Postnatal Exercise Programme On The Health Related PDF

See discussions, stats, and author profiles for this publication at: https://www.researchgate.
net/publication/259591135
Postnatal Exercise Programme on the Health Related Fitness of Omani Primi

Postnatal Women
Article · May 2012
CITATIONS READS
0 590
5 authors, including:
Hashem Adnan Kilani Raghda Shukri

University of Jordan University of Human Arts and Sciences
185 PUBLICATIONS 443 CITATIONS 21 PUBLICATIONS 232 CITATIONS
SEE PROFILE SEE PROFILE
Jothi Clara Judith A Noronha

Gleneagles Global Hospitals Manipal Academy of Higher Education
4 PUBLICATIONS 0 CITATIONS 70 PUBLICATIONS 148 CITATIONS
SEE PROFILE SEE PROFILE
Some of the authors of this publication are also working on these related projects:
Cognitive and Balance Training among Institutionalized Elderly View project
health psychology View project
All content following this page was uploaded by Raghda Shukri on 25 January 2018.
The user has requested enhancement of the downloaded file.

The Canadian Journal of Clinical Nutrition, Volume 4, Issue 2, June 2016
ISSN 1927-8942 (Print Edition), ISSN 1927-8950 (Online Edition)
Research Article Page 33-50
Effect of Post Natal Exercise Program on the Health Status of Omani Women
Raghda Shukri1, Hashem Kilani2*, Jothi Clara3, Judith Norhana3, Lina Shakaman3
1
University of Human Arts and Sciences, Saitama, Japan, Former Expert at Sultan Qaboos University
in Oman, 2University of Jordan, Health and Recreation Department, Amman, Jordan, 3 Sultan Qaboos
University, College of Nursing, Muscat, Oman
*
Corresponding Author: Professor Hashem Kilani, hashemkilani@gmail.com
ABSTRACT
Background: Postnatal period brings about numerous physiological and psychological changes
in women. Exercise may have an influence on their health related fitness that may progress their
wellbeing Objective: The purposes of this study were to assess the effectiveness of postnatal
exercise program among Omani women on health related fitness components, and to determine
the related influencing factors such as age, education, economic status and area of residency.
Subjects and Methods: This experimental study was done on 70 primi-para post-natal women
(45 days after delivery). The sample was randomly divided into experimental (n= 35) and control
group (n=35). All women were assessed for their health status in terms of physical, mental and
psychosocial statues for three times over six months period. The experimental group experienced
a physical exercise training program and the control group was left without any intervention.
Results: Results showed that there was a significant difference between the experimental and
control groups in the Basal Metabolic Rate (BMR) and the Body Fat Mass. The probability values
were significant, P< 0.05. There were no significant differences in both groups to all psychosocial
variables except for the age with variable of feeling comfortable and feeling tired. Also there was
a significant difference concerning the educational level with feeling comfortable and feeling
tired on the psychology scale and visiting friend’s variable on the social scale. No significant
differences were observed among the means of educational level, the economic level, and
residence categories, while the age variable had showed a significant difference in favor of the
(>27 years) compared to the (23-27 years). Conclusion: It was concluded that exercise programs
for postnatal women makes significant differences in the physical health. Exercise program for
this group improves the BMR and the Body Fat Mass. It also improves the abdominal
circumference, grip strength and gives better results in the flexibility test and sit up test. An
important conclusion was that the Omani women are very enthusiastic and interested in doing
physical exercise and care for their body image but conducting an exercise program in the
postnatal period is hard to be implemented for so many reasons mainly cultural factors.
Keywords: Postnatal Exercise, Health, Omani Women
Citation: Shukri R, Kilani H, Clara J, Norhana J, Shakaman L. Effect of post-natal exercise

