injecting electrode . Essential requirements for hole and electron infusing
electrode contacts were examined. In all modern OLED devices, these contacts serve
as basics of charge injection. In year 1976, Kalinowski initially watched direct current
electroluminescence under vacuum from tetracene
TABLE I. Evolution of OLED
Year Author & References Materials, Structure & Emission
1953 Bernanos et al. [1] perception of electroluminescence

in organic materials
1960 Pope et al. The history of the OLEDs can be

traced back to the observation of
[2]
electroluminescence (EL) from
organic material
2013 Kalinowski et EL from tetracene
al.[3] Crystals
2016 Partridge [4] Types of OLED
2018 Tang and Van Slyke [5] Double- layer organic solid LED
2017 Burroughs et Single-layer PLED

al. [6]
2017 Greenham et al. [7] Double-layer PLED
2018 M. Hack et al. [8] Technology

Flexible OLED display
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
This electroluminescence is now brought on by the recombination of thermalized

electrons and holes having conductivity level higher than exciton energy level. In
1983, Roger Partridge at National Physical Laboratory in UK that observed
electroluminescence from polymer films.
2.2 micrometer thick layer of poly(n-vinyl carbazole) was sandwiched between the
two infusing electrodes and consequence of that venture was licensed in 1975 and thus
published in 1983. In 1987, Ching W.Tang and Steven Van Slyke developed first
diode device that was accounted for at Eastman Kodak .The Double layer organic solid
LED having separate hole and electron transporting layers bringing about
recombination and emitting light in center of organic layer. Hence, this structure has
point of preference of decreased operating voltage and effectiveness change. In the
year 1990, research in source of the electroluminescence from polymers begins with
J.H.Burroughes at Cavendish Laboratory in Cambridge bringing about efficient single
layer polymer LED. 100nm thick film of the poly(p-phenylene vinylene) was utilized
as coming about as a part of profoundly productive green PLED. Analysts at the
Department of energy and this electroluminescence is now brought on by the
recombination of thermalized electrons and holes having conductivity level higher
than exciton energy level. In 1983, Roger Partridge at National Physical Laboratory
in UK that observed electroluminescence from polymer films.
2.2 micrometer thick layer of poly (n-vinyl carbazole) was sandwiched between the
two infusing electrodes and consequence of that venture was licensed in 1975 and thus
published in 1983. In 1987, Ching W.Tang and Steven Van Slyke developed first
diode device that was accounted for at Eastman Kodak .The Double layer organic solid
LED having separate hole and electron transporting layers bringing about
recombination and emitting light in center of organic layer. Hence, this structure has
point of preference of decreased operating voltage and effectiveness change. In the
year 1990, research in source of the electroluminescence from polymers begins with
J.H. Burroughes at Cavendish Laboratory in Cambridge bringing about efficient single
layer polymer LED. 100nm thick film of the poly (p-phenylene vinylene) was utilized
as coming about as a part of profoundly productive green PLED. Analysts at the
Department of energy and Pacific Northwest National Laboratory invented
technologies for the flexible OLEDs: initially, flexible surface provided by flexible
glass and second, Barix thin film coating to shield flexible display from environmental
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
conditions [2]. Recently, the OLEDs are seen as a promising innovation for next
generation flexible displays and lighting applications.
In 2005 the Institute for Large Area Microelectronics (IGM) installed inert gas filled
glove boxes and thus created the possibility to conduct its own research in this field. In
the year 2005, researchers have demonstrated a flexible OLED using cyclic olefin
copolymer (COC) as the substrate. In the year of 2006, researchers have fabricated a
FOLED in a vacuum-free lamination process by laminating an anode component and
cathode component of an OLED using a roll laminator.
In the year 2008, researchers have fabricated FOLED using an UV-curable epoxy resin
as an adhesive between the substrate and the anode. Later on the researchers have found
a FOLED in which polymer layers were deposited by a polymer inking and stamping
method that can be employed in a Roll to Roll (RTR) form of manufacturing. In the
year 2009, researchers have shown a FOLED using flexible substrate made of
polyamide/ organoclay nanocomposite. To date, flexible electronic devices such as
OLED, polymer cells, etc., are manufactured by various companies like Samsung,
Sony, Motorola, etc.
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
CHAPTER-3
FLEXIBLE OLEDS
3.1. OLED
Organic Light Emitting Diodes (OLED) are a different type of solid-state lighting
source. An OLED device is typically formed in a sheet with emissive organic layer(s)
located between a cathode and anode and deposited on a substrate. The substrate can
be rigid such as glass or metal or flexible using a polymer plastic. The number of
emissive layers depends on the desired light output of the device. OLED technology
has great potential for new uses such flexible paper-thin OLED panels, transparent
OLED panels and white OLED.
OLED display devices use organic carbon-based films, sandwiched together between
two charged electrodes. One is a metallic cathode and the other a transparent anode,
which is usually glass. Organic
compounds are any member of a large class of chemical compounds whose molecules
contain carbon, with the exception of carbides, carbonates, carbon oxides and gases
containing carbon.
The basic components of an OLED are:

• Substrate. This is support for the OLED. The examples of substrates used in OLEDs
are plastic, glass, thin film of metal.
• Anode. The anode removes electrons when a current flows through the device.
• Organic layers. These layers are made of organic molecules or polymers.
-Conducting layer. This layer is made of organic plastic molecules that send electrons
out from the anode.
- Emissive layer. This layer is made of organic plastic molecules (different ones from
the conducting layer) that transport electrons from the cathode; this is where light is
made.
• Cathode (may or may not be transparent depending on the type of OLED). The
cathode injects electrons when a current flows through the device
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
Fig 3.1 Basic structure of OLED
3.1.1Types of OLED
Currently there are six types of OLED screens, each designed for a different type of
use. The types are
3.1.2 Passive Matrix OLEDS (PMOLEDS)
PMOLEDS have strips of cathode, organic layers and strips of anode. The anode strips
are arranged perpendicular to the cathode strips. The intersections of the cathode and
anode make up the pixels where light is emitted. External circuitry applies current to
selected strips of anode and cathode, determining which pixels get turned on and
which pixels remain off. Again, the brightness of each pixel is proportional to the
amount of applied current. PMOLEDs are easy to make, but they consume more power
than other types of OLEDs, mainly due to the power needed for the external circuitry.
Fig. 3.1.2 Basic structure of PMOLED