program on the health status of Omani women. Canad J Clin Nutr 2016; 4 (2): 33-50.
33
DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.14206/canad.j.clin.nutr.2016.02.04
Page
The Canadian Journal of Clinical Nutrition is published by Global Science Heritage, (http://www.globalscienceheritage.org)
Registered publisher by the Library and Archives/Government of Canada, (www.collectionscanada.gc.ca)
INTRODUCTION
Postnatal period brings about numerous physiological and psychological changes in
women. Many of the physiological changes are retrogressive in nature; these changes
occur in the body systems during pregnancy that are reversed to the non-pregnancy state
(1). Pregnancy may contribute to increased weight gain in women of reproductive age
and in 20% of women more than 5kg is retained in connection with pregnancy (2, 3). It
was observed that exercise in most Omani women is not a part of their normal life style,
especially in pregnancy and postpartum period. World Health Organization (WHO)
Global Info Base on Omani population revealed that the physical inactivity prevalence is
21.2% for women above 18 years and it is 97% for the no aerobic sport (4).
Women at a regular basis do not perform postnatal exercise, as they often get involved in
baby care and family routine. Omani women are not an exception to non-practice of
exercise after delivery except instructions made by their gynecologist. Moreover; the
majority of Omani women are multiparous having a child spacing problem (5).
Pregnancy and child birth possess a woman to adapt to a sedentary pattern. This
sedentary pattern usually has significant impact on health status in terms of weight gain
and laxity of muscles. Pregnancy and childbirth further exaggerates laxity of pelvic and
abdominal muscles. One study found that 21% of the women reported that they were
completely sedentary (6). Regular exercise for the new mother offers a range of health
benefits. These benefits include a speedier return to pre-pregnancy weight shape, level of
fitness and increased ability to cope with the demands of a newborn baby
(7).Comprehensive exercise programs that focuses on muscular strength, endurance, and
flexibility plays a vital role in women’s health and wellbeing. Although all post-natal
women love to regain their shape as quickly as possible (8).
Non-practice of exercise will affect women’s health related fitness owing to changes in
the life style, especially the modern way that Omani live. Practicing exercise at the
younger age, preferably after delivery definitely will ensure strengthening the muscles
which in turn enhances the bone mass and improves bone health (9,10). Apart from
postpartum benefits, exercise during postnatal period also contributes to the individual
physical health. Being active especially for women can reduce the risk of diseases such as
osteoporosis (11) , cardiovascular disease (12), type two diabetes and cancer (13-15) and
Obesity (16). Regular exercise has also been shown to be effective in managing stress
(17), alleviating depression (18-20) boosting self-esteem (21) and enhancing body image
(22). Most types of exercise can be continued or resumed in the postpartum period. With
the added fatigue of delivery and newborn care, some women may need to reduce the
intensity or length of their exercise sessions. The 6-weeks postpartum evaluation is an
opportunity for women and their obstetric care providers to discuss these issues. Initiation
of pelvic floor exercises in the immediate postpartum period may reduce the risk of future
urinary incontinence (23,24). Exercise was found to have enhanced the social function,
self-efficacy and mental health. In addition it minimized fatigue, and depression (25).
Religion and culture play important roles in Oman’s health care practices, Omani women
34
are highly adherent to the Omani norms and values.

However, there is a change for this attitude, and a recent study showed that Omani
Page
women were better empowered in household and economic decision making. Though
they had less social empowerment due to cultural factors; they still had to confront the
male-controlled social power (27). As part of a life style, the Omani women are not
physically active, as indicated by two recent studies that sedentary life style was common
among the adult Omani women (28, 29). Literature gives strong evidence for the general
health benefits of exercise. Since there is no sufficient evidence on the effect of post-natal
exercise on health and wellness of Omani women, it is important to conduct such a study.
Though there is abundance of research literature supporting exercise in pregnancy, but
not much is there for the postnatal period. The postnatal wellbeing and health related
fitness need to be explored in this group of population.
SUBJECTS AND METHODS

Study design
The research design was supposed to be implemented in two phases. Phase one that
included gathering of base line data from prime mothers regarding postnatal
exercises/practices prevalent in the region using a questionnaire. All women were to be
interviewed in this phase. These information were supposed to be analyzed and used for
development of training program. But this phase was merged with phase two later on.
Phase two included the Pre-Posttest control group experimental study design. The control
and experimental groups were randomly allocated to experimental and control groups.
The pretest assessment was to be done on 15th day after delivery, but this was postponed
to the 30th day after delivery since there was a difficulty for the women to start the
exercises after only 15 days. The intervention which included the postnatal exercise
program was scheduled for 3 sessions a week for 30-45 minutes. The posttest
measurements were done on 60th, 90th and 120th day of delivery. Data were collected in
the exercise room that was located in the College of Nursing at Sultan Qaboos University
and at the homes of the participants for those who were not able to go to the college for
different reasons, mainly cultural ones. The adopted research design for phase two was
Quasi experimental, using pretest posttest control group design. The Population was all
primi-postnatal women who delivered at and attending Antenatal OPD for checkup on
15th day after delivery in Sultan Qaboos University Hospital (SQUH) and selected MOH
health centers.
Study subjects
The sample included all primi-postnatal mothers fulfilling the sampling criteria and
willing to participate in the study. The aimed sample size was 50 for each group
(experiment and control), expecting few dropouts during the course of study. The ended
up sample size was 35 in each group who fulfilled the sampling criteria and continued
with the study till the end. Simple random sampling technique was planned to be used to
select the subjects. But it ended up as having a convenience sample. It was hard to find
cases who accept to participate. All the women who fulfill the criteria were randomly
35
allotted to the exercise and non-exercise group until the determined sample size was
obtained.
Page
Inclusion and exclusion criteria