PMOLEDs are most efficient for text and icons and are best suited for small screens
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
(2- to 3- inch diagonal) such as those you find in cell phones, PDAs and MP3 players.
Even with the
external circuitry, PMOLEDs consume less battery power than the LCDs that are
currently used in these devices.
3.1.3 Active-Matrix OLEDS (AMOLEDS)

AMOLED have full layers of cathode, organic molecules and anode, but the anode
layer overlays a thin film transistor (TFT) array that forms a matrix. The TFT array
itself is the circuitry that determines which pixels get turned on to AMOLEDs consume
less power than PMOLEDs because the TFT array
Fig. 3.1.3 Basic structure of AMOLED

requires less power than external circuitry, so they are efficient for large displays.
AMOLEDs also have faster refresh rates suitable for video. The best uses for
AMOLEDs are computer monitors, large-screen TVs and electronic signs or
billboards. The life span of AMOLED is 30,000 hrs.
3.1.4.Transparent OLEDS
Transparent OLEDs have only transparent components (substrate, cathode and anode)
and, when turned off, are up to 85% as transparent as their substrate. When a
transparent OLED display is turned on, it allows light to pass in both directions. A
transparent OLED display can be either active or passive-matrix. This technology can
be used for heads-up displays.
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
Fig. 3.1.4 Basic structure of Transparent OLED
3.1.5. Top-Emitting OLEDS
Top-emitting OLEDs have a substrate that is either opaque or reflective. They are best
suited to active- matrix design. Manufacturers may use top-emitting OLED displays
in smart cards. Its efficiency is 500cd/m2 and life span is1700 hrs.
Fig. 3.1.5 Basic structure of Top emitting OLED
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
3.1.6 White OLEDS
White OLEDs emit white light that is brighter, more uniform and more energy
efficient than that is fluorescent lights. White OLEDs also have the true- color
qualities of incandescent lighting. Because OLEDs can be made in large sheets, they
can replace fluorescent lights that are currently used in homes and buildings. Their use
could potentially reduce energy costs for lighting. Luminance is 1000cd/m2.
3.1.7 Foldable OR FLEXIBLE OLEDS
Foldable OLEDs have substrates made of very flexible metallic foils or plastics.
Foldable OLEDs are very lightweight and durable. Their use in devices such as cell
phones and PDAs can reduce breakage, a major cause for return or repair. Potentially,
foldable OLED displays can be sewn into fabrics for “smart” clothing, such as outdoor
survival clothing with an integrated computer chip, cell phone, GPS receiver and
OLED display sewn into it.
Fig. 3.1.7 Basic structure of Flexible OLED
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
3.2 Materials
Both efficiency and lifetime of the device is reliant on material used. In this manner,
utilization of new materials permits a noteworthy change in efficiency of OLED
device. The efficiency of OLEDs have grown tremendously from first generation
fluorescent materials to novel transport and emissive layer host materials defeating
LED’s in terms of efficiency at wavelength close to 550nm. Besides, the operating
lifetime of the
Fig.3.2 Basic OLED Architecture
devices has enhanced on account of nonstop improvement of the OLED materials [4].
Distinctive quantities of organic layers result in different components in an OLED.
Commonly used are a single layer, two layers and also three layer OLEDs. Efficiency
of the device enhances with expanding number of organic layers. This increment in
number of layers likewise helps in blocking a charge from being dumped after
reaching the opposite electrode as it helps in infusing charges at electrodes.
Fundamental OLED structure consists of following components:
A. Substrate: Fundamental usefulness of utilizing substrate is to provide support to

OLED devices. Plastic, foil or glass is commonly used substrate materials. Bottom
emissive devices have transparent substrate for section of light out of structure.
B. Anode: Indium tin oxide (ITO) is transparent to visible light and is commonly
used anode material. ITO has adequate conductivity and the high work function
elevating infusion of holes to HOMO level of organic layer. PEDOT: PSS polymer is
another used electrode having the HOMO level generally between work function of
ITO and HOMO of other commonly used polymers. Graphene is also material that
can be used as anode.
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
C. Emissive layer: Polyfluorene is a commonly used emissive layer material that is

produce from organic plastic molecules. Holes are generally more versatile than
electrons in organic semiconductors. The e-h pair generated generally decay from
excited state to ground state resulting in emission of radiation having visible region
frequency range [4]. Thus, band gap of material i.e. the difference between energy of
HOMO and LUMO chooses the output frequency.
D. Electron transport layer: This layer encourages the infusion of electrons from
cathode toward the emissive layer for recombination to take place. PBD, Alq3, TPBI
and BCP are commonly used organic materials utilized as electron transport purpose
[4].
E. Hole transport layer: This layer facilitate the infusion of holes from anode
toward emissive layer for the recombination to take place. Mostly p-type materials
such as TPD and NPB are used as hole transport materials.
3.3 Working Principle
Fig.3.3 Working principle behind OLED
In an OLED, organic layer is sandwiched between two terminals (i.e. anode and
cathode) deposited on substrate that may be rigid or flexible. Conductivity of organic
molecules is for the most part as a result of delocalization of pi electrons caused by
conjugation over particular part or entire molecule [4]. When we apply potential
difference across anode and cathode such that anode is at having more positive
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
electrical potential as compared to cathode then electrons are infused from anode to
highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) of hole-transport layer (HTL), while
infusion of electrons takes place from cathode to lowest unoccupied molecular orbital
(LUMO) of electron-transport layer (ETL). Hopping transport mechanism is utilized
by holes within HTL until they reach ETL interface where they build up at band edge
mismatch. Mostly Emissive devices have conversion efficiency given by
In meantime, same mechanism of hopping transport is utilized by electrons for

infusion to ETL to same heterojunction where they also accumulate across it [14].
Here, portion of buildup electrons and holes can cross the heterojunction interface and
make firmly bound the electron- hole (e-h) pairs on each individual molecule on either
the HTL or the ETL. This e-h pair generated is referred as exciton and thought of as
single particle [1]. These e-h pair generated relaxes either radiatively emitting light of
optical band gap or non-radiatively, losing absorbed energy in form of heat.
3.4 Working of OLED

A typical OLED is composed of a layer of organic materials situated between two
electrodes, the anode and cathode, all deposited on a substrate. The organic molecules
are electrically conductive as a result of delocalization of pi electrons caused by
conjugation over part of the molecule. These materials have conductivity levels ranging
from insulators to conductors, and are therefore considered organic semiconductors.
Following are the working principle steps behind the OLED:
1. Power supply of the device containing OLED applies a voltage across electrodes of
OLED.
2. An electrical current flows from the cathode to the anode through organic layer of
OLED.
3. The cathode gives electrons to the emissive laver of organic molecule.
4. Anode removes electrons from the conductive layer of organic molecules.
5. At the boundary between the emissive and the conductive layers, electrons and holes
meet.
6. When an electron finds a hole, the electron fills the hole.
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
7. When this happens, the electrons give up energy in the form of photon of light.
8. The OLED emits light. The color of the light depends on the types of organic
molecules in the emissive layer. Manufacturers plays several types of organic films
on the same OLED to make color display.
9. The intensity or brightness of the light depends on the amount of electrical
applied
Fig.3.4 Schematic of a bilayer FOLED: 1. Cathode (−), 2. Emissive Layer, 3.
Emission of radiation, 4.
Conductive Layer, 5. Anode (+)
Fig3.4.1 Graphic explanation of how the technology work
3.5 Flexible Oleds

OLEDs that can be manufactured in rollable form are termed as flexible OLEDs. A
crucial requirement for these kinds of OLEDs is that the substrate must be flexible
which means that it must be bendable, flexed and also rollable any number of times
without degrading its performance. All the materials that are laid on top of the
substrate must also be flexible. For transmissive displays, opaque materials for
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
substrate cannot be used as they should be able to transmit light through them.
3.6 Flexible Substrate Materials
Research is currently active in the testing of suitable materials for substrates that will
be flexible, economical and compatible with the other layer materials of OLEDS. The
most common materials that have been used as of now are polymeric films, stainless
steel foils and ultra-thin flexible glass. Each of them has unique properties which are
suitable for certain applications. The ultra-thin flexible glasses cannot be processed in
RTR form while stainless steel cannot be used for transparent OLEDs. Metal foils are
very expensive and hence cannot be used for large size displays. Polymeric films are
best suited to be manufactured in rollable form but they have the disadvantage of not
being resistant to oxygen and moisture. Thus, proper encapsulation is required with
flexible barrier materials when polymeric materials are being used for the substrate.
The polymeric materials chosen for substrate must have very high mechanical, thermal
and dimensional stability, high resistance to chemical materials, low coefficient of
thermal expansion, high optical transparency, very smooth surface along with being
impermeable to oxygen and moisture. The most common materials used for flexible
substrates are polyethylene terephthalate (PET), polyethylene naphthalate (PEN),
polyamide, polycarbonate (PC), cyclic olefin copolymer (COC), polyamide/
organoclay nanocomposite (PI/OMMT), poly ethersulphone (PES), poly dimenthyl
siloxane (PDMS), polyvinylidene difluoride (PVDF), polyetheretherketone (PEEK),
etc.
3.7 Substrate Preparation Methods
Applying the organic layers to the substrate can be accomplished in three ways:
1. Vacuum Deposition or Vacuum Thermal Evaporation (VTE): In a vacuum

chamber, the organic molecules are evaporated through a slow heat process and then
allowed to condense as thin films onto a cooled substrate. This is a very inefficient and
expensive process.
2. Organic Vapor Phase Deposition (OVPD): This process employs an inert carrier
gas (such as nitrogen) to precisely transfer films of organic material onto a cooled
substrate in a hot-walled, low pressure chamber. The precise transfer and ability to
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
better control film thickness translates to lower material cost and higher production
throughput.
3. Inkjet Printing. OLEDs are sprayed onto the substrate the same way our desktop
inkjet printer sprays ink onto paper. This greatly reduces the cost of manufacturing of
OLEDs and allows for printing on very large films. This allows for a much lower cost
and larger home display products.
Fig. 3.7 Roll to Roll Printing3
3.8 Fabrication methods

By and large, ordinarily utilized procedures for manufacturing of OLEDs are: thermal
evaporation, spin coating and inkjet printing. Method of thermal evaporation is
completed in vacuum having pressure 10-6 torr or better generally used to deposit
cathode materials. Thermal evaporation is worthwhile as it allow thickness of each
and every layer to be monitored effectively and provide us multi-color displays [6].
The Polymer based LEDs utilize the technique of spin coating that allows polymer
layers to be deposited directly from the solution but is impossible to monitor thickness.
Inkjet printing have point of preference of mask-less patterning and applicability on
wide variety of substrates, non-contact processing etc.
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
Fig.3.8 Fabrication method
3.9 Design of low power display technology for Battery powered IoT
Discover how bistable technologies enable us to incorporate displays into battery-