Sampling inclusion criteria consisted of all primi-para postnatal women belonging to age
group of 18-30 years, with normal vaginal delivery, residing in Muscat region and
attending the outpatient department of the selected hospitals. Exclusion criteria consisted
of all primi-para postnatal women with any existing history of systemic diseases like
hypertension, cardiovascular, diabetes, anemia and psychiatric disorders; with congenital,
metabolic or blood disorders; and having Pregnancy/postpartum complications. Approval
of the study from related committee and permission to conduct the study was obtained
from all selected health care institutions. Informed written consent was obtained after
explaining the benefits and risks to each participant. The participation was completely
voluntary and the subjects were told that they can withdraw at any time.
Data collection
Measuring instruments and data collection technique: Data were gathered for both groups
in the initial visit to the college and all filled a questionnaire that included demographic
characteristics and the psycho-social measurement scale. The data was gathered for the
experimental group before and after the implementation of the exercise program. The
physical tests included the followings: Handgrip and leg strength tests. For the Grip
Strength test, subjects squeezed on the hand dynamometer first with the dominant hand
and then with the monodominant hand. For this test, peak grip strength was recorded.
During the Arm Lift, subjects stood erect with palms up, their elbows at the side, and
forearms at a 90 degree angle to pull up on the lifting bar. The Leg Lift test required the
subject to squat with the arms extended downward. The lifting motion was entirely in the
legs as they were straightened. Three retrials were conducted for each subject on each of
the five tests, with the average of the last two trials used as the score. Scores were
recorded for each trial. Aerobic stepping using the Harvard Step Test procedures.
Equipment used for data collection

Step or platform 20 inches / 50.8 cm high, stopwatch, metrate of 30 steps per minute
(every two seconds) for 5 minutes or until exhaustion. Exhaustion is defined as when the
subject cannot maintain the stepping rate for 15 seconds. The mothers stepped up and
down on the platform at a s down on completion of the test, and the total numbers of
heart beats were counted between 1 to 1.5 minutes after finishing. Fitness Index (short
form) = (100 x test duration in seconds) divided by (5.5 x pulse count between 1 and 1.5
minutes). Lower trunk flexibility was evaluated using the Sit and Reach (SR) test.
Mothers while barefoot sat on the floor with her back and head against a wall. The legs
were out straight ahead and knees flat against the floor. Data collector (trained research
assistant) placed the box flat against the feet. While keeping back and head against the
wall, stretching the arms out towards the sit and reach box adjusting the sliding ruler so
that the zero mark to be at participants fingertips. Hands were placed side by side, and
leaned forward slowly as far as possible keeping the fingertips level with each other and
the legs flat. No jerk or bounce to reach further. A mother held the full reach position for
36
two seconds, and score was record. Scoring: The score was recorded to the nearest
Page
centimeter as the distance reached by the hand. The table below gave a general guide for
expected scores (in cm) for mothers using zero at the level of the feet. Body mass index
was determined using the bioelectrical impedance tool. Bioelectric Impedance.
As the bioelectric impendence device measures the resistance of body tissues to the flow
of a small electrical signal, the mother being measured was not in contact with any other
non-conducting surface, with legs apart and arms away from the body. Hands grabbed
two handles and two foot standing on plates. Reliability: The impedance measure is
affected by body hydration status, body temperature, time of day, and therefore requires
well controlled conditions to get accurate and reliable measurements. If a person is
dehydrated, the amount of fat will likely be overestimated. Push up test: Equipment used
were floor mat and metronome. Women started in the push up position, with the hands
and toes touching the floor, the body and legs were in a straight line, feet slightly apart,
and the arms at shoulder width apart, extended and at right angles to the body. Keeping
the back and knees straight, the mother lowered the body until there was a 90-degree
angle at the elbows, with the upper arms parallel to the floor. The research assistant held
her hand at the point of the 90-degree angle so that she being tested goes down only until
her shoulder touched the research assistant hand, then back up. The push-ups were done
in time to a metronome with one complete push-up every three seconds. Mother was
supposed to continue until she can do no more in rhythm (has not done the last three in
rhythm) or has reached the target number of push-ups.
Sit-up test: The mother lied on a cushioned, flat, clean surface with knees flexed, usually
at 90 degrees. The research assistant assisted by anchoring the feet to the ground. The
position of the hands and arms can affect the difficulty of the test. They were not be
placed behind the head as this encourages the subject to stress the neck and pull the head
forward. The hands were crossed over the. The mother raised the trunk in a smooth
motion, keeping the arms in position, curling up to touch her hands or chest to the knees.
The trunk was lowered back to the floor so that the shoulder blades or upper back
touched the floor. The maximum number of sit ups performed in a certain time period
(two minutes) was recorded. For this method, a metronome was used. The sit-up must be
performed correctly for it to be counted. For the tempo tests, the test is continued until the
subject cannot maintain the rhythm or has reached the target number for the test.
Study questionnaire
A standardized questionnaire was used to measure Psycho Social Health and collect
demographic variables. Background performance to assess the variables: age, education,
and income. Psychosocial wellbeing Standardized Dayton’s mental health battery and
social health battery were used. The interview was made privately and all collected data
were kept confidential..
Statistical analysis
Data were analyzed using the Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS) version 20
software (Chicago, Illinois, US) to compute descriptive statistical methods, inferential
methods, paired t-test, chi square analysis and one way ANOVA analysis.
37
Page
RESULTS & DISCUSSION