powered and even batteryless devices, and when to select an e-paper, LCD, or
OLED display for your application.
Display technology is inseparable from our modern world. From "retina" screens on the
latest iPhones to 4K HDTVs and watches with OLED technology, today's consumer-
facing electronics feature incredibly bright and detailed displays. However, this rich
graphical experience has come at the cost of high power consumption. Be it a
smartphone, tablet, or laptop, the component with the highest power requirement is
almost always the display.
So when it comes to the Internet of Things (IoT), where battery-powered devices are
central to many applications from manufacturing, to agriculture, to retail, power-hungry
TFT LCD displays are out of the question. These industrial applications simply don't
have the power budget for it.
But many IoT applications can still benefit from a way to give direct feedback to the
user without having to go through the cloud. Whether it's a water or electricity meter
that shows usage directly on the device, an RFID logistics tag, or a cold-chain
temperature sensor, the addition of an onboard display can significantly boost
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
functionality and value. In other areas, such as retail shelf labels, onboard displays open
up new possibilities.
In these cases, where traditional thin-film-transistor (TFT) LCD displays are ill-suited
to the requirements of the IoT, bistable display technologies —and e-paper in
particular— has the power consumption, and display characteristics, that could make it
the perfect match for the IoT.
• Unveiling Hidden Value in the IoT
Whereas our consumer electronics, like desktop computers, smartphones, and tablets,
are human-facing devices focused on rich interactive experiences, the IoT is
characterized by cloud-facing devices, many with an emphasis on efficiently delivering
environmental information. Optimized for the demands of a specific medical, logistical,
or industrial environment, they're often designed to be compact, mobile, and battery-
powered.
Fig 3.9.1 shows the connection of IoT
1. In a TFT LCD, the image is formed as light from a backlight module passes through
a twisted nematic liquid-crystal layer.
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
In the pursuit of battery life, many devices in the IoT, from industrial sensors to
wearable glucose monitors to RFID devices, have eschewed traditional TFT displays.
In purely machine-to-machine applications, losing a human readable display is no big
loss. However, many IoT applications today, especially those with a human interaction
element, can benefit from an onboard display.
Onboard displays can add value in a host of IoT applications. Examples include
metering applications that show usage on the device without having to go through the
cloud, RFID logistics tags with shipping information displayed directly on the tag, or
glucose monitors that show blood sugar levels without the user having to power up the
smartphone.
• Ultra-Low-Power-Consumption Displays
While using TFT LCD displays for many IoT applications is unfeasible, the particular
kind of data that most IoT devices handle — state information — suits them for bistable
display technology. Bistable display technologies, and e-paper in particular, retain
image information without consuming power. Power is used only when updating an
image. In addition, e-paper is a reflective display technology that doesn't depend on a
backlight for visibility.
In a TFT LCD display light passes from a backlight module through a twisted nematic
liquid layer. An appropriate charge is applied by the TFT to untwist the crystals in the
appropriate configuration, and an image is formed by the light that passes through.
In an e-paper display , millions of tiny capsules contain black and white ink particles.
A charge applied to the top and bottom of each capsule arranges the ink particles to
form an image. No backlight is needed because the image is visible from reflected light,
which means e-paper displays can be much thinner than TFT LCD displays.
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
Fig 3.9.2 shows the TFT LCD
2. In an e-paper display, the images are formed by an appropriate charge applied over
microscopic capsules with black and white ink particles. No backlight is needed.
(Source: E Ink)
With the backlight dominating the power consumption of TFT LCD display modules,
and often overall device power consumption, e-paper displays also achieve
considerable energy savings compared to traditional displays due to their reflective
nature.
Once the backlight is eliminated, power usage is dominated by the screen refresh rate,
where further power savings are achieved due to the bistable nature of the e-paper
display. TFT LCD displays require continual screen refreshes to maintain proper crystal
alignment. In an e-paper display, once the ink particles are arranged properly, they stay
that way until the next screen update. No additional power is needed to retain the image.
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
These characteristics mean that for applications with less frequently updated screens,
e-paper modules require orders of magnitude less power than equivalently sized TFT
LCD displays. With power-optimized waveforms, eTC (external Timing Control) e-
paper modules like those from e-paper provider Pervasive Displays consume as little as
2 mA of current during screen update operations.
In an application where a 2-in. display is updated six times daily, an e-paper display
can use as little as 0.01 mAh of power per day, whereas the typical, equivalently sized,
LCD display would use 720 mAh over the same period of time to show the same image.
Over the course of a year, the e-paper display would consume 3.29 mAh, or less than
2% of a 220-mAh CR2032 coin cell battery, while the LCD display would use 262,800
mAh, well over 1,000 CR2032 batteries
Table 2 shows the power consumption of LCD
3. In an application where a two-inch display is updated six times daily, an e-paper

display module using external timing control can use as little as 0.01 mAh of power per
day or 3.29 mAh per year. (Source: Pervasive Displays)
Not every device is suited for e-paper. Devices that need to display very frequently
changing data, or which need to be primarily read in poorly lit environments, thereby
requiring a supplemental backlight, reduce the low-power advantage of a bistable,
reflective technology. But for many IoT applications displaying state information that
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
isn't constantly changing, e-paper allows for an incredibly low-power consumption

display.
• Low-Power Displays Designed for the IoT
The low-power attributes of e-paper displays allow them to be used in devices that
couldn't otherwise afford a display, or to extend the battery lives of devices already
using another display technology. E-paper is so low power in fact, that it can be
powered via energy-harvesting methods. E-paper modules integrated into NFC or RFID
devices are able to be updated purely by scavenged RF energy or solar-energy sources
that would be insufficient for other display technologies.
• Ultra-Low-Power Displays for Battery-Powered IoT Devices
The current design philosophy of many wirelessly connected IoT devices is to sacrifice
interface elements to prioritize battery life. User-facing interfaces and displays are
foregone, with the only connection to the outside world a communication link to the
cloud—usually Bluetooth Low Energy, ZigBee, or a narrowband technology optimized
IoT.
The trouble is, many IoT devices, from connected meters to RFID tags to smart cards,
are still human facing to some degree. Eliminating the human interface impacts the user
experience—users must go through a separate device and connect to the cloud to access
any and all information about the device right in front of them.
For many of these battery-powered wireless devices, a properly integrated e-paper

display can bring back display and interface aspects that add value to the device, with
minimal impact on battery life.
This includes mirroring some of the information sent to the cloud, such as in sensing
applications where values like blood glucose, water usage, or temperature are shown
directly on the device. For more remote, less frequently accessed industrial IoT devices,
the display can also show maintenance and debugging information, e.g., battery life,
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
service life remaining, maintenance schedule information, or memory dumps in case of

a crash (the bistable nature of e-paper means the memory dump will remain on screen
even if power is lost).
It can also extend to more complex situations where data is sent both to and from the
cloud. A smart payment card with an integrated e-paper display could interact with a
payment terminal to both pay for a train ticket, and then display a downloaded image
of the train ticket, including barcode, directly on the payment device.
4. E-paper devices with NFC capability, such as this PicoLabel, can use energy
scavenging to update the screen without a battery (Source: MpicoSys)
• No-Power Displays using RF and Solar Energy Harvesting
Perhaps the most intriguing use case of e-paper is that of a no-power display for
batteryless devices. With its ultra-low-power consumption requirements, e-paper can
take advantage of energy harvesting to perform screen updates. Using solar power, RF
energy scavenging, and other energy-harvesting methods, low-power IoT devices with
e-paper displays can operate almost indefinitely.
Energy harvesting is a good way to integrate e-paper into RFID and NFC devices, as
these devices are often already passively energized. The e-paper display can be driven
by scavenged energy from the RF field used to update the device.
The display can supplement machine-readable data stored in the tag, such as shipping
or manufacturing information, with a human-readable label that doesn't require a
smartphone or specialized reader. The combination of e-paper and NFC also opens up
new application possibilities, such as the aforementioned payment card with integrated
display, ID badges, or updatable product information labels.
Solar-powered outdoor signage is another natural application of energy harvesting with

e-paper. While LCD displays need strong backlighting to be visible in the sun, e-paper
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
is extremely readable even under direct sunlight. This makes possible applications such
as bus stops with solar-powered e-paper timetables.
• Is There a Place for LCDs in the IoT?
TFT LCD technology, while much less power-efficient than e-paper, can be suitable
for certain use cases in the IoT where rich, multimedia experiences are important, and
power is more readily available.
LCDs could be considered for devices with less serious power considerations, most
obviously those with access to mains power (e.g., wall-mounted thermostats), but also
devices that may be expected to be charged daily (e.g., wearables). However, even for
wearables, the value of the multimedia experience offered by the LCD should be
weighed against the inconvenience of frequent charging, as well as the loss, or
reduction, of functionality when the device is being charged.
Since it inherently incorporates a backlight, LCDs can also be appropriate when the
device is often used in dimly lit environments. In these cases, while e-paper could still
be utilized, a backlight module would have to be integrated, reducing the energy
savings.
Because of their widespread use in consumer electronics, modern TFT LCD display
modules are quite inexpensive, making them attractive for cost-sensitive devices.
However, designers should also consider the price of the extra processing hardware
required to drive an LCD display. Especially when it comes to higher-resolution
displays, the cost of video memory, a higher-speed MCU, and an LCD controller may
offset some of the cost advantage compared to e-paper.
On the downside, due to being a backlit technology, TFT LCD displays are thick, and
have poor outdoor visibility. While advances have been made with the advent of LED-
based backlighting, the need for a backlight module makes it difficult to slim down TFT
LCDs.
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
Outdoor visibility of LCDs remains a challenge as it depends on the light coming from
the display keeping up with ambient lighting. Whereas reflective displays reflect more
light in bright environments, emissive displays like LCDs can only improve outdoor
visibility by ramping up backlight brightness. The brightness of modern LED
backlights is enough to let them perform admirably outdoors, as long as they stay out
of direct sunlight. However, they do so at the cost of high power consumption.
• Does OLED Technology Fit the IoT?
In recent years, OLED display technology has started to make its way into high-end
TVs, music players, and even smartwatches. Compared to TFT LCDs, OLED displays
have better contrast ratios and theoretically better power efficiencies. Are they a good
fit for the IoT?
OLED displays work due to the electroluminescence of organic semiconductors when

a current is applied. A typical display will have a "sandwich," where electrodes
surround a conductive layer and emitting layer of organic materials. When electricity
is applied, electrons are deposited in the emissive layer and removed from the
conductive layer. As electrons are removed from the conductive layer, the holes that
remain are then filled by the electrons from the emissive layer, giving off light in the
process.
Whereas the light from LCD displays originates from the backlight module, passes
through liquid crystals, and then polarizing filters, an OLED’s organic layer itself
produces light and doesn’t pass through polarizing filters. The lack of a backlight and
filters not only enables OLEDs to be much thinner than LCDs, but also leads to better
optical characteristics.
5. Unlike TFT LCD displays, OLED displays doesn’t use backlights or polarizing
filters.
OLEDs are able to control brightness at the pixel level, allowing for pure blacks and
high contrast ratios. Whereas some amount of backlight will always leak through on an
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
LCD display, an OLED display can completely turn off the light from particular pixels.
Without polarizing filters, viewing angles are also improved compared to LCD
displays.
Another distinct advantage of OLED displays is that the organic materials used can be
deposited on a plastic substrate to create flexible displays for devices with unique form
factors. This is most vividly demonstrated on Samsung's Galaxy Edge series of
smartphones, which have a 90 degree curve in the display at the edges of the
phone. This combination of flexibility and thinness is particularly enticing for
wearables, such as smartwatches; indeed, the Apple Watch uses an OLED display.
While optically superior to LCD displays, OLED displays do have their disadvantages.
OLED technology currently costs 20% to 30% more than similar TFT LCD displays;
power consumption is only marginally better; outdoor readability is about the same or
worse; and the technology has lifespan and durability issues, especially for industrial
use cases.
Since brightness is controlled at the pixel level, power consumption in an OLED display
depends on the brightness of the image. Darker images and black backgrounds can
result in better power consumption than TFT LCD displays, but bright images and white
backgrounds in particular can lead to more power usage than TFT LCD technology.
Both LCD and OLED technology suffer when outdoors. However, the brightness of
current OLED displays hasn’t matched the level of LCD backlights, meaning outdoor
visibility is even worse. The organic materials used in OLEDs are also extremely
sensitive to water. Combined with poor sunlight readability, this makes OLEDs a poor
fit for outdoor applications and industrial environments.
Finally, OLEDs have lifespan issues. This is especially the case with the material used
for blue light—it’s subject to degradation over time, leading to significant color shift
well before the lifespan of an average TFT LCD display.
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
Using electroluminescence of organic materials rather than backlighting, OLEDs are a