It is well known that many of the physiological changes of pregnancy persist until about
four to six weeks postpartum. Our exercise program started after 45 days from delivery
and the intensity, frequency and volume increased gradually and slowly ease into an
exercise routine. Although our subject have no experience in exercising the activity
routine, they never done physical exercise during their pregnancy. The American College
of Obstetricians and Gynecologists (ACOG) advocates resuming pre-pregnancy exercise
regimens as soon as it is medically and physically safe. However, significant results
showed that there was a difference between the experimental and control groups in the
BMR and the Body Fat Mass. Means and standard deviations for the study variables
(Anthropometrics, Heart rate and blood pressure, and the Physical measurements) in the
control and experimental groups are illustrated in tables 1, 2 and 3.
Meanwhile, table 4 suggests the mean differences among the four measurements on each
given variable within the blood pressure and pulse rate, the anthropometrics, and the
physical measurements in the exercise group. The probability values were significant (<
0.05) for all the variables (except for resting pulse rate, resting diastolic BP, systolic BP
after Step Test, diastolic BP after Step Test, Total Body Water and Step Test (3min).
Paired samples t-test was used to locate the differences among the four means
representing the four measurements for the control group, table 5. The results included in
table 6, demonstrates paired samples t test was used to locate the differences among the
four means representing the four measurements for the experimental group. Table 7
suggests the mean differences among the four measurements on each given variable
within the blood pressure and pulse rate, the anthropometrics, and the physical
measurements between the exercise group and control group. The probability values were
significant (< 0.05) for Pulse Rate after Step Test, Abdominal Circumference, Grip
Strength (right hand), Flexibility test and sit up test. The table of means can guide the
differences favorites. Regarding the psychosocial analysis. There were no significant
differences in both groups to all variables except for the age with variable of feeling
comfortable and feeling tired. Also there was a significant difference concerning the
educational level with feeling comfortable and feeling tired on the psychology scale and
visiting friends variable on the social scale. The economic level had shown significant
differences only with feeling sad and feeling tired, about to collapse on the psychology
scale and visiting friends on the social scale. Table 8 documents that only question
number three (Feeling anxious) (chi square =37.50 with 18 degrees of freedom) and
question number ten (Feeling tired), (chi square =42.10 with 15 degrees of freedom) had
a statistical significant difference over the age variable. The related probability values
(0.005) and (0.000) suggest no association pertaining of questions three and ten to age
categories as the probabilities were < 0.05. The probability values of the other questions
were > 0.05 suggesting the association to age. Concerning the educational level only
questions four (feeling comfortable), question ten (feeling tired) on the psychology scale
and question number twenty three (visiting friends) on the social scale had shown
38
significant differences (chi square =23.77 with 20 degrees of freedom), (chi square
Page
=34.84 with 20 degrees of freedom, (chi square = 67.93 with 32 degrees of freedom).
The related probability values (0.012), (0.021) and (0.000) suggest no association
pertaining of questions three, ten and twenty three to educational level categories as the
probabilities were < 0.05. The probability values of the other questions were > 0.05
suggesting the association to educational level. The results of the economic level only
questions nine (feeling sad), ten (feeling tired), fifteenth (about to collapse) and twenty
three (visiting friends) had shown significant differences (chi square =68.31 with 16
degrees of freedom), (chi square = 33.25 with 20 degrees of freedom,( chi square = 61.18
with 28 degrees of freedom) (chi square = 82.55 with 32 degrees of freedom). The related
probability values (0.000), (0.032), (0.000) and (0.000) suggest no association pertaining
of questions nine, ten, fifteenth and twenty three to economic level categories as the
probabilities were < 0.05. The probability values of the other questions were P > 0.05
suggesting the association to economic level. It was concluded from table 8 that only
question number four (Feeling comfortable) (chi square =19.93 with 10 degrees of
freedom) had a statistical significant difference over the city variable. The related
probability values (0.030) suggest no association pertaining of questions 4 to city variable
as the probabilities were, < 0.05. The probability values of the other questions were >
0.05 suggesting the association to city variable. Table 9 illustrates that there is no
significant differences observed among the means of educational level categories, the
economic level categories and residence city categories as the probability values (0.488),
(0.726) and (0.429) respectively were P > 0.05 while the age variable had showed a
significant differences (probability was 0.028, P< 0.05). Scheffe post hoc test was used to
locate the difference source among the age variable categories. The results indicated that
the differences were observed between the (23-27 years) category and (> 27 years
category) and that the differences were in favor of the (>27 years ) according to the
greater (2.42) mean related to the mentioned category (> 27 years) compared to the (23-
27 years ) mean category (2.01).
CONCLUSION
It was concluded that exercise programs for postnatal women do make significant differences
in the physical health. Exercise programs for this group improve the BMR and the Body Fat
Mass. It also improves the abdominal circumference, grip strength (right hand), and give
better results in the flexibility test and sit up test. It was also concluded that the psycho social
health was affected. Feeling comfortable and feeling tired with age in the psychological
scale were significant and visiting friends with the education variable in the social scale was
also significant. An important conclusion was that the Omani women are very enthusiastic
and interested in doing exercises and care for their body image but conducting an exercise
program for the Omani women in the postnatal period is very hard to be implemented for so
many cultural variables such as husbands not allowing their wives for continuation and not
supporting them in transportation or any other kind of support and the women themselves
don’t have time and energy to do the exercises at home and don’t give the exercise a priority.
39
Conflicts of Interest
Page
The author declares no conflict of interest.
REFERENCES
1. Davis, Gregory, et al. Exercise in pregnancy and the postpartum period. J Obst
Gyn 2003; 25(6):516-529.
2. Williamson HS, Kahn PL, Anda RF. The 10 year incidence of overweight and
major weight gain in U.S. adults. Arch Intern Med 1999;150, 665-672.
3. Gunderson EP, Abrams B. Epidemiology of gestational weight gain and body
weight changes after pregnancy. Epidemiol Rev 1999; 21:261-275.
4. World Health Organization. World Health Organization Global info base on
physical inactivity prevalence in Oman males and females.
[http://www.who.int/infobase retrieved on 08/01/2008] http:// moh.gov.om/
retrieved on 8/01/2015.
5. Al-Rawahi S, Sharts-Hopko N. Birth-Spacing-Initiative-in-Oman. J Cult Diver
2002; 9(1):23-26.
6. Morkved S, Bo K. The effect of post-natal exercises to strengthen the pelvic floor
muscles. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 1996;75:382-385.
7. Duffin C. Postnatal exercise improves muscle tone and relieves back pain.
Primary Health Care 2012; 22 (10):6-8.
8. Beauchamp M, Dunlop WL, Downey SM, Estabrooks PA. First impressions count:
Perceptions of surface-level and deep-level similarity within postnatal exercise
classes and implications for program adherence. J Health Psychol 2012; 17: 68-72.
9. Welten DC, Kemper HC, Post GB. Weight bearing during youth is a more
important factor for peak bone mass than calcium intake. J Bone Mineral Res.
1994;9(7):1089-1096.
10. Cortright RN, et al. Skeletal fat oxidation is increased in African American and
white women after 10 days of endurance exercise training. Obesity 2006;14(7):
1201-1210.
11. Gray M. Exercise and osteoporosis prevention. Orthopedic Muscul Sys 2014;S2-
S10.
12. Berlin JA, Colditz GA. A meta-analysis of physical activity in the prevention of
coronary heart disease. Am J Epid 1990;132 (4) 612-628.
13. Manson JE, Spelsberg A. Primary prevention of non-insulin dependent diabetes.
Am J Prev Med 1994;10(3): 172-184.
14. Moosa SA, Allin S, Jemiai N, Al-Lawati J, Mossiaios E. Diabetes and
Urbanization in the Omani population: an analysis of national survey data.
Population Health Metrics 2006; 4(5):15-19.
15. Slattery ML, Potter J, Caan B. Energy balance and colon cancer: Beyond physical
activity. Cancer Research 1997;57(1):75-80.
16. Malhotra A, Noakes T, Phinney S. It is time to bust the myth of physical inactivity
and obesity: You cannot outrun a bad diet. Br J Sports Med 2015;2:11-24.
17. Matthew A, Kolehmainen S, Sinha R. The Effects of stress on physical activity
40
and exercise. Sports Med 2014; 44(1): 81–121.

Page
18. Simonsick, E. Personal mental health habits and mental health in a national
probability sample. Am J Prev Med 1991; 7(6): 425-437.
19. Bartholomew JB, Morrison D, Ciccolo JT. Effects of acute exercise on mood and
wellbeing in patients with major depressive disorder. Medicine and Science in
Sports and Exercise 2005;37(12):2032-2037.
20. Babyak M, et al. Exercise treatment for major depression: Maintenance of
therapeutic benefit at 10 Months. Psychosomatic Medicine 2000;62:633–638.
21. Elavsky S. Longitudinal examination of the exercise and self-esteem model in
middle-aged women. J Sport Exerc Psychol 2010; 32(6): 862–880.
22. Campbell A, Hausenblas HA. Effects of exercise interventions on body image: A
meta-analysis. J Health Psychol 2009 ;14 (6):780-793
23. Morkved S, Bo K. Effect of postpartum pelvic floor muscle training in prevention
and treatment of urinary incontinence: a one-year follow up. Br J Obstet Gyn
2000;107:1022-1028.
24. Sampselle CM, Burns PA, Dougherty MC, Newman DK, Thomas KK, Wyman J.
F. Continence for women: Evidence based practice. J Obstet Gyn Neonatal
Nursing 1997;26 (4): 375-385.
25. Cramp AG, Bray SR. A prospective examination of exercise and barrier: Self-
efficacy to engage in leisure-time physical activity during pregnancy. Ann Behave
Med 2009;37:325-334.
26. Al-Riyami AA, Afifi M. Determinants of women's fertility in Oman. Saudi Med J
2003; 24(7): 748-753.
27. Varghese T. Women empowerment in Oman: A study based on women
empowerment. Far East Journal of Psychology and Business 2011; 2(2): 37-53.
28. Kilani H. Cardiovascular diseases risk, energy expenditure, and health fitness.
Canad J Clin Nutr 2015; 3 (2): 1-4.
29. Al-Habsi A, Kilani H. Lifestyles of adult Omani women: A cross-sectional study
on physical activity and sedentary behavior. SQUMJ 2015; 15(2):257-265.
41
Page
Table 1: Heart rate, blood pressure, anthropometric indices and physical