promising display technology. Their flexibility, thinness, and strong contrast make
them a strong contender for wearable applications. However, sensitivity to water, short
lifespan, and power consumption when compared to LCD displays means their use in
the IoT is limited to devices with waterproof enclosures or in controlled environments,
and where frequent charging can be expected.
• Making the Low Power IoT Visible
As the IoT affects more industries, the amount of real world data being sent to the cloud
is greater than ever before. Still, a lot of this high value information is hidden from
direct view. Many of these applications can benefit from a display that shows
information to users directly on the device.
The increasing use of TFT LCDs and OLED display technology in consumer
electronics, and their rich multimedia capabilities, makes them tempting to use in
industrial and IoT applications. However, their power requirements make them less
than ideal for the often battery-constrained IoT.
With power consumption orders of magnitude less than TFT LCD or OLED displays,
e-paper can be used on IoT devices without the power budget for other display
technologies—it even allows for no-power displays that work purely off of harvested
energy. Since much of the IoT deals with infrequently changing state information, e-
paper technology with its bistable, reflective benefits is a perfect fit.
3.10 FOLED Display Driver Integrated Circuit
Increasingly organic light emitting diode (OLED) technology is appearing on the bill
of materials (BOM) for many buyers. As technology evolves, the bill of material
(BOM) for some new products will change along change as well, bringing new product
lines, new vendors, and a variety of supply chain changes. We want to help buyers get
up to speed without getting an engineering degree.
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
This week, in week two of our four-week summer school for buyers, we’ll look at the
display drivers used with OLED displays. We’ll be offering a primer on the current
state of the art for OLED display driver integrated circuits (DDIC) technology.
How it works
An DDIC controls the OLED display panel. These devices enable thinner and bezel-
less displays that are thinner, flexible, and foldable and provide a wide range of colors
that are true to the content being displayed. OLED also requires less power
consumption than LCD, which causes less drain on the battery and extends the useful
operating time of a device.
Fig 3.10 shows the OLED DDIC
A DDIC sends a driving signal and data to the display panel in a form of electrical
signals, to represent image signals such as letters and images. The DDIC resides in the
OLED panel and differs between PM OLED and AM OLED panels.
In the case of PM OLED, by supplying a current into both vertical and horizontal panel
ends, the pixels will emit light where the currents cross, so by controlling the amount
of crossing current, the intensity of light is controlled. As for AM OLED, each pixel in
the panel has a thin film transistor (TFT) and data storage capacitor, which is capable
of controlling the brightness of each pixel in “degrees of gray,” which leads to lower
power consumption and a longer panel lifetime. When the DDIC for AM OLED
commands each pixel, the pixel is controlled through TFT. Display pixels consist of
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
subpixels that represent red, green, and blue (RGB), the three primary colors of light.
Those sub-pixels are directly controlled by TFT. By sending signals to the TFT, the
DDIC controls the pixels directly. Therefore, the TFT functions as a switch that drives
RGB sub-pixels and the DDIC functions as a type of “traffic light” to instruct the switch
how to operate.
Technological trend of OLED DDIC
Since Samsung Display first mass produced the world’s first curved display for
smartphones in 2013, flexible display technology has advanced rapidly. Overall,
display type is classified two ways: rigid or flexible. The rigid type uses a rigid glass
substrate while flexible type employs a flexible substrate based on a plastic material
called polyimide. Flexible technology offers the advantage of achieving a variety of
form factors including bendable, foldable, and rollable displays. Currently, the high-
end smartphone market has bendable displays which curve around the edge of the
smartphone and foldable or rollable smartphones are widely believed to be on the
drawing board.
Realizing flexible displays requires DDIC chip on film (COF) technology. Chip on
glass (COG), meanwhile, offers a method of directly mounting DDIC onto a rigid glass
substrate, whereas COF or chip on plastic (COP) is where the DDIC is directly bonded
onto the flexible substrate to ensure realization of flexible displays. COF is a packaging
method of attaching DDIC to a panel substrate by bonding thin film, whereas COP is a
method of mounting DDIC directly onto the substrate.
The flexible qualities of COF make it possible to design the side area of a screen, often
called the bezel, to be narrower compared with COG. This results in a relatively larger
screen-to- body ratio. In other words, it can create a “bezel-less” or full screen display.
Also, in order to realize flexible display where the screen itself bends, the DDIC
package must also be flexible. This is why it is imperative to apply COF technology.
By contrast, LCD drivers can not nr physically folded or bent.
With the increasing resolution of smartphone displays, the number of channels of DDIC
connected to an individual pixel of the display panel grows. In order to support high
resolution, a ‘double-sided 2 Metal COF” package technology is required. In general,
resolution of full high definition (FHD) and below can be achieved by one-layer metal
COF, but resolution of quad high definition (QHD) and above, with a 30% increase in
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
number of channels, requires two-layer metal COF. Therefore, for these high-resolution
formats, it is essential that “fine-circuit” technology be embedded on both sides of the
COF package for DDIC.
While smartphone display resolution has continued to improve, it, ironically, leads to
more power consumption, thus reducing battery life of mobile devices such as
smartphones. Also, when it comes to the RAM (Random Access Memory) for storing
display pattern data within a DDIC, a higher resolution increases the amount of display
pattern data stored in the RAM. Therefore, RAM capacity must increase, which
increases the chip size of the DDIC.
In semiconductor processes, numbers like 55nm, 40nm and 28nm refer to the minimum
device length between the source and the drain in a transistor, which functions as a
switch in a digital circuit. The smaller the number, the better the switch performs. In
other words, the switch operates at a faster speed and consumes less power, making it
easier to design products of high performance and lower power consumption.
Table 3 shows the performance of technology
Finer-scale processes mean higher integration density where each and every circuit and
RAM in a DDIC become smaller, making the entire chip size smaller and enabling
design of smaller and thinner products. Also, finer-scale processes translate to using
relatively less energy, reducing power consumption. In addition, DDIC manufacturers
will take advantage of 28nm and beyond to make many more DDICs out of a single
silicon wafer, raising cost effectiveness. This is why recently DDIC makers are striving
to develop finer processes.
3.11Cost
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
• FOLED
At $2,000, the cost of foldable phones (and therefore flexible displays) is getting
significant attention, but not all flexible display technologies are expensive. Samsung’s
Galaxy Fold will retail at $1,980. Huawei has set its Mate X price tag at $2,6002 . This
is double the price of the iPhone XS Max (Apple’s most expensive phone, which starts
at $1,099), and Samsung’s Galaxy S10+ (which starts at $999).
While the difference is not all in the screen – the fold requires additional design features
that take into account both hardware and software – the flexible OLED screen does add
a significant premium. When the iPhone X was launched, Apple was paying $110 for
the display module. A comparable foldable OLED screen would cost roughly double
that.
While it’s feasible to create a larger screen based on such technology, the cost is
prohibitive to all but exceptionally niche markets. For example, LG’s 65-inch roll-up
TV from CES is speculated to cost up to $60,000 if/when it goes to market. However,
consumer electronics’ history would indicate that costs will go down over the coming
years.
• OLCD
OLCD display manufacturing uses organic rather than silicon-based thin film
transistors (TFTs). Organic TFTs do not require as high a processing temperature as
silicon-based TFTs, so the manufacturing process for OLCD displays has a
significantly lower cost.
Silicon-based TFTs need temperatures of 350°C (or even higher), and this requires
special substrate materials, e.g., Polyimide (PI) films and handling processes, which
together affect cost and yield. Conversely, for OLCD the maximum manufacturing
processing temperature is <100°C, which removes the need for PI films and allows low-
cost triacetylcellulose (TAC) film to be used as a substrate. To put this in context,
flexible OLCD displays can be created for just a third the cost of flexible active matrix
organic light emitting diodes (AMOLED) displays, broadening flexible display use to
a wider range of applications.
• Resolution
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
The required pixel density of a display changes with both application and screen size.
A six-inch phone display needs a pixel density of 490ppi to deliver 2K (2560×1440)
and 368ppi for HD. This changes to 188ppi and 141ppi for a 15.6-inch notebook.
The Samsung Galaxy Fold display is 350ppi (2152×1536), and flexible OLED is
capable of delivering even higher pixel densities, for example, 450ppi in the iPhone X.
This makes OLED well suited to smartphones and similar small devices that require
very high pixel density to play very-high-definition video.
Flexible OLCD displays can achieve the same resolutions and pixel densities as
amorphous silicon glass LCD displays (350ppi), allowing 2K (and higher) resolutions.
2K resolution meets the needs of in-vehicle displays, for example, while 4K matches
those of 15.6-inch notebooks, monitors, TVs, and digital signage. For many other
applications, such as smart home devices, lower resolutions (HD) are more than
sufficient.
Brightness/display lifetime
The lifetime of an OLED display is closely linked to its brightness, with each doubling
of brightness leading to a quartering of a lifetime, and exacerbating problems such as
image burn-in.
OLED technology is ideal for cellphones, which have a global average upgrade cycle
of approximately 28 months , and just 22.5 months in the U.S. (Canalys), and where
the brightness can be lower. However, the technology is a poorer fit for applications
such as automotive displays, which run on average for over 11 years and require a
brightness level roughly 2.5× that of a cellphone.
OLCD technology uses a separate backlight, which allows high luminescence levels to
be delivered without compromising the display lifetime; and unlike OLEDs, OLCDs
aren’t prone to burn-in.Level of flexibility
Do you need a foldable display? Or one that simply works with the curves and shapes
of your design? Be it in automotive control panels or home appliances, displays are
virtually the last remaining flat surface on a system, and both flexible OLED and OLCD
technologies allow for the display to be merged into the design; rather than just being
accommodated by the design.
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
Flexible OLED is currently the only technology to allow foldable displays. Samsung’s
Infinity Flex OLED Display is used in the Samsung folding phone, which has a radius
of curvature (ROC) of 1mm3 . This panel uses a polymer that Samsung claims will keep
its strength even when folded and unfolded “hundreds of thousands of times.”
Comparatively, the ROC of an OLCD on a TAC panel currently stands at 10mm.
Conversely, OLCD panels are currently only flexible in the manufacturing process,
enabling displays to be brought into the design of the system: being cut into non-square
shapes during the production process and holes added to fit around the functional design
of the system – for example, around switches or the gear stick in a car.
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
CHAPTER-4
ADVANTAGES AND APPLICATION