measurements among the control group
Pre test Posttest 1 Posttest 2 Posttest 3

Variables Mean SD Mean SD Mean SD Mean SD
Resting Pulse Rate 82.20 12.22 83.51 12.31 81.57 12.18 81.57 12.18
Resting systolic BP Rate 117.34 14.99 116.06 13.13 116.80 13.53 116.80 13.53
Resting diastolic BP Rate 65.60 17.42 65.43 15.99 67.09 16.03 67.09 16.03
Pulse Rate After Step Test 111.06 20.40 112.60 19.90 111.31 22.24 107.69 20.73
Post systolic BP 124.35 6.16 127.09 16.22 124.51 12.75 124.51 12.75
Post diastolic BP 77.35 7.41 75.11 8.44 74.63 8.89 74.63 8.89
Height 1.54 0.07 1.55 0.07 1.55 0.07 1.55 0.07
Abdominal Circumference 85.76 9.79 86.43 9.32 86.43 9.54 86.03 9.52
Weight 61.83 11.51 63.21 11.24 63.12 11.59 62.39 11.37
BMI 26.35 5.83 26.36 5.46 26.36 5.64 26.06 5.56
BMR 5362.09 478.72 5466.46 527.61 5460.23 542.82 5596.74 667.75
Fat % 33.77 7.59 33.85 6.81 33.57 7.07 33.13 7.19
Fat Mass 21.62 8.80 22.01 8.13 22.07 8.21 21.74 8.15
Free Fat Mass 40.15 3.93 41.16 4.42 41.09 4.47 42.03 5.11
Total Body Water 29.43 2.82 30.15 3.19 30.11 3.23 30.29 3.34
Grip Strength (right hand) 18.94 3.80 19.23 4.40 19.32 4.31 19.64 4.60
Grip Strength (left hand) 18.86 3.84 19.76 5.06 19.94 5.17 20.17 5.23
Flexibility Test 23.66 9.27 22.11 10.68 22.20 10.42 22.89 10.13
Sit-Up 7.75 6.78 8.27 6.90 8.15 6.78 8.85 6.80
Step Test (3min) 174.69 13.63 170.40 32.35 175.54 12.96 175.54 12.96
42 Page
Table 2: Heart rate, blood pressure, anthropometric indices and physical

measurements among the exercise group
Pre test Posttest 1 Posttest 2 Posttest 3

Variables
Mean SD Mean SD Mean SD Mean SD
Resting Pulse Rate 80.42 11.60 79.61 13.18 79.28 9.98 77.94 10.47
Resting systolic BP Rate 110.34 8.37 114.29 10.64 111.87 9.23 112.87 9.61
Resting diastolic BP Rate 66.93 11.21 67.73 12.68 68.74 10.22 68.25 9.83
Pulse Rate After Step Test 113.90 19.93 117.63 16.24 112.75 18.08 101.56 14.35
Post systolic BP 125.30 13.17 124.98 13.78 124.13 11.36 123.79 10.80
Post diastolic BP 73.29 14.43 69.69 16.15 72.12 13.10 70.36 12.26
Height 1.56 0.06 1.55 0.11 1.55 0.06 1.55 0.06
Abdominal Circumference 88.97 9.41 86.70 10.18 87.32 9.71 85.02 9.30
Weight 63.66 14.08 63.40 14.16 62.56 15.59 60.69 13.84
BMI 26.12 4.78 26.01 4.77 25.78 5.52 25.03 4.72
BMR 5208.75 1391.82 5054.19 1608.59 5133.51 1445.09 5363.54 1579.39
Fat % 33.11 6.03 32.56 6.52 32.78 6.36 30.98 6.43
Fat Mass 21.79 9.05 21.92 9.60 21.58 9.34 20.06 8.02
Free Fat Mass 41.82 5.57 41.72 5.58 41.49 5.69 43.09 6.20
Total Body Water 30.78 4.27 30.38 4.47 30.53 4.39 30.49 4.45
Grip Strength (right hand) 20.20 3.99 22.27 4.90 21.14 4.51 22.85 5.13
Grip Strength (left hand) 19.57 4.05 21.26 5.03 21.40 4.89 22.90 6.00
Flexibility Test 24.34 7.41 27.41 8.32 27.16 8.17 28.27 8.36
Sit-Up 5.83 5.47 8.77 7.41 7.81 7.26 9.96 7.42
Step Test (3min) 168.63 32.41 170.10 33.52 169.58 32.32 171.85 27.42
43Page
Table 3: Repeated measured ANOVA results for the control group
Variable Degree of freedom (f) Probability
Blood pressure and pulse rate