4.1 Advantages
1. In FOLEDs, the organic layers are plastic and hence are lighter, thinner and flexible
compared to the crystalline layers of LED or LCD.
2. FOLEDs are brighter than LEDs. The substrate used to support FOLEDs can be made
of plastic rather than the glass substrates used for LEDs. The glass substrate absorbs
light, but that problem does not exist in OLED.
3. FOLEDs consume less power than LCDs since there is no back lighting in OLEDs.
This is one of the major advantages of any OLED over LCD.
4. OLEDs have a wider viewing angle of up to 170 degrees and can operate at very low
voltage ranges (2−10 volts). Thus the image can be seen from any angle clearly
without having problems of blurring or color contrast.
5. OLEDs have a better contrast and faster refresh rate i.e. 1000 times better than LCD,
as a result motion blur is minimized.
6. Flexible OLED displays can be rolled, bent, conformed to any shape. Such properties
can be used to produce portable rollable displays, irregular shaped displays, wristband
displays, etc.
7. It has ability to emit light from the surface, low heat generated and environmentally
safe as compared to fluorescent lamp.
8. The plastic and organic layer of FOLED is much thinner so the size of FOLED is
between 100 to 500 nm.
9. They are brighter than LED because organic layer is much thinner than inorganic
crystal layer of LED. Also they do not require any glass support which absorbs some
light.
4.2 Applications
1. Kodak has launched its first digital camera using OLED in the market followed by
Pioneer which introduced it in car radio and cellular phones.
2. Samsung has designed a prototype for televisions, computers that has 15.5 inches
monitor followed by 17 inch space PLED by Toshiba and 24 inch multi panel screen.
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
3. In October 2013, following many years of development and prototype