Resting Pulse Rate 0.57 0.633
Resting sys BP 0.11 0.953
Resting diastolic BP 0.25 0.861
Pulse Rate After Step Test 1.13 0.340
Post sys BP After Step Test 0.78 0.503
Post dias BP After Step Test 1.60 0.194
Anthropometrics
Height 1.60 0.192
Abdominal Circumference 0.15 0.926
Weight 0.52 0.663
BMI 0.14 0.930
BMR 3.99 0.010*
Fat % 0.37 0.768
Fat Mass 0.12 0.947
Free Fat Mass 3.99 0.010*
Total Body Water 2.34 0.078
Physical measurements
Grip Strength (right hand) 0.45 0.718
Grip Strength (left hand) 1.85 0.142
Flexibility Test 0.71 0.547
Sit-Up 1.17 0.323
Step Test (3min) 0.66 0.576
Body Mass Index (BMI), Basal Metabolic Rate (BMR), *Significant different, P<0.05
44
Page
Table 4: Repeated measured ANOVA results for the exercise group

Resting sys BP 4.61 0.004*
Pulse Rate After Step Test 22.42 0.000*
systolic BP After Step Test 0.15 0.924
diastolic BP After Step Test 0.80 0.496
Anthropometrics
Height 0.99 0.396
Abdominal Circumference 12.01 0.000*
Weight 9.46 0.000*
BMI 9.32 0.000*
BMR 4.96 0.003*
Fat % 11.57 0.000*
Fat Mass 4.02 0.009*
Free Fat Mass 14.99 0.000*
Grip Strength (right hand) 12.74 0.000*
Grip Strength (left hand) 16.89 0.000*
Flexibility Test 6.60 0.000*
Sit-Up 23.31 0.000*
45
Page
Table 5: Paired t-test comparisons of physiological variable in control group
Variable Measures Post1 Post2 Post 3

BMR Pre 0.203 0.236 0.017*
Post1 0.623 0.020*
Post2 0.015*
Post3
Free fat mass Pre 0.140 0.172 0.017*
Post1 0.600 0.032*
Post2 0.019*
Post 3
Basal Metabolic Rate (BMR), *Significant different, P<0.05
46
Page
Table 6: Probabilities related to t test comparisons for the variables in exercise group
variable measures Post1 Post2 Post 3

Resting systolic BP Rate Pre 0.004* 0.005* 0.005*
Post1
Post2
Post3
Abdominal Circumference Pre 0.001* 0.002* 0.002*
Post1
Post2 0.000*
Post3
Weight Pre 0.000*
Post1 0.000*
Post2 0.013*
Post3
BMI Pre 0.000*
Post1 0.000*
Post2 0.013*
Post3
BMR Pre 0.020*
Post1 0.001*
Post2 0.016*
Post3
Fat % Pre 0.000*
Post1 0.006*
Post2 0.000*
Post3
Fat mass Pre 0.028*
Post1 0.032*
Post2 0.030*
Post3
Free fat mass Pre 0.000*
Post1 0.000*
Post2 0.000*
Post3
Right hand grip Pre 0.000* 0.024* 0.000*
Post1 0.002*
Post2 0.000*
Post3
Left hand grip Pre 0.000* 0.000* 0.000*
Post1 0.004*
Post2 0.003*
Post3
Sit up Pre 0.000* 0.000* 0.002*
Post1
Post2
Post3
Flexibility Pre 0.000* 0.000* 0.000*
Post1 0.002*
47
Post2 0.000*
Post3
Page
Table 7: ANOVA results for comparing the control and exercise groups

Resting sys BP 2.00 0.114
Pulse Rate After Step Test 3.76 0.011*
Post sys BP After Step Test 0.51 0.674
Post dias BP After Step Test 0.36 0.776
Anthropometrics
Height 1.50 0.215
Abdominal Circumference 3.69 0.012*
Weight 2.17 0.091
BMI 0.88 0.449
BMR 1.69 0.169
Fat % 1.52 0.209
Fat Mass 1.15 0.327
Free Fat Mass 1.65 0.177
Grip Strength (right hand) 2.96 0.033*
Grip Strength (left hand) 2.98 0.032
Flexibility Test 4.91 0.029*
Sit-Up 4.16 0.007*
48
Page
Table 8: Probability values related to chi square test for questions of part two
according to selected personal and demographic information
Question no. Age Educational Level Economic Level City
1 0.738 0.484 0.549 0.084

2 0.573 0.206 0.589 0.791
3 0.005* 0.781 0.080 0.054
4 0.525 0.012* 0.144 0.030*
5 0.844 0.628 0.129 0.058
6 0.821 0.666 0.783 0.091
7 0.346 0.131 0.769 0.182
8 0.847 0.984 0.588 0.096
9 0.951 0.426 0.000* 0.787
10 0.000 * 0.021* 0.032* 0.183
11 0.995 0.749 0.775 0.368
12 0.991 0.802 0.038 0.088
13 0.993 0.750 1.000 0.109
14 0.803 0.578 0.795 0.284
15 0.270 0.764 0.000* 0.867
16 0.077 0.618 0.312 0.695
17 0.734 0.577 0.429 0.235
18 0.550 0.583 0.138 0.745
19 0.793 0.091 0.368 0.134
20 0.555 0.162 0.803 0.804
21 0.388 0.069 0.750 0.763
22 0.897 0.824 0.844 0.825
23 0.293 0.000* 0.000* 0.103
24 0.150 0.520 0.241 0.055
*
Significant different, P<0.05
49
Page
Table 9: ANOVA results of part 3 total according to selected personal and

demographic information
Probability
Variables Categories Mean sd f
Age (years) <18 2.11 0.23 3.09 0.028*

18-22 2.11 0.23
23-27 2.01 0.24
> 27 2.42 0.31
Educational Level
school 2.16 0.18 0.86 0.488
high school 2.11 0.24
diploma 2.10 0.23
BA 2.06 0.26
MA and
2.10 0.19
more
Economic Level Rich 2.21 0.30 0.51 0.726

Fine 2.10 0.23
Have the
2.10 0.22
basics
Semi poor 2.18 0.04
poor 1.98 0.04
City Muscat 2.13 0.26 0.85 0.429

Albatian 2.08 0.22
Alsharqya 2.11 0.21
Degree of freedom (f), *Significant different, P<0.05
50
Page
View publication stats

Postnatal Exercise Programme On The Health Related PDF

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Description:

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Postnatal Exercise Programme On The Health Related PDF

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

See discussions, stats, and author profiles for this publication at: https://www.researchgate.

Postnatal Exercise Programme on the Health Related Fitness of Omani Primi

Article · May 2012

Hashem Adnan Kilani Raghda Shukri

SEE PROFILE SEE PROFILE

Jothi Clara Judith A Noronha

SEE PROFILE SEE PROFILE

Cognitive and Balance Training among Institutionalized Elderly View project

health psychology View project

The user has requested enhancement of the downloaded file.

Research Article Page 33-50

Keywords: Postnatal Exercise, Health, Omani Women

Citation: Shukri R, Kilani H, Clara J, Norhana J, Shakaman L. Effect of post-natal exercise

are highly adherent to the Omani norms and values.

SUBJECTS AND METHODS

Inclusion and exclusion criteria

Equipment used for data collection

RESULTS & DISCUSSION

The author declares no conflict of interest.

and exercise. Sports Med 2014; 44(1): 81–121.

Table 1: Heart rate, blood pressure, anthropometric indices and physical

Pre test Posttest 1 Posttest 2 Posttest 3

Table 2: Heart rate, blood pressure, anthropometric indices and physical

Pre test Posttest 1 Posttest 2 Posttest 3

Table 3: Repeated measured ANOVA results for the control group

Variable Degree of freedom (f) Probability

Blood pressure and pulse rate

Table 4: Repeated measured ANOVA results for the exercise group

Variable Degree of freedom (f) Probability

Blood pressure and pulse rate

Table 5: Paired t-test comparisons of physiological variable in control group

Variable Measures Post1 Post2 Post 3

Basal Metabolic Rate (BMR), *Significant different, P<0.05

variable measures Post1 Post2 Post 3

Variable Degree of freedom (f) Probability

Blood pressure and pulse rate

Question no. Age Educational Level Economic Level City

1 0.738 0.484 0.549 0.084

Table 9: ANOVA results of part 3 total according to selected personal and

Age (years) <18 2.11 0.23 3.09 0.028*

Economic Level Rich 2.21 0.30 0.51 0.726

City Muscat 2.13 0.26 0.85 0.429

Degree of freedom (f), *Significant different, P<0.05

View publication stats

You might also like