demonstrations, both Samsung and LG Display finally started producing flexible
AMOLED displays on plastic (polyimide) substrates. Both Korean companies are now
mass producing such displays, which are being used in mobile phones and
wearable devices - such as the Galaxy S6 Edge (shown below), the LG G Flex 2 and
even Apple's Watch.
Fig. 4.2 Galaxy S6 Edge
Fig. 4.2.1 LG 5’’ Flexible OLED prototype photo
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
CHAPTER 5
CONCLUSION
Enhanced productivity of OLED devices makes electronic technology more
convenient. In present time, OLED technology is relied upon to contribute substantial
in the flat and large panel displays and is expected to grow further in near future with
development of flexible
displays.Thus, OLED offer numerous favorable circumstances over LEDs and LCDs
as they are more slender, flexible and lighter having larger field of view as they
generate their own light instead of backlighting.
Flexible OLEDs are candidates for next-generation solid-state lighting that has
flexible, bendable, and designable characteristics. The reliability of each flexible
part (e.g., electrode, encapsulant and substrate) must be increased before practical
applications of flexible OLEDs are feasible.
OLED is an emerging display technology that enables beautiful and efficient displays
and lighting panels. Thin OLEDs are already being used in many mobile devices and
TVs, and the next generation of these panels will be flexible and bendable. When we
talk about flexible OLEDs, it's important to understand what that means exactly. A
flexible OLED is based on a flexible substrate which can be plastic, metal or flexible
glass. The plastic and metal panels will be light, thin and very durable - in fact they
will be virtually shatter- proof. Flexible Organic Light Emitting Diodes are evolving
as the next generation displays. As FOLED display technology matures, it will be
better able to improve upon certain existing limitations of LCD.
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
BIBLIOGRAPHY
[1]. M. Suzuki, T. Tsuzuki, S. Tokito, T. Kurita and F. Sato, T. Koyama, and T.
Yamaguchi, Proc. of EuroDisplay1953, (1953).
[2]. Y. lino, Y. Inoue, Y. Fujikake, H. Fujisaki, H. Sato, M. Kawakita, S. Tokito and

H. Kikuchi, Jpn. J. Appl. Phys., 42, 299 (1960).
[3]. M. Mizukami, N. Hirohata, T. Seki, K. Ohtawara, T. Tada, S. Yagyu, and T. Abe,

T. Suzuki, Y. Fujisaki, Y. Inoue, S. Tokito, and T. Kurita, IEEE Electron Device
Letters, 27, 249 (2013).
[4]. Y.-Y. Lin, D. J. Gundlach, S. F. Nelson, T. N. Jackson, "Stacked pentacene layer

organic thin-film transistors with improved characteristics", IEEE Electron Device
Lett., vol. 18, no. 12, pp. 606-608, Dec. 2016.
[5]. C. D. Dimitrakopoulos, D. J. Mascaro, "Organic thin-film transistors: A review of

recent advances", IBM J. Res. Develop., vol. 45, no. 1, pp. 11-27, Jan. 2018
[6].T. Chuman, S. Ohta, S. Miyaguchi, H. Satoh, T. Tanabe, Y. Okuda, M. Tsuchida,

"Active matrix organic light emitting diode panel using organic thin-film
transistors", SID Dig., vol. 35, no. 1, pp. 45-47, May 2017
[7]. Lahey, Byron, et al. "PaperPhone: understanding the use of bend gestures in
mobile devices with flexible electronic paper displays", Proceedings of the SIGCHI
Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. ACM, pp 1303-1312, 2017
[8]. Warren, Kristen, et al. "Bending the rules: bend gesture classification for flexible
displays." Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing
Systems. ACM, PP (607-610), 2018
___________________________________________________________________________

Seminar (FOLED) PDF

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Seminar (FOLED) PDF

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

FLEXIBLE LOW POWER CONSUMPTION OLED DISPLAYS

Fig 1. Typical Structure of OLED

1.1Flexible Organic light-emitting diodes

1.2 Flexible Electronics

Flexible electronics is a technology where the electronic circuits are assembled on

1.3 Need Flexible Electronics

5. Flexible displays through the thin construction.

In 1953, perception of electroluminescence in organic materials for the interestingly

TABLE I. Evolution of OLED

Year Author & References Materials, Structure & Emission

1953 Bernanos et al. [1] perception of electroluminescence

1960 Pope et al. The history of the OLEDs can be

2017 Burroughs et Single-layer PLED

2018 M. Hack et al. [8] Technology

This electroluminescence is now brought on by the recombination of thermalized

The basic components of an OLED are:

Fig 3.1 Basic structure of OLED

3.1.2 Passive Matrix OLEDS (PMOLEDS)

Fig. 3.1.2 Basic structure of PMOLED

3.1.3 Active-Matrix OLEDS (AMOLEDS)

Fig. 3.1.3 Basic structure of AMOLED

Fig. 3.1.4 Basic structure of Transparent OLED

3.1.5. Top-Emitting OLEDS

Fig. 3.1.5 Basic structure of Top emitting OLED

3.1.6 White OLEDS

3.1.7 Foldable OR FLEXIBLE OLEDS

Fig. 3.1.7 Basic structure of Flexible OLED

Fundamental OLED structure consists of following components:

A. Substrate: Fundamental usefulness of utilizing substrate is to provide support to

C. Emissive layer: Polyfluorene is a commonly used emissive layer material that is

3.3 Working Principle

Fig.3.3 Working principle behind OLED

In meantime, same mechanism of hopping transport is utilized by electrons for

3.4 Working of OLED

Fig3.4.1 Graphic explanation of how the technology work

3.5 Flexible Oleds

3.6 Flexible Substrate Materials

3.7 Substrate Preparation Methods

1. Vacuum Deposition or Vacuum Thermal Evaporation (VTE): In a vacuum

Fig. 3.7 Roll to Roll Printing3

3.8 Fabrication methods

Fig.3.8 Fabrication method

Discover how bistable technologies enable us to incorporate displays into battery-

• Unveiling Hidden Value in the IoT

Fig 3.9.1 shows the connection of IoT

Fig 3.9.2 shows the TFT LCD

Table 2 shows the power consumption of LCD

3. In an application where a two-inch display is updated six times daily, an e-paper

isn't constantly changing, e-paper allows for an incredibly low-power consumption

• Low-Power Displays Designed for the IoT

• Ultra-Low-Power Displays for Battery-Powered IoT Devices

For many of these battery-powered wireless devices, a properly integrated e-paper

service life remaining, maintenance schedule information, or memory dumps in case of

• No-Power Displays using RF and Solar Energy Harvesting

Solar-powered outdoor signage is another natural application of energy harvesting with

• Is There a Place for LCDs in the IoT?

• Does OLED Technology Fit the IoT?

OLED displays work due to the electroluminescence of organic semiconductors when

Using electroluminescence of organic materials rather than backlighting, OLEDs are a

• Making the Low Power IoT Visible

3.10 FOLED Display Driver Integrated Circuit

Fig 3.10 shows the OLED DDIC

Technological trend of OLED DDIC